The present invention relates to the use of compounds as initiators for cationic polymerization by means of thermal activation or photochemical activation (UV-irradiation) or activation by electron bombardment (EB). The polymerization-initiator consists of a heterocyclic, arylsubstituted or with an aryl- ring fused sulfonium salt in combination with a non-nucleophilic anion. During the activation of the initator, a carbon-sulfur bond is broken leading to formation of a sulfide and a carbocation (carbenium ion) within the same molecule. The carbocation initiates the polymerization. Since the activation does not lead to fragmentation of the initiator-molecule into smaller molecules, no low molecular weight sulfur-containing decomposition products form that otherwise would evaporate or migrate from the polymer causing bad smell. The ring-opening cationic initiators in the present invention thereby possess great enviromental advantages both during the polymerization and in handling of the polymer products.

The present invention relates also to some compounds which are novel compunds per se.

BACKGROUND

Cationic polymerization (for a recent review of the area, see: Comprehensive Polymer Science 1989 , 3, 579 ff), in contrast to radical polymerization, is not inhibited by the presence of oxygen in air and proceeds after UV-initation in the dark. Cationic polymerization is also complementary to radical polymerization with respect to polymerizable monomers. Thus, electron rich carbon-carbon double bonds (eg. alkenyl ethers) are easily cationically polymerized while acrylate monomers are usually unreactive. Vinyl ethers however, do not homopolymerize under radical polymerization conditions. Epoxides is another commercially important class of monomers that polymerize readily under cationic conditions but are inert to radical polymerization.

The utility of cationic polymerization has strongly been tempered by the fact that previously developed cationic initiators have inferior technical properties such as unsatisfactory high initiation temperature and poor solubility in monomer blends and smelly decomposition products.

Strong proton acids (eg. HCIO4, HBF4) or Lewis acids (eg. AICI3, BF3) initiate cationic polymerization of for example vinyl ethers and epoxides. These acids have

a very limited utility in a technical context, such as curing of a coating, mainly due to the immediate polymerization that occurs upon mixing initiator and monomer, ie. the system has no "pot life".

This problem has been circumvented by developing "latent proton acids". They are structurally recognized by being aryl-substituted "onium-salts", eg. sulfonium-, iodonium-, or arsonium-salts, with non-nucleophilic anions such as S bF 6 ", AsF6 " , PF6 ", and BF4 ^" . These salts are stable, latent sources of the corresponding strong Brόnsteds acid HSbF6, HAsFβ, and HBF4 respectively, which are generated upon activation and initiate the polymerization. The salts are inactive until the activation occurs. A majority of this class of latent initiators require photochemical activation (irradiation by UV-light). (Belg. Pat. 828670, 1974; U. S. Pat. 3981897, 1976; Belg. Pat. 837782, 1970; Belg. Pat. 833472, 1976).

More recently, it has been shown that some sulfonium- and iodonium-salts can be thermally activated and utilized for the initiation of a cationic polymerization. Two methods for activation have been developed; redoxinitation (A. Ledwith, Polymer 1978, 19, 1217) and thermal initiation (Jap. Pat. 63.221.111, 1988, [CA 1989, 111, 40092y],; Jap. Pat. 63223002 1988 [CA 1989, 110, 173955h]; S. P. Pappas and L. W. Hill, J. Coating Technol., 1981, 53,43; S. P. Pappas and H. B. Feng, "Cationic Polymerization and Related Processes" ed. E. J. Goethals, Academic Press, New York, 1984; T. Endo and H. Uno, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed., 1985, 23, 359; T. Endo and H. Arita, Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1985, 6, 137).

In common for these initiators is that the activation leads to a fragmentation, dissociation of the initiator molecule into decomposition products of lower molecular weight (eg. sulfide) along with the initiation of a cationic polymerization, see figure.

