PRODUCTION

Technical field

The present invention relates to the field of implantable materials and devices. In particular it relates to an implantable device having a substrate on which cell growth and adhesion is selectively enhanced. Background of the invention

Several materials and devices have been investigated and proposed to probe or/and restore activities of different biological tissues and cells. The goal of such research is to provide a material or a device able to reconnect for example human neurons with post synaptic cells so that lost neuronal functions may be repaired or improved by implanted devices. As an example, the first successful neuroprosthetics-cochlear implant put to practice in the early 1990s is a neural interface device that uses an electrode array to stimulate the auditory nerve in the cochlea with electric impulses. Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves has gained a lot of interest from clinicians for the treatment of pain, for restoration of motricity functions and for the treatment of epilepsy. Additionally, the neuroengineering research community has investigated various neural interface devices for the Central Nervous System, CNS. Such devices are designed to regulate mood disorders, epilepsy or symptoms arising with Parkinson's disease, through appropriate electric charge deliveries with deep brain stimulation. Recording of brain signals has been used to control a brain-computer interface, BCI [1 ]. Nerve autografts [2] are the current clinical standard for peripheral nerve regeneration across large nerve gaps, i.e. gaps having a length longer than 20 mm. Synthetic nerve guidance channels are currently not known for lack of suitable materials that allow for signal transmission and guided growth of cells. Implantable devices and neural interfaces in particular face several challenges:

- reduce the inflammatory response and gliosis around implants, as these reduce the signal to noise ratio delivered to/from the devices or lead to chronic recording failures [3];

- improve the spatial resolution of neural interfaces that allows the collection and the delivery of signals to or from a portion of the neuron-dense brain;

- selectively stimulate precise areas to induce specific responses from the CNS. In what follows and throughout the description of the present application, the term biocompatibility will be used to refer to the ability of an implanted device and its component materials to perform their desired function in their implanted environment, maintaining beneficial cellular and tissue responses, and not eliciting undesirable local or systemic effects in the body.

Further, bio-fouling of an implanted device or material refers to the uncontrolled growth of tissue on the device or material.

While several materials have been tested for in vivo bio implant applications, polymers are nowadays the materials of choice due to their plasticity and biocompatibility. In brain- mechanical interfaces, BMI, polymers are mostly used as encapsulation matrices for semiconducting materials. Several polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, polyaniline, or polythiophene are known to have conductive properties. The use of conductive polymers can increase the biocompatibility of an implanted material and enable interaction with surrounding cells. However, conductive polymers remain very sensitive to changes in impedance caused by bio-fouling or the uptake of the materials in resident immune cells of the brain [4].

Even though plasticity as found in polymers is important, a minimum of rigidity is nevertheless required to design substrates with the ability to guide and to probe cells, such as neurons. In applications relating to brain machine interfaces, there is a need for interfaces in which the synaptic connections of neurons can be grown on artificial substrates. The growth should be controlled and precisely directed to defined locations. It has been investigated to use conventional nanotechnology processing steps to create channels, wells or pillars [5] on the surface of semiconductor chips, which led to control cell growth following a designed pattern. Such techniques are particularly suitable for custom networks of neuronal cells, with crosslinks over transducer sites on the surface of electronic chips. Standard Si-based chips have been widely investigated for this purpose, but the lack of chemical stability limits their use in vivo. Therefore, the use of Si-based devices requires specific packaging technology to avoid the rapid silicon oxidation under basic or acidic conditions. Several enzymes are known to react with silicon or its oxide. Indeed, the hydrolysis of Si0 ₂ usually leads to the release of silicic acid, Si(OH)4, the toxicity of which is yet unknown at low concentrations. At high concentrations, Si(OH) ₄ is suspected to interact with aluminum containing compounds and to contribute to neuronal degeneration. Si-based bio-sensors have been shown to induce inflammation when used in brain implants. Turning to semi-conducting materials, Silicon carbide, SiC, is known to have excellent chemical stability and interesting bio-compatibility properties [6]. Depending on its crystalline phase, the band-gap of SiC varies from 2.3 to 3.2 eV. However, its electronic properties are difficult to fine tune due to the low lattice-defect tolerance. Smaller cross-sectional areas of Si probes have shown a slower astroglial response than larger electrodes. However, the gliotic inflammatory response was similar for all designs after several weeks [7]. Due to its remarkable chemical stability, Gallium nitride, GaN, has been identified as a good candidate for the development of implantable or bio- recording devices [8]. GaN can be functionalized to enable peptide coupling. Specific peptides can be used to promote bio-adhesion or to decrease the risk of tissue inflammation [9]. Some tertiary lll-V compounds open the way to design new semiconducting material with tunable opto-electronic properties. Unfortunately, few of them are described in the art as being biocompatible. AIGaN was described as biocompatible in [10], however the ratio of Al/Ga was small, thereby limiting the application windows for this material. Kim et al. ("Formation of V-shaped pits in InGaN/GaN multiquantum wells and bulk InGaN films", Applied Physics Letters, Volum 73, Number 12, 1998, 1634-1636) disclose describe forming InGaN layers without discussing their bioadhesion properties.

