RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] The present disclosure is related to United States Provisional Application 62/658,257, titled HIGH HYDRAULIC HORSE POWER ELECTRIC HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FLEET, filed on April 16, 2018, the entirety of the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field Of Invention

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to equipment used in the hydrocarbon industry, and in particular, to a system for use in oil and gas hydraulic fracturing operations.

2. Related Technology

[0003] Historically hydraulic fracturing fleets have consisted of blenders, hydration, chemical additive, datavan, sand equipment, and hydraulic fracturing pumps that are all diesel powered. More recently, electric powered equipment has been introduced. Differing types of equipment may be found co-existing at the same wellsite. Accordingly, different types of equipment are expected to operate and function well together.

SUMMARY

[0004] The system of the present technology allows for diesel engine equipment and electric motor equipment to operate and function together. For example, each piece of equipment can typically be categorized as either electric or diesel powered. When the equipment is electric, then it receives electricity from a power source, such as a generator or a power grid. There may be one or more power sources running in parallel or running in separate micro-grids. This supports a redundant and interchangeable architecture for a hybrid fracturing fleet of the present disclosure. Moreover, if needed, such as in the case of a failure, a piece of electric equipment can be removed and a diesel unit of the same function can be replaced quickly. Such a replacement operation may occur, for example, in an emergency if no other suitable electric equipment is available.

[0005] In addition, there are often multiple hydraulic fracturing pumps located at a wellsite, such as 16-24 or more units. These hydraulic fracturing pumps can all be electric, all be diesel, or be comprised of a mixture of diesel and electric pumps. The ability to mix electric and diesel pumps at a site allows for a fleet to be much more versatile in addressing different jobs that require different numbers of pumps. In such a setup, additional hydraulic horsepower can be added or taken away very quickly and easily.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Some of the features and benefits of the present invention having been stated, others will become apparent as the description proceeds when taken in conjunction with the

accompanying drawings, in which:

[0007] FIG. 1 is an example block schematic of a hybrid fracturing fleet in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIG. 2 is another example block schematic of a connected environment within hybrid fracturing fleets in accordance with other aspects available in the present disclosure.

[0009] FIG. 3 is an example layout of a datavan to monitor and control within hybrid fracturing fleets in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 4 is an example method of providing a datavan capable of monitoring and controlling a hybrid fracturing fleet of embodiments herein.

[0011] While the invention will be described in connection with the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to that embodiment. Instead, the preferred embodiments are intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0012] So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the embodiments of hydraulic fracturing system and associated methods, as well as others, which will become apparent, may be understood in more detail, a more particular description of the embodiments of the present disclosure briefly summarized previously may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings, which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only various embodiments of the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the present disclosure’s scope, as it may include other effective embodiments as well.

[0013] The method and system of the present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which embodiments are shown. The method and system of the present disclosure may be in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the illustrated embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey its scope to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In an embodiment, usage of the term“about” includes +1—5% of the cited magnitude. In an embodiment, usage of the term “substantially” includes +1—5% of the cited magnitude.

[0014] It is to be further understood that the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the exact details of construction, operation, exact materials, or embodiments shown and described, as modifications and equivalents will be apparent to one skilled in the art. In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed illustrative embodiments and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for the purpose of limitation.

[0015] While diesel fleets and electrical fleets may operate separately, the capability to integrate these fleets is limited. Software capable of operating multiple electric fracturing pumps may not be able to operate diesel and electric fracturing equipment together using the existing human- machine or graphical user interfaces (HMI/GUI). A multi-pump control station provided within the datavan and the capability control, via a controller in the datavan, switching components of a switchgear associated with both - electrical and diesel components enable an integration, in accordance with an embodiment. The present hydraulic fracturing fleet can, therefore, operate any connected equipment that will allow fracturing fleets to reduce manpower, save space in the datavan, and optimize pump rate coordination while making data logging simplier.