R ₃ S ⁺ X ^" — *~- R ₂ S + R ⁺ X ^"

R ⁺ X ^" + M — »- RM ⁺ X ^"

RM*X ^" + nM — *- RM _n M ⁺ X ^'

The deficiency of previously developed initiators (PDI) can thus be summarized in three points, where the present invention in all three aspects furnishes considerable improvements:

1. PDI have poor solubility in monomers which generally have a lipophilic character.

2. PDI yield low molecular decomposition products upon activation whose emission may cause enviromental problems. This is

especially pronounced in the case of sulfonium salts where a low molecular sulfide is formed. 3. Commercially available initiators are limited to photochemical activation.

The activation of a thermal initiator involves a heterolytic cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond to form the most stabilized carbocation. The activation temperature for an alkyl-substituted sulfonium salt strongly depends on the structure of the substituents. The activation temperature decreases if a more stabilized carbocation can be formed. Substituents of resonance stabilizing ability (eg. benzylic and allylic) lower the temperature at which the cationic polymerization occurs. Electron-donating substituents (eg. alkyl or alkoxy) in ortho or para positions at the benzylic group further decrease the activation temperature.

Besides controlling the initiation-temperature, the substituents have a strong influence on the solubility of the initiator-salt. Previously developed initiators have poor solubility in "solvent free" monomers such as epoxides, alkenyl ethers, or styrenes. This is due to the large polarity difference between the initiator and the monomer blend. Hydrophobic substituents such as longer n-alkyls can moderate the polar character of the initiator and improve its solubility properties in hydrophobic monomers.

Low molecular weight sulfides have a very strong and unpleasant smell even at very low concentration levels (ppm-levels). They are formed at the activation step and during the polymerization emission to the environment is very difficult to avoid. In addition, the remaining sulfide could at a later stage migrate to the polymer surface and cause a smelly polymer film. It is therefore very important to structurally modify an initiator to avoid formation of low molecular weight sulfides.

The reaction scheme below illustrates the chemistry of a member of a previously developed initiator where tetrahydrothiophene is formed during the activation, followed by the initation of a cationic polymerization of a vinyl ether.

Activation

PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention relates to the use of compounds as initiators for cationic polymerization by means of thermal activation or photochemical activation (UV-irradiation) or activation by electron bombardment (EB). The polymerization-initiator consists of a heterocyclic, arylsubstituted or with an aryl- ring fused sulfonium salt in combination with a non-nucleophilic anion. During the activation of the initator, a carbon-sulfur bond is broken leading to formation of a sulfide and a carbocation (carbenium ion) within the same molecule. The carbocation initiates the polymerization. Since the activation does not lead to fragmentation of the initiator-molecule into smaller molecules, no low molecular weight sulfur-containing decomposition products form that otherwise would evaporate or migrate from the polymer causing bad smell. The ring-opening cationic initiators in the present invention thereby possess great enviromental advantages both during the polymerization and in handling of the polymer products.

According to to another aspect ot the invention novel compounds are provided which are aryl substituted cyclic sulfonium salts of the structural formula

and which are selected from

S-methyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, S-methyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate,

S-methyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, S-methyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate, S-methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetramethyIenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, S-methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate, S-ethyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium tetrafluoroborate, S-ethyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium tetrafluoroborate, S-(n-butyl)-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate or S-(n-butyl)-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate. When using the compounds as initiators for cationic polymerization, the compounds are activated by electron bombardment (EB), UV-irradiation, or thermally, causing a ring-opening reaction. The resulting carbocation and sulfide will be within the same molecule and consequently, no low molecular degradation fragments will be formed:

Great environmental advantages are achieved by using a ring-opening initiator, both during the polymerization and when handling the final product.

The reaction scheme below illustrates the activation of a ring-opening sulfonium salt with a non-nucleophilic anion according to this invention, followed by initation and propagation of a cationic poly er.

