[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to the U.S. Provisional

Application Serial No. 62/595,813 filed on December 7, 2017, the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to a hyperspectral imaging system and method for providing a hyperspectral image of an area of a remote object. In one embodiment, the hyperspectral imaging system includes an optic, a stack of waveguide plates, a spectral filter array, a detector array, and a controller. The present disclosure also relates to the stack of waveguide plates.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Currently there are two main types of hyperspectral imaging systems. One type of hyperspectral imaging system utilizes Offher or Dyson spectrometers (i.e., complex optical solution). Another type of hyperspectral imaging system utilizes filter arrays directly on a camera focal plane (i.e., scalable filter solution). Each type of hyperspectral imaging system has advantages and disadvantages when compared to one another. For instance, the hyperspectral imaging system that utilizes Offher or Dyson spectrometers has the following advantages (for example): higher spectral resolution and capability of acquiring all wavelengths at the same time. The hyperspectral imaging system that utilizes Offher or Dyson spectrometers also has the following disadvantages (for example): complex optical systems that can be expensive to make, higher costs, larger system, and lack of scalability. In contrast, the hyperspectral imaging system that utilizes filter arrays directly on a camera focal plane has the following advantages (for example): easily scalable, compact, less expensive, and higher spatial resolution (linear filter). The hyperspectral imaging system that utilizes filter arrays directly on a camera focal plane also has the following disadvantages (for example): limited spectral resolution, limited collection of light to only a single wavelength at a time for a particular pixel, and additional data processing to match the spatial data with the spectral data. The additional data processing and limited light collection increase the time required for image acquisition. Further, the hyperspectral imaging system that utilizes filter arrays directly on a camera focal planes is typically limited to applications where the object being imaged is stationary. When used in applications where the object is not stationary, complex data processing algorithms must be used and lead to errors in the imaging of the object. The present disclosure introduces a new hyperspectral imaging system which essentially allows the scalable filter array solution to function like the complex optical system solution while having the best features of both of the current scalable filter array solution and the complex optical system solution.

SUMMARY

[0004] A hyperspectral imaging system and a method for providing a hyperspectral image of an area of a remote object have been described in independent claims of the present application. In addition, a stack of waveguide plates has been described in an independent claim of the present application. Advantageous embodiments of hyperspectral imaging system and the method for providing a hyperspectral image of an area of a remote object have been described in the dependent claims.

[0005] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a hyperspectral imaging system which comprises: (i) an optic; (ii) a plurality of waveguide plates, wherein each of the waveguide plates are stacked on top of one another, and wherein the stacked waveguide plates have a slit located thereon; (iii) a spectral filter array; and, (iv) a detector array, wherein the stacked waveguide plates are positioned between the optic and the spectral filter array, and wherein the spectral filter array is positioned between the stacked waveguide plates and the detector array. [0006] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for providing a hyperspectral image of an area of a remote object. The method comprises a step of providing a hyperspectral imaging system which includes: (i) an optic; (ii) a plurality of waveguide plates, wherein each of the waveguide plates are stacked on top of one another, and wherein the stacked waveguide plates have a slit located thereon; (iii) a spectral filter array; and, (iv) a detector array, wherein the stacked waveguide plates are positioned between the optic and the spectral filter array, and wherein the spectral filter array is positioned between the stacked waveguide plates and the detector array. The method further comprises a step of positioning the hyperspectral imaging system with respect to the remote object system such that: (i) the optic receives light associated with the area of the remote object, and outputs light associated with the area of the remote object; (ii) the slit located at an entrance end of the stacked waveguide plates receives at least a portion of the light output from the optic, and an exit end opposite the entrance end of the stacked waveguide plates outputs multiple dispersed lights where each one of the waveguide plates outputs one of the multiple dispersed lights; (iii) the spectral filter array receives the multiple dispersed lights output from the exit end of the stacked waveguide plates, and outputs multiple arrays of different wavelength filtered lights where each one of the multiple dispersed lights is associated with one of the multiple arrays of different wavelength filtered lights; (iv) the detector array receives the multiple arrays of different wavelength filtered lights from the spectral filter array, and outputs multiple arrays of electrical signals where each one of the multiple arrays of different wavelength filtered lights is associated with one of the multiple arrays of electrical signals; and (v) the controller receives the multiple arrays of electrical signals from the detector array, combines the multiple arrays of electrical signals to generate the hyperspectral image of the area of the remote object, and outputs the hyperspectral image of the area of the remote object.

[0007] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a specially configured waveguide comprising: a plurality of waveguide plates, wherein each of the waveguide plates are stacked on top of one another, wherein the stacked waveguide plates have a slit located thereon, wherein the stacked waveguide plates have an entrance end which has a coating located thereon except for the slit which is located on the entrance end and does not have the coating thereon, wherein each waveguide plate has a rectangular shape, and wherein each waveguide plate has an entrance pupil which forms a portion of the slit.

