PACKAGING

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an impact copolymer polypropylene composition for preparation of packaging by injection molding, a process for preparing the composition and to use of the composition in injection molding, e.g. thin-wall injection molding. The invention also relates to a method of injection molding, e.g. thin-wall injection molding, wherein the composition is injected, and to articles comprising the impact copolymer polypropylene composition.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Thin-wall injection molding is a key technology for making food packaging due to economic and environmental concerns. Thin-wall injection molding requires high melt flow polymer to achieve the necessary processability and high flexibility required for innovative packaging designs. Typically, the MFR2 of a polymer for use in thin-wall injection moulding is at least 60 g/lOmin.

Polypropylene is one polymer widely used in injection molding of thin-wall articles, and especially food packaging. However, due to its brittleness, it is a challenge to maximize the impact and stiffness strength of the thin-wall injection molded articles. This problem is exacerbated at low temperatures and it is especially difficult to obtain thin wall injection molded articles with desirable mechanical properties at low temperatures e.g. -40 ^° C, the temperature used for shock freezing of frozen food.

US6156836A discloses polypropylene resin compositions which have an improved balance of physical properties in comparison to similar polypropylene materials as well as thin-wall moldability. The polypropylene resin composition comprises: (A) 54 to 65% by weight of a crystalline ethylene-propylene block copolymer having a MFR from 60 to 120 g/10 minutes, wherein the crystalline ethylene-propylene block copolymer comprises a homopolypropylene moiety and an ethylene-propylene copolymer moiety, wherein the homopolypropylene moiety has an isotactic pentad fraction value of 96% or more and an MFR value from 150 to 250 g/10 minutes and the ratio of the ethylene-propylene copolymer moiety is from 5 to 10% by weight based on the total of the homopolypropylene moiety and the ethylene-propylene copolymer moiety; (B) 17 to 24% by weight of a thermoplastic elastomer comprising at least one styrene- ethylene butylene- styrene block copolymer; and (C) 15 to 25% by weight of talc.

EP2174980A1 discloses heterophasic polypropylene resin having a MFR of more than 40 g/10 minutes comprising a propylene homo- or copolymer matrix and an ethylene-propylene rubber phase dispersed within the matrix, wherein the heterophasic polypropylene resin has a fraction insoluble in p-xylene at 25°C (XCU) with an intrinsic viscosity of 1.2 dl/g or less, the XCU being composed of propylene monomer units in an amount of at least 95 wt%, and a fraction soluble in p-xylene at 25°C (XCS), having an intrinsic viscosity of 2.0 to 3.5 dl/g and being composed of propylene monomer units in an amount of 50 wt% or more, and having a glass transition temperature T in the range of -42 to -30°C.

US8445598B2 discloses heterophasic polypropylene resin comprising a propylene homo- or copolymer matrix and an ethylene-propylene rubber phase dispersed within the matrix wherein the heterophasic polypropylene resin has a fraction insoluble in p-xylene at 25°C (XCU) with an intrinsic viscosity of 1.5 dl/g or less, and an amount of propylene monomer units of at least 95 mol%, and a fraction soluble in p-xylene at 25°C (XCS) with an intrinsic viscosity of 1.5 to 3.0 dl/g, and an amount of propylene monomer units of 50 to 75 mol%, and a molecular weight distribution of 2.5 to 3.5, and MFR more than 100 g/10 min, the XCU fraction is present in an amount of 70 to 90 wt% of the heterophasic polypropylene resin and the XCS fraction is present in an amount of 10 to 30 wt% of the heterophasic polypropylene resin.

Heterophasic polyolefin compositions are also described in US2013/005902A1, WO 2018/138235A1, WO 01/58970A1, and US 2010/280181A1.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Viewed from a first aspect the present invention provides an impact copolymer polypropylene composition comprising a propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and an ethylene propylene rubber phase dispersed in the matrix, wherein the propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix has a molecular weight distribution of at least 4.5 and wherein the ethylene propylene rubber phase (PER) consists of one ethylene propylene polymer, is present in an amount of 10-18 wt%, based on the total weight of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and the ethylene propylene rubber phase, and the amount of ethylene in the ethylene propylene rubber (PER-C2) phase is 50-56 mol%; and wherein the composition has a MFR2 of 60-300 g/10 min.

