Inventors: Robert W. Haushalter, Jay D. Keasling

RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

[0001] The application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.

62/554,428, filed September 5, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT

[0002] The invention was made with government support under Contract Nos. DE-AC02- 05CH11231 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention is in the field of production of natural alkyl lactones and esters from sugars using non-natural combinations of enzymes in cell-free reactions or microbial hosts.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Currently there is a need for a renewable, consolidated bio-based route to alkyl lactones. Alkyl lactones are both economically and environmentally very valuable. Examples of valuable alkyl lactones include hexadecanolide, pentadecanolide, ambrettolide, gamma- and delta-hexalactone, gamma- and delta-octalactone, gamma- and delta-decalactone, gamma- and delta-dodecalactone, and gamma- and delta-tetradecalactone. Many of these compounds are fine fragrances or flavor compounds. Currently there are synthetic and semisynthetic paths for synthesizing these chemicals which rely on the use of expensive or toxic reagents. Some of these compounds, or their synthetic precursors, can be isolated from natural sources like plants and shellac. The price of these natural resources can vary significantly depending on climate and other uncontrollable factors. What is needed is an engineered microbe that produces valuable alkyl lactones directly from renewable feedstocks like glucose or glycerol.

[0005] Hydroxy acids are the biocatalytic precursors of alkyl lactones. Currently, hydroxy acids are isolated from natural sources, or more commonly, produced biologically via hydroxylation of fatty acids by a cytochrome P450 enzyme. This process has been described previously. Once hydroxy fatty acids are in hand, the cyclization of these compounds to produce alkyl lactones is typically achieved through chemical synthesis. Acid-catalyzed cyclization can be achieved when substrate concentrations are low, but the necessity for a dilute reaction mixture makes scale up challenging. Catalysts based on metals such as Hafnium have been reported to cyclize hydroxy fatty acids. Another method involves esterification of an alcohol and an acid, each bearing a terminal alkene, followed by ring- closing metathesis (RCM), which is dependent on a Ruthenium-based catalyst. Delta-hydroxy fatty acids, or 5-hydroxy acids, are a particularly valuable group of hydroxyl acids because delta-lactones can be produced from delta-hydoxy acids.

[0006] Esters are another group of valuable compounds. Many of these compounds are fine fragrances or flavor compounds. It is desirable to market these compounds as "natural". There is a need for a microbe that produces natural esters directly from renewable feedstocks like natural sugar cane.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] This present invention provides for a genetically modified host cell, or a cell-free system reactions, and related methods and materials for the biocatalytic production of an alkyl lactones from a hydroxy fatty acid, or natural alkyl lactones and esters from sugars using non-natural combinations of enzymes. In some embodiments, the hydroxy fatty acid is a saturated hydroxy fatty acid or an unsaturated hydroxyl fatty acid. In some embodiments, the unsaturated hydroxy is a polyunsaturated hydroxy fatty acid. In some embodiments, the lactone is a delta lactone, such as any delta lactone described herein.

[0008] The genetically modified host cell comprises (a) (i) a fatty acid activating enzyme which converts a carboxyl of the hydroxyl fatty acid into a thioester, and (ii) an ester-forming enzyme which converts the thioester into an alkyl lactone, or (b) (i) an enzyme which converts the hydroxyl fatty acid into a coenzyme A-bound thioester, and (ii) an esterase which acts on a fatty acid-coA which converts the coenzyme A-bound thioester into an alkyl lactone. These enzymes are collectively termed "alkyl lactone forming enzymes".

[0009] The present invention provides for a method for producing an alkyl lactone in a microbe by altering the expression of one or more genes encoding the alkyl lactone forming enzymes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The foregoing aspects and others will be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan from the following description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0011] Figure 1 shows the producing of an alkyl lactone via formation of a C-0 bond between the terminal hydroxyl and the carboxyl groups of the hydroxyl fatty acid via intramolecular nucleophilic attack.

[0012] Figure 2 shows the conversion of a carboxy end of the hydroxyl fatty acid into a thioester group.

[0013] Figure 3 shows the conversion of a fatty acid carboxylate group into an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) mixed anhydride using the cofactor adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

[0014] Figure 4 shows the conversion of an AMP- anhydride intermediate into the corresponding thioester by nucleophilic attack of a coenzyme A, N-acetyl cysteamine, or the 4'phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein.

[0015] Figure 5 shows cyclizing thioesterase (cycTE) enzymes catalyze lactone formation on substrates bound to an acyl carrier protein domain that is part of the same polypeptide as the cycTE.

[0016] Figure 6 shows cycTE catalyzes cyclization of substrates bound to acyl carrier proteins that are discrete, or part of a separate polypeptide.

[0017] Figure 7 shows a hydroxy fatty acids is converted to coenzyme A-bound thioesters, and lactone formation is catalyzed by an esterase that operates on fatty acyl-coAs.

[0018] Figure 8 shows the successful production of esterified C6 fatty acid with isobutyryl alcohol and n-pentanol from the "vhAAS + acpP-zeaTE" chimeric enzyme.

[0019] Figure 9 shows the successful production of esterified C14 fatty acid with ethanol, isobutyryl alcohol and n-pentanol from the "vhAAS + acpP-zeaTE" chimeric enzyme.

[0020] Figure 10 shows the successful production of esterified C15 co-OH fatty acid from the "vhAAS + acpP-zeaTE" chimeric enzyme.

[0021] Figure 11 shows the scheme for delta lactone (δ-lactone) production using PKS, and examples of loading modules. Ri can be a fatty acid of any length. The reaction can start with an acyl-CoA, fatty acid, or acyl ACP. The loading modules are all known ways of loading. Compounds with shorter R2 and R3 chains, such as methyl, are useful as fuels.

Compounds with R2 and R3 are H, and Ri is a longer chain, are useful as lubricants.

[0022] Figure 12 shows the reactions catalyzed by the enzymes shown herein. LipLM-ppsA and LipLM-ppsB are upstream modules, which have been expressed and purified.

[0023] Figure 13 shows the GCMS traces of in vitro reactions containing 15- hydroxydecanoic acid (CI 5 CO- OH), ATP, and combinations of enzymes in Example 1.

[0024] Figure 14 shows the mass spectrum of the peak at 15.64 minutes confirming the identity of the product in Example 1.

[0025] Figure 15 shows GCMS chromatograms of alkyl esters produced by vhAAS and acpP-zeaTE in Example 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] Before the invention is described in detail, it is to be understood that, unless otherwise indicated, this invention is not limited to particular sequences, expression vectors, enzymes, host microorganisms, or processes, as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for purposes of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.

