US5346715A | 1994-09-13 | |||
US4657769A | 1987-04-14 |
1. | An improved process for preparing frozen bagel dough shapes having organoleptic properties, when defrosted and baked, at least as desirable as fresh bagels produced by conventional boil and bake processes comprising: preparing a bagel dough; forming the bagel dough into one or more toroidalshaped dough pieces; proofing the toroidalshaped dough pieces; bathing the toroidalshaped dough pieces in an aqueous acidic solution warmed to a temperature below the boiling point of the aqueous acidic solution; and freezing the acidtreated, toroidalshaped dough pieces. |
2. | The method of claim 1 in which the bagel dough is prepared by combining the following ingredients, in percentages by weight: flour 5070 water 2535 yeast 1.20.4 liquid nondiastatic malt syrup 2.05.0 powder nondiastatic malt syrup 1.20.4 sugar 0.81.8 molasses 0.52.0 salt 0.72.0 powdered egg whites 0.81.8 dough conditioner 1.20.4 . |
3. | The process of claim 1 in which the bagel dough is made from flour having a protein level of about 11.0% to 14.2% by weight. |
4. | The process of claim 1 in which the bagel dough is made from flour having a protein level of about 13.8% to 14.2% by weight. |
5. | The method of claim 1 in which the proofing is carried out for from about 20 to 60 minutes at about 90 to 105°F and about 75 to 90% relative humidity. |
6. | The method of claim 1 in which the proofing is carried out for from about 30 to 40 minutes at about 95 to 100°F and about 80 to 85% relative humidity. |
7. | The method of claim 1 in which the proofing is carried out for from about 30 to 35 minutes at about 100°F and about 85% relative humidity. |
8. | The method of claim 1 in which, after the toroidalshaped dough pieces are proofed, they are refrigerated. |
9. | The method of claim 1 in which, after the toroidalshaped dough pieces are proofed, they are refrigerated at about 3840°F for about 3060 minutes. |
10. | The method of claim 1 in which the aqueous acidic solution is maintained at a temperature of about 140 to 190°F. |
11. | The method of claim 1 in which the aqueous acidic solution is maintained at a temperature of about 160 to 185°F. |
12. | The method of claim 1 in which the aqueous acidic solution is maintained at a temperature of about 170 to 180°F. |
13. | The method of claim 1 in which the dough pieces are bathed in an aqueous acidic solution maintained at a pH of about 3.0 to 6.0. |
14. | The method of claim 1 in which the dough pieces are bathed in an aqueous acidic solution maintained at a pH of about 3.5 to 5.0. |
15. | The method of claim 1 in which the acidic aqueous solution is at a pH of about 4.0 to 4.5. |
16. | The method of claim 1 in which the toroidalshaped dough pieces are bathed in the aqueous acidic solution for about 15 to 40 seconds. |
17. | The method of claim 1 in which the toroidalshaped dough pieces are bathed in the aqueous acidic solution for about 20 to 35 seconds. |
18. | The method of claim 1 in which the toroidalshaped dough pieces are bathed in the aqueous acidic solution for about 25 to 30 seconds. |
19. | The method of claim 1 in which, after bathing the toroidalshaped dough pieces, they are sprayed with clear water. |
20. | The method of claim 19 in which the clear water is at a temperature in the range of about 35 to 50°F. |
21. | The method of claim 1 in which, after bathing the toroidalshaped dough pieces, they are placed in a freezer at a temperature of at least about 15°F and held there until they are cooled to at least about 10°F at the core. |
22. | The method of claim 21 in which the freezer is a blast freezer. |
23. | The method of claim 22 in which a prefreezer is used ahead of the freezer to freeze the moisture on the surface of the dough pieces before they enter the blast freezer. |
24. | An improved process for preparing bagels from frozen bagel dough shapes comprising: preparing a bagel dough; forming the bagel dough into one or more toroidalshaped dough pieces; proofing the toroidalshaped dough pieces; bathing the toroidalshaped dough pieces in an aqueous acidic solution warmed to a temperature below the boiling point of the aqueous acidic solution; freezing the acidtreated, toroidalshaped dough pieces; thawing the frozen toroidalshaped dough pieces; and baking with steam addition. |
25. | The method of claim 24 in which the frozen toroidalshaped dough pieces are thawed by refrigerating for about 6 hours and then heating to achieve a core temperature of about 6570°F. |
26. | The method of claim 24 in which the frozen bagel pieces are thawed by refrigerating for about 816 hours at about 3842°F and about 65°F relative humidity and then heating for about 15 minutes at about 90°F and about 75% relative humidity. |
27. | The method of claim 24 in which the thawed toroidalshaped dough pieces are baked at about 500°F for about 1014 minutes. |
28. | The method of claim 24 in which the steam is added for a period of about 5 to 15 seconds. |
29. | The method of claim 24 in which the steam is added for a period of about 6 to 12 seconds. |
30. | The method of claim 24 in which the steam is added for a period of about 8 seconds. |
31. | A frozen bagel dough shape suitable for defrosting and baking to produce bagels at least as desirable as fresh bagels produced by conventional boil and bake processes comprising a toroidalshaped dough piece which has been proofed, bathed in an aqueous acid solution warmed to a temperature below its boiling point, and frozen. |
32. | The frozen bagel dough shapes of claim 31 in which the bagel dough comprises the following ingredients in percentages by weight: flour about 5070 water about 2535 yeast about 1.20.4 liquid nondiastatic malt syrup about 2.05.0 powder nondiastatic malt syrup about 1.20.4 sugar about 0.81.8 molasses about 0.52.0 salt about 0.72.0 powdered egg whites about 0.81.8 dough conditioner about 1.20.4 . |
33. | The frozen toroidalshaped dough piece of claim 31 in which the bagel dough is made from flour having a protein level of about 11.0 to 14.2% by weight. |
34. | The frozen toroidalshaped dough piece of claim 31 in which the bagel dough is made from flour having a protein level of about 13.8 to 14.2% by weight. |
35. | An improved bagel made by the process of: preparing a bagel dough; forming the bagel dough into one or more toroidalshaped dough pieces; proofing the toroidalshaped dough pieces; bathing the toroidalshaped dough pieces in an aqueous acidic solution warmed to a temperature below the boiling point of the aqueous acidic solution; freezing the acidtreated, toroidalshaped dough pieces; thawing the acidtreated, toroidalshaped dough pieces; and baking with steam addition. |
36. | An improved process for preparing frozen bagel dough shapes having organoleptic properties, when defrosted and baked, at least as desirable as fresh bagels produced by conventional boil and bake processes comprising: preparing a bagel dough from the following ingredients in percentages by weight, in which the flour has a protein level of about 11.0 to 142% by weight: flour about 5070 water about 2535 yeast about 1.20.4 liquid nondiastatic malt syrup about 2.05.0 powder nondiastatic malt syrup about 1.20.4 sugar about 0.81.8 molasses about 0.52.0 salt about 0.72.0 powdered egg whites about 0.81.8 dough conditioner about 1.20.4 forming the bagel dough into one or more toroidalshaped dough pieces; proofing the toroidalshaped dough pieces for from about 20 to 60 minutes at about 90105°F and about 7590% relative humidity; refrigerating the proofed toroidalshaped dough pieces; bathing the toroidalshaped dough pieces in an aqueous acid solution at a temperature of about 140190°F and a pH of about 3.0 to 6.0; and freezing the acidtreated, toroidalshaped dough pieces. |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to bagels and bagel-making. More
particularly, the present invention relates to preparing frozen toroidal-shaped
dough pieces which, when thawed and baked, have organoleptic properties at
least as desirable as fresh bagels produced by conventional boil and bake or
steam and bake processes. The present invention relates as well to both the
frozen dough pieces and the baked bagels prepared in accordance with the
invention.
According to one legend, in 1683 in Vienna, Austria, a Jewish baker
wanting to thank the King of Poland for protecting his countrymen from Turkish
invaders, made special hard rolls in the shape of a riding stirrup ~ "bugels" in
German ~ to commemorate the King's interest in horseback riding. The
"bugels" eventually made their way from Poland and Austria to Russia, where
they were sold on strings and said to bring good luck and possess magical
powers. Over time, these toroidal or ring-shaped rolls came to be known as
"bagels". At the turn of the century, bagels were brought to America by Eastern
European Jewish immigrants. Since that time, bagels have become a staple food
throughout the United States.
Traditionally, bagels have been made from a toroidal shaped yeast dough
piece which is first placed in boiling water for 1-2 minutes, and then baked.
Some years ago, steaming for a period of about 20-60 seconds began to be used
in lieu of boiling. The boiling (or steaming) gelatinizes the surface of the dough
piece to produce, after baking, a roll with a dense and chewy crumb and a
relatively thick shiny crust. This gives bagels their unique mouthfeel and their
other distinctive organoleptic properties. The dense and chewy crumb and
relatively thick crust also makes bagels a bread product particularly suitable for
use in making sandwiches.
In order to obtain uniform and economic bagels, it is desirable to make
large quantities of frozen toroidal-shaped dough pieces at a central location for
storage either at the manufacturing site or at an off-site location. The frozen
dough pieces can then be shipped if necessary and thawed and baked as needed.
While methods for preparing frozen toroidal-shaped dough pieces for
making bagels have been suggested in the past, prior bagels obtained after
freezing, storage, thawing and baking have often not risen as much as desired
and have had unduly thin and soft crusts and an unduly soft crumb. These prior
frozen and baked bagels have also often been misshapen and have had unsightly
blisters and surface holes, making them also visually undesirable.
Finally, although it is desirable to produce novel bagels incorporating
whole and chopped secondary ingredients such as chocolate and carob chips,
dried fruit (raisins, blueberries, etc.), dried vegetables, nuts, cookie bits, cheeses
and candies, boil (or steam) and bake methods generally have limited the
development of such novel bagels. It is often difficult if not impossible to form
bagels from doughs containing such secondary ingredients since they interfere
with shaping and closing or sealing of the toroidal bagel shape. Furthermore,
certain sensitive secondary ingredients, if put in bagels produced by such
conventional boil (or steam) and bake processes, would bleed or dissolve into or
away from the doughs due to the temperature rise produced in the boiling or
steaming step.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved and highly
efficient process for preparing frozen toroidal dough pieces which, when thawed
and baked, will have mouthfeel and other organoleptic properties at least as
desirable as fresh bagels produced by conventional boil and bake or steam and
bake processes, without an intermediate freezing step.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an improved
process for preparing bagels which does not require a boiling or a steaming step
prior to final baking.
Still another object of the present invention to provide from frozen
toroidal dough pieces visually attractive bagels which are not misshapen or
blistered and which do not have unsightly surface holes.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of
preparing bagels having a cake-like dense and moist crumb and particularly
thick and crispy alligatored outer crusts.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide novel bagels
incorporating whole or chopped secondary ingredients.
A yet further object of the present invention is to provide frozen toroidal
dough pieces from which finished baked bagels can be obtained which are
particularly well-adapted for use in making sandwiches.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be
set forth in the description and claims which follow, will become apparent to
those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by
practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be
realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations
paπicularly pointed out in the appended claims.
According to the present invention, the foregoing and other objects are
attained by:
preparing a bagel dough;
forming the bagel dough into one or more toroidal-shaped dough pieces;
proofing the toroidal-shaped dough pieces;
bathing the toroidal-shaped dough pieces in an aqueous acidic solution
warmed to a temperature below the boiling point of the aqueous acidic solution;
and
freezing the acid-treated, toroidal-shaped dough pieces.
It is highly preferred but not required that the dough pieces be refrigerated after
proofing to firm up the dough, making the dough pieces easier to manage.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, bagels are
prepared by thawing the acid-treated, toroidal-shaped dough pieces produced as
described above and then baking these thawed dough pieces, to produce a bagel
at least as desirable as fresh bagels produced by conventional boil and bake
processes.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
The first step in practicing the method of the present invention is the
preparation of a bagel dough. While any conventional bagel dough may be used
in the practice of this invention, it is preferred that the bagel dough include the
following ingredients, in the indicated levels, in percentages by weight:
Ingredient Broad Range Preferred Level flour 50-70 61 water 25-35 29 yeast 1.2-0.4 0.6 non-diastatic malt syrup 2.0-5.0 3.1 (liquid) non-diastatic malt syrup 1.2-0.4 0.6 (powder)
Ingredient Broad Range Preferred Level sugar 0.8-1.8 1.3 molasses 0.5-2.0 1.1 salt 0.7-2.0 1.4 powdered egg whites 0.8-1.8 1.3 dough conditioner 1.2-0.4 0.6
If secondary ingredients having significant amounts of moisture are used,
less water should be added to the bagel dough mix. If the secondary ingredients
tending to inhibit yeast activity are used, additional yeast will be included in the
mixture. If hard secondary ingredients like nuts or dried fruits are used, the
mixing time will be increased to better incorporate those ingredients into the
dough. Finally, additional ingredients such as sugar may be added to
complement certain secondary ingredients, such as blueberries or chocolate
chips.
While flours other than unbleached enriched flours may be used to make
the bagel dough, unbleached enriched flours are preferred. Bleached flours are
less desirable because they produce a white crumb. The preferred enriched flour
may contain, for example, unbleached flour, malted barley flour, reduced iron,
niacin, thiamine mononitrate and riboflavin. It is preferred that the flour have a
protein level (in percentage by weight) of about 11.0 to 14.2% and more
preferred that the protein level be about 13.8 to 14.2%.
The dough conditioner in the above preferred bagel dough functions as an
oxidizer during baking. For example, dough conditioners comprising mixtures
of L-cysteine, ascorbic acid and fungal and cereal enzymes which are available
commercially from many sources, including, for example, Elf Atochem of
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Puratos of Cherryhill, New Jersey, Archer Daniels
Midland Co. of Decatur, Illinois, and Caravan Products of Totowa, New Jersey
may be used. One such dough conditioner is described in United States Patent
No. 3,934,040.
The ingredients will be mixed in a manner recognized by those skilled in
the art to make a conventional dough for bagel-making. For example, the above
ingredients, when used in the most preferred ranges, will be mixed from about
8.5 to 11 minutes to produce a dough having a temperature after mixing of
approximately 80-90°F.
The bagel dough, as described above, is divided and formed into toroidal-
shaped dough pieces. It is preferred that the dough pieces be formed
immediately after completion of the mixing process. Also, although the toroidal
shapes may be made by hand, in commercial scale operations it is contemplated
that the shapes will be made using conventional high speed automatic bagel-
forming machines.
Once formed, the toroidal-shaped dough pieces should be proofed.
Proofing may be carried out from about 20 to 60 minutes at about 90 to 105°F
under conditions of about 75 to 90% relative humidity. It is preferred that the
proofing be carried out for from about 30 to 40 minutes at about 95 to 100°F
and at about 80 to 85% relative humidity. It is most preferred that the proofing
be carried out for about 30 to 35 minutes at about 100°F in a conventional
proofing cabinet maintained at about 85% relative humidity.
After proofing, it is highly preferred but not required that the dough
pieces be refrigerated to firm up the dough, making the dough pieces easier to
manage. Refrigeration may be accomplished, for example, by quick-chilling to
about 38-40°F for about 30 minutes to one hour.
After proofing (and optional preferred chilling), the toroidal-shaped dough
pieces are treated with a heated aqueous acidic solution. Typically, the aqueous
acidic solution should be maintained at a temperature of about 140 to 190°F,
more preferably at about 160 to 185°F, and most preferably at about 170-180°F.
The pH of this solution should be from about pH 3.0 to 6.0, more preferably
from about pH 3.5 to 5.0, and most preferably at about pH 4.0 to 4.5.
The acidic aqueous solution should be heated to a temperature below its
boiling point. This warm, acidic surface treatment is believed to gelatinize the
surface of the dough pieces without adversely affecting the yeast viability inside
the dough piece. This is in contrast to conventional boiling or steaming of bagel
dough in which the surface starch is gelatinized by the boiling water or steam
restricting later expansion of the dough piece and killing the yeast. Thus, when
the present dough pieces are baked, the heat penetrates faster than in boiled or
steamed dough pieces, aerating the dough and making it more porous. Faster
heat penetration also gives a crisper crust and makes the crumb more open and
the bagel less dense.
Any food-grade acid which does not break down at the temperature
chosen may be used, including, for example, acetic, lactic, or fumaric acid.
Vinegar (aqueous acetic acid) is the preferred acid.
The toroidal-shaped dough pieces will be bathed in the aqueous acidic
solution for from about 15 to 40 seconds, more preferably from about 20 to 35
seconds, and most preferably for about 25-30 seconds or until they float to the
surface.
The toroidal-shaped dough pieces are then removed from the aqueous
acidic solution and sprayed with clear water. The water should be cool,
preferably in the range of about 35 to 50°F and more preferably in the range of
about 38-42°F. After this spraying step, the toroidal shapes may be dusted with
ground cornmeal (preferably medium fine ground) and flipped over so that they
rest on the dusted side. This facilitates handling of the shapes which will be
sticky on the uncoated surfaces.
The toroidal-shaped dough pieces are then transported to a first freezer.
The first freezer should be maintained at a temperature of at least about -15°F,
and preferably at least about -20°F. A blast freezer is particularly preferred
because it cools the bagel shapes with minimum damage to the yeast cells in the
dough which must be available to generate gas in the later thawing and baking
steps. Also, a blast freezer accomplishes cooling in a minimal amount of time,
which is highly desirable from a practical manufacturing standpoint.
It is preferred that the moisture on the surface of the bagel shapes be
maintained during the freezing step. That is, the moisture remaining on the
surface of the dough pieces after the water wash preferably will not be removed.
Thus, when a blast freezer is used as the "first freezer", a pre-freezer may be
employed to insure that the surface moisture is frozen in place before the dough
pieces enter the blast freezer. Retention of this surface moisture further
improves the crispness of the crust in the final baked bagel.
The toroidal-shaped dough pieces should remain in the first freezer until
they are cooled to at least about 10°F at the core. It has been found that this
will take about 35-40 minutes. After this, they may be packaged and stored in a
second freezer at about 0°F for up to 60 days, but preferably no longer than 45
days.
When it is desired to produce bagels from the frozen toroidal-shaped
dough pieces, the frozen dough pieces should be thawed under controlled
conditions. In one preferred embodiment, they will be thawed by refrigerating
for from about 8-16 hours at about 38-42°F and about 65% relative humidity
and then heated for about 15 minutes at about 90°F and about 75% relative
humidity to achieve a core temperature of about 65-70°F. Of course, different
times and temperatures may be used, although in all cases at least about 6 hours
of thawing under such controlled conditions will be required. This insures that
fermentation by the yeast and oxidation of gluten in the dough piece begins
before initiation of the baking step to aid regular expansion of the dough pieces
in the baking step.
Once the desired core temperature is reached, the toroidal-shaped dough
pieces are ready for baking. This may be done by any conventional method. It
is preferred that the dough pieces be baked at about 425-525°F and preferably at
about 450-500°F for about 10-14 minutes, with about eight seconds of steam
addition at the outset. Steam addition over about 5-15 seconds may be used
with about 6-12 seconds being preferred. Baking time depends on the size of
the dough pieces, the presence or absence of whole or chopped ingredients, the
amount or number of bagels being baked, the altitude, and sugar levels in the
dough pieces.
The following examples are presented in order to illustrate the present
invention, but nothing therein should be taken as limiting the scope thereof:
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Frozen bagel dough shapes were prepared in accordance with the
invention as follows: First, a bagel dough was prepared by combining the
following ingredients in a Hobart mixer with a stainless steel mixing bowl and
dough hook on second speed.
Ingredient Percentage By Weight
unbleached enriched flour 61
water 29
yeast 0.6
non-diastatic malt syrup (liquid) 3.1
non-diastatic malt syrup (powder) 0.6
sugar 1.3
molasses 1.1
salt 1.4
powdered egg whites 1.3
dough conditioner 0.6
In preparing the dough, the water was placed in the mixing bowl followed by
the other ingredients which were stirred until uniformly mixed. The ingredients
were mixed for a total of about 10 minutes to produce a dough having a
temperature after mixing of approximately 85°F. The bagel dough was divided
into toroidal-shaped dough pieces immediately after completion of the mixing
process using a conventional high speed automatic bagel-forming machine. The
enriched flour included unbleached flour, malted barley flour, reduced iron,
niacin, thiamine mononitrate, and riboflavin, and a protein level, in percentage
by weight, of about 14.0%. The dough conditioner comprised a mixture of L-
cysteine, ascorbic acid, and fungal and cereal enzymes.
Once formed, the toroidal-shaped dough pieces were proofed for about
30-35 minutes at about 100°F in a conventional proofing cabinet maintained at
about 85% relative humidity. The proofed, toroidal-shaped dough pieces were
then quick-chilled to about 38-40°F for about 45 minutes.
Next, an aqueous solution of acetic acid was prepared in a vat with
sufficient acetic acid (200 grain vinegar) to achieve a pH of about 4.0 to 4.5.
The vat of acidic aqueous solution was heated to about 170-180°F whereupon
the toroidal-shaped dough pieces were bathed in the vat for about 25-30
seconds. It was found that the dough pieces initially sank to the bottom of the
vat but, after being in the bath for about 25-30 seconds, they floated to the
surface.
The acid-treated dough pieces were then removed from the acidic bath
and sprayed with clear water at a temperature of about 40°F. The toroidal
shapes were then placed on a flat tray, dusted with medium fine ground
cornmeal, and flipped over so that they rested on the dusted side.
The tray containing the bagel shapes was then transported to a first
freezer maintained at a temperature of about -20°F. The dough pieces remained
in the first freezer until they cooled to at leujt about 10°F at the core, which
took about 35-40 minutes. The resulting frozen dough pieces were packaged
and stored at about 0°F.
Example 2
After storage for several days, the frozen dough pieces of Example 1 were
thawed for about 10 hours in a refrigerated room at about 40°F and 65%
relative humidity and then heated for about 15 minutes at about 90°F and about
75% relative humidity, thereby achieving a core temperature of about 65-70°F.
The thawed dough pieces were then baked at about 500°F for about 12 minutes,
with about 10 seconds of steam injection at the beginning of the baking cycle.
The resulting baked bagels were visually attractive and not misshapen or
blistered, and were free of surface holes. The bagels had a cake-like, dense and
moist crumb and a particularly thick and crispy alligatored outer crust. Some of
the bagels were cut and found to have a short bite, making them well-suited for
use in preparing sandwiches.
Example 3
The procedure described in Example 1 were used in making novel bagels
incorporating blueberries. The dough was prepared from the ingredients used in
Example 1 except for the addition of dehydrated blueberries and sufficient sugar
to produce a sweet product. Once formed, proofed and frozen bagels were
thawed and baked as described in Example 2. The resulting baked product was
tasty and had well-defined and juicy blueberries which had neither bled nor
dissolved into or away from the bagel crumb.
While the present invention is described above in connection with the
preferred or illustrative embodiments, those embodiments are not intended to be
exhaustive or limiting of the invention. Rather, the invention is intended to
cover any alternatives, modifications or equivalents that may be included within
its sphere and scope, as defined by the appended claims.
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