Viewed from a further aspect the present invention provides a process for preparing an impact copolymer polypropylene composition as hereinbefore described, comprising:

(i) polymerising propylene and optionally an olefin comonomer to obtain the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix; and

(ii) polymerising propylene and ethylene in the presence of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix to obtain the ethylene propylene rubber phase dispersed in the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix.

Viewed from a further aspect the present invention provides a preferred process for preparing an impact copolymer polypropylene composition as hereinbefore described, wherein the process comprises:

(i) horn opolymeri sing propylene using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, alkyl aluminium as a co-catalyst, and an amino alkoxysilane compound of formula (I) as a first external electron donor

[R ¹ R ² N (R ³ )a]xSi(OR ⁴ ) ₄ -x (I) wherein x is 1 or 2, a is 0 or 1, R ¹ and R ² are independently C1-C5 aliphatic hydrocarbyl or C3- C6 cyclic hydrocarbyl, R ³ is C1-C3 alkylene and R ⁴ is C1-C2 aliphatic hydrocarbyl;

(ii) copolymerising propylene and ethylene, in the presence of the polymer mixture obtained from step (i), using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, alkyl aluminium as a co catalyst, and a dialkoxy silane compound of formula (II) as a second external electron donor

R ⁵ R ⁶ Si (OR ⁷ ) ₂ (II) wherein R ⁵ and R ⁶ are independently Ci- ₆ aliphatic hydrocarbyl or C _3-6 cyclic hydrocarbyl, optionally containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms; and each R ⁷ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ aliphatic hydrocarbyl.

Viewed from a further aspect the present invention provides an impact copolymer polypropylene composition obtainable by the processes herein described. Viewed from a further aspect the present invention provides the use of the impact copolymer polypropylene composition herein described in injection molding, preferably thin-wall injection molding.

Viewed from a further aspect the present invention provides a method of injection molding, e.g. thin-wall injection molding, comprising injecting a molten impact copolymer polypropylene composition as herein described into a mold; solidifying the impact copolymer polypropylene in the mold and ejecting from the mold a molded impact copolymer polypropylene article.

Viewed from a further aspect the present invention provides a molded article (e.g. packaging) comprising the impact copolymer polypropylene composition herein described.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein the term“hydrocarbyl” refers to a univalent radical derived from a hydrocarbon. Examples include alkyl groups. As used herein the term“aliphatic” is used to refer to non- cyclic groups. Aliphatic groups may be straight-chained (sometimes referred to as linear) or branched.

As used herein the term“impact copolymer polypropylene (ICP) composition” refers to a polymer comprising a propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and an ethylene propylene rubber phase (PER) dispersed in the matrix. Optionally the composition further comprises additives, e.g. antioxidants and/or stabilizers.

As used herein the term “propylene homopolymer” refers to a polymer which consists essentially of repeat units deriving from propylene. Propylene homopolymer may, for example, comprise at least 99 %, more preferably at least 99.5 %, still more preferably at least 99.95 %, and yet more preferably at least 99.95%, e.g. 100%, by weight of repeat units deriving from propylene.

As used herein the term“propylene copolymer” refers to a polymer comprising repeat units deriving from propylene and at least one other comonomer. Typically, propylene copolymer comprises at least 0.01 wt%, more preferably at least 0.05 wt%, more preferably at least 0.1 wt% and still more preferably at least 0.4 wt% of a repeat unit deriving from at least one other comonomer, where the stated values are based upon the total weight of the propylene copolymer. Propylene copolymer will normally not comprise more than 15 wt% of repeat units deriving from at least one other comonomer, based upon the total weight of the propylene copolymer.

As used herein the term PER-C2 refers to the mol% of repeat units deriving from ethylene (C2) in the ethylene propylene rubber phase, based on the total amount of repeat units present therein.

As used herein the term“PE homopolymer” refers to the mol% of block polyethylene present in the ethylene propylene rubber phase, based on the total weight of the rubber phase.

As used herein the term“Ziegler Natta (ZN)” catalyst refers to a catalyst that comprises a transition metal halide (e.g. titanium halide, chromium halide, hafnium halide, zirconium halide or vanadium halide) supported on a metal or metalloid compound (e.g. a magnesium compound or a silica compound).

As used herein the term“catalyst system” refers to the catalyst and optional activators, electron donors and modifiers.

As used herein, the term“multistage process” refers to a process which is carried out in two or more stages.