[0016] The multi-pimp control station, via the controller executing a software module, is capable of using certain parameters as common and/or distinguishing parameters for electrical and diesel connected equipment. Such parameters may include: maximum desired aggregate pump rate; maximum desired wellhead fluid pressure; maximum individual pump rate; maximum individual pump pressure; desired Temperature shutdowns for motor temps, hydraulic temps, electronic enclosure temps, etc. Further, software outputs provided to the fracturing pumps, via the switchgear, may include: motor revolutions per minute (RPM); start/shutdown commands (diesel-powered equipment); enable/disable variable frequency drive (VFD - electrical-powered equipment); open/close switchgear breaker (electrical-powered equipment); and Emergency Shutdown. Using programmable logic controllers (PLCs), software inputs may be provided to the software module from fracturing pumps, including: sensor data (temperatures, pressures, valve positions, switch positions, rpms, vibration data, voltage, and amperage); alarm diagnostics; alarm conditions; and emergency shutdown. In addition, software output, such as open/close instructions, from the software module may be provided to the switchgear for control of the connected equipment. Software inputs may also be provided to the switchgear for securing or instructing: open/close status; alarms; diagnostics; voltage; amperage; and frequency. The software module may be accessible via the HMI/GUI and may provide information for and from: sensors data (temperature, pressures, valve positions, switch positions, rpms, vibration data, fluid rates); emergency shutdown status; breaker open/close status; gear (diesel-powered equipment); VFD status (electrical-powered equipment); for onboard alarms; onboard diagnostics; voltages; and amperages.

[0017] FIG. 1 is an example block schematic 100 of a hybrid fracturing fleet with

interchangeable infrastructure, excluding wellhead 102, for performing hydraulic fracturing operations in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition to the above, each piece of equipment 104-124 on a well site can be monitored and controlled from a datavan 104, which can also be located on-site. These are hybrid/interchangeable combination of components or equipment. In an example, each piece of component 104-124 may be located on one or more vehicles representing the hydraulic fracturing fleets. This is the case regardless of whether the particular piece of equipment 104-124 is electric or diesel powered. Accordingly, the datavan is adapted or configured to engage an interchangeable combination of diesel-powered components and electric-powered components in an interchangeable manner. For example, the datavan is associated with switching components in switchgear 112A for switching between the diesel-powered components and the electric-powered components upon determination by the controller of a type of a connected component ( i.e either diesel-powered or electric-powered component). The datavan is also associated with control or software module 104A executing on a controller or processor that is able to process received signals to monitor and provide instructions relating to switching requirements between the electrical and diesel components, which instructions may be then enforced by the switching components of the switchgear 112A.

[0018] For example, if an electric pump 110 were to fail (e.g., due to a tripped breaker, leaking valve, cooling issues, etc.), pump control software of the control module 104A can detect this due to digitalized inputs provided to the software from a module monitoring the pump’s performance. The monitoring may be also performed by the switch gear using a relay that informs the control module 104 A that it had to trip the breaker. Alternatively, the pump 108 may include a programmable logic controller (PLC) indicating a shutdown is in effect due to high temperatures, or indicating that a shutdown was initiated by an onsite sensor that detected excessive vibrations in the fluid pump. A person of ordinary skill reading the present disclosure would recognize its applicability to many other reasons that may cause the shutdown, and would be able to use the embodiments herein to address the other reasons based at least in part of many sensors other than the excessive vibration sensors. Components 104-124 may also include corresponding PLCs for providing information to a controller executing the control module (including the pump control software). The control module 104 A, by its pump control software, may then safely shutdown and lockout the pump using specific digitalized instructions, and may automatically instruct, by similar digitalized commands, such as a start-up command, the starting of a standby fracturing pump. The digitalized signals may be converted to analog using a digital to analog converter and may be used to control connected components via the switchgear. The control module 104 A may be configured to display sensor information and controls to the pump control operator. Further, the present disclosure supports using automation between the control module 104A and the switchgear 112A to initiate a fracturing pump to pick up lost fluid rate from a pump that failed, for instance, without further intervention, so that an aggregate of the fleet- wide fluid rate remains substantially as it was before the pump failed.