[0027] In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that shall be defined to have the following meanings:

[0028] The terms "optional" or "optionally" as used herein mean that the subsequently described feature or structure may or may not be present, or that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where a particular feature or structure is present and instances where the feature or structure is absent, or instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. [0029] The term "5-hydroxy acid" is a delta hydroxy acid.

[0030] The terms "hydroxyl fatty acid" and "hydroxy fatty acid" have the same meaning.

[0031] The term "delta lactone" include all chemical species of the following

structures: including, but not limited to, wherein Ri is -isopropyl, -2-methylbutyryl or sec-butyryl, 3-methylbutyryl or -isobutyryl, n- butyl, or any hydrocarbon chain comprising 4-10 carbons; R2 is -H, -CH3, or -CH2CH3; and, R3 is -H, -CH3, or -CH2CH3. In some embodiments, the "delta lactone" is any one of the following:

R1 = isopropyl, R2 = - R3= -H

R1 = 2-mefhyibutyryL R2 = -H. R3= -H

R1 = 3-methyibutyryi, R2 = -H, R3= -H

R1= hydrocarbon chain 4-10 carbons, R2 = -Hi, R3= -H

wherein n is an integer from 2 to 8.

[0032] The term "acyl group" refers to any molecule comprising a carbonyl carbon bound to an oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, including, but not limited to, fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, acyl-coAs, and acyl-ACPs.

[0033] The term "extension module" refers to a polyketide synthase enzyme, or a fragment of a polyketide synthase enzyme, that catalyzes condensation of malonyl-coA or

methylmalonyl-coA with an acyl group.

[0034] The term "fully reducing extension module" refers to a polyketide synthase enzyme, or a fragment of a polyketide synthase enzyme, that comprises ketoreductase, dehydratase, and enoyl reductase domains and results in a methylene (-CH2-) group at the 3 position in the acyl group produced.

[0035] This present invention provides for a genetically modified host cell and related methods and materials for the biocatalytic production of an alkyl lactones from a hydroxy fatty acid. In some embodiments, the hydroxy fatty acid is a saturated hydroxy fatty acid or an unsaturated hydroxyl fatty acid.

[0036] The genetically modified host cell comprises (a) (i) a fatty acid activating enzyme which converts a carboxyl of the hydroxyl fatty acid into a thioester, and (ii) an ester-forming enzyme which converts the thioester into an alkyl lactone, or (b) (i) an enzyme which converts the hydroxyl fatty acid into a coenzyme A-bound thioester, and (ii) an esterase which acts on a fatty acid-coA which converts the coenzyme A-bound thioester into an alkyl lactone. These enzymes are collectively termed "alkyl lactone forming enzymes".

[0037] In some embodiments, the saturated hydroxy fatty acid has the following chemical structure: wherein n is an integer from one to 20, and R is H or an akyl chain having a chain length of CI to CIO. In some embodiments, where n is an integer from one to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19.

[0038] In some embodiments, the unsaturated hydroxy fatty acid has the following chemical structure:

O R

HO OH

m n wherein m is an integer from one to 20, n is an integer from one to 20, and R is H or an akyl chain having a chain length of CI to CIO. In some embodiments, m is an integer from one to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19. In some embodiments, n is an integer from zero to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19. In some embodiments, m + n = 14. In some embodiments, m is an integer from one to 14, n is an integer from zero to 13, and m + n = 14.

[0039] In some embodiments, the fatty acid activating enzyme is an acyl-acyl-carrier protein synthetases (AASs), fatty acyl-AMP ligases (FAALs), or fatty acyl-coenzyme A ligases (FACLs).

[0040] In some embodiments, the ester-forming enzyme an esterase or thioesterase, such as a cyclizing thioesterase (cycTE) enzyme.

[0041] In some embodiments, the esterase which acts on a fatty acid-coA is PapA5 from mycobacteria, or a wax ester synthase enzyme.

[0042] The alkyl lactone can be produced via formation of a C-0 bond between the terminal hydroxyl group and the carboxyl group of the hydroxyl fatty acid via intramolecular nucleophilic attack. See Figure 1.

[0043] This process can be facilitated enzymatically. First, the carboxy end of the hydroxyl fatty acid is converted to a thioester group. See Figure 2.

[0044] Converting the carboxyl group in hydroxyl fatty acids to thioesters could be achieved by fatty acid activating enzymes. Several classes of enzymes, referred to as acyl-acyl-carrier protein synthetases (AASs), fatty acyl-AMP ligases (FAALs), or fatty acyl-coenzyme A ligases (FACLs) could potentially be leveraged for this purpose. These enzymes catalyze thioester formation in two steps. In step 1, the fatty acid carboxylate group is converted to an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) mixed anhydride using the cofactor adenosine triphosphate (ATP). See Figure 3.

[0045] This AMP-anhydride intermediate is then converted to the corresponding thioester by nucleophilic attack of a coenzyme A, N-acetyl cysteamine, or the 4'phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein. See Figure 4.

[0046] Once thioester formation is achieved, lactone formation can be catalyzed by a variety of ester-forming enzymes, referred to as esterases or thioesterases. Some cyclizing thioesterase (cycTE) enzymes could catalyze lactone formation on substrates bound to an acyl carrier protein domain that is part of the same polypeptide as the cycTE. See Figure 5.

[0047] In some embodiments, a cycTE catalyzes cyclization of substrates bound to acyl carrier proteins that are discrete, or part of a separate polypeptide. See Figure 6.

[0048] In some embodiments, hydroxy fatty acids are converted to coenzyme A-bound thioesters, and lactone formation is catalyzed by an esterase that operates on fatty acyl-coAs. One example of this would be PapA5 from mycobacteria, or wax ester synthase enzymes. See Figure 7.

[0049] Figures 8-10 show the substrate diversity of the "vhAAS + acpP-zeaTE" chimeric enzyme, and the successful production of esterified fatty acid.

[0050] Figure 11 shows the scheme for delta lactone (δ-lactone) production using PKS, and examples of loading modules. Ri can be a fatty acid of any length. The reaction can start with an acyl-CoA, fatty acid, or acyl ACP. The loading modules are all known ways of loading. Compounds with shorter R2 and R3 chains, such as methyl, are useful as fuels.

Compounds with R2 and R3 are H, and Ri is a longer chain, are useful as lubricants.

[0051] Figure 12 shows the reactions catalyzed by the enzymes shown herein. LipLM-ppsA and LipLM-ppsB are upstream modules, which have been expressed and purified.

[0052] An examples of a chimeric protein reduced to practice is: PpSA + lipomycin piece.