[0008] Additional aspects of the disclosure will be set forth, in part, in the detailed description, figures and any claims which follow, and in part will be derived from the detailed description, or can be learned by practice of the disclosure. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosure as disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] A more complete understanding of the present disclosure may be had by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

[0010] FIG. 1A (top view) and FIG. 1B (side view) illustrate the basic components of an exemplary hyperspectral imaging system configured to provide a hyperspectral image of an area of a remote object in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0011] FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of an exemplary method for using the hyperspectral imaging system shown in FIG. 1 A and FIG. 1B to provide a hyperspectral image of an area of a remote object in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0012] FIG. 3A (top view) and FIG. 3B (side view) illustrate different views of a single waveguide plate in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0013] FIG. 3C (end view) and FIG. 3D (side view) illustrate different views of the stacked waveguide plates in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0014] FIG. 3E (top view) illustrates a beam path of light which enters a waveguide plate and passes through the waveguide plate in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [0015] FIG. 4 illustrates a front view of an examplary spectral filter array configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0016] FIG. 5 illustrates a front view of an examplary detector array configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

[0017] FIG. 6A (top view) and FIG. 6B (side view) illustrate the basic components of another exemplary hyperspectral imaging system configured to provide a hyperspectral image of an area of a remote object in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] Referring to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, there are diagrams illustrating the basic components of an exemplary hyperspectral imaging system 100 configured to provide a hyperspectral image 102 of an area 103 of a remote object 104 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1A (top view) and FIG. 1B (side view), the hyperspectral imaging system 100 includes a optic 110 (e.g., a lens), stacked waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , l20 ₁₀ (only ten waveguide plates shown— but there can be any number of waveguide plates l20 _x ), a spectral filter array 130, a detector array 140 (e.g., camera focal plane array 140), and a controller 150. The waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , l20 ₈ ,

120 ₉ , 120io (referred to herein collectively as the stacked waveguide plates 120) have an entrance end 122 with a slit 124 formed thereon, and an exit end 126 which is opposite the entrance end 122. The stacked waveguide plates 120 are positioned between the optic 110 and the spectral filter array 130. The spectral filter array 130 is positioned between the stacked waveguide plates 120 and the detector array 140. The controller 150 is coupled to the detector array 140. Furthermore, the hyperspectral imaging system 100 may include a housing 160 which encloses and supports the optic 110, the stacked waveguide plates 120, the spectral filter array 130, and the detector array 140. In this example, the controller 150 is shown as being positioned outside of the housing 160 but is still operatively coupled to at least the detector array 140. The hyperspectral imaging system 100 can incorporate other components that are well known to those skilled in the art, but for clarity only those components 110, 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , l20 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 _IO , 130, 140, and 150 needed to explain and enable the present disclosure are discussed in detail herein.

[0019] Referring to FIG. 2, there is a flowchart illustrating the steps of an exemplary method 200 for using the hyperspectral imaging system 100 to provide the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103 of the remote object 104 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The hyperspectral imaging system 100 is provided (step 202) and positioned (step 204) with respect to the remote object 104 such that the optic 110 is able to receive light 170 associated with the area 103 of the remote object 104, and output light 172 associated with the area 103 of the remote object 104. The slit 124 located on the entrance end 122 of the stacked waveguide plates 120 receives at least a portion of the light 172 which is output from the optic 110. The exit end 126 of the stacked waveguide plates 120 outputs multiple dispersed lights 176, individually referred to as 176i, 176 ₂ , 176 ₃ , P6 ₄ , P6 ₅ , 176 _ό , P6 ₇ , l76 ₈ , P6 ₉ , 176io (e.g., one dispersed light is output from each one of the waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , l20 ₉ , 120io). The spectral filter array 130 receives the multiple dispersed lights 176i, l76 ₂ , 176 ₃ , 176 ₄ , 176 ₅ , 176 ₆ , 176 ₇ , 176 ₈ , 176 ₉ , 176 ₁₀ output from the exit end 126 of the stacked waveguide plates 120, and outputs multiple arrays of different wavelength filtered lights 178, individually referred to as 178;. In FIG. 2, 178i, 178 ₂ , 178 ₃ , 178 ₄ , 178 ₅ , l78 ₆ (e.g.,

10 arrays (which correspond to the 10 waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , l20 ₅ ,