[0019] The switching components in switchgear 112A may be transfer- switching components that are configured to collaborate with the control module 104 A in the datavan for switching between components depending on a monitored signal - that the component is failed or became inactive, for instance. In a further example, if a component is not drawing a steady current or is not on a steady voltage, a determination in the control module 104 A is that the component is improperly functioning and a back-up component or an electric or diesel alternative may be brought on board. The switching components may include a relay associated with the switchgear 112A. The relay may include a monitor that determines a connected load. The connected load may include voltage, current, and frequency information, and may additionally monitor for anomalies. An anomaly monitored by the control module 104A may cause a breaker associated with the switching components to open indicating the abnormality. In an example, the relay is also configured to inform the datavan 104 that an electric unit 104-124 has failed and is also configured to signal a standby diesel or electric unit (e.g., back-ups 114, 124) to take its place in the control equipment residing with the datavan 104.

[0020] In an example, information from connected sub-components within equipment or connected components 104-124 may be sufficient to determine if a connected component is diesel-powered or electric-powered. For example, a sub-component may be a processor unit, such as a programmable logic controller (PLC), within each of the connected components that may communicate information about the connected component to the datavan. In one instance, such information may include electrical signals - voltage or current signals, understood to a person of ordinary skill, with different ranges in each of the diesel-powered or electric-powered instances.

In an example, the electrical signals are digitalized signals from the connected components that first identify itself to the datavan. The identification may be picked up by corresponding control software in the datavan. The control software is configured, as described throughout this disclosure, to parse the identification information to determine the electric or diesel capability of the connected component. Further, the identification information may also provide controls or sensor information to display to the operators in the datavan. A person of ordinary skill would also know the type of input and expected ranges for the components 104-124 described herein, and can determine how to provide high and low alarms for these expected ranges.

[0021] Further, the diesel-powered components and the electric-powered components 104-124 include at least one back-up component (e.g., reference numerals 116 and 124) that is either or both of diesel-powered and electric-powered. Wireline equipment 106, hydraulic fracturing pumps 108, 110, blenders 114, 116, hydration units 118, chemical additive unit 120, sand equipment 122, and a boost pump 124 may be made available in diesel and electric alternatives. Furthermore, both of the diesel and electric alternatives may be available for redundant (e.g., parallel) support, as previously discussed. In the redundant or parallel support, such electrical components may form a micro-grid. An electric power source 112 provides power via a switchgear 112A and transformer 112B, depending on the power demand and quantity of components used to service one or more wellheads 102. A person of ordinary skill would recognize that a single wellhead 102 is illustrated as an example, but additional wellheads may be serviced in parallel or substantially in parallel by the hybrid fracturing fleet of the present disclosure. The electric power source 112 may include an overhead powerline, diesel generator, a natural gas engine generator, or multiple generators coupled in parallel.

[0022] FIG. 2 is an example block schematic 200 of a connected hybrid fracturing fleet, excluding wellhead 202, for powering components within the fleet, in accordance with

embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition to the above example in FIG. 1, FIG.2 illustrates that each piece of equipment 204-228A-C on a well site can be monitored and controlled from a datavan 204, located on-site, but is also connected to the internet for remote data operation. As in the case of the example in FIG. 1, each piece of component 204-228 A-C, in this example, may be located on one or more vehicles representing the hydraulic fracturing fleets. Monitoring may be by on-site cameras 228A, densomiters 228B, sensors 228C, and by off-site information 228D provided to instruct the controls in the datavan, for instance. This is the case regardless of whether the particular piece of equipment 204-228A-C is electric or diesel powered. Accordingly, the datavan is adapted or configured to engage a combination of diesel-powered components and electric-powered components in an interchangeable manner. For example, the datavan is associated with switching components in switchgear 112A, for switching between the diesel-powered components and the electric-powered components upon determination by the controller of a type of a connected component (i.e., either diesel-powered or electric-powered component). In an example, information from connected sub-components may be sufficient to determine if a connected component is diesel-powered or electric-powered. In one instance, such information may include electrical signals - voltage or current signals, understood to a person of ordinary skill, with different ranges in each of the diesel-powered or electric-powered instances. [0023] The switching components of the switchgear 212A, as in the case of the example of FIG. 1, may be transfer- switching components for switching between components depending on a monitored signal in the control module 204A - that an associated component has failed or is inactive, for instance. In a further example, if the associated component is not drawing a steady current or is not on a steady voltage, a determination in the control module 204A may be that the switching component or connected equipment is improperly functioning and a back-up component or an electric or diesel alternative may be needed to compensate by being brought on board. In an example, information from connected sub-components within equipment or connected

components 204-224 may be sufficient to determine if a connected component is diesel-powered or electric-powered. In one instance, such information may include electrical signals - voltage or current signals, understood to a person of ordinary skill, with different ranges in each of the diesel-powered or electric-powered instances.