Patent document WO 2009/0654171 A1 discloses an electrode array for a cochlear implant and the use of silicone as biocompatible material.

Patent document US 201 1 /0282421 A1 discloses devices for neuronal growth wherein a layer of nanodiamond particles is used as a neuronal growth surface. Technical problem to be solved

It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide an implantable device which selectively enhances or promotes cell adhesion thereto while allowing to control the cell growth, and which overcomes at least some of the disadvantages of the prior art. It is a further objective of the invention to provide a corresponding method of production Summary of the invention

According to a first aspect of the invention, an implantable device is provided. The device comprises substrate has a surface. A first portion of the surface is used for directly contacting biological cells or tissue. The surface portion comprises ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, where x is in the range from 0.001 to 0.999. The first surface portion promotes cell adhesion to the substrate and directs cell growth on the substrate, and further defines a semiconducting component of the device.

The substrate may have several surfaces comprising a portion of the first type.

Preferably, x may be in the range from 0.001 to 0.88 or 0.01 to 0.88. The first portion may preferably integrally cover the surface of the substrate. The first portion may be contiguous or non-contiguous on said surface.

The surface of the substrate may further preferably comprise a second portion which is distinct from said first portion, wherein said second portion inhibits cell-adhesion to the substrate, and wherein said second portion comprises Indium nitride, InN.

The first and second portions may preferably integrally cover said surface of said substrate.

Preferably, the substrate may comprise Indium nitride, InN.

The first and/or second portion may preferably be provided as a thin layer on the surface of the substrate.

Further, the first and/or second portion may preferably be provided as a thick layer on the surface of the substrate.

Even more preferably, the first portion may define a pattern on the surface of the substrate, along which cell adhesion is enhanced. The pattern may comprise straight lines. The pattern may comprise generally flat areas or circular shapes. Alternatively, the pattern may be a three-dimensional pattern, comprising for example pillars or any repeated structures. The pattern may preferably be delimited by a series of pillars comprising InN, arranged along at least one line.

The device may preferably comprise at least one electrode for stimulating and/or monitoring contacted cells/tissues.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method for selectivel promoting the adhesion and growth of cells on a portion of surface of a substrate of an implantable device is provided. The portion is used for directly contacting biological cells or tissue. The method comprises the step of growing a layer of ln _(x) Ga(i-x)N on said portion, where x is in the range from 0.001 to 0.999.

Preferably, the method may comprise the steps of forming a first layer on InN on a substrate and subsequently selectively forming a second layer in ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N on top of said first layer said, where x is in the range from 0.001 to 0.999.

The method may further comprise the steps of forming a first layer of ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, where x is in the range from 0.001 to 0.999, on a substrate, subsequently forming a second layer of InN on top of said first layer, and subsequently selectively removing portions of said second layer, to expose the first layer of ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N.

The second layer may preferably cover said first layer.

Preferably, said second layer of InN is selectively removed by etching.

Alternatively, said second layer of InN is selectively removed by ion beam milling.