120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 ₁₀ ) of 6 different wavelength filtered lights 178;) are shown— but there can be any number of arrays and any number of different wavelength filtered lights 178. The detector array 140 receives the multiple arrays of different wavelength filtered lights 178i, 178 ₂ , 178 ₃ , 178 ₄ , 178 ₅ , l78 ₆ from the spectral filter array 130, and outputs multiple arrays of electrical signals 180, individually referred to as 180;. In FIG. 2, 180i, 180 ₂ , 180 ₃ , 180 ₄ , 180 ₅ , 180 ₆ (e.g. 10 arrays of 6 electrical signals 180

corresponding to the 10 arrays of 6 wavelength filtered lights 178) are shown-but there can be any number of arrays and any number of electrical signals 180. The controller 150 receives the multiple arrays of electrical signals 180i, l80 ₂ , I8O ₃ , I8O ₄ , 180 ₅ , l80 ₆ from the detector array 140. The controller 150 then processes the multiple arrays of electrical signals I8O ₁ , l80 ₂ , I8O ₃ , I8O ₄ , I8O ₅ , l80 ₆ to generate the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103 of the remote object 104. Thereafter, the controller 150 outputs the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103 of the remote object 104. The hyperspectral imaging system 100 can be repeatedly operated in the above described manner to obtain different hyperspectral images 102 of different areas 103 of the remote object 104.

[0020] The hyperspectral imaging system 100 is operable such that the optic 110 directs the light 172 to the slit 124 in the stacked waveguide plates 120. Each waveguide plate 120i, l20 ₂ , I2O ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , l20io has a refractive index that reduces the angle of recfraction of its specific received portion of light 172 and therein spreads the respective specific portion of light 174i, l74 ₂ , 174 ₃ , 174 ₄ , 174 ₅ , 174 ₆ , l74 ₇ , 174 ₈ , 174 ₉ , 174 _IO in only one direction (e.g., x-direction as shown in FIG. 1A). At the exit end 126 of the stacked waveguide plates 120, the spectral filter array 130 with a multitude of different wavelength passband filters 132i, l32 ₂ , 132 ₃ , 132 ₄ , l32 ₅ , 132 ₆ (for example) is arranged to receive and only allow specific wavelengths of the received dispersed light 176i, 176 ₂ , P6 ₃ , P6 ₄ , l76 ₅ , l76 ₆ , l76 ₇ , l76 ₈ , l76 ₉ , l76ioto pass there through as arrays of different wavelength filtered lights 178i, 178 ₂ , P8 ₃ , P8 ₄ , l78 ₅ , l78 ₆ . At the output end of the spectral filter array 130, the detector array 140 is arranged to receive the arrays of different wavelength filtered lights 178i, 178 ₂ , P8 ₃ , P8 ₄ , l78 ₅ , l78 ₆ and convert their intensities into corresponding arrays of electrical signals 180 ₁ ,

180 ₂ , 180 ₃ , 180 ₄ , 180 ₅ , 180 ₆ . In this hyperspectral imaging system 100, the length and size of the opening of the slit 124 for the stacked waveguide plates 120 determines the spatial dimension in one direction (e.g., x-direction shown in FIG. 1A), and the width of stacked waveguide plate 120 determines the second spatial dimesion in another direction (e.g., z-direction shown in FIG. 1A), and the wavelength passband filters 132 _1? l32 ₂ ,

132 ₃ , 132 ₄ , 132 ₅ , 132 ₆ of the spectral filter array 130 determine the spectral resolution of the system. Each of these can be changed to meet the requirements of the specific application of the hyperspectral imaging system 100. To obtain more than an image corresponding to the area 103 of the remote object 104, the remote object 104 can be scanned by the hyperspectral imaging system 100 to sample other areas of remote object 104. A detailed discussion about the different components 1 10, 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , l20 ₄ , l20 ₅ , 120 ₆ , I2O ₇ , l20s, 120 ₉ , 120io, 130, 140, and 150 of the hyperspectral imaging system 100 is provided below.

[0021] The optic 110

[0022] The optic 110 (e.g., a lens as shown in FIG 1A and FIG. 1B) can have a focal length selected to meet the requirements of a particular application (e.g., airborne application, machine vision application) of the hyperspectral imaging system 100. For example, an optic 110 with a focal length of 15-100 mm would typically be used for most applications. The optic 110 could be a standard off-the-shelf lens, but it can also be custom lens depending on the application. The same optic 110 can often be used for different applications such as airborne application and machine vision application.