[0024] While failure or inactivation of an electrical component may be by excessive load causing a tripped breaker, a diesel pump may face failure or inactivation by a change in the operative parameters, for instance. When a replacement pump is an electric pump, a pump control software of the control module 204A may inform the switchgear 212A (e.g., a relay in the switchgear) to close an associated breaker and an associated fracturing pump’s PLC may enable a variable frequency drive (VFD), which operates an electrical motor. The switchgear 212A may be one or more trailers in the hybrid fracturing fleet. As such, the switchgear 212A may be a power distribution hub used for load sharing for multiple generators (e.g., power sources 112 and 212) and for distribution to multiple transformers (e.g., transformers 112B and 212B). The present disclosure also supports implementations of the switchgear used with a transformer and a VFD in the electric pump units 210. In such implementations, the switchgear is only associated with the electrical powered components.

[0025] The datavan 204, therefore, supports switching using resources of a control module 204A, which may be software in an aspect, to allow different controls and information displays for differently powered fracturing pumps. In particular, the software of the control module 204A is able to distinguish requirements of an electric pump that has no transmission gears for shifting and a diesel pump has no motor phase winding temperatures to monitor, while finding a common parameter to compensate for the change from a diesel to an electrical component. A common parameter may be the fluid displaced instead of the pump’s specific ratings. Further, as different diesel pumps have different transmission gear ratios and engine RPM limits, and different electric pumps have different horse power and temperature limits, finding and utilizing the common parameter to control components from the datavan removes human intervention and improves performance of the hydraulic fracturing fleet. A person of ordinary skill reading the present disclosure would recognize its applicability to use other parameters that may contribute to a determination of an electrical versus a diesel motor, and would be able to use the embodiments herein to determine which parameters improve the determination for the connected equipment, and which parameters may be used across the connected equipment as a common parameter to make such a determination.

[0026] Further, the diesel-powered components and the electric-powered components 204- 228A-C include at least one back-up component (e.g., reference numerals 216 and 224) that is either or both of diesel-powered and electric-powered. Wireline equiment 206, hydraulic fracturing pumps 208, 210, blenders 214, 216, hydration units 218, 220, sand equipment 222, and a boost pump 224 may be made available in diesel and electric alternatives. Furthermore, both of the diesel and electric alternatives may be available for redundant (e.g., parallel) support, as previously discussed. In the redundant or parallel support, the electrical components may form a micro-grid, as illustrated in the example of FIG. 1. However, a micro-grid may be also operated with a single gas turbine generator, multiple gas turbine generators, multiple diesel generators, and/or a combination of multiple gas turbine generators and diesel generators. An electric power source 212 provides power via a switchgear 212A and transformer 212B, which are both optional, depending on the amperages and voltages provided and used by the various components to service one or more wellheads 202. A person of ordinary skill would recognize that a single wellhead 202 is illustrated as an example, but additional wellheads may be serviced in parallel or substantially in parallel by the hybrid fracturing fleet of block schematic 200. As in the case of FIG. 1, the electric power source 212 of FIG. 2 may include an overhead powerline, diesel generator, a natural gas engine generator, or a combination of these sources.