[0053] The PKS modules pass the reactant sequentially. The PpsA plus PpSB has KR loading module. PpsC has full reducing loop to get fully reduced C. PpSA + PpsBC C8C0A extended once, and some situations release a C12 delta hydroxy acid. LipLM works on shorter fatty acid chains (C3 - C4). PpSA, B, and C naturally take C20 - C22 substrates. The C14 lactone has a buttery flavor. The CIO - C12 lactones are commercially valuable.

[0054] Many of the enzymatic activities described above have not been previously reported, or reported to have been performed on different substrates. The in vivo activation of hydroxy fatty acids to coA- or acyl carrier protein-thioesters in a recombinant organism have never been previously reported. None of the fatty acid activating enzymes described herein have been shown to operate on hydroxy fatty acids in their native biological environments; rather, they operate on fatty acids or fatty acids containing para-hydroxy benzoyl groups. Therefore, use of these enzymes for activation of hydroxy acids in recombinant cells represents a completely novel biosynthetic pathway.

[0055] Further, enzymatic cyclization of endogenously -produced hydroxy fatty acids using cycTE, esterase, or ester synthase enzymes has also not been previously reported. cycTEs typically operate on polyketide synthase substrates that are produced by completely different means than hydroxy acids. Esterase and ester synthase enzymes have only been reported to catalyze intermolecular esterification, that is, ester formation between a hydroxyl group and a thioester group from separate molecules. These enzymes have not been previously reported to operate on substrates where intramolecular cyclization is possible, as is the case with hydroxy acyl-coAs. Therefore, this invention is novel because it depends on one or more non-natural and unproved enzymatic steps. This invention is a novel method for producing alkyl lactones.

[0056] The present invention provides for a recombinant or genetically modified host cell, such as a recombinant or genetically modified of E. coli, that is capable of producing one or more alkyl lactone from a carbon source, such as glucose or glycerol.

[0057] In some embodiments, the unsaturated hydroxy acid is polyunsaturated.

[0058] In some embodiments, the fatty acid activating enzyme is an acyl-acyl-carrier protein synthetase (AAS) from Vibrio harveyii. In some embodiments, the ester-forming enzyme is a thioesterase from Pksl3 of Gibberella zeae.

[0059] The present invention also provides for a non-natural fusion protein comprising an acyl carrier domain from a type II fatty acid synthase or type II polyketide synthase operably linked to a thioesterase domain of a type I polyketide synthase. The non-natural fusion protein comprises an N-terminal acyl carrier protein domain. [0060] In some embodiments, the N-terminal acyl carrier protein domain is the acyl carrier protein from Escherichia coli fatty acid synthase. In some embodiments, the thioesterase domain is a thioesterase from Pksl3 from Gibberella zeae.

[0061] The present invention also provides for a genetically modified host cell comprising one or more non-native polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes, wherein said host cell is capable of converting a suitable carbon source into a 5-hydroxy acid or delta lactone.

[0062] In some embodiments, the genetically modified host cell comprises a non-natural PKS enzyme that produces a 5-hydroxy fatty acid or delta lactone comprising eight or more carbon atoms.

[0063] In some embodiments, the genetically modified host cell comprises: (a) a first non- natural PKS enzyme that produces a 5-hydroxy fatty acid or delta lactone comprising eight or more carbon atoms, and optionally (b) a second non-natural PKS enzyme that produces a 3- hydroxy acyl group that is operably linked to the first non-natural PKS enzyme.

[0064] In some embodiments, the first non-natural PKS enzyme comprises a chimeric fusion of PpsB and PpsC from Mycobacterium marinum operably linked to a thioesterase domain from erythromycin PKS.

[0065] In some embodiments, the first non-natural PKS enzyme comprises a chimeric fusion of PpsB and PpsC from Mycobacterium marinum operably linked to a thioesterase domain from pikromycin PKS.

[0066] In some embodiments, the first non-natural PKS enzyme comprises a chimeric fusion of PpsB and PpsC from Mycobacterium marinum operably linked to a thioesterase domain from Pksl3 from Gibberella zeae.

[0067] In some embodiments, the first non-natural PKS enzyme comprises a chimeric fusion of PpsC from Mycobacterium marinum operably linked to a thioesterase domain from erythromycin PKS.

[0068] In some embodiments, the first non-natural PKS enzyme comprises a chimeric fusion of PpsC from Mycobacterium marinum operably linked to a thioesterase domain from pikromycin PKS. [0069] In some embodiments, the first non-natural PKS enzyme comprises a chimeric fusion of PpsC from Mycobacterium marinum operably linked to a thioesterase domain from Pksl3 from Gibberella zeae.

[0070] In some embodiments, the second non-natural PKS enzyme comprises a loading module of lipomycin PKS1 operably linked to PpsA from Mycobacterium marinum.

[0071] In some embodiments, the second non-natural PKS enzyme comprises a loading module of lipomycin PKS 1 operably linked to PpsB from Mycobacterium marinum.

[0072] In some embodiments, the host cell comprises one or more non-native polyketide synthase enzymes comprising non-natural combinations of peptides from the mycolactone PKS from Mycobacterium ulcerans.

[0073] In some embodiments, the 5-hydroxy acid or delta lactone comprises a cis-double bond.

[0074] In some embodiments, the 5-hydroxy acid is 5-hydroxy decanoic acid, 5-hydroxy dodecanoic acid, 5-hydroxy tetradecanoic acid, 5-hydroxy-cis-2-decenoic acid, and 5- hydroxy-cis-2-dodecenoic acid.

[0075] In some embodiments, the delta lactone is delta decalactone, delta dodecalactone, delta tetradecalactone, and massoia lactone.

[0076] The present invention also provides for a non-natural polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme comprising a fully reducing extension module operably linked to a thioesterase domain that produces a 5-hydroxy acid or delta lactone when expressed in a host cell.

[0077] The present invention also provides for a non-natural PKS enzyme that produces a cis-2-unsaturated 5-hydroxy acid or a 2, 3 unsaturated delta lactone.

[0078] The present invention also provides for a non-natural PKS enzyme that produces a 3- hydroxy acyl group comprising six or more carbons.

[0079] The present invention also provides for a genetically modified host cell comprising: (a) a fatty acid activating enzyme which converts a carboxyl of a fatty acid into a thioester, and (b) an ester-forming enzyme which converts the thioester into an alkyl ester in the presence of an alcohol. [0080] In some embodiments, the fatty acid activating enzyme is vhAAS and the ester- forming enzyme is a non-natural fusion protein comprising an acyl carrier domain from a type II fatty acid synthase or type II polyketide synthase operably linked to a thioesterase domain of a type I polyketide synthase.