[0023] The stacked waveguide plates 120

[0024] An important feature of the present disclosure, is the multitude of waveguide plates 120i, l20 ₂ , I2O ₃ , I2O ₄ , I2O ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , l20 ₁₀ that are stacked on top of each other. FIG. 3A (top view) and FIG. 3B (side view) illustrate different views of a single waveguide plate 120i that has a rectangular shape with dimensions that can vary depending on the desired output of dispersed light 176i (note: the other waveguide plates l20 ₂ , I2O ₃ , I2O ₄ , I2O ₅ , 120 ₆ , I2O ₇ , 120 ₈ , I2O ₉ , 120io are not required to, but would typically also have the same rectangular shape and the same dimensions as waveguide plate 120i). For instance, the single waveguide plate 120i could have dimensions in a range of 1 mm - 25 mm (length— y-direction), 0.4 mm - 15 mm (width- x-direction), and 3 pm - 30 pm (thickness- z-direction). As discussed below, the waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , I2O ₃ , I2O ₄ , I2O ₅ , l20 ₆ , I2O ₇ , 120 ₈ , I2O ₉ , 120io can have a thickness which corresponds to the pixel size of the detector array 140 (e.g., camera focal plane array 140), or the thickness can be an arbitrary size. It should be noted that the number of waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , l20 ₁₀ could be arbitrary or could match the longer or shorter dimension of the detector array that is being used.

[0025] FIG. 3C (end view) and FIG. 3D (side view) illustrate different views of the stacked waveguide plates 120. Each waveguide plate 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , l20 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 _IO has a single entrance pupil 124i, 124 ₂ , 124 , 124 ₄ , 124 ₅ , l24 ₆ , 124 ₇ , 124 ₈ , 124 ₉ , 124io which collectively form the slit 124 on the entrance end 122 of the stacked waveguide plates 120 (see FIG. 2D). The slit 124 could be made by cutting through a coating 128 (e.g. a reflective coatingor paint applied to the entrance end 122 of each of the waveguide plates 120 ₄ , 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , l20 ₉ , l20io)(note: the coating 128 is only shown (shaded area) on the entrance end 122 of the stacked waveguide plates 120 in FIG. 3C, but the coating 128 could be applied to all or a portion of the exterior surfaces of the waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , l20 ₅ ,

120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 _IO ). Alternatively, the slit 124 could be made by masking a slit shape on the entrance end 122 of the stacked waveguide plates 120 and then applying the coating 128 on at least the entrance end 122 of the stacked waveguide plates 120 and removing the mask to expose the slit 124. In yet another alternative, the slit 124 could be made by using a lithography printing process where the entrance end 122 of the stacked waveguide plates 120 is treated to repel the coating 128 in the area of the slit 124, while the remaining area of the entrance end 122 and possibly other exterior surfaces of the stacked waveguide plates 120 would attract the coating 128.

[0026] FIG. 3E (top view) shows a beam path of light 174i which entered the waveguide plate l20 ₄ through its portion of the slit 124 (or entrance pupil l24 ₄ ), dispersed within the waveguide plate 120i based on the focal length of the optic 110 in one axis, and outputted from the waveguide plate l20 ₄ as the dispersed light 176i (see also FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B). The other waveguide plates 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ ,

120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 _IO would have a similar beam path where the light 174, which entered through their respective portion of the slit 124 (or entrance pupils 124 ₂ , l24 ₃ , 124 , 124 ₅ , 124 ₆ , 124 ₇ , 124 ₈ , 124 ₉ , 124 ₄₀ ) on the entrance end 122, dispersed within the respective waveguide plate 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 , 120 ₅ , l20 ₆ , 120- _? , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 ₄₀ based on the focal length of the optic 110 in only one axis, and outputted from the respective waveguide plate 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , l20 ₁₀ as multiple dispersed lights 176 ₂ , 176 ₃ , 176 ₄ , 176 ₅ , 176 ₆ , 176 ₇ , l76 ₈ , 176 ₉ , 176i ₀ (see also FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B). That is, the stacked waveguide plates 120 will collect light 174 via the slit 124 and each waveguide plate 120 ₄ , 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , l20 ₁₀ will disperse the light 174 in only 1 axis and output respective dispersed lights l76 ₂ ,

176 ₃ , 176 ₄ , 176 ₅ , 176 ₆ , 176?, 176 ₈ , 176 ₉ , 176I ₀ .

[0027] The waveguide plates 120 ₄ , 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 ₁₀ could be made from a material that includes (for example): (i) transmissive glass materials such as fused silica, BK7 and others; (ii) crystal materials such as

bariumfluoride, calciumfluoride, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, and others; and (iii) germanium. The material chosen would typically be based on the manufacturability and the required transmission of the waveguide plates 120 ₄ , 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 , 120 ₅ , l20 ₆ ,

120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 _IO . Each of the waveguide plates 120 ₄ , 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 , 120 ₅ , l20 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 _IO can have their top surface, bottom surface and thin sides coated with a reflective coating to reflect more light to the imaging plane (i.e., the detector array 140). Further, the waveguide plates 120 ₄ , 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , l20 ₉ , 120io could be manufactured like a fiber by starting with a much thicker waveguide that would be needed to be bonded together in a similar way that a fiber is and then the thicker waveguide would be drawn down to the size that is needed for the application. Alternatively, each of the waveguide plates 120 ₄ , 120 ₂ , 120 , 120 , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , l20 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 _IO could be created by a coating process which includes coating multiple layers of material on top of one another to form each waveguide plate 120 ₁ , 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , l20 ₄ , I2O ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , l20i ₀ ofthe stacked waveguide plates 120.