[0027] FIG. 2 additionally illustrates use of internet or other data network 230 to

communicate remote data between the datavan and a remote station via the internet 230. The internet 230 may be by satellite or mobile data using 3G®, 4G®, 5G®, or LTE®. A station in the datavan 204 may be available for a pump operator. Multi-pump controls are available to the pump operator to control the electric or the diesel pumps 208, 210, 224, or both the electric and the diesel pumps. Also, when communication cables or other communication channels 226B are used with the datavan 204 (for physical plug-in connectivity or wireless connectivity) and with the equipment 204-224 to communicate data, a controller in the datavan 204 can recognize the equipment 204-226 as either diesel or electric - for example, recognizing a connected pump as a diesel pump 208 or an electric pump 210 (also for boost pump 224). The physical plug-in or wireless connectivity engages the interchangeable combination of diesel-powered and electric- powered components and their back-ups so that a controller (or control equipment) may be able to gather and use data received from the components or equipment. While lines 226A are illustrated as from electric power source 212, a person of ordinary skill reading the present disclosure will understand that these lines 226 A, 226B may also include data connectivity to communicate with the datavan 204 and for the datavan 204 to communicate with a remote station via internet 230.

[0028] To appropriately monitor and control different equipment 204-224, the control equipment 204A in the datavan 204 may be equipped to work with multiple different types of equipment 204-224. The control equipment 204A may be able to use the hybrid/interchangeable combination of components 204-224 by switching between the components depending on monitored signals. For example, when controlling diesel pump 208, the controls in the datavan 204 are configured with the capability to recognize input that is associated with gear and speed of an associated engine for providing the requisite control. In an example of such an operation, the control equipment 204A on the datavan 204 may be programmed to recognize that a particular diesel motor, that may be in the diesel powered hydraulic fracturing pump 208 or the other units 214-224, should be running in second gear and at a speed of 1900 revolutions per min (rpm). Appropriate adjustments may be made from the control equipment 204A of the datavan 204 if there are any changes from the expected conditions for the motor. In a similar manner, for an electric pump, the control equipment 204A of the datavan 204 is configured to recognize that there is a variable frequency drive in the electric powered hydraulic fracturing pump 210 or the other units 214-224 that requires a particular speed command, such as, for example, from about 800 to 900 rpm. The control module (and associated control equipment) 204A of the datavan 204 allows for an operator to group pumps in the equipment 204-224 together as necessary or desirable, and give joint or individual commands to the distinct motors of the equipment 204-224.

[0029] In addition to the above, one or more blenders 214, 216 may be used in communication with the datavan 204. The datavan 204, via its control equipment 204A, may be configured to recognize that the blender 214, 216 is electric or diesel powered. When multiple blenders 214,

216 are communicating with the datavan 204, and the main blender fails, a backup blender can be brought on line - either being electric or diesel. A person of ordinary skill would recognize, upon reading the present disclosure that each piece of equipment 204-224 may be present in redundant form - i.e., additional diesel pumps to back up diesel pump 208 or additional electric pumps to back up electric pump 210, and even hybrid back-ups of an electric pump for backing up a diesel pump and vice-versa. The datavan 204 can therefore accommodate control module (and associated equipment) 204A that is configured for both diesel and electric equipment 204-224 and that can switch back and forth between the two types of equipment, as needed, depending on the individual setup at the wellsite. In an example, control module 204A may include an interface that is a graphical user interface (GUI) or a human- machine interface (HMI).

[0030] Furthermore, the hybrid fracturing fleet (or block schematic) 200 may include a hydration unit 218 that may be required on site. The hydration unit 218 may be either electric or diesel powered. The control equipment 204A in the datavan 204 and the communications connections can control any type of hydration unit 218 in a similar manner to that described above for the blenders 214, 216 and the pump motors 208, 210. The same is also applicable for control of diesel and electric chemical additive units 220, chemical dry add units, sand equipment 222 and wireline and wireline cranes 206.

[0031] In some embodiments of the technology, the datavan 204 uses control equipment 204A to control diesel and electric equipment 204-224 using multiple stations including: 1) a pump operator station, which may be designated as a multi-pump hydraulic fracturing pump control station; 2) a service supervisor station, which may be used to control blender equipment 214, 216, hydration equipment 218, chemical additive equipment 220, and sand station 222; 3) a technical professional station, which may be used for data logging and quality control; 4) a pump down station, which may be used when performing zipper hydraulic fracturing operations or during wireline pump down operations happening on one well, while main pumping operations are concurrently happening on a second well; 5) customer seating; and 6) a laboratory for fluid, chemical, and proppant testing ( e.g reference numeral 304 in FIG. 3 supports both aspects (5) and (6) for customers and company works in their processes to direct operation and different service companies that are often on-site, including pressure pumping operators/operations, wireline operators/operations, flow back operators/operations, water transfer

operators/operations, sand logistics operators/operations, chemical logistics operators/operations, fuel operators/operations, etc.). Each of these stations may be built with the capability to control integrated diesel and integrated electric equipment 204-224.

