IMIDAZOLYL-ALKOXYQUINOLIN-2-AMINES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Cross-Reference to Related Applications [0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No.63/414,341, filed October 7, 2022, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Field of the Disclosure [0002] This disclosure relates to imidazolyl-alkoxyquinolin-2-amines, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds and compositions for treating or preventing inappropriate activation of a type I interferon (IFN) response in a subject in need thereof. Description of Related Art [0003] Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) (UniProtKB - Q8N884) is a recently discovered enzyme that acts as a DNA sensor to elicit an immune response to pathogens via activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) receptor. Shortly after its discovery in 2013, aberrant activation of cGAS by self-DNA was shown to underlie debilitating and sometimes fatal autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, and Aicardi–Goutieres Syndrome (AGS). Knockout studies in animal models have indicated that inhibiting cGAS is a promising approach for therapeutic intervention. Additionally, recent studies have shown that the cGAS-STING pathway plays a key role in the innate immune response to tumors, and stimulation of the pathway is a promising strategy being tested clinically for cancer immunotherapy. [0004] No drugs have been approved specifically for AGS or any other monogenic type I interferonopathies. Current treatment options are limited to intravenous or oral immuno- suppressors and intravenous immunoglobulins during the acute phases, with often only partial control of the flares. Similarly, SLE is treated with over-the counter anti-inflammatories, corticosteroids, and immunosupressives, such as cyclophosphamide and methotrexate, with serious side effects including cancer. The only targeted therapy approved for SLE is BENLYSTA (belimumab), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against B-cell activating factor (BAFF). BENLYSTA reduces the risk of severe flares and allows lower doses of immunosuppressive in most patients but is not curative. [0005] Accordingly, there remains a need for compounds that can effectively inhibit cGAS activity and treat diseases resulting from aberrant activation of cGAS. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE [0006] In a broad aspect, this disclosure provides compounds of formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, N-oxides, and/or a solvates and hydrates thereof, wherein: R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted independently with one or more or R ^A , wherein each R ^A independently represents halogen, hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy, amino, -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , or -NO ₂ ; R ² is hydrogen, halogen, -NO ₂ , -CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ - C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , -OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy; R ³ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl; R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, hydroxy(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ - C ₆ haloalkyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B independently represent hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl; or R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring or a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with one R ^1A , halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy; R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, -NO ₂ , -CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, -N ₃ , -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , -OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy, -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1C R ^1D , and -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1C , wherein each R ^1C independently represents hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, aryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heteroaryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heterocyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), or cyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl); and each R ^1D independently represents hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl; and R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy. [0007] Another aspect of the disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of compounds of the disclosure (e.g., compounds as described above with respect to formula (I) or (II)) and an appropriate carrier, solvent, adjuvant, or diluent. [0008] The compounds of formula (I) are inhibitors of cGAS activity. Thus, in certain aspects this disclosure provides methods of treating subjects in need of cGAS inhibition. [0009] The disclosure also provides methods for treating or preventing inappropriate activation of a type I interferon (IFN) response in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more of the compounds of formula (I) or (II), as discussed above. [0010] In embodiment of the methods disclosed herein, the inappropriate activation of a type I IFN response comprises an autoimmune disorder (e.g., Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome (AGS), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystropy (RVCL), lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, or Sjögren’s syndrome (SS)). Other aspects of the disclosure will be apparent to the person of ordinary skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein. [0011] Another aspect of the disclosure provides a method of treating an autoimmune disorder, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of one or more compounds of the disclosure (e.g., compounds as described above with respect to formula (I) or (II)) or pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure [0012] In certain embodiments of this aspect, the autoimmune/inflammatory disorder is AGS, RVCL, SLE, scleroderma, SS, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), pancreatitis, ischemia (e.g., ischemic injury), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Kidney disease, Viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), or arthritis. [0013] These and other features and advantages of the invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying claims. It is noted that the scope of the claims is defined by the recitations therein and not by the specific discussion of features and advantages set forth in the present description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the compositions and methods of the disclosure, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiment(s) of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles and operation of the disclosure. [0015] Figure 1 is a schematic showing activation of cGAS by cytoplasmic DNA initiates activation of the innate immune response via induction of Type I interferons (IFN-I). [0016] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the cGAS assay principle employed in Example 5: enzymatically generated cyclic GAMP (cGAMP) displaces a florescent tracer from mAb causing a decrease in its polarization. [0017] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of cGAS-driven type I IFN induction in THP1 dualcells employed as a cellular assay for cGAS inhibitors in Example 6: secreted IFNβ induced by stimulation of cGAS with DNA is measured by ELISA. [0018] Figure 4 is a graph showing ex vivo efficacy for Compound 4 of this disclosure determined as described in Example 11. [0019] Figures 5A, 5B and 5C are graphs of ISG mRNA expression levels determined as described in Example 12. In Figures 5A, 5B and 5C: filled circles represent data from skin biopsies prior to UV treatment; filled squares represent data from skin biopsies taken at 6 hours post UV treatment; and filled triangles represent data from skin biopsies taken at 24 hours post UV treatment. [0020] Figure 6 is a graph showing monocyte infiltration determined as described in Example 12. [0021] Figure 7 is a ¹ H NMR spectrum of Compound 1 in DMSO-d ₆ . [0022] Figure 8 is a ¹ H NMR spectrum of Compound 2 in methanol-d ₄ . [0023] Figure 9 is a ¹ H NMR spectrum of Compound 3 in DMSO-d ₆ . [0024] Figure 10 is a ¹ H NMR spectrum of Compound 4 in methanol-d ₄ . [0025] Figure 11 is a ¹ H NMR spectrum of Compound 5 in methanol-d ₄ . [0026] Figure 12 is a ¹ H NMR spectrum of Compound C1 in methanol-d ₄ . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE [0027] Before the disclosed processes and materials are described, it is to be understood that the aspects described herein are not limited to specific embodiments, and as such can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and, unless specifically defined herein, is not intended to be limiting. [0028] In view of the present disclosure, the methods and compositions described herein can be configured by the person of ordinary skill in the art to meet the desired need. In general, the disclosed materials and methods provide improvements in treatment of diseases or disorders associated with aberrant activation of cGAS. Specifically, the inventors found that the compounds of the disclosure inhibit cGAS activity, and thus can treat or prevent inappropriate activation of a type I IFN response. The compounds of the disclosure are defined generically as with respect to formula (I) or (II), and to various subgenera as defined herein below. [0029] Accordingly, one aspect of the disclosure provides compounds of formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, N-oxides, and/or a solvates and hydrates thereof, wherein: R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted independently with one or more or R ^A , wherein each R ^A independently represents halogen, hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy, amino, -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , or -NO ₂ ; R ² is hydrogen, halogen, -NO ₂ , -CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ - C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , -OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy; R ³ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl; R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, hydroxy(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ - C ₆ haloalkyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B independently represent hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl; or R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring or a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with one R ^1A , halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy; R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, -NO ₂ , -CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, -N ₃ , -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , -OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy, -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1C R ^1D , and -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1C , wherein each R ^1C independently represents hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, aryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heteroaryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heterocyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), or cyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl); and each R ^1D independently represents hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl; and R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy. [0030] In particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ² is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, -NO ₂ , -CN, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl), or -N(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl) ₂ (Embodiment E-1). [0031] In other particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ² is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, -NO ₂ , -CN, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), or -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ ; wherein R ² is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, -NO ₂ , -CN, methyl, cyclopropyl, trifluoromethyl, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ² is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, -NO ₂ , -CN or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ² is hydrogen or halogen; or wherein R ² is halogen. In other particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ² is bromo or chloro. [0032] In other particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy, -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1C R ^1D , and -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1C , wherein each R ^1C independently represents hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, aryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heteroaryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heterocyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), or cyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl); and each R ^1D independently represents hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. [0033] In other particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ - C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ or C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy; wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ or C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy; wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , methylamiR1no, dimethylamino or C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy; wherein one of R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ is hydrogen and the others are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ or C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy; wherein two of R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are hydrogen and the other is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C ₁ - C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ or C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy; or wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are hydrogen. [0034] In still other particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl within is optionally substituted independently with one or more or R ^A , wherein each R ^A independently represents halogen, hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ - C ₃ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl) ₂ , or -NO ₂ ; wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkoxy, amino, -NH(C ₁ - C ₃ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl) ₂ , or -NO ₂ ; wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ , or -NO ₂ ; wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino or nitro; wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino or nitro; wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropyl(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl or amino; wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl or amino; wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl; wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or cyclopropyl; R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or cyclopropyl; or wherein R ¹ is, methyl or ethyl. [0035] In another particular aspect, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ³ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl; wherein R ³ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl; wherein R ³ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl; wherein R ³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; wherein R ³ is hydrogen or methyl; or wherein R ³ is hydrogen. [0036] In another particular aspect, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, hydroxy(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B independently represent hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl; wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, di(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, hydroxy(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B independently represent hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or cyclopropyl; wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein one of R ^1A and R ^1B is hydrogen and the other is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or cyclopropyl; wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, di(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein one of R ^1A and R ^1B is hydrogen and the other is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are hydrogen; wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, di(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are hydrogen; wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are hydrogen; or wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl; wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. [0037] In still other particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ³ is hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl and R ⁴ is hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl; wherein R ³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ⁴ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; or wherein R ³ and R ⁴ are both hydrogen. [0038] In still other particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkoxy; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-5 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-4 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; or wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0039] In still other particular aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkoxy; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; or wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0040] In other certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₄ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₄ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, or trifluoromethoxy; wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, or trifluoromethoxy; wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, or trifluoromethoxy; wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NHCH ₃ , N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , OH, methoxy, or trifluoromethoxy; wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, NO ₂ , CN, methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NHCH ₃ or OH; wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, NO ₂ , CN, methyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl or NH ₂ ; wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen; wherein R ⁸ is fluoro, chloro, bromo, NO ₂ , CN, methyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl or NH ₂ ; or wherein R ⁸ is CN, methyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl or NH ₂ . [0041] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, particularly C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; R ² is halogen, particularly bromo, chloro or fluoro or more particularly bromo or chloro; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen, C ₁ - C ₆ alkyl or together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- or 4-membered heterocycloalkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. [0042] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, particularly methyl or ethyl; R ² is bromo, chloro or fluoro, particularly bromo or chloro; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- or 4-membered heterocycloalkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. [0043] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, particularly methyl or ethyl; R ² is bromo or chloro; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ - C ₂ alkyl. [0044] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, particularly C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; R ² is hydrogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl or together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- or 4-membered heterocycloalkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. [0045] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, particularly methyl or ethyl; R ² is hydrogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- or 4-membered heterocycloalkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. [0046] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, particularly methyl or ethyl; R ² is hydrogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl. [0047] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, particularly C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; R ² is hydrogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl or together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- or 4-membered heterocycloalkyl; R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ - C ₆ alkyl; and R ⁸ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, amino, hydroxy, cyano or nitro, particularly hydrogen or methyl. [0048] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, particularly methyl or ethyl; R ² is hydrogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- or 4-membered heterocycloalkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl; and R ⁸ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, amino, hydroxy, cyano or nitro, particularly hydrogen or methyl. [0049] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, particularly methyl or ethyl; R ² is hydrogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; and R ⁸ is hydrogen, methyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, amino, hydroxy, cyano or nitro, particularly hydrogen, fluoro, trifluoromethyl, or methyl. [0050] In certain aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, particularly methyl or ethyl; R ² is hydrogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; and R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl; and R ⁸ is hydrogen. [0051] In other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R ² is bromo, fluoro or chloro, and R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, and R ³ and R ⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ³ and R ⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is methyl or ethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ³ and R ⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is methyl or ethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ³ and R ⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen or methyl. [0052] In yet other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring or a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring, each of which rings is optionally substituted with one R ^1A , halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is methyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring or a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring, each of which rings is optionally substituted with one R ^1A , halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy. [0053] In other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl, R ² is bromo, fluoro or chloro, and R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, and R ³ and R ⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ³ and R ⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is trifluoromethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ³ and R ⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. In still other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is trifluoromethyl, R ² is bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ³ and R ⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen or methyl. [0054] In other aspects, the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R ¹ is monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl, R ² is fluoro, bromo or chloro, R ⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, R ⁵ , R ⁶ , and R ⁷ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring or a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring, each of which rings is optionally substituted with one R ^1A , halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy. [0055] In certain embodiments, disclosure also provides a cGAS inhibitor compound (e.g., a compound of formula (I)) as discussed above) having an IC ₅₀ in the presence of Mn ²⁺ that is at least 5-fold less than the IC ₅₀ of the compound in otherwise identical conditions but lacking Mn ²⁺ . [0056] In one embodiment of the disclosure, the compound as otherwise disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of formula (I), or recited in Examples 1, 2 or 3) is in the form of an N-oxide. [0057] In one embodiment of the disclosure, the compound as otherwise disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of formula (I), or recited in Examples 1, 2 or 3) is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a variety of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts may be provided, as described in additional detail below. The person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the phrase “optionally in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide, or a solvate or hydrate” includes compounds in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an N-oxide. But in certain embodiments as described above, the compound is not in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Thus, in one embodiment, the compound as otherwise disclosed herein is in the form of the base compound. [0058] In one embodiment of the disclosure, the compound as otherwise disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of formula (I), or recited in Examples 1, 2 or 3) is in the form of solvate or hydrate. The person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a variety of solvates and/or hydrates may be formed. The person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the phrase “optionally in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide, or a solvate or hydrate” includes compounds in the form of solvates and hydrates of base compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and N-oxides as described above. But in certain embodiments as described above, the compound is not in the form of a solvate or hydrate. [0059] In one embodiment of the disclosure, the compound as otherwise disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of formula (I), or recited in Examples 1, 2 or 3) is in the form of an N-oxide. But in certain embodiments as described above, the compound is not in the form of an N- oxide. Therapeutic Applications [0060] The inventors have determined that, in certain embodiments, the presently described compounds can inhibit cGAS. Accordingly, one aspect of the disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing inappropriate activation of a type I interferon (IFN) response in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more compounds of the disclosure as described herein (e.g., a compound of formula (I) or (II), or those provided in Example 2 or 3) or a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure as described herein. In certain embodiments of the methods as otherwise described herein, the inappropriate activation of a type I IFN comprises an autoimmune disorder. Thus, the disclosure also provides methods of treating an autoimmune disorder. Such method includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of one or more compounds of the disclosure as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure as described herein. [0061] Many different autoimmune disorders and/or inflammatory conditions can be treated with compounds and compositions of the disclosure. Autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases particularly suitable to be treated by the methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome, retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystropy, lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Sjögren’s syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis, Kidney disease, Viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, arthritis, age-related macular degeneration, pancreatitis, ischemia, inflammatory bowel disease, and Parkinson's disease. [0062] The compounds and compositions of the disclosure as described herein may also be administered in combination with one or more secondary therapeutic agents. Thus, in certain embodiment, the method also includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of one or more compounds of the disclosure as described herein (e.g., a compound of formula (I) or (II), or those provided in Example 2 or 3) or a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure as described herein and one or more secondary therapeutic agents. [0063] "Combination therapy," in defining use of a compound of the present disclosure and another therapeutic agent, is intended to embrace administration of each agent in a sequential manner in a regimen that will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination (e.g., the compounds and compositions of the disclosure as described herein and the secondary therapeutic agents can be formulated as separate compositions that are given sequentially), and is intended as well to embrace co-administration of these agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of these active agents or in multiple or a separate capsules for each agent. The disclosure is not limited in the sequence of administration: the compounds of and compositions of the disclosure may be administered either prior to or after (i.e., sequentially), or at the same time (i.e., simultaneously) as administration of the secondary therapeutic agent. [0064] In certain embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent may be administered in an amount below its established half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC ₅₀ ). For example, the secondary therapeutic agent may be administered in an amount less than 1% of, e.g., less than 10%, or less than 25%, or less than 50%, or less than 75%, or even less than 90% of the inhibitory concentration (IC ₅₀ ). Pharmaceutical Compositions [0065] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compositions comprising one or more of compounds as described above with respect to formula (I) or (II), and an appropriate carrier, solvent, adjuvant, or diluent. The exact nature of the carrier, solvent, adjuvant, or diluent will depend upon the desired use for the composition, and may range from being suitable or acceptable for veterinary uses to being suitable or acceptable for human use. [0066] The compounds of the disclosure can be administered, for example, orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients. The term parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, or intrathecal injection or infusion techniques and the like. A medicament including a compound of the disclosure can be provided in any appropriate of the formulations and dosage forms as described herein. [0067] Pharmaceutical compositions can be made using the presently disclosed compounds. For example, in one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and compound as described above with reference to any one of structural formulae. [0068] In the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein, one or more compounds of the disclosure may be present in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients, and, if desired, other active ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the disclosure may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. [0069] Compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any suitable method for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients can be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. In some cases such coatings can be prepared by suitable techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed. [0070] Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules, wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. Formulations for oral use can also be presented as lozenges. [0071] Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients can be suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p- hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin. [0072] Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid. [0073] Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents or suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, can also be present. [0074] Pharmaceutical compositions can also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally- occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions can also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. [0075] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient is not water. In other embodiments, the water comprises less than 50% of the composition. In some embodiments, compositions comprising less than 50% water have at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5% water. In other embodiments, the water content is present in the composition in a trace amount. [0076] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient is not alcohol. In other embodiments, the alcohol comprises less than 50% of the composition. In some embodiments, compositions comprising less than 50% alcohol have at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5% alcohol. In other embodiments, the alcohol content is present in the composition in a trace amount. [0077] Syrups and elixirs can be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glucose or sucrose. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring, and coloring agents. The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils can be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables. [0078] Compounds of the disclosure can also be administered in the form of suppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the compound with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols. [0079] Compounds of the disclosure can also be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. The drug, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle. [0080] The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. [0081] The active compound can be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like. [0082] For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound described herein. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient is typically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, for example, 0.1 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient of a compound described herein. [0083] The tablets or pills can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate. [0084] The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient will vary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of the administration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of the patient, the manner of administration, and the like. In therapeutic applications, compositions can be administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications. Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and general condition of the patient, and the like. [0085] The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the compound preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers will result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts. [0086] The therapeutic dosage of the compounds can vary according to, for example, the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound described herein in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds described herein can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 µg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the nd extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. [0087] The compounds described herein can also be formulated in combination with one or more additional active ingredients which can include any pharmaceutical agent such as anti-viral agents, vaccines, antibodies, immune enhancers, immune suppressants, anti-inflammatory agents and the like. Definitions [0088] The following terms and expressions used herein have the indicated meanings. [0089] The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. [0090] All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order of steps unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention. [0091] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words ‘comprise’, ‘comprising’, and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”. Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural and singular number, respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” and “below” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of the application. [0092] As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, each embodiment disclosed herein can comprise, consist essentially of or consist of its particular stated element, step, ingredient or component. As used herein, the transition term “comprise” or “comprises” means includes, but is not limited to, and allows for the inclusion of unspecified elements, steps, ingredients, or components, even in major amounts. The transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, ingredient or component not specified. The transition phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of the embodiment to the specified elements, steps, ingredients or components and to those that do not materially affect the embodiment. [0093] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. [0094] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. [0095] Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims. [0096] Some embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. [0097] Terms used herein may be preceded and/or followed by a single dash, “-”, or a double dash, “=”, to indicate the bond order of the bond between the named substituent and its parent moiety; a single dash indicates a single bond and a double dash indicates a double bond or a pair of single bonds in the case of a spiro-substituent. In the absence of a single or double dash it is understood that a single bond is formed between the substituent and its parent moiety; further, substituents are intended to be read “left to right” with reference to the chemical structure referred to unless a dash indicates otherwise. For example, arylalkyl, arylalkyl-, and -alkylaryl indicate the same functionality. [0098] For simplicity, chemical moieties are defined and referred to throughout primarily as univalent chemical moieties (e.g., alkyl, aryl, etc.). Nevertheless, such terms are also used to convey corresponding multivalent moieties under the appropriate structural circumstances clear to those skilled in the art. For example, while an “alkyl” moiety can refer to a monovalent radical (e.g. CH ₃ -CH ₂ -), in some circumstances a bivalent linking moiety can be “alkyl,” in which case those skilled in the art will understand the alkyl to be a divalent radical (e.g., -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -), which is equivalent to the term “alkylene.” (Similarly, in circumstances in which a divalent moiety is required and is stated as being “aryl,” those skilled in the art will understand that the term “aryl” refers to the corresponding divalent moiety, arylene). All atoms are understood to have their normal number of valences for bond formation (i.e., 4 for carbon, 3 for N, 2 for O, and 2, 4, or 6 for S, depending on the oxidation state of the S). Nitrogens in the presently disclosed compounds can be hypervalent, e.g., an N-oxide or tetrasubstituted ammonium salt. On occasion a moiety may be defined, for example, as –B-(A) _a , wherein a is 0 or 1. In such instances, when a is 0 the moiety is -B and when a is 1 the moiety is –B-A. [0099] As used herein, the term “alkyl” includes a saturated hydrocarbon having a designed number of carbon atoms, such as 1 to 10 carbons (i.e., inclusive of 1 and 10), 1 to 8 carbons, 1 to 6 carbons, 1 to 3 carbons, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. Alkyl group may be straight or branched and depending on context, may be a monovalent radical or a divalent radical (i.e., an alkylene group). For example, the moiety “-(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl)-O-” signifies connection of an oxygen through an alkylene bridge having from 1 to 6 carbons and C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl represents methyl, ethyl, and propyl moieties. Examples of “alkyl” include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. [0100] The term “alkoxy” represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen bridge. Examples of “alkoxy” include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and isopropoxy. [0101] The term “alkenyl” as used herein, unsaturated hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 10 carbons (i.e., inclusive of 2 and 10), 2 to 8 carbons, 2 to 6 carbons, or 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, unless otherwise specified, and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenyl group may be straight or branched and depending on context, may be a monovalent radical or a divalent radical (i.e., an alkenylene group). For example, the moiety “-(C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl)-O-” signifies connection of an oxygen through an alkenylene bridge having from 2 to 6 carbons. Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2- methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 2-methyl-1-heptenyl, 3- decenyl, and 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl. [0102] The term “alkynyl” as used herein, unsaturated hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 10 carbons (i.e., inclusive of 2 and 10), 2 to 8 carbons, 2 to 6 carbons, or 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 unless otherwise specified, and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynyl group may be straight or branched and depending on context, may be a monovalent radical or a divalent radical (i.e., an alkynylene group). For example, the moiety “-(C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl)-O-” signifies connection of an oxygen through an alkynylene bridge having from 2 to 6 carbons. Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited to, acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2- propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, and 1-butynyl. [0103] The term “aryl” represents an aromatic ring system having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) which is optionally fused to other aromatic hydrocarbon rings or non-aromatic hydrocarbon or heterocycle rings. “Aryl” includes ring systems having multiple condensed rings and in which at least one is carbocyclic and aromatic, (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl). Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, dihydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, tetralinyl, and 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[a]cycloheptenyl. “Aryl” also includes ring systems having a first carbocyclic, aromatic ring fused to a nonaromatic heterocycle, for example, 1H-2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl and tetrahydroisoquinolinyl. The aryl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as “optionally substituted”, can unless stated otherwise be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups as indicated. [0104] The terms “halogen” or "halo" indicate fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In certain embodiments of each and every embodiment as otherwise described herein, the term “halogen” or “halo” refers to fluorine or chlorine. In certain embodiments of each and every embodiment described herein, the term “halogen” or “halo” refers to fluorine. The term “fluoroalkyl” indicates an alkyl group (i.e., as otherwise described herein) that is substituted with at least one fluorine. “Fluoroalkyl” includes alkyl groups substituted with multiple fluorines, such as perfluoroalkyl groups. Examples of fluoroalkyl groups include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoroprop-2-yl and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-yl. [0105] The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic ring system containing at least one aromatic heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur in an aromatic ring. Most commonly, the heteroaryl groups will have 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms. The heteroaryl may be fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, for example, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl rings, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl rings are described herein. In one embodiment of the present compounds the heteroaryl group is bonded to the remainder of the structure through an atom in a heteroaryl group aromatic ring. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl group is bonded to the remainder of the structure through a non-aromatic ring atom. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, indolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, isoindolinyl, isobenzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, pyridopyridinyl, purinyl, benzodioxolyl, triazinyl, pteridinyl, benzothiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazothiazolyl, benzisoxazinyl, benzoxazinyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, chromonyl, chromanonyl, pyridinyl-N-oxide, isoindolinonyl, benzodioxanyl, benzoxazolinonyl, pyrrolyl N-oxide, pyrimidinyl N-oxide, pyridazinyl N-oxide, pyrazinyl N-oxide, quinolinyl N-oxide, indolyl N-oxide, indolinyl N-oxide, isoquinolyl N-oxide, quinazolinyl N-oxide, quinoxalinyl N-oxide, phthalazinyl N-oxide, imidazolyl N-oxide, isoxazolyl N-oxide, oxazolyl N-oxide, thiazolyl N-oxide, indolizinyl N-oxide, indazolyl N-oxide, benzothiazolyl N-oxide, benzimidazolyl N-oxide, pyrrolyl N-oxide, oxadiazolyl N-oxide, thiadiazolyl N-oxide, triazolyl N-oxide, tetrazolyl N-oxide, benzothiopyranyl S-oxide, benzothiopyranyl S,S-dioxide. Preferred heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl and imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, thiazolyl and benzothiazolyl. In certain embodiments, each heteroaryl is selected from pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl-N-oxide, pyrrolyl N- oxide, pyrimidinyl N-oxide, pyridazinyl N-oxide, pyrazinyl N-oxide, imidazolyl N-oxide, isoxazolyl N-oxide, oxazolyl N-oxide, thiazolyl N-oxide, pyrrolyl N-oxide, oxadiazolyl N-oxide, thiadiazolyl N-oxide, triazolyl N-oxide, and tetrazolyl N-oxide. Preferred heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, thiazolyl and benzothiazolyl. The heteroaryl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as “optionally substituted”, can unless stated otherwise be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups, as indicated. [0106] The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system containing at least one heteroatom that is preferably selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein said heteroatom is in a non-aromatic ring. The heterocycloalkyl may have 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms. The heterocycloalkyl may be saturated (i.e., a heterocycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (i.e., a heterocycloalkenyl). Heterocycloalkyl includes monocyclic groups of three to eight annular atoms as well as bicyclic and polycyclic ring systems, including bridged and fused systems, wherein each ring includes three to eight annular atoms. The heterocycloalkyl ring is optionally fused to other heterocycloalkyl rings and/or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings. In certain embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 7 members in a single ring. In other embodiments, heterocycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members in a single ring. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl groups have 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 members in a single ring. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example, azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl (in each case also “quinuclidinyl” or a quinuclidine derivative), azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, 2,5- diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S-oxide, thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, 2-oxazolidonyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, piperazinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, azepanyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl, isoindolindionyl, homopiperidinyl, homomorpholinyl, homothiomorpholinyl, homothiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, oxazolidinonyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydropyranyl, imidazolidonyl, tetrahydrothienyl S-oxide, tetrahydrothienyl S,S-dioxide and homothiomorpholinyl S-oxide. Especially desirable heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholinyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, γ-butyrolactonyl (i.e., an oxo-substituted tetrahydrofuranyl), γ-butryolactamyl (i.e., an oxo-substituted pyrrolidine), pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, azepanyl, azetidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, 2-oxazolidonyl, imidazolidonyl, isoindolindionyl, piperazinonyl. The heterocycloalkyl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as “optionally substituted”, can unless stated otherwise be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups, as indicated. [0107] The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or ring system, which may be saturated (i.e., a cycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (i.e., a cycloalkenyl). The cycloalkyl ring optionally fused to or otherwise attached (e.g., bridged systems) to other cycloalkyl rings. Certain examples of cycloalkyl groups present in the disclosed compounds have from 3 to 7 members in a single ring, such as having 5 or 6 members in a single ring. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl groups have 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 members in a single ring. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, for example, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane. The cycloalkyl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as “optionally substituted”, may be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups, as indicated. [0108] The term “ring system” encompasses monocycles, as well as fused and/or bridged polycycles. [0109] The term “oxo” means a doubly bonded oxygen, sometimes designated as =O or for example in describing a carbonyl “C(O)” may be used to show an oxo substituted carbon. [0110] The phrase "one or more” substituents, as used herein, refers to a number of substituents that equals from one to the maximum number of substituents possible based on the number of available bonding sites, provided that the above conditions of stability and chemical feasibility are met. Unless otherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and the substituents may be either the same or different. As used herein, the term "independently selected" means that the same or different values may be selected for multiple instances of a given variable in a single compound. [0111] The term “substituted,” when used to modify a specified group or radical, means that one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical are each, independently of one another, replaced with the same or different substituent groups as defined below, unless specified otherwise. [0112] As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to both pharmaceutically acceptable acid and base addition salts and solvates. Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of acids such as hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfinic, formic, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, nitric, benzoic, citric, tartaric, maleic, hydroiodic, alkanoic such as acetic, HOOC-(CH ₂ ) _n -COOH where n is 0-4, and the like. Non-toxic pharmaceutical base addition salts include salts of bases such as sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, and the like. Those skilled in the art will recognize a wide variety of non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts. [0113] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds of this disclosure may exist in tautomeric forms, all such tautomeric forms of the compounds being within the scope of the disclosure. Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the disclosure. Both the R and the S stereochemical isomers, as well as all mixtures thereof, are included within the scope of the disclosure. [0114] One of ordinary skill in the art of medicinal chemistry also will appreciate that the disclosed structures are intended to include isotopically enriched forms of the present compounds. As used herein “isotopes” includes those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. As is known to those of skill in the art, certain atoms, such as hydrogen occur in different isotopic forms. For example, hydrogen includes three isotopic forms, protium, deuterium and tritium. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon consideration of the present compounds, certain compounds can be enriched at a given position with a particular isotope of the atom at that position. For example, compounds having a fluorine atom, may be synthesized in a form enriched in the radioactive fluorine isotope ¹⁸ F. Similarly, compounds may be enriched in the heavy isotopes of hydrogen: deuterium and tritium; and similarly can be enriched in a radioactive isotope of carbon, such as ¹³ C. Such isotopic variant compounds undergo different metabolic pathways and can be useful, for example, in studying the ubiquitination pathway and its role in disease. Of course, in certain embodiments, the compound has substantially the same isotopic character as naturally- occurring materials. [0115] As used herein, the term “cell” is meant to refer to a cell that is in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. In some embodiments, an ex vivo cell can be part of a tissue sample excised from an organism such as a mammal. In some embodiments, an in vitro cell can be a cell in a cell culture. In some embodiments, an in vivo cell is a cell living in an organism such as a mammal. [0116] As used herein, the terms “individual,” “patient,” or “subject” are used interchangeably, refers to any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans. [0117] As used herein, the phrase “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” refers to the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response that is being sought in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. [0118] In certain embodiments, an effective amount can be an amount suitable for (i) inhibiting the progression the disease; (ii) prophylactic use for example, preventing or limiting development of a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed or otherwise at risk to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease; (iii) inhibiting the disease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder; (iv) ameliorating the referenced disease state, for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing or improving the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing the severity of disease; or (v) eliciting the referenced biological effect. [0119] As used here, the terms “treatment” and “treating” means (i) ameliorating the referenced disease state, condition, or disorder (or a symptom thereof), such as, for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing or improving the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing the severity of disease or symptom thereof, or