[0028] The spectral filter array 130

[0029] FIG. 4 illustrates a front view (i.e., the view adjacent to the exit end 126 of the stacked waveguide plates 120) of an examplary spectral filter array 130. The exemplary spectral filter array 130 has different wavelength passband filters 132 ₄ , 132 ₂ , 132 ₃ , l32 ₄ , l32 ₅ , 132 ₆ (only six shown— but there can be any number of passband filters 132) aligned with each waveguide plate 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , l20 ₉ , l20io. That is, the spectral filter array 130 will have specific wavelength filters 132i,

132 ₂ , 132 ₃ , 132 ₄ , 132 ₅ , 132 ₆ to separate the dispersed light 176i, 176 ₂ , 176 ₃ , 176 ₄ , l76 ₅ ,

176 ₅ , P6 ₇ , 176s, P6 ₉ , 176io into an array of light with a set number of wavelengths (or wavelength bands) along the one axis (note: there would be a set number of wavelengths associated with each dispersed light 176i, 176 ₂ , 176 ₃ , 176 ₄ , 176 ₅ , 176 ₆ , 176 ₇ , 176 ₈ , l76 ₉ , 176io). Further, the different wavelength passband filters 132i, 132 ₂ , 132 ₃ , 132 ₄ , l32 ₅ ,

132 ₆ can have a filter range from an ultraviolet band through a long wave infrared band. Alternatively, the spectral filter array 130 may have a number of rows of different wavelength passband filters 132, which correspond with and are aligned with a number of waveguide plates 120i, l20 ₂ , l20 ₃ , l20 , l20 ₅ , l20 ₆ , l20 ₇ , l20 ₈ , l20 ₉ , l20i ₀ and a number of rows 142i, 142 ₂ , 142 ₃ , 142 ₄ , 142 ₅ , 142 ₆ , 142 ₇ , 142 ₈ , 142 ₉ , 142io of pixels in the detector array 140 (e.g., the spectral filter array 130 may have a matrix of passband filters 132i that correspond to the matrix of pixels 140 in the detector array 140). The spectral filter array l30’s different wavelength passband filters 132i, 132 ₂ , 132 ₃ , 132 ₄ , l32 ₅ , 132 ₆ determine which wavelengths are passed to the detector array 140 (focal plane array 140).

[0030] The detector array 140

[0031] FIG. 5 illustrates a front view (i.e., the view adjacent to the output of the spectral filter array 130) of an examplary detector array 140 (e.g., camera focal plane array 140). The detector array 140 has multiple rows 142i, 142 ₂ , 142 ₃ , 142 , 142 ₅ , 142 ₆ , 142 ₇ , l42 ₈ , l42 ₉ , 142 _IO (only ten rows shown— but there can be any number of rows) of pixels 144i, 144 ₂ , 144 ₃ , 144 ₄ , 144 ₅ , 144 ₆ (only six pixels shown— but there can be any number of pixels). In one example, each one of the rows 142i, 142 ₂ , 142 ₃ , 142 ₄ , l42 ₅ , 142 ₆ , l42 ₇ , 142 ₈ , 142 ₉ , 142 _IO of pixels 144i, 144 ₂ , 144 ₃ , 144 , 144 ₅ , 144 ₆ is aligned with each one of the waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120i ₀ .

[0032] The controller 150

[0033] The controller 150 is operable to (i) receive the multiple arrays of electrical signals 180i, 180 ₂ , 180 ₃ , 180 , 180 ₅ , l80 ₆ from the detector array 140; (ii) process the multiple arrays of electrical signals I8O ₁ , l80 ₂ , l80 ₃ , l80 , I8O ₅ , l80 ₆ to generate the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103 of the remote object 104; and (iii) output the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103 of the remote object 104. In one example, the controller 150 may comprise a processor 152 and a memory 154 that stores processor- executable instructions, wherein the processor 152 interfaces with the memory 154 to execute the processor- executable instructions, whereby the controller 150 is operable to (i) receive the multiple arrays of electrical signals 180i, l80 ₂ , I8O ₃ , I8O ₄ , 180 ₅ , l80 ₆ from the detector array 140; (ii) process the multiple arrays of electrical signals 180i, I8O ₂ , I8O ₃ , I8O ₄ , I8O ₅ , 180 ₆ to generate the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103 of the remote object 104; and (iii) output the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103 of the remote object 104.