As used herein, the term“molecular weight distribution” (MWD) equates to (Mw/Mn), wherein Mn is the number average molecular weight and Mw is the weight average molecular weight. Mw, Mn and MWD were measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) according to the following method: Weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) were measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC- IR5, Polymer Char, Valencia, Spain), where 1,2,4-tricholorobenzene (TCB) was used as the solvent. The GPC measurements were carried out using a 1.0 cm ³ /min flow rate and at a 145 °C column temperature. MWD was then calculated according to the equation MWD = (Mw/ Mn).

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims that follow, the word“comprise” and variations thereof, such as“comprises” and“comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as“including, but not limited to”.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention provides an impact copolymer polypropylene composition comprising a propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and an ethylene propylene rubber (PER) phase dispersed in the matrix, wherein the propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix has a molecular weight distribution of at least 4.5 and wherein the ethylene propylene rubber phase consists of one ethylene propylene polymer, is present in an amount of 10-18 wt%, based on the total weight of propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and ethylene propylene rubber phase, and the amount of ethylene in the ethylene propylene rubber (PER- C2) phase is 50-56 mol%; and wherein the composition has a MFR2 of 60-300 g/10 min. The impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention possesses an ideal balance of properties for use in injection molding and particularly thin-wall injection molding, e.g. of packaging. Specifically the composition has a relatively high MFR2 which facilitates injection into, and flow in, the mold, a relatively high flexural modulus as well as high notched Izod impact strength, even at low temperature, and a low Tg.

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition may comprise a propylene homopolymer matrix. Alternatively the impact copolymer polypropylene composition may comprise a propylene copolymer matrix. Alternatively the impact polypropylene composition may comprise a matrix which is a mixture of a propylene homopolymer and a propylene copolymer matrix.

When the impact copolymer propylene composition comprises a propylene copolymer matrix, the comonomer present is preferably one or more olefin (other than propylene) and more preferably one or more alpha-olefin. Particularly preferably the comonomer is selected from ethylene or C4-C8 alpha-olefin and mixtures thereof. Representative examples of preferred comonomers include ethylene, but-l-ene, pent-l-ene, hex-l-ene, hept-l-ene, oct-1 -ene and mixtures thereof. Preferred comonomers include ethylene, but-l-ene, hex-l-ene and oct-1 -ene. Ethylene is particularly preferred. Preferred propylene copolymers comprise 0.01-1.5 wt%, more preferably 0.05-1.0 wt% and still more preferably 0.1-1.0 wt% comonomer based upon the total weight of the propylene copolymer.

Preferably, however, the impact copolymer polypropylene composition comprises a propylene homopolymer matrix.

The propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix has a molecular weight distribution of at least 4.5. This reflects the fact that the matrix polymer is preferably prepared or obtained using a Ziegler Natta catalyst, rather than a metallocene catalyst. More preferably, the propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix has a molecular weight distribution of 4.5 to 20. Even more preferably, the propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix has a molecular weight distribution of 5 to 15. Most preferably, the propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix has a molecular weight distribution of 6 to 15. The relatively wide molecular weight distribution of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix of the composition of the present invention provides the advantage that the composition is easy to fabricate by injection molding due to its good flowability, and also that the composition is easy to recrystallize since only a small part in the system plays the role of nucleating agent.

The propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix preferably has a tacticity of at least 94%. The tacticity affects the flexural modulus of the impact copolymer polypropylene composition and the final thin-wall injection molded article, e.g. packaging. Preferably the propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix has a tacticity of at least 95% and more preferably at least 96%. The tacticity of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix preferably has an upper limit of 98%.

The propylene homopolymer or copolymer present in the matrix preferably has a MFR2 of 100- 700 g/10 min, more preferably 120-500 g/10 min and still more preferably 140-500 g/10 min. This contributes to the overall processability of the composition.

Preferred impact copolymer polypropylene compositions of the present invention comprise 82- 90 wt%, more preferably 83-90 wt%, still more preferably 83.5-90 wt%, yet more preferably 84-90 wt% and still more preferably 84.5-90 wt% of propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix, based on the total weight of propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and ethylene propylene rubber phase.

Preferably the ethylene propylene rubber phase is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of 10-17 wt%, more preferably 10-16.5 wt%, yet more preferably 10- 16 wt% and still more preferably 10-15.5 wt%, based on the total weight of propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and ethylene propylene rubber phase.