inhibiting the progression of disease; or (ii) eliciting the referenced biological effect (e.g., inducing apoptosis, or inhibiting glutathione synthesis). Methods of Preparation [0120] Many general references providing commonly known chemical synthetic schemes and conditions useful for synthesizing the disclosed compounds are available (see, e.g., Smith and March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, Fifth Edition, Wiley-Interscience, 2001; or Vogel, A Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Including Qualitative Organic Analysis, Fourth Edition, New York: Longman, 1978). [0121] Compounds as described herein can be purified by any of the means known in the art, including chromatographic means, such as HPLC, preparative thin layer chromatography, flash column chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Any suitable stationary phase can be used, including normal and reversed phases as well as ionic resins. Most typically the disclosed compounds are purified via silica gel and/or alumina chromatography. See, e.g., Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, 2nd Edition, ed. L. R. Snyder and J. J. Kirkland, John Wiley and Sons, 1979; and Thin Layer Chromatography, ed. E. Stahl, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1969. [0122] During any of the processes for preparation of the subject compounds, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups as described in standard works, such as J. F. W. McOmie, "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry,” Plenum Press, London and New York 1973, in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” Third edition, Wiley, New York 1999, in "The Peptides"; Volume 3 (editors: E. Gross and J. Meienhofer), Academic Press, London and New York 1981, in "Methoden der organischen Chemie,” Houben-Weyl, 4.sup.th edition, Vol. 15/l, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1974, in H.-D. Jakubke and H. Jescheit, "Aminosauren, Peptide, Proteine,” Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Deerfield Beach, and Basel 1982, and/or in Jochen Lehmann, "Chemie der Kohlenhydrate: Monosaccharide and Derivate,” Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1974. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art. [0123] The compounds disclosed herein can be made using procedures familiar to the person of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the compounds of structural formula (I) or (II) can be prepared according to general procedures of the Examples and/or analogous synthetic procedures. One of skill in the art can adapt the reaction sequences of these Examples and general procedures to fit the desired target molecule. Of course, in certain situations one of skill in the art will use different reagents to affect one or more of the individual steps or to use protected versions of certain of the substituents. Additionally, one skilled in the art would recognize that compounds of the disclosure can be synthesized using different routes altogether. EXAMPLES [0124] The compounds and the methods of the disclosure is illustrated further by the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting the disclosure in scope or spirit to the specific procedures and compounds described in them. [0125] The compounds of the invention may be prepared using commercially available reagents and intermediates in the synthetic methods and reaction schemes described herein, or may be prepared using other reagents and conventional methods well known to those skilled in the art. [0126] Scheme 1 wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are as defined for formula (I). [0127] Compounds Int-1, Int-2, Int-3 and Int-4 are intermediates. Example 1 Synthesis of Compounds 1, 2 and 3 7- 1- yl)-6-methoxy-N- yl)-6-methoxy-N,N- yl)-6-methoxy-2-(1H-pyrazol- methylquinolin-2-amine dimethylquinolin-2-amine 1-yl)quinoline For Compound 1, ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ = 8.60 (s, 1 H), 7.97 – 8.03 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.66 (m, 2 H), 7.09 (s, 1 H), 6.70 (s, 1 H). LCMS (ESI MS) m/z = 335.2 [M + 3]. For Compound 2, ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ = 8.11 (m, 1 H), 7.98 (s, 1 H), 7.59 (m, 1 H), 7.28 (m, 1 H), 7.09 (s, 1 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.21 (s, 6H). LCMS (ESI MS) m/z = 347.2 [M + 1]. For Compound 3, ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ = 8.76 (s, 1 H), 8.65 – 8.66 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.34 (s, 1 H), 8.17 (s, 2 H), 8.05 – 8.06 (m, 2 H), 7.19 (s, 1 H), 6.77 – 6.78 (m, 1 H), 3.92 (s, 3H). LCMS (ESI MS) m/z = 372.1 [M + 3]. Example 2 Synthesis of Compound 4. 7-Chloro-4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-6-methoxyquinolin-2-amine For Compound 4, ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ = 8.92 (s, 1 H), 7.63 (s, 1 H), 7.58 (m, 1 H), 7.29 (m, 1 H), 6.85 – 6.87 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.81 (s, 3 H). LCMS (ESI MS) m/z = 274.9 M+. Example 3 The following compounds are prepared substantially according to the procedures described above and procedures familiar to the person of ordinary skill in the art: C 5 , 9 . _{6 7} Example 4 Comparative Examples C – , , . _{C C C C} , C , , _C C _C C = , , _C C C C Example 5: cGAS Inhibition Assay [0128] General: Compounds are dispensed using a Tecan D300E. Add 5 μL of 40 nM cGAS. Incubate for 30 mins @ RT. Add 5uL of substrates mix- 200 μm ATP, 200 ^M GTP and 200nM dsDNA- in each well. Incubate for 1 hr at 30C. Final concentration in 10 μL reaction- 20 nM cGAS, 100 μM ATP, 100 μM GTP, 100 nM dsDNA. Add 10uL of stop and detect mix (1X S&D- B, 8 nM tracer and 2 μg/mL cGAMP Ab). Incubate 1 hour. Experimental protocol 1. Preparation of stock aliquot of test molecule ^ The resuspended solution for the test compound is DMSO ^ The stock aliquot concentration is 50 mM and volume is 25 μL. Maintain aliquot at -20°C until use. 2. Buffer preparation N T M B M Total 10 mLs 3. Substrate mix preparation Name Stock Final Take (μL) A G I 1 4: Preparation of concentrated cGAS enzyme. ^ The stock aliquot of the enzyme is around 100 μM (kept in -80 C). ^ Reaction concentration is usually around 20 nM. ^ Prepare 2x of the reaction concentration, i.e., 40 nM ^ For multiple (e.g., 6) inhibitor reaction in one plate, 1.2 mL (Prepare a bit more always, ~2 mL) of 40 nM cGAS needed. Prepare the desired amount in 1x cGAS buffer. 5. Preparation of stop and detect mixes N c c S w 6. After preparation of samples and buffers, dispense test molecule in the 384 well plate using the D300E. The initial concentration of the inhibitor is 10 μM. Set the program for 11 dilutions, with 1:2 (50%) ratio dilution. 12 ^th well should be 0 concentrated of the inhibitor molecule. Reaction should be duplicate.3 ^rd row reaction is no enzyme control. 7. After dispensing the test compound, add 5 μL of the desired concentrated enzyme (40 nM) by using multi-channel pipet. Shake the plate on micro-plate shaker for 45 sec – 1 min. Incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature, then add 5 μL of the substrate mix into each reaction well by the multi-channel pipet. Shake the plate by the micro-plate shaker for 30-45 sec. Incubate the plate at 30 ^o C for an hour. 8. Stop the reaction by adding 10 μL of the stop and detect mix into each well. Shake the plate with the shaker for 30-45 sec and incubate for an hour at RT. 9. After the incubation, read the plate by fluorescence polarization (FP) spectrometer (CLARIOStar). [0129] The IC ₅₀ values for FP under standard (100 µM ATP and GTP) and under physiological conditions (1 mM ATP and GTP) were determined for several representative compounds of the disclosure and several comparative compounds. Results are shown below. In Table 1, “A” indicates an IC ₅₀ of less than 0.1 μM, “B” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 0.1 μM and less than 0.5 μM, “C” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 0.5 μM and less than 1 µM, “D” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 1 µM and less than 10 µM, and “E” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 10 µM. Table 1 l Example 6 IFNβ ELISAs with THP1 Dual Cells stimulated with dsDNA or cGAMP [0130] Cellular activity of several compounds of formula (I) is assessed in the following assay. Materials: 1) Plates for drug treatment/transfection: ThermoFisher Scientific 165306 2) Plates for ELISA: Immunolon 4HBX (ThermoFisher Scientific 3855) 3) Transfection Reagent: Lipofectamine 2000 – cat: 11668019 ThermoFisher Scientific, 4) Transfection Diluent: OPTI-MEM cat: 31985-062 Gibco. - approx.200µl 5) HSV60 DNA (cat: tlrl-hsv60n, Invivogen) 800 µg 6) cGAMP (cat: tlrl-nacga23-1, Invivogen) 400 µg Treatment with test compounds: ^ Dispense test compounds into ThermoFisher Scientific 165306 plates with Tecan D300, taking precautions to maintain sterility; final volume will be 200 µL; normalize for DMSO. ^ Add 100 µL media (RPM1, 1% FBS), mix on mini-orbital for 45-60 sec, holding lid on plate ^ Add 100µl THP1 duals @ ~0.8-0.9 M/mL ; want 80-90 k cells/well ^ Incubate at 37C, 5% CO ₂ overnight. Transfection: For 96 well plates with 200µl cells, use 0.1 μg DNA; 5 ^M cGAMP and 0.5-0.6 μg Lipofectamine per well, added in 20 µl. ^ Prepare stock solutions of Lipofectamine 0.03 ug/µl with HSV60 DNA (0.005 µg/µL), or cGAMP (50µM) in Optimem media. ^ For the THP1-DNA ELISA, mix lipofectamine and DNA and for the THP1- cGAMP protocol, mix lipofectamine and cGAMP. Let it sit for 5 mins at RT inside the hood. ^ With a multichannel pipet, add 20 μL/well and mix gently. ^ Put the plates back in the incubator and incubate O/N. IFNβ ELISA:   R&D Systems Catalog Number: DY814-05  Plates: Immunolon 4HBX (Thermo 3855) 1) Dilute the Capture Antibody to the working concentration in PBS without carrier protein. Immediately coat a 96-well microplate with 100 μL per well of the diluted Capture Antibody. Seal the plate and incubate overnight at room temperature. Bind, wash, and detection 2) Aspirate each well and wash with Wash Buffer, repeating the process two times for a total of three washes. Wash by filling each well with Wash Buffer (400 μL) using a squirt bottle. Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential for good performance. After the last wash, remove any remaining Wash Buffer by aspirating or by inverting the plate and blotting it against clean paper towels. 3) Block plates by adding 200 μL of reagent diluent (1% BSA in PBS) to each well. Incubate at room temperature for 1:30-2 hour. 4) Repeat aspiration/wash as in step 2 of Plate Preparation. 5) Add 100 μL of sample per well. Cover with an adhesive strip and incubate 2 hours at room temperature. 6) Repeat the aspiration/wash as in step 2 of Plate Preparation. 7) Add 100 μL of the Detection Antibody to each well. Cover with a new adhesive strip and incubate 2 hours at room temperature. 8) Repeat the aspiration/wash as in step 2 of Plate Preparation. 9) Add 100 μL of the working dilution of Streptavidin-HRP to each well. Cover the plate and incubate for 20 minutes at room temperature. Avoid placing the plate in direct light. 