[0034] Referring to FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, there are diagrams illustrating the basic components of another exemplary hyperspectral imaging system 100’ configured to provide a hyperspectral image 102 of an area 103’ of a remote object 104 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6A (top view) and FIG. 6B (side view), the hyperspectral imaging system 100’ includes a optic 110 (e.g., a lens), multiple stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c (only three stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c are shown where each stack has 10 waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , I2O ₃ , I2O ₄ , I2O ₅ , l20 ₆ , I2O ₇ , l20 ₈ , I2O ₉ , 120io— but there can be any number of stacked waveguide plates 602, with any number of waveguide plates 120,), a spectral filter array 130 (with multiple sets l32a, l32b, l32c of different wavelength passband filters 132i, 132 ₂ , 132 ₃ , 132 ₄ , 132 ₅ , 132 ₆ ), a detector array 140 (e.g., camera focal plane array 140), and a controller 150. Each of stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b 602c have an entrance end l22 _a , l22 _b , l22 _c with a slit l24a, l24b, l24c formed thereon, and an exit end l26 _a , l26 _b , l26 _c which is opposite the respective entrance end l22 _a , l22 _b , l22 _c (note each one of the stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c includes multiple waveguide plates 120i, l20 ₂ , I2O ₃ , I2O ₄ , I2O ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , 120 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120 _I0 (only ten shown— but can be any number)) The multiple stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c are positioned between the optic 110 and the spectral filter array 130. The spectral filter array 130 is positioned between the multiple stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c and the detector array 140. The controller 150 is coupled to the detector array 140. Furthermore, the hyperspectral imaging system 100’ may include a housing 160 which encloses and supports the optic 110, the multiple stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c, the spectral filter array 130, and the detector array 140. In this example, the controller 150 is shown as being positioned outside of the housing 160, but is still operatively coupled to at least the detector array 140. The hyperspectral imaging system 100’ can incorporate other components which are well known to those skilled in the art, but for clarity only those components 110, 602a, 602b, 602c, 130, 140, and 150 which are needed to explain and enable the present disclosure are (or have been) discussed in detail herein.

[0035] In operation, the hyperspectral imaging system 100’ is positioned with respect to the remote object 104 such that the optic 110 is able to receive light l70a, l70b, l70c associated with an area 103’ of the remote object 104, and output light l72a, l72b, l72c associated with the area 103’ of the remote object 104. Each slit l24a, l24b, l24c located on the entrance ends l22a, l22b, l22c of the multiple stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c respectively receives at least a portion of the light l72a, l72b, l72c which is output from the optic 110. Each exit end l26a, l26b, l26c of the stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c respectively outputs a set l76a, l76b, l76c of multiple dispersed lights 176i, 176 ₂ , l76 ₃ , l76 ₄ , l76 ₅ , l76 ₆ , l76 ₇ , l76g, P6 ₉ , l76i ₀ (e.g., one dispersed light 176 is output from each one of the waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , l20 ₃ , I2O ₄ , I2O ₅ , l20 ₆ , I2O ₇ , l20 ₈ , I2O ₉ , 120io). The spectral filter array 130 receives the multiple sets l76a, l76b, l76c of dispersed lights 176i, 176 ₂ , 176 ₃ , 176 ₄ , 176 ₅ , l76 ₆ ,

P6 ₇ , 176 _d , P6 ₉ , 176io output from the exit ends l26a, l26b, l26c of the stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c, and outputs multiple sets l78a, l78b, l78c of multiple arrays of different wavelength filtered lights 178 ₁ , 178 ₂ , 178 ₃ , 178 ₄ , l78 ₅ , 178 ₉ (e.g., 3 sets 178 (which correspond to 3 stacked waveguide plates 120) of 10 arrays (which correspond to the 10 waveguide plates) of 6 different filtered lights 178 are shown— but there can be any number of sets and any number of arrays and any number of different wavelength filtered lights 178). The detector array 140 receives the multiple sets l78a, l78b, l78c of the multiple arrays of different wavelength filtered lights 178i, 178 ₂ , P8 ₃ , P8 ₄ , 178 ₅ , l78 ₆ from the spectral filter array 130, and outputs multiple sets l80a, l 80b, l 80c of arrays of electrical signals I 8O ₁ , 180 ₂ , 180 ₃ , 180 ₄ , 180 ₅ , l80 ₆ (e.g. 3 sets of 10 arrays of 6 electrical signals 180 corresponding to the 3 sets of 10 arrays of 6 wavelength filtered lights 178 are shown- but there can be any number of sets, any number of arrays and any number of electrical signals 180). The controller 150 receives the multiple sets l80a, l80b, l80c of multiple arrays of electrical signals 180i, I8O ₂ ,

I8O ₃ , I8O ₄ , I8O ₅ , 180 ₆ from the detector array 140. The controller 150 then processes the received multiple sets l80a, l80b, l80c of multiple arrays of electrical signals 180i, l80 ₂ , I8O ₃ , I8O ₄ , I8O ₅ , 180 ₆ to generate the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103’ of the remote object 104. Thereafter, the controller 150 outputs the hyperspectral image 102 of the area 103’ of the remote object 104. The hyperspectral imaging system 100’ can be repeatedly operated in the above described manner to obtain different hyperspectral images 102 of different areas 103’ of the remote object 104.

