The present invention relates to improvements in refrigerators. Open-fronted refrigerators are used in a variety of commercial settings, in particular supermarkets and grocery stores. The purpose of an open-fronted refrigerator is to allow customers to readily access the chilled goods stored therein, which can be of particular benefit in shops with high footfalls as they are easy to shop from and to load into.

However, the significant drawback of open-fronted refrigerators in comparison to refrigerators with closable doors is that they are very energy-inefficient.

One of the prior art ways to reduce the high energy costs of such units being open-fronted is to fit doors or plastic strips which cover the opening completely. But such additions defeat the whole purpose of an open-fronted refrigerator and are a hindrance to shoppers.

Another prior art method to reduce the high energy costs of such units being open-fronted is to provide a cool air curtain across the open front of a unit. With such air curtains cool air is blown downwards from the top of the fridge towards a grill at the base that captures the cool air to recirculate it.

Refrigerator manufacturers are constantly striving to create better air curtain performance For example, some now use a double air curtain, and most refrigerators now blow air through a honeycomb strip at the air-curtain egress (both of these adaptations being exemplified in US6094931 ).

However, once the cool air leaves the top of a fridge and moves towards the base there is little or nothing that can be done to stop the air curtain mixing with warm air next to it as it travels down across the open face of the fridge. Such mixing is known as Infiltration'. Turbulence Increases the mixing the warm air outside with the air curtain and leads to additional warm air passing through the air curtain into the interior of the fridge. Increased infiltration leads to more energy being used by any refrigerator as it strives to maintain the desired temperature in its interior storage space.

The use of air guiding ducts has previously been suggested in EP1508288 wherein deflector plates are provided at a point where two air sources mix so as to divert air that is pumped through shelving into the path of an air curtain.

In JP201 1 167384 deflector plates are employed to attempt to direct a diagonal air curtain towards an air curtain egress in a refrigerator with moveable shelves so as to mitigate against damage to an air curtain when shelves are moved up or down in the refigerator.

The present invention seeks to reduce infiltration of air curtains in refrigerators that have substantially vertical air curtains and thereby reduce energy consumption and the costs associated therewith.

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a refrigerator having an open front, the refrigerator comprising:

an air curtain system having at least one upper air egress having an outer edge and at least one lower air-recovery ingress, the air curtain system being adapted to produce a substantially vertical air curtain over at least part of the open front of the refrigerator;

at least one shelf between the egress and the ingress, the shelf having a front edge;

at least one elongate air-guiding strip extending across at least part of the open front of the fridge;

the strip being located substantially in the plane of the shelf and spaced from the front edge of the shelf;

the strip being located substantially vertically beneath the outer edge of the upper air egress. The provision of at least one air-guiding strip to an open-fronted refrigerator substantially vertically beneath outer edge of the upper air egress has multiple advantages.

Primarily such an air-guiding strip straightens the vertical fall of the air curtain, reducing turbulence and infiltration of warmer air, and thereby increasing the efficiency of the refrigerator, it has been found that in order to operate effectively the air guide must be located substantially vertically beneath outer edge of the upper air egress such that it is located at or adjacent to the outer edge of the substantially vertical air curtain. By providing such an arrangement the temperature performance of the fridge may be enhanced, or alternatively if so desired by a user the temperature performance may be maintained but energy savings may be made.

Furthermore, as the air-guiding strip is located substantially only in the plane of shelf, the improved performance or energy savings are effected without putting any barrier in front of merchandise, but instead by using the already unused area occupied by the shelf edges.

Indeed, because each air-guiding strip may be approximately the same height as the shelf behind it, the air-guiding strips do not hinder users from accessing the storage area of the refrigerator in the same manner that doors or vertical see-through plastic strips do.

Having no moving parts and not having to interact with shoppers, the air- guiding strips are less susceptible to being damaged and they cost significantly less than fitting doors.

Thus, the air-guiding strips do not block, obscure or sit in front of product display area, they only block the edge of the shelves. In some embodiments a shelf-facing surface of the strip is located substantially vertically beneath the outer edge of the upper air egress, In some embodiments an upper edge of the strip is located substantially vertically beneath the outer edge of the upper air egress.

In some embodiments an air-guiding strip is in the form of an aerofoil. in some embodiments a pressure surface of the aerofoil is substantially vertically beneath outer edge of the upper air egress. in some embodiments a leading edge of the aerofoil is substantially vertically beneath outer edge of the upper air egress.

In some embodiments an air-guiding strip extends substantially across the width of the shelf.

In some embodiments an air-guiding strip extends across substantially the full width of the open front of the refrigerator.

Preferably the refrigerator comprises a plurality of air-guiding strips located substantially in the plane of respective shelves. Preferably an air-guiding strip is located in front of each shelf of the refrigerator. in some embodiments an air-guiding strip is attached to the shelf or a support for the shelf. in some embodiments an air-guiding strip is attached to a ticket strip or support for a ticket strip located at the front edge of the shelf. in some embodiments an air-guiding strip is attached to refrigerator by a plurality of brackets.

In some embodiments at least one bracket is located at or adjacent each end of an air-guiding strip,

In some embodiments an air-guiding strip is retrofit to the refrigerator.

The retrofitting of existing refrigerators allows for the benefits of this technology to be applied to the many refrigerators currently in supermarkets.

In some embodiments an air-guiding strip is formed as part of the refrigerator during manufacture thereof. In some embodiments at least part of an air-guiding strip is substantially transparent.

By providing substantially transparent air-guiding strips existing product labels may be visible to shoppers therethrough.

In some embodiments at least part of an air-guiding strip is formed of a substantially transparent plastics material.

In some embodiments an air-guiding strip comprises a housing for displaying at least one product label or a plurality of product labels.

By providing an air-guiding strip that comprises a housing for displaying product labels the air-guiding strip can be formed at least in part from any desired opaque material such as metal.

In some embodiments an air-guiding strip comprises a backing portion and a front portion.

In some embodiments a backing portion is formed of metal. In some embodiments a front portion comprises a housing for displaying at least one product label or a plurality of product labels. In some embodiments a front portion is formed of a transparent plastics material.

In some embodiments a backing portion and a front portion together form an aerofoil.

In some embodiments the air-guiding strip comprises an electronic display, in some embodiments an air-guiding strip is at least 2mm in thickness. In some embodiments an air-guiding strip is at least 4mm in thickness. In some embodiments an air-guiding strip is at least 6mm in thickness. In some embodiments an air-guiding strip is at least 8mm in thickness. in some embodiments an air-guiding strip is at least 1 0mm in thickness.

In some embodiments an air-guiding strip is at least 1 2mm in thickness. in some embodiments an air-guiding strip is at least 14mm in thickness.

In some embodiments the height of the air-guiding strip is between 25 and 60mm. In some embodiments the height of the air-guiding strip is between 35 and 50mm.

In some embodiments the height of the air-guiding strip is between 40 and 45mm. In those embodiments where the air-guiding strip is an aerofoil blade preferably the chord length of the aerofoil blade is between 25 and 80mm. In some embodiments the chord length of the aerofoil blade is between 35 and 50mm.

In some embodiments the chord length of the aerofoil blade is between 40 and 45mm.

In some embodiments the refrigerator comprises:

adjacent at least one upper shelf at least one air-guiding strip housing at least one product label or a plurality of product labels;

adjacent at least one lower shelf an air-guiding strip that does not house product labels. in some embodiments the refrigerator comprises:

adjacent a plurality of upper shelves respective air-guiding strips housing at least one product label or a plurality of product labels;

adjacent a plurality of lower shelves respective air-guiding strips that do not house product labels. in some embodiments adjacent a plurality of lower shelves the respective air- guiding strips are substantially transparent.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of refrigeration comprising the step of operating a refrigerator according to any variation of the first aspect of the present invention. According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an air- guiding strip attachment adapted to be attached to a refrigerator so as to construct a refrigerator in accordance with any variation of the first aspect of the present invention. According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving the efficiency of a refrigerator comprising the steps of: providing at least one air-guiding strip attachment for a refrigerator; and attaching the air-guiding strip to the refrigerator so as to form a refrigerator in accordance with any variation of the first aspect of the present invention.

In order that the invention may be more fully understood a specific embodiment will now be described, of which:

Figure 1 is a schematic cross-section of a standard prior-art open-fronted refrigeration unit;

Figure 2 is a schematic cross-section of the refrigerator of Figure 1 adapted in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating by means of a temperature profile how a vertical air curtain disperses as its progresses downwards on a standard open-fronted refrigerator;

Figure 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating by means of a temperature profile how the air curtain of a refrigerator adapted in accordance with the present invention disperses less as its progresses downwards;

Figure 5 is schematic cross-section of a first embodiment of an air-guiding strip;

Figure 6 is a schematic perspective view of the strip of Figure 3;

Figure 7 is a schematic perspective view of a first embodiment of a bracket for attaching an air-guiding strip to a refrigerator;

Figure 8 is a schematic perspective view of the bracket of Figure 5 attached to a shelf support on a refrigerator;

Figure 9 is a schematic perspective view of the bracket of Figure 5 attached to a shelf support on a refrigerator with a shelf in place;

Figure 1 0 is a schematic perspective view of an air-guiding strip attached to a refrigerator by means of the first embodiment of brackets;

Figure 1 1 is a schematic perspective view of a second embodiment of a bracket for attaching an air-guiding strip to a refrigerator; Figure 12 is a schematic perspective view of the bracket of Figure 9 attached to a ticket strip support on a refrigerator;

Figure 1 3 is a schematic perspective view of an air-guiding strip attached to a refrigerator by means of the second embodiment of brackets;

Figure 14 is a schematic cross-section of a second embodiment of an air- guiding strip showing the two halves of the strip separately and conjoined; Figure 15 is a schematic perspective view of the strip of Figure 12;

Figure 16 is a schematic perspective view of the strip of Figure 12 showing how price labels may be retained thereby;

Figure 17 is a schematic cross-section of a third embodiment of an air-guiding strip comprising an electronic display;

Figure 18 is a schematic cross-section of a fourth embodiment of an air- guiding strip;

Figure 19 is a schematic perspective view of the strip of Figure 18;

Figure 20 is a schematic perspective view of the strip of Figure 18 showing how price labels may be retained thereby;

Figure 21 is a schematic perspective view of a refrigerator having a different types of air-guiding strip attached thereto. Referring to the drawings, Figure 1 shows a standard open-fronted refrigerator 1 having an open front 2 and a plurality of shelves 3. Refrigerator 1 comprises an air curtain system having an air egress 4 at its top and located above the open front of the refrigerator and an air recovery ingress 5 located below egress 4.

Various other elements of the air curtain system exist, but such systems are so well-known in the art that further discussion thereof is not considered necessary. The air curtain system of refrigerator 1 is adapted to pass an air curtain of cooled air between air egress 4 and air recovery ingress 5 such that the air curtain passes in front of shelves 3 so as to increase the efficiency of refrigerator 1 . Air egress 4 has an outer edge 9, and an air curtain expelled from air egress 4 therefore directly after expulsion from egress 4 has its front edge substantially in line with outer edge 9. However, as can be seen in Figure 3 as the air curtain progresses downwards it gradually becomes more dispersed owing to turbulence, and the front edge of the air curtain becomes more difficult to define, but in effect moves outwards. It can be seen how the air curtain of a standard prior art refrigerator is therefore less effective near the air ingress in comparison to adjacent its air egress.

Referring to Figure 2 wherein the refrigerator of Figure 1 has been fitted with a retrofit air-guiding strips 6 in accordance with the present invention, each shelf 3 has had attached thereto an elongate air-guiding strip 6, which is attached to its respective shelf 3 by means of brackets 7, Brackets 7 attach the ends of air-guiding strip 8 to the ends to the supports for shelf 3.

Referring to Figures 5 and 6, air-guiding strip 8 is in the present embodiment in the form of an aerofoil blade, having a leading edge 1 1 , lower surface (also known as a 'pressure surface') 10 which faces front edge 8 of shelf 3 and an upper surface (also known as a 'suction surface') 1 2 which faces outwardly from the storage space 13 of the refrigerator such that when refrigerator is in use upper surface 12 faces a user. in the present embodiment air-guiding strip is around 9mm in maximum thickness (i.e. between lower surface 1 0 and upper surface 12. in the present embodiment air-guiding strip is around 45mm in height (i.e. between leading edge 1 1 and trailing edge 1 3.

Air-guiding strip 6 is spaced from the front edge 8 of shelf 3 such that its pressure surface 10 sits substantially vertically beneath outer edge 9 of air egress 4. Leading edge 1 1 of air-guiding strip 6 faces the flow of air being expelied from air egress 4.

In use, with refrigerator 1 fitted with the air-guiding strips 6 of the present invention runs substantially as normal, except that the air curtain that passes between egress 4 and ingress 5 is guided down the open front 2 of the refrigerator by the air-guiding strips 6.

Air-guiding strips 6 act stabilize the flow of the air curtain and hinder dispersal of the air curtain as air flows between air egress 4 and air ingress 5. Air- guiding members 6 do this by guiding air that is moving out of the stream of the air curtain back into it.

Thus air-guiding strips with an aerofoil profile have been found to be ideal, although other shapes of air-guiding strips have been found to have some effect, particularly if the strip is at least 4mm in thickness, more preferably at least 6mm in thickness and even more preferably at least 8mm in thickness.

As can be seen in Figure 4 when air-guiding strips 8 are fitted to a refrigerator 1 the air curtain is more contained with less dispersal thereof as air flows down towards egress 5.

Beneficially, with air-guiding strips 6 in place a refrigerator 1 is able to be stocked as normal and users are able to remove products from the storage space 14 of refrigerator 1 as access to storage space 14 on shelves 3 is not hindered by air-guiding strips 6 as they each lie substantially in the same plane as shelves 3. it will be apparent that the optimal positioning of air-guiding strip 6 will depend upon the particular refrigerator with which the strip 6 is being used. In the present embodiment it has been found that positioning the air-guiding strip located substantially vertically beneath outer edge of the upper air egress seems to be preferable. Turning to Figures 7 to 10 and a first embodiment of a bracket that may be used to attach air-guiding strip 6 to a refrigerator, bracket 5 comprises an elongate arm 16 having a hook portion 1 7 adjacent a first end 18 and two projections 19a, 19b adjacent an opposite second end 20 adapted to retain therebetween air-guiding strip 6.

An air-guiding strip 8 may be secured between projections 19a, 19b by any suitable means such as adhesive, a nut and bolt, or a grub screw, As can be seen in Figures 8 and 9, hook portion 17 of bracket 15 is adapted to fit over an existing shelf support 21 , where it may be secured in place by any suitable means such as a nut and bolt or a grub screw, When in place shelf 22 may be repositioned upon shelf support 21 . As best seen in Figure 10, air-guiding strip 6 extends substantially across the full width of shelf 3. in the present embodiment as refrigerator 1 has only a single stack of shelves air-guiding strip 6 therefore extends substantially across the full width of the open front of refrigerator 1 , It will be apparent that it is preferable for any air-guiding strip to extend substantially across the width of the air curtain, which in most refrigerators extend themselves across the full width of their open fronts. It will also be apparent that in order to span the width of the open front of a refrigerator two or more air-guiding strips could be used. Such an arrangement may be ideal for refrigerators that have more than one stack of shelves.

It will also be apparent that in some embodiments air-guiding strips that do not substantially span the width of the open face of a refrigerator could be used, but such arrangements are not preferred.

Air-guiding strip 6 lies substantially in the plane of shelf 22 and therefore also substantially in the plane of ticket strip 23 wherein prices of goods stored on shelf 22 may be retained and displayed. In order that ticket strip 23 is not obscured from view air-guiding strip 6 is formed of a substantially transparent plastics material, allowing shoppers to see ticket strip 23 through air-guiding strip 6.

Turning to figures 1 1 to 1 3 and a second embodiment of a bracket that may be used to attach air-guiding strip 6 to a refrigerator, bracket 29 comprises an elongate arm 24 having a clip portion 25 adjacent a first end 26 of elongate arm 24 and substantially orthogonal thereto.

Bracket 29 further comprises two projections 27a, 27b adjacent an opposite second end 28 of elongate arm 24 adapted to retain therebetween air-guiding strip 6.

An air-guiding strip 6 may be secured between projections 27a, 27b by any suitable means such as adhesive, a nut and bolt, or a grub screw,

As can be seen in Figure 12, clip portion 25 of bracket 29 is adapted to clip to an existing support 30 for a ticket strip 31 , where it may be secured in place by any suitable means such as a nut and bolt or a grub screw, It is preferable that when fitted to a refrigerator the air-guiding strip and brackets may not be moved or altered so as to prevent users of the refrigerator unwittingly moving the air-guiding strip away from its optimum position, Thus, it is preferred that when fitted the air-guiding strips are in a substantially fixed position.

Turning now to Figures 14 to 16 and a second embodiment of an air-guiding strip that may be employed with the present invention, air-guiding strip 32 is also in the shape of an aerofoil, but instead of being formed substantially in one piece of a transparent plastics material is instead formed in two halves.

Backing portion 33 is formed of extruded aluminum and incorporates the leading edge 34, lower surface 35 and trailing edge 36 of an aerofoil. Front piece 38 is formed of a transparent plastics material and forms the upper surface 37 of an aerofoil.

Front piece 38 comprises projections 39a, 39b adapted to engage with corresponding recesses 40a, 40b on backing portion 33 such that front piece 38 may be securely but releasabiy attached to backing portion 33.

When conjoined backing portion 33 and front piece 39 together form a complete aerofoil.

When air-guiding strip 32 is attached to a refrigerator it is front piece 38 that faces shoppers. Thus, in order that product prices may be displayed to shoppers front piece 38 is adapted to retain a plurality of product labels. Front piece 38 comprises a transparent flexible cover 41 formed by an incision 42 through the body of front piece 38.

As best illustrated by figure 16 flexible cover 41 may be peeled back such that a user may insert product labels 43 into front piece 38, such that they are retained and displayed by air-guiding strip 32. Product labels 43 may be removed and replaced by a user as desired.

Turning to figure 17 and a further embodiment of an air-guiding strip for use with the present invention, air-guiding strip 44 is in the form of an aerofoil and comprises a plurality of electronic price displays 45.

Turning to figures 18 to 20 and a further embodiment of an air-guiding strip for use with the present invention, air-guiding strip 46 is in the form of an aerofoil and has a main body 48 that has adhered to its upper surface (i.e. the aerofoil surface that faces out from a refrigerator when air-guiding strip 46 is in use) a transparent eiastomeric flexible cover 47 that is adapted to releasabiy retain product labels As best illustrated by figure 20 flexible cover 47 may be peeled back such that a user may insert product labels (not shown) behind flexible cover, such that they are retained and displayed by air-guiding strip 48. The product labels may be removed and replaced by a user as desired,

Beneficially with this embodiment main body 48 may be formed of any suitable material, and once formed flexible cover 47 may be attached thereto by adhesive, Turning to Figure 21 and a refrigerator 49 retrofitted with air-guiding strips made in accordance with the present invention, it can be seen that in some circumstances it may be preferable to retrofit a fridge with a variety different types of air-guiding strip. On the lower three shelves of refrigerator 49 cheaper transparent plastic air- guiding strips 50 have been provided, whereas on the upper two shelves are provided more expensive composite air-guiding members 51 comprising an extruded aluminum backing portion and a frontal transparent product label housing.

The reason for this is that shoppers are able to see original product labels 52 over the top of air-guiding strips fitted to the lower shelves.

However, shoppers cannot see past air-guiding members 51 on the upper shelves that are at or around eye-level.

Thus the upper shelves require product labels to be housed on the front of the air-guiding members 51 . It will be apparent that the invention is not limited to retrofit kits for adapting existing refrigerators, but that new refrigerators may be made incorporating the air guides in accordance with the present invention. it will be apparent that although in the present embodiment an elongate aerofoil blade has been used in order to provide an air-guiding strip, other air- guiding strips might be employed. In general any air-guiding strip should preferably be in the form of a continuous elongate strip. However, it may be possible to provide a plurality of smaller air-guiding strips that in effect form an elongate strip that runs across the open front of a refrigerator. it is preferred that the air-guiding strips have an aerofoil cross-section. However, an air-guiding strip with a rectangular, curved, or oval cross-section might be used and such an air-guiding strip might still result in a reduction in energy consumption by a refrigerator employing air-guiding strips in accordance with the present invention.

Example 1

The invention was initial tested using Computational Fluid Dynamics. A steady state two dimensional representation of an open-fronted multi-deck refrigerated display cabinet was modeled using Ansys CFX 14.5 CFD code. Heat transfer by convection between the ambient and the refrigerated air curtain was modeled. Buoyancy was modeled. The temperatures of products were not modeled, nor were effects of thermal radiation or humidity.

Both a multi-deck with air-guiding strips and an identical cabinet without air- guiding strips in the form of aerofoils were modelled so that a direct comparison of the effect of air-guiding strips could be made. The numerical mesh and all other modelling parameters were kept as similar as possible, so that only the differences due to the air-guiding strips would be apparent.

Parameters of the model are shown below.

• Ambient temperature outside of the cabinet = 25 °C Temperature of air curtain and rear panel flow = -1 °C

Mass flow rate of air curtain = 1 kg/s per metre length

Flow rate through rear panel = 1 kg/s per metre length

Number of shelves = 5 + well

Depth of shelves and well = 500 mm

Distance between shelves = 300 mm

Height of product on shelf = 150 mm

Height of shelf = 40 mm

Depth of discharge and return grille = 100 mm

Aerofoil type = NACA4314 (non-symmetric)

Aerofoil length = 40 mm

Distance from aerofoil to shelf = 100 mm

inside of discharge grille in line with edge of shelf

Outside of discharge grille in line with edge of aerofoil

Table 1 : Temperature and enthalpy increases from discharge to return, domain imbalance, number of iterations and tetrahedral elements. in respect of the results illustrated in Table 1 , the temperature and enthalpy increases (per metre length of cabinet) come from entrainment between the warm ambient and cold air curtain. In the case with aerofoils the entrainment is only 66% of the case without aerofoils, showing a reduction of entrainment of 34%. Table 1 also shows the domain imbalance, this is a numerical error, which reduces as the model becomes more accurate. For the results to be valid it should be lower than the differences you are trying to detect, which in this case it is. Table 1 also shows the number of iterations made and the number of tetrahedral elements in each model. The aerofoils show a reduction in infiltration of 34% compared to not having aerofoils. As the infiltration of a chilled multi-deck display cabinet is approximately 70% of the total load, this would equate to a reduction in heat load of approximately 24%.

A cabinet tested at 25 °C and 60%RH would be expected to have a heat load of approximately 1 .6 kW per metre length. Approximately 1 .1 kW would be due to entrainment, of which approximately 50% would be latent, giving a sensible infiltration of approximately 500 W/m. This is a similar value to that shown by the model.

Example 2

Following the success of the theoretical modeling a real-life physical test was conducted.

A Verco C130 (RTM) refrigerator was subjected to British Standards test BS EN ISO EN23953: 2005. Aerofoils made from folded stainless steel measuring 45mm in height, and 6mm in thickness were attached to each shelf with the leading edge of each aerofoil pointing upwards towards the top of the fridge from where the air curtain is ejected. The aerofoils were cut to be the same length as the shelves to which they were fitted. The aerofoils had substantially the same profile as depicted in Figure 6.

The aerofoils were located at a distance of 85±3 mm between the outer edge of the ticket strip and the inner edge of the aerofoil (minimum gap) and were approximately vertical. The aerofoils were slotted into brackets that were bolted to the ends of the shelves

Phase 1 of the tests performed involved running the refrigerator on its normal settings and without any aerofoils attached. Phase 2 of the tests involved running the refrigerator on the same settings, but with the aerofoils as described above attached to the refrigerator.

Phase 3 of the tests involved keeping the aerofoils on the refrigerator, but altering the settings on the refrigerator such that it produced substantially the same performance as during phase 1 (i.e. without the aerofoils attached to it). The reason for this is that one of the main purposes of the invention is not to improve the temperature performance of a refrigerator (although this may of course be achieved using the invention if desired), but instead is to reduce the energy consumed by refrigerators.

The control settings for the three phases of the test are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Refrigerator control settings.

Thus, energy consumption can be most reduced by attaching aerofoils to a refrigerator and then changing the settings on the refrigerator such that it produces substantially the same temperature performance as it did without the aerofoils.

Energy /48h (kWh/48h) 19.32 16.35 16.10

% run time 83.1 67.7 67.4

TEC/TDA 1 1 .82 10 9.85

Energy Reduction -- 15% 17%

Table 3: Results of phases 1 to 3 testing (test BS EN ISO EN23953: 2005)

TEC/TDA definition: this is the equation used to compare Total Energy Consumption (TEC) with Total Display Area (TDA). The lower this figure is, the better.

As can be seen from Table 3, the aerofoils of the present invention reduce the TEC and therefore improve this figure.

Further, while the average temperatures remain the same between phase 1 and 2 the temperature range has decreased resulting in a decrease of the maximum temperature of 0.6 Degrees C. Adding the aerofoils resulted in an energy decrease of 15% during phase 2, and 17% in phase 3.

It should be noted that the term aerofoil has the same meaning as the US English word airfoil.

Many variations are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention as set out in the appended claims.