The ethylene propylene rubber phase present in the composition of the present invention consists of one ethylene propylene polymer. The ethylene propylene rubber phase present in the composition of the present invention preferably consists essentially, e.g. consists of, repeat units derived from ethylene and propylene. If other repeat units (i.e. units from monomers other than ethylene or propylene) are present, they are preferably present in an amount of less than 1 mol% and still more preferably less than 0.5 mol%. Preferably the ratio of ethylene to propylene in the ethylene propylene rubber phase is 1 : 1 to 1.27: 1 and more preferably 1.04: 1 to 1.27: 1.

Preferably the amount of ethylene in the ethylene propylene rubber (PER) phase (i.e. PER-C2) is 51-56 mol%, more preferably 51-55 mol%, and still more preferably 52-55 mol%. Correspondingly, preferably the amount of propylene in the ethylene propylene rubber (PER) phase is 44 to 50 mol%, more preferably 44-49 mol%, still more preferably 45 to 49 mol% and still more preferably 45 to 48 mol%.

The PER content of the impact copolymer propylene composition is believed to significantly affect its mechanical properties, especially the impact strength at both room temperature and at low temperatures (e.g. -20 °C). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that a high PER content gives high impact strength (at both room temperature and low temperatures) and low flexural modulus, while conversely a low PER content gives a low impact strength and high flexural modulus. The optimal PER content is thus one key factor that must be taken into account when seeking to optimize the impact strength and flexural modulus, including the impact strength at low temperature, when seeking to achieve an overall desirable balance of mechanical properties.

It is believed that the amount of ethylene monomer unit in the PER phase (PER-C2) also plays a significant role in determining the mechanical properties of the impact copolymer propylene composition and injection molded articles made therefrom. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that a high PER-C2 content provides a low glass temperature (T _g ). However, if long chain block polyethylene is generated in PER, it will result in poor impact strength both at room and low temperature. The PER content and PER-C2 of the impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention surprisingly provides a desirable balance of impact properties at low temperature as well as low Tg.

Preferred impact copolymer polypropylene compositions of the present invention have a total C2 content of 4-20 mol%, more preferably 4-15 mol% and still more preferably 5-10 mol%. This reflects the fact that the matrix is preferably a propylene homopolymer.

Preferably the amount of polyethylene homopolymer (as determined by NMR as described in the examples) present in the impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention is < 3 mol%. More preferably the amount of polyethylene homopolymer is 0-2.5 mol% and more preferably 0-2.0 mol%. Still more preferably the impact copolymer polypropylene composition has 50-56 mol% ethylene in the ethylene propylene rubber (PER) phase (i.e. PER-C2) and 0-2.5 mol% ethylene homopolymer, more preferably 50-55 mol% ethylene in the ethylene propylene rubber (PER) phase (i.e. PER-C2) and 0-2.5 mol% ethylene homopolymer, and still more preferably 51-55 mol% ethylene in the ethylene propylene rubber (PER) phase (i.e. PER-C2) and 0-2.5 mol% ethylene homopolymer. This reflects the fact that the ethylene units are preferably well distributed in the ethylene propylene rubber phase.

Preferably the impact copolymer polypropylene composition has a high melt flow rate (MFR2). This ensures it is suitable for thin wall injection molding applications, e.g. to prepare packaging. MFR2 mainly depends on the molecular weight of the polymer. Longer chains of polymers tend to have lower MFR2 compared to shorter chains.

The MFR2 of the impact copolymer polypropylene composition is 60-300 g/10 min, as determined according to ASTM D1238-13 at 230 ^° C 2.16 kg. More preferably the MFR2 of the impact copolymer polypropylene composition is 60-200 g/10 min, still more preferably 60-150 g/10 min, still more preferably 60-120 g/10 min, still more preferably 60-100 g/10 min, still more preferably 70-100 g/10 min, and still more preferably 75-100 g/10 min. These MFR2 ranges ensure the impact copolymer polypropylene composition is suitable for thin wall injection moulding, but also results in moulded articles with a desirable balance of mechanical properties, particularly at low temperatures.

ISO 1133 and ASTM D1238-13 are considered to be technically equivalent standards for measuring the MFR2 of a polymer composition, as both detail similar protocols for using an extrusion plastometer, which is commonly known as a melt indexer, for taking the measurement. Both standards present tests that measure one point on the viscosity curve under controlled conditions and both express MFR2 in units of grams per 10 minutes. Each standard specifies orifice length and diameter, barrel temperature and piston load ratings. Similar conditions are used for both standards.