[0036] The hyperspectral imaging system 100’ with multiple sets of stacked waveguide filters 602a, 602b, 602c used in parallel as shown enables multiple sets of spatial rows to be acquired at the same time or could be used in conjunction with different waveguide dimensions to allow for different spatial or spectral resolutions at the same time. For instance, the first stacked waveguide filter 602a could collect 400 nm - 1000 nm in 20 nm band widths, while the second stacked waveguide filter 602b could collect 400 nm - 1000 nm in 2 nm bands, and the third stacked waveguide filter 602c could collect 400 nm - 1000 nm in 1 nm bands . Different wavelength ranges could also be used like e.g., 500nm-600nm in 2nm bands while a different waveguide collects 600 nm - 1000 nm in 10 nm bands. This could also be done for different spatial resolutions as follows: The first stacked waveguide filter 602a could collect 400 nm - 1000 nm with individual waveguides width of a single pixel, say 5 pm, while the second stacked waveguide filter 602b could collect 400 nm - 1000 nm with individual waveguide widths of two pixels, 10 pm, and the third stacked waveguide filter 602c could collect 400 nm - 1000 nm with individual waveguide width of 4 pixels, 20 pm. This would enable the ability to choose different spatial resolutions.

[0037] The spectral filter array 130 can be attached directly to the exit ends l26a, l26b, l26c of the stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c and/or to the detector array 140 (note: the same is true for the hyperspectral imaging system 100). The detector array 140 (e.g., a camera) may have quantum efficiencies that are uneven spectrally and to address this issue the spectral filter array 130 could be arranged such that these higher illuminated areas could be matched with the lower quantum efficiency wavelegnths of the detector array 140 (e.g. a focal plane array ). This would even out the spectral intensities on the detector array 140 . Plus, this allows for a higher signal strength in the lower quantum efficiency areas (typically 380 nm - 450 nm and 700 nm - 1000 nm on Si chips) of the detector array 140. Further, because of the geometry of the stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c, it is likely that the center of the stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c will receive more light than the edges of the stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c (e.g. uneven in the x-dimension). This being said, the different wavelength passband filters 132i, 132 ₂ , 132 ₃ , 132 ₄ , 132 ₅ , l32 ₆ of spectral filter array 130 could be arranged such that the higher illuminated areas are matched with the lower camera quantum efficiencies (such as > 700 nm or < 450 nm on Si chips) of the detector array 140.

[0038] In view of the foregoing discussions of the hyperspectral imaging systems 100 and 100’, it can be appreciated that one or more stacked waveguide plates 120, 602a, 602b, 602c used in conjunction with the spectral filter array 130 and the detector array 140 can transform a slit image to a plurality of spectral slices of the area 103 of the remote object 104. The waveguides plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , l20 ₈ , 120 ₉ , 120io can be different shapes, but are typically rectangular shape and can have different entrance apertures 124i, l24 ₂ , l24 , l24 ₄ , l24 ₅ , l24 ₆ , l24 ₇ , l24 ₈ , l24 ₉ , l24 ₁₀ to match the particular pixel sizes of the detector array 140 . If desired, the number of waveguide plates 120i, l20 ₂ , l20 ₃ , l20 ₄ , l20 ₅ , l20 ₆ , l20 ₇ , l20 ₈ , l20 ₉ , l20i ₀ can correspond to the number of rows 142i, 142 ₂ , 142 ₃ , 142 ₄ , 142 ₅ , 142 ₆ , 142 ₇ , 142 ₈ , l42 ₉ , 142io of pixels in the detector array 140 in order to maximize spatial resolution. The stacked waveguide plates 120, 602a, 602b, 602c allow for a compact broadband spreading device.

[0039] If desired, multiple stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c with multiple slits l24a, l24b, l24c can be used to create multiple lines of scanning as discussed above with respect to the hyperspectral imaging system 100’ (seeFIG. 6A and FIG. 6B). In this case, the separate parallel stacked waveguide plates 602a, 602b, 602c allow for different spatial and spectral resolutions to be acquired at the same time. This in turn allows for faster acquisition of a hyperspectral cube (multiple images 102) associated with the remote object 104.

[0040] The spectral filter array 130 can be attached directly to the stacked waveguide plate(s) 120, 602a, 602b, 602c or to the detector array 140. Alternatively, the spectral filter array 130, the stacked waveguide plate(s) 120, 602a, 602b, 602c, and the detector array 140 could be bonded together and have no air gap.