[0081] In some embodiments, the fatty acid activating enzyme is vhAAS, or the AAS enzyme from E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, or any other bacteria with a type II FAS ACP synthetase ester-forming enzyme is a non-natural fusion protein comprising an acyl carrier domain from a type II fatty acid synthase or type II polyketide synthase operably linked to a thioesterase domain of a type I polyketide synthase.

[0082] In some embodiments, the fatty acid activating enzyme is vhAAS and the ester- forming enzyme is acpP-zeaTE.

[0083] In some embodiments, the alcohol is ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methylbutanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, hexanol and octanol.

[0084] The genetically modified host cells are capable, when cultured, to produce an alkyl lactone.

[0085] The present invention provides for a method for producing an alkyl lactone in a microbe by altering the expression of one or more genes encoding the alkyl lactone forming enzymes.

[0086] The amino acid sequence of "vhAAS" is as follows:

MNQYVNDPSNYQLLIKNLLFSPVAFNPEQEIVYANHRRHSYKTFHDRVRQFANALTK MGVKK GDTVAVMDYDSHRYLECYFAIPMIGAKLHMINVRLSPEQILYTIDHAEDDIILIHEEFLP IL DQIKGRIDTVTRYVVLRDDEECEYERLLEQESTEYNFPDFDENTVATTFYTTGTTGFPKG VF FTHRQLVLHTMGILSTIGTNASQGRLHQGDIYMPITPMFHVHAWGLPYMATMLGVKQVYP GK YVPDVLLNLIEQEKVTFSHCVPTILHLLLSSPKSKAMDFSGWKVVIGGAALPKALCKSAL ER DIDVFAGYGMSETGPILSIVQLTPEQLELDVDQQAEYRSKTGKKVALVEAYIVDEDMNKL PH DGETAGEIVVRAPWLTPNYYKDNKNSKALWRGGYLHTGDVAHIDDEGFIKITDRVKDMIK IS GEWVSSLELEDILHQHQSVSEVAVIGMPHNKWGEVPLALVTLKEDAQVTEKELLGFAKDF IN KGILAREALLLKVKIVDEIAKTSVGKVDKKELRKLHL* (SEQ ID NO : 1 )

[0087] The amino acid sequence of "acpP zeaTE" is as follows: MSTIEERVKKIIGEQLGVKQEEVTNNASFVEDLGADSLDTVELVMALEEEFDTEIPDEEA EK ITTVQAAIDYPAIGDLRRVFAPKSTHISLDNDLSRPSLVDDTSQALQSSGSESFDQPPTS VT STSDSGSIVKIDLGPDVDSPAPKIKITLLQGRPGNGRTPFYLIADGTGTIATYIHLPQFK SQ IPIYGIDSPFLRCPTRFTTDVGITGAARFITEALMKAQPEGTFVLGGFSGGAMLAYEVCR QL AAANRKVDSLMLIDMCSPRSKTVEDKNDIGWAIFESISRQNGLWRSTDMTRQHLQAIFAA VA TYHPQPLKASERPKRTAIIWAEKGMIDRCAGDSELMQKLAKRGIPTEPYPKFMEDSELGP VA WGLPHKTKNDLGPNGWERYVGDALCLSMPADHLEMPMPGHVHLLHEKMTRAFEFFNEAG* (SEQ ID NO:2)

[0088] The amino acid sequence of "lipLM-ppsA" is as follows:

MSEHRGSAGGSVLFPRTGTVLPWVLTGPGAAAVRARSEALRTHLRASTEWSPAGVGQ ALLAG TGAGADTHRAWLAGDRAQTLNALAALSAGADHPAVFTSTRADASPAGPVFVFPGQGSQWT G MARELLDSAPVFARKLHDCADAFAPYLGHSLLDSVTGAAGGPEPVGADVVQPALFAVMVA LT DLWNAAGVAPGALLGHSLGELAAAHVAGVLSLDDSARWARWSQAQATLAGRGDMVSVLLP A DELADLLDRRWPGRLWAVENGPGSAVASGDLDAAAELVAHLTAEGIHARRVDVGLAAHSP H IDAILPRIRADIAPIRAHTPSIPVYSALHGGALDGTPMDAAYWCRNLRSTVRFADATRAA LE AGHTTFVEVSPHPVLTTAMEVSATRAAHAATVLGTLRRGEGGPSRFLASLAELHVSGGDA DL RTVLPASQAAGLPETVLTAGPRGESADGDSRHEVLCARLAPLDPAERRAQLLTVVRESAA AA LDGDDQGSIDGRRTFRDLGITSLAAVGIRDRLHSATGLRLSPTVVFDHPTPDALAAHLDT EL FGTGADAEPAPAAGGRAVPHDEPIAWGMGCRFPGGISGPEALWQFLCDRKSSIGRVPDER W AQFDDGSPAVKALLARTTRWGSYLTDIDAFDADFFEISASEADKMDPQQRLLLEVAWEAL EH AGIPPSSLRRSQTGVFAGSCLSEYGAIASTDLTQVDGWSNTGGAMSIIANRLSYFLDLRG PS VAVDTACSSSLVAIHLACQSLRMQDSNLAIAAGVNLLLSPAVFRGFDQVGALSPTGNCRA FD AAADGFVRGEGAGVWLKRLTDAQQDGDRVLAVICGSAINQDGRSNGLMAPNPAAQQAVLR A AYTNAGMQPSEVDYVEAHGTGTLLGDPIEARALGSVLGRGRPEESPLLIGAVKTNLGHTE AA AGIAGFIKAVLAVQHGRIPPNQRFESPNPHIAFADLRMKWDELTDWPDTGHPRRAGVSSF G FGGTNAHWIEQGQEAASSPEAGLTPALSTLWAGKTPARVAATAGMLADWMEGPGAEVALA DVAHTLNHHRSRQARFGTVVARERAQAVAGLRALAANQHAPGWNPADAPPEPGTVFVYSG R GSQWAGMGRQLLADEPVFAAAVAELEPVFLAEAGFSLHDVLANGTELVGIEQIQLGLIGM QL TLTELWRSYGIQPDLVIGHSMGEVAAAWAGALTPAEGLRVTAVRSRLMAPLSGQGGMALL E LDASQTEALIADYPQVTLGIYNSPRQTVISGPTDQIDELITWRARDRFATRVNIEVAPHN P AMDALQPQMRSELADLAPRTPTIPIISTTYADLGSARESGPTFDAEHWAINMRNPVHFQQ AI TAAATDKHNFIEISAHPLLTQAILETLHTVQPGSKYTSLGTLQRDSDDTIVFRTNLNTVR TA PPQTPHPPEPHPQIPTTPWHHTHHWIDTPAVASRSASTPDKDAAGSSEPSVSGDSDDAVD SC HYRVGWPTKPLADAKASTETASGTRWLVFADAELGAELGLAAGAQTRVDVIDPSALTEES EL LAALAGVEHWYAPPAGKSLDVNAAYQLFHQVRRLVTVMTKASLTAKLLLVTRNAQPIAEG D RANPAHGVLWGLGRTIALEHPEIWRGIIDLDESMPAELAAPKILGEVTGTDGEDQWYRCG G RHVPRLQRRTAPAVAPVTLDPNSSQLVIGATGNIGPYLIRQLAQMGAKTWAVSRNPGQRL Q ELAESLAAEGTNLVIEAADATDEAAMTALFDRFGADLPPLEGIYLAAFAGGPVLLNEMTD AD VRAMFAPKLDAAALLHRLSLKVPARHFVLFSSISGLIGSRWLAHYTATSGYLDALAYARH AL GLPATTVNWGLWKSLADAEHDASQVSVGSGLLPMQDEVAIGTLPLLMNPAAGVHSWVEAD W PLLAAAYRTRGSLHIVDDLLRDFAEASTIPARDWSHLSAQEVRTEFEAGLRRIVARELRV SE SDLETDRPLAELGLNSLMAMAIRREAEMFVGIELSATMLFNHPTVASLASYLANRVAPQD NS SNDQMAELSASAGSTLDSLFDRIESSSLLPEGPG* (SEQ ID NO : 3 )