[0032] FIG. 3 is an example layout 300 of a datavan to monitor and control hydraulic fracturing fleets in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As operational area is limited, an optimal layout of a datavan is considered beneficial, as a person of ordinary skill would recognize from this disclosure, to support the additional hybrid fracturing features disclosed. The detailed view of a datavan 204 of FIG. 2, for instance, illustrates features available to configure for controlling both diesel and electric equipment with multiple stations. The datavan in the layout 300 may be powered either by electrical shore power or by a diesel generator. Shore power may be provided by a micro-grid, as in the manner disclosed in the implementations of FIGS. 1 and 2 - or by a secondary external generator. For example, the datavan 300 may rely on an on-board diesel generator to provide itself power if electric shore power is not available, for instance. In addition, each individual piece of equipment 306A-D on the datavan can typically be controlled multiple different ways including: 1) centrally, from the datavan; 2) locally, on the unit 302A-D; 3) remotely, from a remote control suitcase; and/or 4) remotely, from a laptop at a remote station. The present disclosure enables application of each of the above alternate control methods from the datavan and external to the datavan. Individual equipment and operator 302A/306A may be located in a pump-down station that may concurrently operate the connected equipment with a second well. However, the present disclosure provides remote controlled functions in other locations in the datavan, such as in equipment and operator 306D/302D, which is an assigned station adjacent to a primary pump control operator.

[0033] Personnel 302A-D need not be located within the datavan. Furthermore, although the present disclosure applies towards control of diesel and of electric equipment, it is to be understood to a person of ordinary skill reading the present disclosure, that similar processes may apply to equipment powered by any source. In addition, the use of the electrical option advances a feature to safeguard equipment in the datavan in view of the optimal space adjustments. For example, server rack 310 sits adjacent to lab sink 308, and so, waterproof and dustproof covers or access doors are provided in the datavan for safeguarding the switching components of the datavan. In an example, equipment 306A-D may include the controller for determining a type of a connected component to the datavan. As previously disclosed, the type is associated with the diesel-powered components and the electric-powered components. Further, equipment 306A-D may include the control module and associated components for communicating with the switchgear for switching between the diesel-powered components and the electric-powered components upon determination by the controller of the type of the connected component. In addition, the controller and the switching components may further include multi-pump controls 306C, 306D for controlling a diesel or an electric pump in the interchangeable combination of diesel-powered components and electric- powered components.

[0034] The present invention described herein, therefore, is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as others inherent therein. While a presently preferred embodiment of the invention has been given for purposes of disclosure, numerous changes exist in the details of procedures for accomplishing the desired results. For example, other the recesses can be put into arrangements other than those described, such as all being in a vertical or other arrangement. These and other similar modifications will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, and are intended to be encompassed within the spirit of the present invention disclosed herein and the scope of the appended claims.

[0035] In the various embodiments of the disclosure described, a person having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that alternative arrangements of components, units, conduits, and fibers could be conceived and applied to the present invention.

[0036] The singular forms“a,”“an,” and“the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0037] Examples of computer-readable medium used in the datavan and in the communications achieved in the present embodiments can include but are not limited to: one or more nonvolatile, hard-coded type media, such as read only memories (ROMs), CD-ROMs, and DVD-ROMs, or erasable, electrically programmable read only memories (EEPROMs); recordable type media, such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD-R/RWs, DVD-RAMs, DVD-R/RWs, DVD+R/RWs, flash drives, memory sticks, and other newer types of memories; and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links. For example, such media can include operating instructions, as well as instructions related to the systems and the method steps described previously and can operate on a computer. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that such media can be at other locations instead of, or in addition to, the locations described to store computer program products, e.g., including software thereon. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the various software modules or electronic components described previously can be implemented and maintained by electronic hardware, software, or a combination of the two, and that such embodiments are contemplated by embodiments of the present disclosure.