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention preferably has a flexural modulus of at least 12,500 kg/cm ² , as determined according to ASTM D790. At this range, it is suitable for various applications and especially in packaging e.g. frozen food packaging, which requires a certain mechanical strength to prevent damage during storage and transportation. The upper limit of the flexural modulus is preferably 16,000 kg/cm ² .

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention preferably has an Izod impact strength at -20°C of at least 3.0 kg. cm/cm, as determined according to ASTM D256. Preferably the Izod impact strength at -20°C is 3-10 kg. cm/cm, more preferably 3.2-8.0 kg.cm/cm and still more preferably 3.3 -6.0 kg.cm/cm, as determined according to ASTM D256.

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention preferably has an Izod impact strength at 23 °C of at least 5.0 kg.cm/cm, as determined according to ASTM D256. Preferably the Izod impact strength at 23 °C is 5-15 kg.cm/cm, more preferably 5.5-12.0 kg.cm/cm and still more preferably 6.0-11.0 kg.cm/cm, as determined according to ASTM D256.

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention preferably has a melting point (Tm) in the range 158 to 170°C, more preferably in the range 160 to 165°C, even more preferably in the range 160 to 163 ^° C. Tm is determined using commercial DSC instruments and are reported as the second melting point. Tm was measured according to the following method: The polymer sample was heated to 230 °C for 10 minutes and then cooled from 230 °C to 30 °C at 10 °C/minute. The sample was held at 30 °C for 5 minutes. The second melt was then recorded as the sample was heated from 30 °C to 230 °C at a rate of 10 °C/minute. The peak temperature is recorded as the second melting point.

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition preferably has a glass transition temperature (T _g ) of lower than -39 °C. This enables the composition to be used at low temperatures, especially for the frozen food industry. More preferably the impact copolymer polypropylene composition has a T _g of at least -40 °C. Preferably the impact copolymer polypropylene composition has a Tg of -40 to -55 °C and more preferably -40 to -50 °C.

Preferred impact copolymer polypropylene compositions of the present invention comprise at least two, more preferably three, still more preferably four and yet more preferably all of the following properties:

(i) Mire of 60-200 g/10 min;

(ii) flexural modulus of at least 12,500 kg/cm ² ;

(iii) Izod impact strength at -20°C of at least 3.0 kg.cm/cm; (iv) Izod impact strength at 23 °C of at least 5.0 kg.cm/cm;

(v) a glass transition temperature (T ) of lower than -39 °C; and

(vi) a melting temperature (Tm) of 158-170 °C.

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition may be prepared by any conventional methods known in the art. Preferably, however, the impact copolymer polypropylene composition is produced in a multistage process. Each stage may be carried out in the same reactor or in one or more separate reactors. The process may be continuous, semi-continuous or batch but is preferably a continuous process.

A preferred process for preparing the impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention comprises (e.g. consists essentially of): (i) polymerising propylene and optionally an olefin comonomer to obtain the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix; and (ii) polymerising propylene and ethylene in the presence of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix to obtain the ethylene propylene rubber phase dispersed in the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix.

In one preferred process, the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and the ethylene propylene rubber phase is produced in the same reactor. In such a process, the polymerisation conditions are changed after the polymerisation of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix is complete. Alternatively, and preferably, the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix may be produced in one or more reactors and then transferred to another reactor in which the ethylene propylene rubber phase is produced. Conventional reactors and polymerisation equipment may be used.

Optionally, the process may also comprise a pre-polymerisation step which precedes the first polymerisation step. Any pre-polymerisation step is carried out in a conventional manner.

The propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix is preferably produced in a bulk polymerisation. Optionally the bulk polymerisation is carried out in several reactors, e.g. 1, 2 or 3 reactors. The conditions may be the same or different in each reactor. The ethylene propylene rubber phase is preferably produced in a gas phase polymerisation in the presence of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer. Again, the gas phase polymerisation may be carried out in one or more reactors, e.g. 1 or 2 reactors.

The polymerisation of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix is preferably carried out at a temperature of 65-80 °C and more preferably about 70 °C. Preferably the polymerisation is carried out at a pressure of 0.1 -4.5 MPa, more preferably 2.9-4.2 MPa and still more preferably 3.3-4.2 MPa. Preferably the polymerisation time is 5-240 minutes, more preferably 30-130 minutes and still more preferably 40-80 minutes.

The polymerisation of the ethylene propylene rubber phase is preferably carried out at a temperature of 65-80 and more preferably about 70 °C. Preferably the polymerisation is carried out at a pressure of 0.1-2.2 MPa, more preferably 1-1.6 MPa and still more preferably 1-1.3 MPa. Preferably a pre-mixed gas comprising hydrogen, ethylene and propylene is continuously fed into the reactor. Preferably the ratio of ethylene to propylene is 300 g: 1 litre to 450 g: l litre and more preferably 350 g: l litre to 400 g: l litre. Preferably the ratio of hydrogen to ethylene is 1 :60 to 1 :20 and more preferably 1 :30 to 1 :50. Preferably the ratio of hydrogen to propylene is 5 g: 1 litre to 20 g: 1 litre and more preferably 6 g: 1 litre to 15 g: 1 litre. Preferably the polymerisation time is 10-240 minutes, more preferably 20 to 120 minutes and still more preferably 30-50 minutes. Preferably the progress of the reaction is monitored using conventional means.

The reaction time for each stage of the polymerisation process is important as it partly determines the amount of matrix and ethylene propylene rubber phase present. Preferably the polymerisation time for the first stage is longer than the polymerisation time for the second stage. Preferably the progress of each of the polymerisation reactions is monitored using conventional means.

Preferably the impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention is polymerised by a catalyst system comprising a Ziegler Natta catalyst. Thus preferably a Ziegler-Natta catalyst is used in both stages of the polymerisation. More preferably the same Ziegler-Natta catalyst is used in both stages.

Preferably the Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprises a titanium halide supported on a metal or metalloid compound, preferably MgCb. Preferably the solid catalyst comprises an amount of transition metal in the range of 0.1-5 mmol/g. Preferably the solid catalyst comprises an amount of Mg in the range of 1-25 wt% based on the weight of dry, solid catalyst.

Optionally the solid catalyst system further comprises one or more internal electron donors. Representative examples of suitable internal electron donors include amines, amides, ethers, esters, aromatic esters, ketones, nitriles, thioethers, thioesters, aldehydes, alcoholates, and salts of organic acids. A preferred internal electron donor comprises at least one organo-ester functional group and more preferably is a diester compound. Preferably the catalyst system further comprises an activator as a cocatalyst. Activators may be selected from alkyl aluminium and alkoxy aluminium compounds. Preferred activators are alkyl aluminium compounds e.g. trimethyl aluminium. The activator is preferably used in excess relative to the transition metal. For instance, when an alkyl aluminium is used as an activator, the molar ratio of the aluminium in the activator to the transition metal in the catalyst system is preferably from 1 to 500 mol/mol, and more preferably 2 to 100 mol/mol. The molar ratio of alkyl aluminum to titanium on the solid support (Al/Ti) is preferably in the range 10-400, and more preferably in the range 30-120.

The catalyst system comprising a Ziegler-Natta catalyst may additionally comprise co-activator and/or modifiers. Thus, for example, two or more alkyl aluminium compounds may be used and/or the catalyst system may be combined with the different types of internal donor e.g. ethers, ester etc. to modify the activity and/or selectivity of the catalyst system.

In preferred processes of the invention external donors are added to the polymerisation to modify the activity and/or selectivity of the polymerisation(s). Preferably an external donor is added to each stage of the polymerisation.

The external donors in the polymerisation of each of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix and the ethylene propylene rubber phase may be the same or different. A preferred external donor in the polymerisation of the propylene homopolymer or copolymer matrix is an amino alkoxysilane compound. A preferred external donor in the polymerisation of the ethylene propylene rubber phase is a dialkoxy silane compound.

A preferred process for preparing an impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention comprises:

(i) homopolymerising propylene using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, alkyl aluminium as a co catalyst, and an amino alkoxysilane compound of formula (I) as the first external electron donor

[R¾ ² N (R ³ )a]xSi(OR ⁴ ) ₄ -x (I) wherein x is 1 or 2, a is 0 or 1, R ¹ and R ² are independently C1-C5 aliphatic hydrocarbyl (e.g. Ci- ₅ alkyl) or C ₃ -C ₆ cyclic hydrocarbyl (e.g. C _3-6 cycloalkyl), R ³ is C ₁ -C ₃ alkylene and R ⁴ is C ₁ -C ₂ aliphatic hydrocarbyl (e.g. C _1.2 alkyl);

(ii) copolymerising propylene and ethylene, in the presence of the polymer mixture obtained from step (i), using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, alkyl aluminium as a co-catalyst, and a dialkoxy silane compound of formula (II) as a second external electron donor

R ⁵ R ⁶ Si (OR ⁷ ) ₂ (II) wherein R ⁵ and R ⁶ are independently a C i-6 aliphatic hydrocarbyl or C ₃ -C ₆ cyclic hydrocarbyl (e.g. a C _3-6 cycloalkyl group), optionally containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms; and R ⁷ is C ₁ -C ₄ aliphatic hydrocarbyl (e.g. C _1-4 alkyl group).

In preferred processes, a in formula (I) is 0.

In other preferred processes, x is 1.

In other preferred processes, R ⁴ is methyl or ethyl.

In other preferred processes, R ¹ and R ² are independently Ci- ₆ aliphatic hydrocarbyl. More preferably R ¹ and R ² are independently C _1-3 alkyl, more preferably C _1-2 alkyl, e.g. methyl or ethyl. Preferably R ¹ and R ² are the same.

In other preferred processes R ⁵ and R ⁶ are a C _3-6 cycloalkyl group selected from cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. More preferably R ⁵ and R ⁶ are cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. Preferably R ⁵ and R ⁶ are the same.

In other preferred processes R ⁷ is C _1-3 alkyl, more preferably C _1-2 alkyl, e.g. methyl or ethyl.

Representative examples of external electron donors of formula (I) include amino trialkoxysilane.

Representative examples of external electron donors of formula (II) include dicycloalkyl dialkoxysilane.

In a particularly preferred process of the invention, the first electron donor is diethylamino- triethoxysilane. In another preferred process of the invention the second electron donor is dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane. In a further preferred process of the invention, the first electron donor is diethylamino-triethoxysilane and the second electron donor is dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane.

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention optionally comprises modifiers and/or additives. These modifiers and/or additives may be included during the polymerisation process and/or after the polymerisation by melt mixing. Examples of suitable additives include, but are not limited to, stabilizers, lubricants, nucleating agents, pigments and foaming agents. Preferred compositions of the present invention comprise 0-1 wt% additives. Examples of suitable modifiers include fillers (e.g. talc, calcium carbonate) and thermoplastics. Preferred compositions of the invention comprise 0-10 wt% modifiers.

The impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention is particularly well suited for use in injection molding, in particular thin-wall injection molding. Injection molding comprises injecting the molten impact copolymer polypropylene composition into a mold; solidifying the impact copolymer polypropylene in the mold and ejecting from the mold a molded impact copolymer polypropylene article. The article per se comprising the impact copolymer polypropylene composition forms a further aspect of the present invention. Preferred articles include containers and container tops/lids, and in particular containers and lids for food, especially frozen food. Particularly preferred articles include industrial containers, cold storage containers and packaging (e.g. food packaging and packaging in cold chain logistics). It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described herein for the purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is not limited except as by the appended claims.

In the following section, further advantages and features of the present invention are illustrated by way of examples together with Figures, wherein:

Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between PER content versus Notched Izod Impact Strength at 23 °C;

Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between PER-C2 content versus Notched Izod Impact Strength at -20 °C; and

Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between PER-C2 content versus Tg. Measurement methods

The following describes the property testing of the impact copolymer polypropylene composition of the present invention. The test methods and equipment employed are conventionally used and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Melt flow rate (MFR2) was determined according to ASTM D1238-13 at 230 ^° C 2.16 kg.

PER content (wt%), PER-C2 content (mol%), total C2 in ICP (mol%) and PE homopolymer in ICP (mol%) were measured by ¹³ C-NMR spectroscopy using a Bruker Ascend 500 NMR spectrometer, with a ¹³ C resonance frequency of 100.4 MHz. The sample was prepared in 1, 2, 4-tri chlorobenzene with 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane (cl 2) and measured at 120°C. The integral of each peak position was used together with first order of Markovian Statistics and Simplex Algorithm as described by H. N. Cheng. (J. Anal. Chem. 54, 1828 -1833, 1982).

Glass transition temperature (T _g ) was measured using DMA Q800 with frequency 1 Hz, amplitude of 20 pm and a ramp rate of 3°C/min running from -80°C to 70°C.

Flexural modulus was determined by ASTM D790.

Notched Izod Impact strength was evaluated by ASTM D256 at both 23 °C and -20°C. EXAMPLES

All starting materials were commercially available.

Preparation of the impact copolymer polypropylene composition

Example 1

A commercially available Ziegler-Natta catalyst (Ziegler-Natta Polypropylene MgCh based supported catalyst, 7 mg) was pre-contacted with 1 ml of 15%w/w tri ethyl aluminum, 0.4 ml of 250 mM diethyl-amino triethoxy silane, and 2 ml of hexane at room temperature for 3 minutes. The mixture was then injected into a polymerisation reactor, which was filled with 450 gram of liquid propylene, and 50 normal litter of hydrogen without other inert gas at 25°C, and held at this temperature for 10 minute with a stirring speed of 200 rpm. The polymerisation temperature was then increased to 70°C within 3 minutes, maintaining a stirring speed of 200 rpm, and the temperature was held for 40 minutes. On the 39 ^th minute a mixture of 1.5 ml of 15 %w/w triethyl aluminum and 0.3 ml of 250 mM dicyclopentyl dimethoxy silane was injected into the reactor. On the 40 ^th minute the agitator was stopped and the reactor was depressurized down to atmospheric pressure, keeping the reactor temperature at 50°C. The reactor vessel was then pressurized with a premixed gas of hydrogen/ethylene/propylene up to a polymerisation pressure of 1.2 MPa at 70°C within 1 minute with stirring at 200 rpm. The polymerisation vessel was fed a gas composition of hydrogen/ethylene/propylene at 69/2210/5.4 ml/minute for 25 minutes. The reaction was stopped by depressurizing the reactor vessel to atmospheric pressure.

Example 2

The same catalyst composition and homopolymerisation conditions as in Example 1 were used, except that 60 normal liter hydrogen was employed. On the 39 ^th minute of homopolymerisation, a mixture of 1.5 ml 15%w/w tri ethyl aluminum, and 0.4 ml of 250 mM dicyclopentyl dimethoxy silane was added as in Example 1. The co-polymerisation conditions were the same as in Example 1, except that the gas composition was hydrogen/ethylene/propylene at 53/1600/4.5 ml/ minute and the polymerisation time was 20 minutes.

Example 3

The same catalyst composition and homopolymerisation conditions as in Example 1 were used. On the 39 ^th minute of homopolymerisation, a mixture of 1.5 ml 15%w/w triethyl aluminum, and 0.5 ml of 250 mM dicyclopentyl dimethoxy silane was added as in Example 1. The co polymerisation conditions were the same as in Example 1, except that the gas composition was hydrogen/ethylene/propylene at 59/1600/4.5 ml/minute and the polymerisation time was 25 minutes.

Example 4

The same catalyst composition and homopolymerisation conditions as in Example 1 were used. On the 39 ^th minute of homopolymerisation, a mixture of 1.5 ml 15%w/w triethyl aluminum, and 0.5 ml of 250 mM dicyclopentyl dimethoxy silane was added as in Example 1. The co polymerisation conditions were the same as in Example 1, except that the gas composition was hydrogen/ethylene/propylene at 69/2210/5.4 ml/minute and the polymerisation time was 30 minutes.

Comparative examples 5 and 6

Comparative impact copolymer polypropylene compositions were prepared. Comparative example 5 has a PER-C2 content which is lower than the examples (1-4) of the present invention and comparative example 6 has a PER-C2 content which is higher than the examples (1-4) of the present invention.

After each of the polymerisations the polymers were pelletized. A standard antioxidant and process stabilizer mix was added. The polymer pellets were extruded via a twin screw extruder. The polymer pellets were dried in an oven under a nitrogen atmosphere and were then analyzed as described above. The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 The properties of Example 1-4 and comparative example 5-6.

The examples 1-4 of the present invention show a better balance of mechanical properties, specifically flexural modulus and Izod impact strength at 23 °C and -20 °C compared to the comparative examples. The flexural modulus of all of the examples is approximately 12,000-14,000 kg/cm ² but the Izod impact strength, particularly at -20°C of examples 1-4 is significantly better than that of both comparative examples. Additionally each of the examples of the present invention has a Tg of below -39 °C.