[0089] The amino acid sequence of "lipLM-ppsB" is as follows:

MSEHRGSAGGSVLFPRTGTVLPWVLTGPGAAAVRARSEALRTHLRASTEWSPAGVGQ ALLAG TGAGADTHRAWLAGDRAQTLNALAALSAGADHPAVFTSTRADASPAGPVFVFPGQGSQWT G MARELLDSAPVFARKLHDCADAFAPYLGHSLLDSVTGAAGGPEPVGADVVQPALFAVMVA LT DLWNAAGVAPGALLGHSLGELAAAHVAGVLSLDDSARWARWSQAQATLAGRGDMVSVLLP A DELADLLDRRWPGRLWAVENGPGSAVASGDLDAAAELVAHLTAEGIHARRVDVGLAAHSP H IDAILPRIRADIAPIRAHTPSIPVYSALHGGALDGTPMDAAYWCRNLRSTVRFADATRAA LE AGHTTFVEVSPHPVLTTAMEVSATRAAHAATVLGTLRRGEGGPSRFLASLAELHVSGGDA DL RTVLPASQAAGLPETVLTAGPRGESADGDSRHEVLCARLAPLDPAERRAQLLTVVRESAA AA LDGDDQGSIDGRRTFRDLGITSLAAVGIRDRLHSATGLRLSPTVVFDHPTPDALAAHLDT EL FGTGADAEPAPAAGGRAVPHDEPVAWGIGCRFPGNVTGPDSFWDLLVEGGNAISGIPAER W DADDYYHPDPLTPGHMTTKWGAFVADIAGFDAEFFGITPREAASMDPQQRMLLEVTWEAL EH AGIPTESLAGTRTAVMMGVYFNEYQSMLASSRENVDAYTGTGNSHSITAGRISYLLGLRG PA AAIDTACSSSLSAIHLACQSLRLRETDLALAGGVSATLRPETQIAISAWGLLSPEGRCAT FD AAADGFVRGEGAGVWLKRLTDALRDQDQILAWRGSAVNQDGRSNGITAPNTAAQCDVIAD ALRSADVAPESVHYVETHGTGTQLGDPIEFEALAATYGLIKGQDGDSCALGAVKTNIGHL EA ASGVAGFIKAVLAVQHGQIPPNLHFSQWNPAIDAASTRLFVPLDNIAWPSDSGPRRAAVS SF GLGGTNAHAIVEQGPELSPAGRRGTDDEVTTLWAGKTPARVAATAGMLADWMEGPGAEVA L ADVAHTLNHHRSRQARFGTWARERAQAVAGLRALAANQHAPGW PADAPPEPGTVFVYSG RGSQWAGMGRQLLADEPAFAAAVAELEPVFLAEAGFSLHDVLANGTELVGIEQIQLGLIG MQ LTLTELWRSYGIQPDLVIGHSMGEVAAAVVAGALTPAEGLRVTAVRSRLMAPLSGQGGMA LL GLDASQTEALIADYPQVTLGIYNSPRQTVISGPTDQIDELITWRARDRFATRVNIEVAPH N PAMDALQPQMRSELADLAPRTPTIPIISTTYADLGSARESGPTFDAEHWAINMRNPVHFQ QA ITAAATDKHNFIEISAHPLLTQAILETLHTVQPGSKHTCLGTLQRDSDDTIVFRTNLNTV RT APPQTPHPPEPHPQIPTTPWHHTHHWIDNAASSSPALSRSESRDGTGAALDTRWSPESGS LL DEWSHKWWAAQSLPDTPSAQTAVHGRWLVLGNADLAAELGRGADVLDSDSEPAALARALS D VDYVLYAPPVPADPLDVAEAYQLFHQARRLATAMIANGSPAKLLIATRNAQPIAEGDPAN PS HGVLWGLGRTITLEHPEIWGAIIDFDNSVPAQWARQVLDEADATDSEDQWYRSGVRHVPR LRRHSLAAQPVALDAGASQLVIGATGNIGPHLINQLAEMGAKTIVAVSRNPGQRLQKLAE SL AAEGVNLVIAAADATDEAAMTALFDRFGADLPPLEGIYLAAFAGQPVLLTEMTNDDVTAM FA PKLDAAALLHRLSLKVPVRHFVLFSSISGLIGSRWLAHYTATSGYLDALAYARRVMGLPA TT VNWGLWKSLADAEHDASQVSLGSGLVPMQDDVAIGALPLVMSQAAGVHSWVAADWPLLAA A YRTRGSLRIVDDVLPVSDETTVLESEFRVALRNCAPERRHDMLHDQVAMLAANVMGLHAG ES LDPSTGFFQLGMDSLMSVTLQRALSDSLGEFLPPSWFDYPTVYSLTDYLATILPELETDD E STADVYDELTEAELLEQLSQRLRGT* (SEQ ID NO : 4 )

[0090] The amino acid sequence of "ppsBC-pikTE" is as follows:

MRSVYSRISSMTAQQRAALSEEFSRASRTTTAEPVAWGIGCRFPGNVTGPDSFWDLL VEGG NAISGIPAERWDADDYYHPDPLTPGHMTTKWGAFVADIAGFDAEFFGITPREAASMDPQQ RM LLEVTWEALEHAGIPTESLAGTRTAVMMGVYFNEYQSMLASSRENVDAYTGTGNSHSITA GR ISYLLGLRGPAAAIDTACSSSLSAIHLACQSLRLRETDLALAGGVSATLRPETQIAISAW GL LSPEGRCATFDAAADGFVRGEGAGWVLKRLTDALRDQDQILAVVRGSAVNQDGRSNGITA P NTAAQCDVIADALRSADVAPESVHYVETHGTGTQLGDPIEFEALAATYGLIKGQDGDSCA LG AVKTNIGHLEAASGVAGFIKAVLAVQHGQIPPNLHFSQWNPAIDAASTRLFVPLDNIAWP SD SGPRRAAVSSFGLGGTNAHAIVEQGPELSPAGRRGTDDEVTTLVVAGKTPARVAATAGML AD WMEGPGAEVALADVAHTLNHHRSRQARFGTWARERAQAVAGLRALAANQHAPGWNPADAP PEPGTVFVYSGRGSQWAGMGRQLLADEPAFAAAVAELEPVFLAEAGFSLHDVLANGTELV GI EQIQLGLIGMQLTLTELWRSYGIQPDLVIGHSMGEVAAAWAGALTPAEGLRVTAVRSRLM A PLSGQGGMALLGLDASQTEALIADYPQVTLGIYNSPRQTVISGPTDQIDELITVVRARDR FA TRVNIEVAPHNPAMDALQPLMRSELADLTPRPPSIPIISTTYEDLESRPAFDAEHWATNM RN PVRFQQAITHAFNGADTAHHTFIEISAHPLLTHAISETLAASQDSAQGETDSGASYLSIG TL QRDAHDTLTFHTNFNATHTTRGPQTPHPAEPHPVLPTTPWQHGQHWISSTTASRYATGSH PL LGIGVTDPTNGTRVWESQLGPDLLWLSDHVIDDLCVLPGSAYAEVALAAAMDTFKDAEGD QG SADPAGPDGSVASNAHQPWVIRELSLHQLLHVTDGTKLVTTLTGDEHTCRIEISTQSGAS GW VKHASATLARHDASDSDAPRPAVEEAGAPTDELDPEQLYQRLRGAGQQHGPAFRGIVGLA VT ESGAARADVRLPSSARIGYRGFALHPVMMDIAVQTLGATRMALELAEQQDSGHTLVLPIR FA GIHVYGDIAEGVRAIGSLAATDRPDRLVGRVTLVDPDGQPLLVIDEVEMAVLGSSASPTE LT SRLFTLEWEPKPLDQTAATPGAVLLIGDLGADDRLLPALQTSLTGSVAELDWSPADAAKL R AAITRTDARWQDIVWCPPRAVDEALPQDAQLDLTQQRTLMIADVAQTVTRMGARNSPRLW I VTRGAQQLSPADEVTLAQTQLRGIARVLTFEHPELKTTLVDIEGDGEGSLTALTQELLAG AD DDEISLRDGQRFVHRLVAAPTVGTGDLELESRRTWNLDAGGAVQLRTDQPGRLDSLTVHQ V KRCRPQGDQVEVRVAAAGLNFSDVLKAMGVYPGLDGAAPVIGGECVGYVTAIGDDVDSLE IG QRVIAFGPGTFGSHLGTIADLWPIPDTLPDNEAATFGIAYLTAWHSLCEVGRLSPGERVL I HSATGGVGMAAVSIAKMIGARIYTTAGSDAKREMLSSLGVDYVGDSRTVDFADEILELTD GY GVDIVLNSLAGEAIQRGVQILAPGGRFIELGKKDVHANANLGLAALAKSASFSVVDLDLN LK LQPAKYRELLQEILEHVADGALEVLPVTEFGLRDAADGFRLMASGKHTGKIVISIPDGGT VE AIASPPPEPLVSPEGGYLIVGGMGGLGFVVARWLAEQGAGLIVLNGRSEPSDDVRAAIAD LS SGGTRIEWTGDIAEPGTAERLVQTVQNSGFRLAGVLHSAMVLDDEIVLNMSESAARRVFT P KVAGSWRLHEATADLDLDWWLTFSSVASLLGAPGQGSYAAANSFVDGLVAYRRSLGLPAV GI NWGPWAEVGRAQFFADLGVSMITVEQGLAAMQLVLSADRARTGVFILDARQWFQSFPAAA GS SLFSKLQESTTPERRAGGAIRAELDALEGAAAAERPARLAAAIAGEIRAVLRSTEPIDVD RP MESLGLDSLMALELRNRLEASLGTTLPAALVWAYPTITDLAGALCERLDEPAGARSGADT GA GAGMFRALFRQAVEDDRYGEFLDVLAEASAFRPQFASPEACSERLDPVLLAGGPTDRAEG RA VLVGCTGTAANGGPHEFLRLSTSFQEERDFLAVPLPGYGTGTGTGTALLPADLDTALDAQ AR AILRAAGDAPWLLGHSGGALLAHELAFRLERAHGAPPAGIVLVDPYPPGHQEPIEVWSRQ L GEGLFAGELEPMSDARLLAMGRYARFLAGPRPGRSSAPVLLVRASEPLGDWQEERGDWRA HW DLPHTVADVPGDHFTMMRDHAPAVAEAVLSWLDAIEGIEGAG* (SEQ ID NO : 5 )

[0091] The amino acid sequence of "ppsC-pikTE" is as follows:

MTATPDRRAVITDALRKIDDLSARLEIAEKAGTEPIAWGMGCRFPGGVDNPEQFWDL LHEG RSGIVRVPSQRWDADALYTDDHTLAGTICNREGGFLSTWEPSEFDAEFFSIPPREAAAMD PQ QRLFLEVAWEALENAGIPPQTIRGTQTGVFVGVTAYDYMLMMSGAVRAEELDAYLLTGNS AN FAAGRTAYLLGARGPAMVLDTACSSSLVAIHLACQSLRWRETDMALVGGTNLLLSPGTSI AC SRWGMLSPEGQCKTFDADADGYVRSEGAGWVLKRLSDAQRDGNRILAVVRGSAVNQDGAS S GVTVPNGPAQQALLAQALDSAKLTPADIDYIEAHGTGTPLGDPIELDSLSKVFADREGRE PL VLGAVKTNLGHLEAAAGIAGFMKSVLAVGHGRIPRNLNFRQLTPHASEGVSRLTIATEEM EW PATDQPRRAGVSSFGVSGTNAHWIEQAPDPAPVPRDAAPAVSTLWSGKTAQRVAATAAAL ADWMEGPGSEVPLSDVAHTLNHHRARQPKFATVAAVDREQAITGLRALAAGEPATGWGCP E KPLGPGTVFVYSGRGSQWAGMGRQLLADEPAFAAAIAELEPVFLAEAGFSLHDVIADGKE LE GIEQIQLGLIGMQLALTALWRHYGVTPDLVIGHSMGEVAATWAGALTPAEGLRVTATRSR L MAPLSGQGTMAMLELDATATEALIAGYPEVTLAIYASPRQTVIAGPPQMIDELIEQVRAQ NR FAGRVNIEVAPHNPAMDALQPLMRSELADLTPRPPSIPI ISTTYEDLESRPAFDAEHWATNM RNPVRFQQAITHAFNGADTAHHTFIEISAHPLLTHAISETLAASQDSAQGETDSGASYLS IG TLQRDAHDTLTFHTNFNATHTTRGPQTPHPAEPHPVLPTTPWQHGQHWISSTTASRYATG SH PLLGIGVTDPTNGTRVWESQLGPDLLWLSDHVIDDLCVLPGSAYAEVALAAAMDTFKDAE GD QGSADPAGPDGSVASNAHQPWVIRELSLHQLLHVTDGTKLVTTLTGDEHTCRIEISTQSG AS GWVKHASATLARHDASDSDAPRPAVEEAGAPTDELDPEQLYQRLRGAGQQHGPAFRGIVG LA VTESGAARADVRLPSSARIGYRGFALHPVMMDIAVQTLGATRMALELAEQQDSGHTLVLP IR FAGIHVYGDIAEGVRAIGSLAATDRPDRLVGRVTLVDPDGQPLLVIDEVEMAVLGSSASP TE LTSRLFTLEWEPKPLDQTAATPGAVLLIGDLGADDRLLPALQTSLTGSVAELDVVSPADA AK LRAAITRTDARWQDIWVCPPRAVDEALPQDAQLDLTQQRTLMIADVAQTVTRMGARNSPR L WIVTRGAQQLSPADEVTLAQTQLRGIARVLTFEHPELKTTLVDIEGDGEGSLTALTQELL AG ADDDEISLRDGQRFVHRLVAAPTVGTGDLELESRRTW LDAGGAVQLRTDQPGRLDSLTVH QVKRCRPQGDQVEVRVAAAGLNFSDVLKAMGVYPGLDGAAPVIGGECVGYVTAIGDDVDS LE IGQRVIAFGPGTFGSHLGTIADLVVPIPDTLPDNEAATFGIAYLTAWHSLCEVGRLSPGE RV LIHSATGGVGMAAVSIAKMIGARIYTTAGSDAKREMLSSLGVDYVGDSRTVDFADEILEL TD GYGVDIVLNSLAGEAIQRGVQILAPGGRFIELGKKDVHANANLGLAALAKSASFSWDLDL N LKLQPAKYRELLQEILEHVADGALEVLPVTEFGLRDAADGFRLMASGKHTGKIVISIPDG GT VEAIASPPPEPLVSPEGGYLIVGGMGGLGFWARWLAEQGAGLIVLNGRSEPSDDVRAAIA D LSSGGTRIEWTGDIAEPGTAERLVQTVQNSGFRLAGVLHSAMVLDDEIVLNMSESAARRV F TPKVAGSWRLHEATADLDLDWWLTFSSVASLLGAPGQGSYAAANSFVDGLVAYRRSLGLP AV GINWGPWAEVGRAQFFADLGVSMITVEQGLAAMQLVLSADRARTGVFILDARQWFQSFPA AA GSSLFSKLQESTTPERRAGGAIRAELDALEGAAAAERPARLAAAIAGEIRAVLRSTEPID VD RPMESLGLDSLMALELRNRLEASLGTTLPAALVWAYPTITDLAGALCERLDEPAGARSGA DT GAGAGMFRALFRQAVEDDRYGEFLDVLAEASAFRPQFASPEACSERLDPVLLAGGPTDRA EG RAVLVGCTGTAANGGPHEFLRLSTSFQEERDFLAVPLPGYGTGTGTGTALLPADLDTALD AQ ARAILRAAGDAPWLLGHSGGALLAHELAFRLERAHGAPPAGIVLVDPYPPGHQEPIEVWS R QLGEGLFAGELEPMSDARLLAMGRYARFLAGPRPGRSSAPVLLVRASEPLGDWQEERGDW RA HWDLPHTVADVPGDHFTMMRDHAPAVAEAVLSWLDAIEGIEGAG* (SEQ ID NO : 6 )

[0092] Approximately 10 ² -10 ³ metric tons of alkyl lactones are produced annually worldwide, largely from petrochemical feedstocks using expensive chemical syntheses. This present invention has one or more advantages over this current methodology. First, a wide variety of alkyl lactones, containing functional groups with varying regio- and stereochemistry and chain lengths, can be produced from a single renewable feedstock. In the current method, this would require different petrochemical feedstocks for each target lactone. Next, this present invention does not require use of any rare or expensive metals. Current methodology employs the use of Hafnium and Ruthenium-based catalysts. In any industrial intramolecular cyclization reaction, losing starting materials to non-productive intermolecular polymerization is a concern. Enzymatic catalysis holds the potential to out-perform any currently used chemical method. Finally, a consolidated process directly from glucose to alkyl lactones via endogenously produced and cyclized hydroxy fatty acids would eliminate the need for multiple synthetic steps and purifications, reducing production costs.

[0093] Alkyl lactones of shorter chain lengths (C7-C12) are useful as renewable fuels.

Lactones are more hydrophobic than fatty acids or hydroxy fatty acids, and can therefore potentially be used as fuels without further processing. Gamma-valerolactone (C5) has been reported as a "green solvent" that aids in the breakdown of cellulosic biomass into simple sugars. Longer chain alkyl lactones can potentially be used for this same application, perhaps with better efficacy. Alkyl lactones are used in a wide variety of fine fragrances and consumer goods (such as, detergents, cosmetics, and the like) by the flavor and fragrance industry, and are broadly referred to as "musk" fragrances.

[0094] In some embodiments, the genetically modified host cell is transformed with one or more nucleic acid constructs encoding one or more of the alkyl lactone forming enzymes. In some embodiments, the genetically modified host cell is of a species wherein the genome of the wild-type host cell encodes the alkyl lactone forming enzymes. In some embodiments, the genetically modified host cell is of a species wherein the genome of the wild-type host cell does not have any one, any two, or all of the alkyl lactone forming enzymes.

[0095] The genetically modified host cell can be any microbe capable of production of the alkyl lactone in accordance with the methods of the invention. In various embodiments, the microbes have characteristics that allow them to produce higher levels of product.