10) Repeat the aspiration/wash as in step 2. 11) Add 100 μL of Substrate Solution to each well; we use Promega TMB one. Incubate for approximately 20 minutes at room temperature. Carefully watch as sometimes the color starts to grow very quickly in 5/10 minutes. Avoid placing the plate in direct light. 12) Add 50 μL of Stop Solution to each well. Gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing. 13) Determine the optical density of each well immediately, using a microplate reader set to 450 nm. Wavelength correction is performed by also reading at 570 nm. This subtraction will correct for optical imperfections in the plate. Use ELISA setting on the Tecan D300. [0131] The results are summarized in Table 2 for representative compounds of this disclosure and several comparative compounds. In Table 2, “A” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 1 µM and less than 10 µM, and “B” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 10 µM and less than 20 μM, and “C” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 50 μM. Table 2 IFN-β ELISA Example 6A Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Assays [0132] Human primary perpherial blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are used to evaluate the cellular activity of compounds with good biochemical potency. These cells produce a robust cGAS/STING-dependent type I IFN response when stimulated with dsDNA and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which was detected using a standard ELISA for IFNβ (R&D Systems). The TBK1 inhibitor, BX-795, which acts downstream of cGAS/STING, is used as a probe. [0133] CETSA is used to confirm that the compounds are binding to cGAS in cells; THP-1 cells are used for this analysis. Compounds are tested in dose response mode by incubating with cells for 1.5 hours at 37 °C, followed by pelleting and re-suspending in PBS, heating to 51.5 °C for 3 min and cooling to room temp. Cells are then lysed, debris, including denatured cGAS, is pelleted and the supernatant is analyzed for soluble cGAS by Western Blot using anti-cGAS primary Ab (Cell Signaling). Band intensity is analyzed using Image J software. Stimulation with cGAMP directly activates STING, circumventing cGAS; this is used to determine if compounds had effects on downstream components of cGAS/STING signaling. The IFN-β ELISA is used as the primary measure of cellular potency and selectivity and used the reporter gene assays for assessing off-target activity with other pattern recognition receptors. [0134] The results are summarized in Table 3 for representative compounds of this disclosure and Compound C1. In Table 3, “A” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 1 µM and less than 10 µM, and “B” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 10 µM and less than 20 μM, and “C” indicates an IC ₅₀ of greater than 50 μM. Table 3 Example 7 Hepatocyte Stability [0135] Hepatocyte Stability is determined by incubating test compound at 1 µM with primary human or mouse hepatocytes (500,000 cells/mL) and removing samples periodically for measurement of compound concentration by HPLC/Mass spectrometry to determine the half life for clearance. [0136] Hepatocyte stability data for representative compounds of this disclosure and Compound C1 are presented below in Table 4. Table 4 Human  Example 8. Kinetic Solubility [0137] Kinetic solubility (KSOL) is determined by preparing a concentrated stock solution (10 mM) in DMSO after which the solution is diluted in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 to a target concentration of 500 μM. Solubility is determined by HPLC with UV-Vis spectrometry after filtration or spin-down to remove the insoluble compound. [0138] Results are shown below in Table 5 for representative compounds of this disclosure and Compound C1 where A represents < 1 μM; B represents 1-100 μM; and C represents 101- 600 μM. Table 5   _C1 Example 9. Human Intestine Barrier Permeability [0139] The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell model is one of the commonly used cell monolayer systems to assess the human intestine barrier. The efflux ratios can be determined in the MDCK-MDR1 cell line, by measuring the apparent permeability (Papp) values of test compound for both the apical to basal (A>B) and basal to apical (B>A). Cells seeded on 24- or 96-well plates to form a confluent monolayer are used to determine the efflux of the test compound when added to either side of the membrane. The transport of the compound across the monolayer is monitored over a 60 min time period. Detection is by HPLC/Mass spectrometry. [0140] Results are shown below in Table 6 for representative compounds of this disclosure and Compound C1 where, in Column A, A represents a ratio of < 1.0, B represents a ratio of ≥1.0 and ≤ 5.0, and C represents a ratio of > 5.0 and < 10, and in Column B, + represents an average of ≤ 1.0, ++ represents an average of > 1.0 and ≤ 5.0, +++ represents an average of > 5.0 and ≤ 10.0, and ++++ represents an average of > 10.0 and ≤ 50.0, and +++++ represents an average of > 50 and < 100. Example 10. Pharmacokinetics (mouse) [0141] Plasma concentrations are determined in three (3) female C57BL/6 mice. Compound 4 is administered in two (2) doses by PO injection at 6 mg/mL in PBS containing 10% DMSO and 50% PEG-400 (60mg/kg). The second dose is given 2 hours after the second dose. Blood samples are taken at 0.5 h after the first dose, and at 0.5h, 2.5h, 4h, and 6h after the second dose (i.e., at 2.5, 4, 6 and 8 hours after the first dose). Samples are collected using heparinized calibrated pipettes. Samples are centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 10 minutes. Subsequently, plasma is collected from the upper layer and frozen at -80ºC for later analysis. Spleen samples are collected and frozen at -80ºC for later analysis. [0142] The results are shown below in Tables 7 and 8 for Compound 4 of this disclosure. Table 7 Plasma concentration (ng/ml) Table 8 Example 11. Ex Vivo Efficacy [0143] Blood from heathy human donors is obtained from Bloodworks Northwest. Blood (500μl) is aliquoted into each well in 24 well plate. On Day 1, 5μM and 2.5μM of Compound 10 are added to 500μl of blood. The blood is incubated overnight at 37°C in a CO2 incubator for drug treatment and for next day stimulation. Oxidized DNA, (5μg; oxidized by UWP Crosslink at Energy 2500, which equals 250mJ/cm2) is combined with 30ul DoTap (N-[1- (2,3-Dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium methyl-sulfate) and mixed for 10 minutes to form a complex. On Day 2, after incubating blood samples for about 24 hours, the complex is added to untreated and drug treated blood samples to stimulate cGAS. After about another 18 hours, on Day 3, blood samples are collected and centrifuged to separate the blood cells for RNA isolation/qPCR. RNA isolation is carried out with a Zymo whole blood RNA isolation kit. cDNA synthesis and qPCR are carried out according to known procedures. Data is analyzed by GraphPad Prism 9. Results are shown in Figure 4. In Figure 4, IFNb R.E refers to relative expression of IFNbeta mRNA. Example 12. In Vivo Efficacy [0144] Lupus patients are photosensitive; UVB exacerbates cutaneous disease and precipitates systemic flares. A single UVB exposure has been shown in mice to trigger a striking cGAS-dependent IFN-I signature in the skin, blood and kidneys (Skopelja-Gardner et al., Scientific Reports, (2020) 10: 7908). This example demonstrates that Compound 4 affects innate immune response (especially Type I interferon) following exposure to UV light in normal mice. Methods: ^ Animals: normal B6 mice: 4 control and 8 treated with Compound 4 ^ Obtain skin biopsies prior to treatment (Day 0) ^ Dose mice with Compound 4 at 60 mg/kg by gavage ^ 2 hours after dosing with Compound 4, mice are exposed to UV light (500 mJ/cm ² ) immediately after dose with Compound (Time 0) ^ Obtain skin biopsies at 6 and 24 hrs post UV ^ Process skin for: o IFN response genes (ISG), IL-6 by qPCR o Monocyte and neutrophil skin infiltration by FACS [0145] Results from Example 12 are shown in Figures 5A, 5B, 5C and 6. In Figures 5A, 5B and 5C: filled circles represent data from skin biopsies prior to UV treatment; filled squares represent data from skin biopsies taken at 6 hours post UV treatment; and filled triangles represent data from skin biopsies taken at 24 hours post UV treatment. [0146] Some embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. [0147] Various representative embodiments of the disclosure include, but are not limited to the enumerated embodiments listed below, which can be combined in any number and in any combination that is not technically or logically inconsistent. [0148] Embodiment 1 A compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, and/or a solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein: R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted independently with one or more or R ^A , wherein each R ^A independently represents halogen, hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy, amino, -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , or -NO ₂ ; R ² is hydrogen, halogen, -NO ₂ , -CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ - C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , -OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy; R ³ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl; R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, hydroxy(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ - C ₆ haloalkyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B independently represent hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl; or R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring or a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with one R ^1A , halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy; R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, -NO ₂ , -CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, -N ₃ , -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , -OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy, -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1C R ^1D , and -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1C , wherein each R ^1C independently represents hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, aryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heteroaryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heterocyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), or cyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl); and each R ^1D independently represents hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl ; and R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₆ haloalkoxy. [0149] Embodiment 2 A compound according to embodiment 1, wherein R ² is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, -NO ₂ , -CN, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl), or -N(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl) ₂ . [0150] Embodiment 3 A compound according to embodiment 1, wherein R ² is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, -NO ₂ , -CN, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), or -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ . [0151] Embodiment 4 A compound according to embodiment 1, wherein R ² is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, -NO ₂ , -CN, methyl, cyclopropyl, trifluoromethyl, or -NH _2. [0152] Embodiment 5 A compound according to embodiment 1, wherein R ² is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, -NO ₂ , -CN or -NH _2. [0153] Embodiment 6 A compound according to embodiment 1, wherein R ² is hydrogen or halogen _. [0154] Embodiment 7 A compound according to embodiment 1, wherein R ² is halogen _. [0155] Embodiment 8 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, halogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy, -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1C R ^1D , and -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1C , wherein each R ^1C independently represents hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, aryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heteroaryl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), heterocyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl), or cyclyl(C ₀ -C ₄ alkyl); and each R ^1D independently represents hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. [0156] Embodiment 9 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ - C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ or C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy. [0157] Embodiment 10 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ or C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy. [0158] Embodiment 11 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , methylamino, dimethylamino or C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy. [0159] Embodiment 12 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein one of R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ is hydrogen and the others are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ or C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy. [0160] Embodiment 13 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein two of R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are hydrogen and the other is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkyl, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ or C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy. [0161] Embodiment 14 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are hydrogen. [0162] Embodiment 15 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl within is optionally substituted independently with one or more or R ^A , wherein each R ^A independently represents halogen, hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkoxy, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ - C ₃ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl) ₂ , or -NO ₂ . [0163] Embodiment 16 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, C ₁ - C ₂ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkoxy, amino, -NH(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl) ₂ , or -NO ₂ . [0164] Embodiment 17 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, -NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ , or - NO ₂ . [0165] Embodiment 18 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino or nitro. [0166] Embodiment 19 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino or nitro. [0167] Embodiment 20 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl or amino. [0168] Embodiment 21 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl is optionally substituted with one R ^A , wherein R ^A represents halogen, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl or amino. [0169] Embodiment 22 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkyl. [0170] Embodiment 23 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or cyclopropyl. [0171] Embodiment 23 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl or cyclopropyl. [0172] Embodiment 24 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ¹ is, methyl or ethyl. [0173] Embodiment 25 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl. [0174] Embodiment 26 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl. [0175] Embodiment 27 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl. [0176] Embodiment 28 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. [0177] Embodiment 29 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ is hydrogen or methyl. [0178] Embodiment 30 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ is hydrogen. [0179] Embodiment 31 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, hydroxy(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B independently represent hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl. [0180] Embodiment 1 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, hydroxy(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₃ haloalkyl, - C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B independently represent hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or cyclopropyl. [0181] Embodiment 32 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein one of R ^1A and R ^1B is hydrogen and the other is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or cyclopropyl. [0182] Embodiment 33 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein one of R ^1A and R ^1B is hydrogen and the other is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. [0183] Embodiment 34 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are hydrogen. [0184] Embodiment 35 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, amino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, mono(C ₁ -C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, di(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are hydrogen. [0185] Embodiment 36 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, amino(C ₁ - C ₃ )alkyl, -C(O)R ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)NHR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)OR ^1A , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , or -S(O) _0-2 -R ^1A , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are hydrogen. [0186] Embodiment 37 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl. [0187] Embodiment 38 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. [0188] Embodiment 39 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ is hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl and R ⁴ is hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. [0189] Embodiment 40 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ⁴ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. [0190] Embodiment 41 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ are both hydrogen. [0191] Embodiment 42 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkoxy. [0192] Embodiment 43 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or -NH ₂ . [0193] Embodiment 44 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0194] Embodiment 45 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3-5 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0195] Embodiment 46 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0196] Embodiment 47 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3 membered heterocycloalkyl ring optionally substituted with one methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0197] Embodiment 48 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₄ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₄ cycloalkyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₃ alkoxy, or trifluoromethoxy. [0198] Embodiment 49 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropyl(C ₁ -C ₃ )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, or trifluoromethoxy. [0199] Embodiment 50 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NH(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl), N(C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl) ₂ , OH, C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, or trifluoromethoxy. [0200] Embodiment 51 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, NO ₂ , CN, C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NHCH ₃ , N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , OH, methoxy, or trifluoromethoxy. [0201] Embodiment 52 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, NO ₂ , CN, methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, NH ₂ , NHCH ₃ or OH. [0202] Embodiment 53 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, NO ₂ , CN, methyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl or NH ₂ . [0203] Embodiment 54 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is hydrogen. [0204] Embodiment 55 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is fluoro, chloro, bromo, NO ₂ , CN, methyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl or NH ₂ . [0205] Embodiment 56 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ⁸ is CN, methyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl or NH ₂ . [0206] Embodiment 57 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, -NH ₂ , -NH(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl), -N(C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₂ haloalkoxy. [0207] Embodiment 58 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or -NH ₂ . [0208] Embodiment 59 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0209] Embodiment 60 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; [0210] Embodiment 61 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ ; [0211] Embodiment 62 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0212] Embodiment 63 A compound according to any preceding embodiment, wherein R ³ and R ⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 membered heteroaryl ring which is optionally substituted with one methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, or -NH ₂ . [0213] Embodiment 64 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of embodiments 1-67 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, solvent, adjuvant or diluent. [0214] Embodiment 65 A method for treating or preventing inappropriate activation of a type I interferon (IFN) response in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of one or more compounds according to any one of embodiments 1-63 or a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 64. [0215] Embodiment 66 A method of treating an autoimmune disorder, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of one or more compounds according to any one of embodiments 1-63 or a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 64. [0216] Embodiment 67 The method of embodiment 66, wherein the autoimmune disorder is Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome, retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystropy, lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Sjögren’s syndrome, age-related macular degeneration, pancreatitis, ischemia, inflammatory bowel disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or Parkinson's disease. [0217] It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be incorporated within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.