Indium nitride, InN is shown to be a non-toxic biocompatible material which inhibits cell growth on its surface. By adding small amounts of Gallium, Ga, inside the crystal to obtain ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, the inventors have shown that the resulting material can be used as a biocompatible and cell adhesive substrate. Indium-rich ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N enables the design of light responsive implantable substrates, which will be particularly suitable for recording and/or sending information directly from/to the cells contacted by the implant, and may also promote the controlled growth of cells by electrical or optical stimuli. ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N is a semiconductor material with tunable band gap. Therefore, using the invention, a plurality of field effect transistors may be provided on a substrate, wherein their sensitivity may be tuned by the amount of Ga that is added to the InN.

By patterning an InN substrate to comprise an ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N surface pattern, cell growth can be directed precisely along the well-defined two- or three-dimensional patterns. Specifically, the invention enables neuron growth and neuron monitoring along predefined patterns, or tailored growth of neuronal networks along predetermined paths on the substrate.

By using a substrate in accordance with the invention, tools for studying the formation and plasticity of small neural circuits can be designed in vitro. Further, as an example of in vivo applications, the substrate may be used in brain-machine interfaces, for which the synaptic connections of neurons grown on artificial substrates in accordance with the invention can be controlled and precisely directed to defined locations. Brief description of the drawings

Several embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of figures, which do not limit the scope of the invention, wherein:

- figures 1 a to 1 d schematically illustrate the structure of samples having a GaN, InN or ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N top layer respectively;

- figures 2a and 2b illustrate cell-viability results obtained using the samples of Figure 1 for the cell lines MCF10A and HS-5 respectively;

- figures 3a, 3b and 3c illustrate cell adhesion results obtained using the samples of Figure 1 , wherein adhesion of different cell lines on the GaN, InN and ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N samples are shown in Figure 3a, 3b and 3c respectively;

- figure 4 illustrates the morphology of HEK cells grown on different substrates;

- figure 5 schematically illustrates a substrate of an implantable device according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

- figure 6 schematically illustrates a substrate of an implantable device according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

- figures 7a and 7b schematically illustrate methods of further ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N functionalization;

- figure 8a schematically illustrates a top view of a substrate of an implantable device according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

- figures 8b and 8c schematically illustrate sides views of a substrate of an implantable device according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; figure 9 shows directed growth of a human neuron cell on an implantable device having a substrate according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

Detailed description of the invention

This section describes the invention in further detail based on preferred embodiments and on the figures. First, the materials and methods for obtaining the presented results are described. It should be understood that technical features presented for a specific embodiment may be combined with features of other embodiments, unless specifically noted otherwise.

Materials and methods

To simulate cell behavior in the presence of a device comprising a top layer, i.e. a cell- contacting layer, comprising ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N materials, different structures were synthesized by using Chemical Vapor Deposition on sapphire or silicon substrate. The structures are shown in Figure 1 a to 1 d, wherein Figure 1 a shows a cell-contacting layer made of GaN, Figure 1 b, shows a cell-contacting layer made of InN. Figure 1 c shows a cell-contacting layer made of ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, wherein 12,5 % of Ga are present. Figure 1 d finally shows a cell-contacting layer made of ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, wherein 25% of Ga are present. The top layer has a thickness of about 200 nm. The illustrated intermediate layers were chosen in order to optimize the transport of electrical signals from and to respective top layers. Their presence does not affect the results as to bio-adhesion and toxicity of the top layers. Cell-adhesion and -growth on Gallium nitride is known from the prior art. In order to assess the toxicity and the bio-adhesion of cells in presence of the respective top layer, Sigma XTT™ tests and bio-adhesion studies have been performed.

The experimental setup used for obtaining the reported results is described in what follows. In order to perform adhesion microscopy, elements were placed in 24-well plates with 25 mm ² element per well. 500 μΙ of GFP(green fluorescent protein)-PC12 suspension containing 5Ό00 and 10Ό00 cells respectively in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, DMEM -1 % horse serum with nerve growth factor 100ng/ml was added and incubated for 72 hours. Before imaging on a Westburg Evos™ microscope, supernatants were aspirated and replaced with fresh DMEM medium without phenol red. Imaging of the elements was performed either by confocal microscopy experiments using a Zeiss LSM 510™ in fresh DMEM medium without phenol red, or by optical microscopy in reflective mode using a Zeiss™ microscope in phosphate-buffered saline, PBS. Pfizer Adriblastina™ was used as Doxorubicin, Dox, ready-to-use injectable solution. Invitrogen™ NGF2.5S nerve growth factor was diluted in PBS/0.1 % bovine serumalbumin and stored at -20°C.

Three cell lines were used in tests. First, the human mammary non-tumorigenic epithelial cell line MCF10A was grown in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 5% horse serum, epidermal growth factor EGF (Sigma-Aldrich™ 20ng/ml), hydrocortisone (Sigma-Aldrich™ 0.5 mg/ml), cholera toxin (Gentaur™ 100ng/ml), insulin (Sigma-Aldrich™ 10mg/ml), 100U/ml of penicillin and streptomycin. Second, the HS-5 stromal cell line was cultivated in DMEM, 10% fetal bovine serum, 100U/ml of penicillin and streptomycin.

Third, the PC-12 cell line derived from a transplantable rat neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla was grown in 10% horse serum, 5% fetal bovine serum, 100U/ml of penicillin and streptomycin. Neuronal phenotype on this model is induced using nerve growth factor 100 ng/ml in DMEM -1 % horse serum for 72 hours. PC12 cells stop dividing and terminally differentiate when treated with nerve growth factor. This makes PC12 cells useful as a model system for neuronal differentiation. All cell lines were maintained at a temperature of 37°C in an ambient environment containing 5% C0 ₂ and 95% humidity.

Cell viability was determined using a colorimetric Sigma-Aldrich XTT™ assay in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 3Ό00 cells per well were plated on a 48-well plate with or without the different elements for 46 to 96 hours. Four hours before the end of the exposure, XTT was added. At the end of the exposure, optical densities of supernatants were read at 490 nm. A positive control of toxicity was obtained with doxorubicin treatment.

Figures 2a and 2b illustrate the viability of MCF10 mammary epithelial cells (Figure 2a) and HS5 stromal cells (Figure 2b) on respective cell-contacting layer of Sapphire, GaN, ln _(x) Ga(i- x)N (with 12,5% Ga and 25% Ga respectively) and InN. Cells were incubated for 48, 72 or 96 hours in presence of the different samples, including a control and dox sample. The latter is a positive control which induces cell death. Results are expressed in percentage (Optic Density, OD, calculated for a given sample / OD calculated for the control sample). As can be observed, the HS5 of MCF10 cell viability is not affected in the presence of ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N. Interestingly, the same is true for InN and Sapphire. The positive Dox control proves that the tested cells are not over-resistant.

Figures 3a, 3b and 3c illustrate the cell bioadhesion results obtained as described on the different GaN, InN and ln _(X )Ga ₍ i-x)N layers. Besides HS5 and MCF10 cells, PC12 cells were tested as a model for neuronal cells. In the case of InN, substantially no cells are able to adhere on the substrate. In the petri dish, cells have grown on the plastic part as in the control sample, with no sign of induced toxicity. This confirms the viability results shown in Figures 2a and 2b. It has been observed that on ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, the cell growth is similar to GaN, which is surprising due to the weak proportion of Ga in the InN alloy. For HS5 cells, the cell-growth has been observed to be clearly dependent on the proportion of Ga present in the InN alloy. Therefore it is possible to control the cell growth by varying the Ga ratio in ln _(x) Ga(i- x)N, i.e. by varying the proportion x.

The cell shape was controlled by using Human Embryonic Kidney, HEK, cells in confocal microscopy. Figure 4 shows the morphology of the HEK cells on different samples. The HEK cells were transfected by the Green Fluorescent Protein, GFP, gene, which produces a fluorescent protein. The cell shape does not differ from the glass for GaN and ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N material, indicating a normal cell development on both substrates.

Neuronal cells are not able to produce collagen and can generally not stick to a glass/Saphhire substrate without precoating. Our results demonstrate the outstanding properties of InGaN which allows to promote not only adhesion but also neuronal network without any precoating.

Methods of ln _(x) Ga ₍ i-x ₎ N Functionalization :

Several methods to functionalize GaN are described in the literature. Similar methods can be applied by the skilled person for ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N surfaces. This allow the ln _(x) Ga(i- _X )N surface to be biofunctionalized / bioconjugated with biomolecules or chemical functions for specific applications such as enhancing cell selectivity or promoting cell differentiation. One of these netgids is based on photochemical "functionalized-alkene" grafting (254 nm). This reaction requires to treat GaN by H plasma in order to get Ga-H bonding. Alternatively, GaN can be oxydated by a piranha solution and then coated by "functionalized silanes" (such as APTES). However these two techniques can induce an important bandgap modification. A method has been proposed which allows to get free amino groups on the GaN surface as well as keeping electronic properties. The method uses a radio frequency glow discharge plasma with humidified air to generate amino residues. These different techniques can be used in order to generate free amino groups on ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N / GaN surfaces (figure 7a). Amino groups can react with hetero bifunctional linkers which contain thiol reactive moieties (such as maleimide). Biomolecules which contain thiol function or carboxylic acid derivated can be easily conjugated by this way respectively on the maleimido-GaN layer (figure 7b) or on amino layer.

Applications:

In a preferred embodiment of the invention as illustrated in Figure 5, the substrate 100 of an implantable device comprises surface 102 having a first portion 1 10, which comprises ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, x being in the range from 0.001 to 0.999. The presence of the ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, and the proportion x selectively enhances or promotes cell adhesion to the substrate 100.

Although the substrate 100 is depicted as being planar, it may be provided in any geometrical shape. The application in which the substrate is used generally defines the constraints on its shape, which the person skilled in the art will be capable of adapting appropriately without undue burden.

The portion 1 10 may cover the entire surface 102 or all surfaces of the substrate. Alternatively, the substrate itself may be provided as bulk ln _(x) Ga(i-x)N material, and regions of different x proportions may be provided thereon to selectively tune the cell-adhesion and cell- growth rates thereon.

According to another embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 6, the surface 202 of the substrate 200 further comprises a second portion 220 which is distinct from said first portion 210. The second portion 220 inhibits cell-adhesion to the substrate 200, and comprises Indium nitride, InN. As both materials are non-toxic, the substrate may be used for in-vitro as well as in-vivo applications. For example, the substrate is usable for producing an implantable device which locally enhances the growth of cells, including neuronal cells. Methods for forming thin (ranging from a thickness of a fraction of a nanometer to several micrometers) or thick layers as well as patterns of InN and/or ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N on a supporting substrate are as such known in the art and will not be described to any detail in the context of this invention. Specifically, a pattern of selectively cell adhesion enhancing paths or surfaces may be formed on an otherwise cell adhesion inhibiting substrate. To this end, a substrate made of InN may be locally doped with Ga along the paths or surfaces that form the pattern.

An exemplary substrate 300 is shown in a top view in Figure 8a. A first cell adhesion promoting surface portion 310 comprises ln _(x) Ga ₍ i-x ₎ N, whereas a second cell adhesion inhibiting surface portion 320 comprises InN. Such a surface pattern may be obtained using different techniques. Figure 8b is lateral view of showing a first example according to which the structure shown in Figure 8a may be obtained. A first layer of InN 320 may be provided or formed on a substrate 300. The substrate may for example be made of Saphhire. In a further step, an addition layer of ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N if then formed on top of the layer of InN, in location corresponding to the desired surface pattern 310. Deposition methods, including for example Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition, MOCVD, and using hard-masks, to achieve the formation of such layers, are as such known in the art.

Figure 8c is a lateral view showing an alternative example according to which the structure shown in Figure 8a may be obtained. A first layer of ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, is provided on the supporting substrate 300, which corresponds to the Sapphire of the previous example. The first layer may have a thickness of 4000 nm, for example. A second layer of InN is formed on top of the first layer, substantially covering the first layer integrally. The thickness of the second layer is preferably less than the thickness of the first layer, and may for example be equal to about 200 nm. The desired surface pattern 310, to which contacted cells should adhere, is then formed by locally selectively removing the the thin layer of InN 320, thereby exposing the adhesion promoting layer of ln _(x) Ga ₍ i-x ₎ N situated there below.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the removal of the top InN layer from the so- formed stack is achieved by selective etching, using lithography methods known in the art.

According to an alternative embodiment, the removal of the top InN layer is achieved by direct milling using an ion beam. This method presents the advantage that patterns presenting fine ridges and grooves of the order of 1 micrometer and having a depth/height of about 2 micrometers are achievable. Using the above outlined techniques, several surface patterns may be formed on a substrate of an implantable device, as shown in Figure 9. The surface pattern may for example comprise surfaces of three-dimensional structures provided in/on the substrate. The pattern provided by the first portion 410 of the substrate 400, which comprises the ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N material and which is used to directly contact biological tissue, may for example be used to direct cell growth in a predetermined direction on the substrate of the implantable device. For example, a surface portion 410 of ln _(x) Ga(i-x)N may be locally delimited by pillars 420' or guiding wall structures 420" of InN, which are bio-compatible, but which do not promote cell- adhesion thereto. Cell growth of cells adhering to the first portion 410 is thereby promoting along the path delimited by the second portion 420, 420', 420", which imposes a physical limit to the cell-adhesion. The preferred direction of cell growth induced by the structures 420, 420', 420" is indicated by arrows.

Figure 10 shows a corresponding experimental result, wherein a human primary neuron cell (highlighted on the figure) is shown adhering to a first substrate portion comprising of ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N. An axon of the neuron cell grows along the direction which is determined by the location of pillars of InN.

The results of Figure 10 have been obtained according to the following protocol. To assess the behavior of primary neurons on patterned InGaN, GaN, or InN substrat, human primary neurons (Innoprot™, Spain) were seeded as per the manufacturer protocol at 125 000 cells/well in 48- well culture plate including patterned elements. The wells were coated with 1 ml of sterile 0.2 % gelatin solution for 1 hour and washed 3 times with sterile water solution. The different elements were washed in ethanol, rinsed with PBS and set in the wells. 1 ml of cell suspension in serum free neuronal medium supplemented by neuronal growth supplement (Innoprot™, spain) and Penicillin/Streptomycin solution was added. The medium was changed to fresh supplemented medium the next day after establishing the culture and every 3 days thereafter. After 8 days of culture, elements were washed 3 times with PBS and fixed by using 2.5% Glutaraldehyde in Sodium Cacodilate for 1 h at room temperature. After 3 washes in sodium cacodilate, elements were dehydrated in ethanol (50 %, 70 % and absolute ethanol) and stored in 100 % ethanol. To exclude a potential gelatin precoating effect related to the gelatin release in culture medium, the experiment was done with subculture of neuronal cells in 96-well plate without pre-coating on unpatterned elements. 23500 cells were seeded in 200 microliters of supplemented neuronal medium for 8 days and fixed as previously described and air dried. Elements have been finally visualized by using Scanning electron microscopy. According to a further embodiment of the invention, an implantable electronic device is provided, which comprises a substrate presenting least one surface having a portion that comprises ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N, which is used for directly contacting biological cells or tissue. The surface portion comprising ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N defines a semiconducting component of the device, the band-gap of which is a function of the proportion of Ga in the ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N material. The sensitivity of the semiconducting component may therefore be tuned by adjusting the proportion of Ga. The implantable device comprises signal processing means which are as such known by the person skilled in the art and which will not be detailed in further detail in the context of the present description. The signal processing means may comprise means for amplifying or filtering a signal received from/transmitted by the semiconducting component. The signal processing means are operatively connected to the semiconducting component implemented by the ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N surface portion, which directly contacts the biological tissue.

The ln _(X )Ga(i-x)N portion of the substrate surface may therefore be used to transmit a signal emitted by the cell or tissue to the signal processing means or to transmit a processed signal to the cell or tissue. In the latter case, the implantable device may further comprise signal generating means such as a tunable voltage or current source and appropriate controlling/processing means as an input to the signal processing path. Such means are as such known to the skilled person.

In a preferred embodiment, the implantable device comprises at least one electrode, preferably arranged at an edge thereof, for contacting and selectively stimulating and/or monitoring contacted cells/tissues.

The implantable device may further comprise functionalized semiconductors such as a field effect transistors, FET, or single electrode transistors, SET, for processing or transmitting a received signal to or from the implantable device. The described components are preferably provided on a common substrate of the implantable device. In a preferred embodiment, the implantable device may be an in-vivo component of a Brain-Machine interface.

It should be understood that the detailed description of specific preferred embodiments is given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to the skilled person. Unless specified otherwise, features of a described embodiment of the invention may be combined with features described in the context of other embodiments. The scope of protection is defined by the following set of claims.

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