[0096] In some embodiments, the host cell is yeast. Yeast host cells suitable for practice of the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, Yarrowia, Candida,

Bebaromyces, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces and Pichia, including engineered strains provided by the invention. In one embodiment, Saccharomyces cerevisae is the host cell. In one embodiment, the yeast host cell is a species of Candida, including but not limited to C. tropicalis, C. maltosa, C. apicola, C. paratropicalis, C. albicans, C. cloacae, C.

guillermondii, C. intermedia, C. lipolytica, C. panapsilosis and C. zeylenoides. In one embodiment, Candida tropicalis is the host cell.

[0097] In some embodiments the host is bacteria. Bacterial host cells suitable for practice of the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, Escherichia and Bacillus.

[0098] One can modify the expression of a gene encoding any of the enzymes taught herein by a variety of methods in accordance with the methods of the invention. Those skilled in the art would recognize that increasing gene copy number, ribosome binding site strength, promoter strength, and various transcriptional regulators can be employed to alter an enzyme expression level. The present invention provides a method of producing an alkyl lactone in a genetically modified host cell that is modified by the increased expression of one or more genes taught herein.

[0099] In other embodiments, the host cells are modified, or not modified, to secrete the alkyl lactone into the growth medium. In other embodiments, the host cells are modified, or not modified, to accumulate alkyl lactone in the host cell. In these embodiments, the alkyl lactone is separated from the host cell by any suitable means, such as centrifugation or settling of the cell material, cell lysis, and subsequent purification of the alkyl lactone.

[00100] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid are recombinant DNA vectors.

[00101] It is to be understood that, while the invention has been described in conjunction with the preferred specific embodiments thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.

[00102] All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[00103] The invention having been described, the following examples are offered to illustrate the subject invention by way of illustration, not by way of limitation. Example 1

Production of pentadecanolide, a C15 alkyl lactone, from 15-hydroxypentanoic acid

[00104] The proteins vhAAS and acpP-zeaTE were expressed in E. coli and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. To a solution of 100 μΜ 15-hydroxy pentadecanoic acid, we added adenosine triphosphate (ImM), vhAAS enzyme (1 μΜ) and acpP-zeaTE enzyme (1 μΜ). The components were mixed and incubated at 30 °C for 16 hours. After incubation, the reaction mixture was extracted with an equal volume of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was separated from the aqueous fraction and analyzed by GCMS analysis. We observed an increase in the concentration of pentadecanolide in the samples containing both vhAAS and acpP-zeaTE.

[00105] Figure 13 shows the GCMS traces of in vitro reactions containing 15- hydroxy dec anoic acid (C15 co-OH), ATP, and combinations of enzymes. Figure 14 shows the mass spectrum of the peak at 15.64 minutes confirming the identity of the product.

Example 2

Production of Isobutyl hexanoate and pentyl hexanoate

[00106] It is known that microbes can be engineered to produce various alkyl alcohols, including ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methylbutanol, n- pentanol, isopentanol, hexanol and octanol. If the non-natural fusion proteins claimed in this invention are expressed in combination with an AAS enzyme and any of these alcohol production pathways known to those skilled in the art, one can produce alkyl esters instead of alkyl lactones.

[00107] We dissolved 100 μΜ hexanoic acid 100 mM sodium phosphate. Adenosine triphosphate, isobutanol, vhAAS and acpP-zeaTE were added to the reaction and incubated at 30 °C for 16 hours. After incubation the reaction was extracted with an equal volume of ethyl acetate and the ethyl acetate layer was analyzed by GCMS. We observed a peak

corresponding to isobutyl hexanoate in the presence of adenosine triphosphate, isobutanol, vhAAS and acpP-zeaTE.

[00108] We dissolved 100 μΜ hexanoic acid 100 mM sodium phosphate. Adenosine triphosphate, n-pentanol, vhAAS and acpP-zeaTE were added to the reaction and incubated at 30 °C for 16 hours. After incubation the reaction was extracted with an equal volume of ethyl acetate and the ethyl acetate layer was analyzed by GCMS. We observed a peak

corresponding to pentyl hexanoate in the presence of adenosine triphosphate, isobutanol, vhAAS and acpP-zeaTE.

[00109] Figure 15 shows GCMS chromatograms of alkyl esters produced by vhAAS and acpP-zeaTE.

Example 3

Production of 5-hydroxydecanoic acid and 5-hydroxydodecanoic acid

[00110] The non- natural fusion enzymes LipLM-ppsA, LipLM-ppsB, ppsBC-pikTE and ppsC-pikTE were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli using established molecular biology and biochemical methods.

[00111] a) 500uM malonyl-coenzyme A and ImM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was dissolved in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4. We added 100 μΜ octanoyl-coenzyme A, lipLM-ppsA and ppsBC-pikTE to this mixture and incubated at 30 °C for 16 hours. After incubation, an equal volume of methanol was added to the reaction mixture and the solution was analyzed by LCMS-TOF. The contents of this reaction were compared with an authentic standard of 5-hydroxydodecanoic acid and showed an identical mass and retention time.

[00112] b) 500 μΜ malonyl-coenzyme A and 1 mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was dissolved in lOOmM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4. We added 100 μΜ octanoyl-coenzyme A, lipLM-ppsB and ppsC-pikTE to this mixture and incubated at 30 °C for 16 hours. After incubation, an equal volume of methanol was added to the reaction mixture and the solution was analyzed by LCMS-TOF. The contents of this reaction were compared with an authentic standard of 5-hydroxydodecanoic acid and showed an identical mass and retention time.

[00113] c) 500uM malonyl-coenzyme A and ImM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was dissolved in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4. We added 100 μΜ hexanoyl-coenzyme A, lipLM-ppsA and ppsBC-pikTE to this mixture and incubated at 30 °C for 16 hours. After incubation, an equal volume of methanol was added to the reaction mixture and the solution was analyzed by LCMS-TOF. The contents of this reaction were compared with an authentic standard of 5-hydroxydecanoic acid and showed an identical mass and retention time.

[00114] d) 500 μΜ malonyl-coenzyme A and ImM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was dissolved in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4. We added 100 μΜ hexanoyl-coenzyme A, lipLM-ppsB and ppsC-pikTE to this mixture and incubated at 30 °C for 16 hours. After incubation, an equal volume of methanol was added to the reaction mixture and the solution was analyzed by LCMS-TOF. The contents of this reaction were compared with an authentic standard of 5-hydroxydecanoic acid and showed an identical mass and retention time.

[00115] LCMS chromatograms showed the production of hydrolyzed delta dodecalactone for a) and b), and hydrolyzed delta decalactone for c) and d).

[00116] While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto.