This invention relates to Flip-Flops, particularly D-Type Flip Flops. D-Type Flip-Flops can be used as divide-by-2 dividers in the configuration shown in Fig. la of the accompanying drawings. To prevent feed-through, such flip-flops are usually of the master-slave configuration in which the master is clocked on one edge of a clock pulse and the slave is clocked on the other edge. Thus, as shown in Fig. la, a signal of a frequency F ₀ is fed to the clock input CK of the flip flop, the Q output of the flip flop is connected to the D input, and the output, at a frequency of F ₀ /2 is taken from the Q output. The

CK input may be fed directly to the master and through an invertor to the slave.

An integrated circuit realisation of such a master-slave D-type divide-by two flip-flop is shown in Fig IB of the accompanying drawings. As seen in this figure, the master A comprises a tracking section and a latching section. Further both clock CK and inverted clock CK inputs are shown. A clock CK input energises the tracking section of the slave B and the latch section of the master A to track values held in the latch section of the slave B onto the latch section of the master A. On a clock CK input (the falling edge of an input clock pulse), the tracking section of the master A and the latch section of the slave B are energised to track values held in the latch A onto the latch B for output of the Q or Q at half the input (clock) frequency. The appropriate flip-flop ports and interconnectors are indicated on the figure IB.

Master slave flip-flops were introduced to prevent feed-through in which an input signal traversed the flip flop in a sufficiently short time to the feed back to the input and thereat to interfere with the, input signal. However, the introduction of the latch sections of a master slave flip-flop reduced the operating speed in dependance upon the time taken for the latches to be powered up.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a master-slave flip-flop wherein the aforesaid disadvantage is overcome.

According to the present invention, there is provided a flip-flop comprising a master section and a slave section driven by respective clock anti-phase signals, characterised in that each section comprises only a tracking section and wherein electrode capacitances develop potentials during tracking of a particular section which potentials serve as latched values during tracking of the other section.

The invention will be described further, by way of example, with reference to figure 2 of the accompanying drawings which illustrates a master-slave, D-type flip-flop arranged as a divide-by- two divider.

As shown in Fig 2, the frequency divider comprises a D-type Master-Slave flip-flop. A master section is powered up on clock pulses CK and the slave section is powered up on clock pulses CK (usually the falling edge of the input clock pulse). Each section is arranged only for tracking values through. No latch sections (as in. the prior art) are provided. Upon power up, and the application of a clock pulse CK, transistor T _ is switched on enabling either transistor T9 or TJO to be energised depending upon the base potential applied thereto. The base potentials of the transistors T9 and Tχo are fed vig.

the respective emitters of transistors T7 and Tg which, in turn, are energised in accordance with remanent charge (during operation) or circuit inbalance (initially) on the collectors of transistors Tu and

T12. _

The base of transistor TJ _Q is labelled the D port of the flip-flop and, for a divide-by-two divider, is connected in known manner to the Q output of the flip-flop. The Q output is realised by the collector of the transistor T _j 2- In operation, the collector of transistor T ₁ 2 will hold thereon a remanent charge tracked thereto during the previous clock pulse CK. Similarly, the collector of the transistor Tn will have an opposite remanent value thereon tracked during the previous clock pulse CK. These remanent values are dependant upon whether the transistor TJ J or the transistor T ₁ 2 was switched on which, in turn, depends upon the potential applied to the respective bases. The potential on the bases of transistors TJ J and T ₁ 2 are dependent upon the emitter voltage of transistors T5 and Tg which, in turn, depend upon remanent charges on the collectors of transistors T9 and T ₁₀ caused by the voltage thereat during the previously applied clock pulse CK.

It will be seen that each of the transistors T9 to T ₁ 2 has a similar load circuit for establishing the appropriate voltage on their collectors. Each load circuit comprises a respective resistor Rj, a respective load transistor Tj to T ₄ and a respective resistor R ₂ .

It will be noted that a respective capacitor C _\ to C ₄ is shown on the collector lead of each transistor T9 to Tj2- The capacitors Cl to C4 idealise the collector capacitance of the respective transistor. It has been found that, at high frequency clock pulse input, distinguishable

charge levels are held sufficiently long for each tracking section transistor to act also as a latch section transistor without the use of a separate latch section in the master or the slave. Thus, although no capacitors are actually provided, it has been found that the collector capacitance, in the circuit shown, suffices to replace completely, at high frequency inputs, the need for latching sections in the master and the slave. The transistors T5 to Tg enable these small remanent charges to drive the appropriate tracking transistors during the next clock pulse.

The invention is not confined to the precise details of the foregoing example and variations may be made thereto. For instance, depending upon the input frequency, the resistors Rl, transistors Tj to T ₄ and resistors R ₂ may be replaced by single resistors in the load circuit of the transistors T9 to Tj2-

Similarly, a single clock input CK, followed by an invertor, may be used to provide both CK and CK inputs.

In certain circumstances, the transistors T5 to Tg may be replaced by diodes.

In its use as a divide-by-2 divider, it matters not which way the circuit toggles on start up; the input frequency will be divided by two. However, appropriate bias may be provided to ensure that the circuit is driven initially in a predetermined direction.

Other variations are possible within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.