[0041] If desired, an imaging lens could be placed between the stacked waveguide plate(s) 120, 602a, 602b, 602c and the detector array 140 to collimate the dispersed light 176i, 176 ₂ , P6 ₃ , P6 ₄ , 176 ₅ , 176 ₆ , P6 ₇ , l76g, P6 ₉ , 176i ₀ output from the stacked waveguide plate(s) 120, 602a, 602b, 602c or to change the projected output of the dispersed light 176i, 176 ₂ , 176 ₃ , 176 ₄ , 176 ₅ , 176 ₆ , 176 ₇ , 176 ₈ , P6 ₉ , 176i ₀ from the stacked waveguide plate(s) 120, 602a, 602b, 602c. Alternatively, an imaging lens (or yet another imaging lens) could be placed between the spectral filter array 130 and the detector array 140.

[0042] If desired, the stacked waveguide plate(s) 120, 602a, 602b, 602c could have an entrance end 122, l22a, l22b, l22c coated to be reflective so that any light 174, l74a, l74b, l74c inside the waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , 120 ₆ , 120 ₇ , l20 ₈ , I2O ₉ , 120io that is reflected back from the spectral filter array 130 could be recycled to end up at a different location on the spectral filter array 130 so that all the light 174, l74a, l74b, l74c ends up being received by the spectral filter array 130. That is, without a reflective coating, the light that is reflected by the spectral array filter 130 could propagate towards the top of the waveguide plates 120i, 120 ₂ , 120 ₃ , 120 ₄ , 120 ₅ , l20 ₆ , I2O ₇ , l20 ₈ , I2O ₉ , l20io and be lost. Thus, a reflective coating will reflect that light back to the spectral filter array 130, thus limiting the loss of light and increasing the signal strength to improve performance.

[0043] The present disclosure enables one to make inexpensive and compact hyperspectral imaging system 100 and 100’. Plus, the present disclosure allows the hyperspectral imaging system 100 and 100’ to function like both the scalable filter solution and the complex optical system that were described in the background section and as such essentially have the best features of both technologies. For instance, the hyperspectral imaging system 100 and 100’ implements a filtered solution which has the advantage of size and cost, while functioning similar to a complex optical system (Offher/Dyson system) by collecting all the wavelengths at once to reduce processing time and errors in the imaging data. Further, the hyperspectral imaging system 100 and 100’ also allows for a much higher spatial resolution system than is available from the traditional Offher/Dyson solution.

[0044] The hyperspectral imaging system 100 and 100’ also allows the collection of a slice of an image 102 of the remote object 104 with all of the wavelength information similar to a typical Offher or Dyson spectrometer. Flowever, the size and cost of the hyperspectral imaging system 100 and 100’ could be similar to a filter based solution described in the background section that has either very limited spatiaPspectral resolution or needs to scan to get every wavelength. The hyperspectral imaging system 100 and 100’ has the following advantages (for example): (i) reduced cost and size over spectrometer-based designs; and (ii) better image capture of a moving remote object 104 in e.g., an airborne application or machine vision application than the filter-based designs described in the background section.

[0045] lt will be appreciated that the various disclosed embodiments may involve particular features, elements or steps that are described in connection with that particular embodiment lt will also be appreciated that a particular feature, element or step, although described in relation to one particular embodiment, may be interchanged or combined with alternate embodiments in various non-illustrated combinations or permutations.

[0046] It is also to be understood that, as used herein the terms“the,”“a,” or“an,” mean“at least one,” and should not be limited to“only one” unless explicitly indicated to the contrary. Thus, for example, reference to“an opening” includes examples having two or more such“openings” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0047] Ranges can be expressed herein as from“about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, examples include from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent“about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect lt will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

[0048] All numerical values expressed herein are to be interpreted as including“about,” whether or not so stated, unless expressly indicated otherwise lt is further understood, however, that each numerical value recited is precisely contemplated as well, regardless of whether it is expressed as“about” that value. Thus,“a dimension less than 10 mm” and“a dimension less than about 10 mm” both include embodiments of“a dimension less than about 10 mm” as well as“a dimension less than 10 mm.”

[0049] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that any particular order be inferred.

[0050] While various features, elements or steps of particular embodiments may be disclosed using the transitional phrase“comprising,” it is to be understood that alternative embodiments, including those that may be described using the transitional phrases “consisting” or“consisting essentially of,” are implied. Thus, for example, implied alternative embodiments to a method comprising A+B+C include embodiments where a method consists of A+B+C, and embodiments where a method consists essentially of A+B+C.

[0051] Although multiple embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in the foregoing Detailed Description, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications and substitutions without departing from the disclosure as set forth and defined by the following claims.