Ring-openig

Activation

In order to keep the sulfide formed after activation within the cationic fragment, it is according to the present invention of great importance that: i ) The sulfonium salt is a heterocyclic, arylsubstituted or with an arylring fused, compound. ii) The most stabilizing substituent at the sulfonium group is benzylic or substituted benzylic. iii) The most stabilizing substituent is bonded to the sulfonium containing heterocycle in order to promote the ring-opening formation of the carbocation.

To efficiently promote a cationic polymerization it also necessary that the anion (counter ion) is non-nucleophilic and that the sulfonium salt is soluble in the monomer mixture.

Suitable compounds, polymerizable via a cationic polymerization, that can be used with ring-opening initiators according to the present invention are epoxides, alkenyl ethers, cyclic ethers, lactones, oxetanes, styrenes, vinylarenes, alicyclic vinyl compounds (eg. vinylcyclohexane), spiro otho esters, spiro ortho carbonates, bicyclic ortho esters, isobutene , butadiene, isoprene, and phenol-formaldehyde resins.

The polymerization initiator according to the present invention is thus a heterocyclic, arylsubstituted or with an aryl-ring fused sulfonium salt in combination with a non-nucleophilic anion. Activation of the cyclic sulfonium salts according to present invention, is a ring-opening reaction forming a carbocation with a pendant sulfide group. Consequently, the sulfide will be covalently bonded to the initiating carbocationic fragment.

The polymerization initiator according to the present invention has one of the following structural formulae

wherein m = an integer between 3 and 5

n = an integer between 1 and 3 z = an integer between 0 and 3 y = an integer between 0 and 4

X = represents a group of the formula MY _r (l) or the formula Q(2), wherein in MY _r (l): M=Sb, As, P, B or Cl; Y represents a halogen (preferably F or Cl) or O and where r is an integer between 4 and 6, examples of MY _r (l) is SbF6, AsF6, BF4, and C1O4, the formula Q(2) represents a sulfonic acid R-SO3 wherein R is an alkyl or aryl group or a halogen-substituted, preferably F or Cl, alkyl or aryl group, examples of Q(2) is CF3SO3 and CH3C6H4SO3,

R ! represents an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably C1 -C20. ^{or an ar} l group, R- represents hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably C1-C20. or aryl group, all R- being independent of each other, R- represents hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably Ci -C20» or aryl group, all R- being independent of each other, R4 represents hydrogen, halogen, an alkenyl, for instance a vinyl group, a cycloalkenyl, an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably C1-C20. an alkoxy or thioalkoxygroup, preferably Cl-C20» ^a hydroxyl- or alkyl(Cl-Ci2)terminated poly(alkyleneoxide) group with up to 10 alkyleneoxide units, an aryl group, an aryloxy or thioaryloxy group,

R-> represents halogen, an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably Ci-C20» ^an alkoxy or thioalkoxy group, preferably Cι -C20» a hydroxyl- or alkyl(Cι-Ci2)terminated poly(alkyleneoxide) group with up to 10 alkyleneoxide units, an aryl group, an aryloxy or thioaryloxy group, wherein in structure I R ⁴ or R- (y=l-2) also can be the group

R ~ represents hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably C1 -C2O' or an aryl group,

R ' represents hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably Cι-C20 _> or an aryl group, O R ^β R»

A represents / o \, s >=< \ or a single bond,

R8 represents hydrogen, an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably C1-C20. ^a hydroxyl- or alkyl(Ci -exterminated poly(alkyleneoxide) group with up to 10 alkyleneoxide units, an aryl group, an aryloxy or thioaryloxy group, R9 represents hydrogen, an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably C1-C20. a hydroxyl- or alkyl(Cι-Ci2)terminated poly(alkyleneoxide) group with up to 10 alkyleneoxide units, an aryl group, an aryloxy or thioaryloxy group,or R - and ? together form an aryl ring fused with the heterocyclic sulfonium ring, ^• said aryl ring optitionally being substituted with a group R- ~ which can be a halogen atom, a nitro group, an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, preferably C1-C20. alkoxy or tihoalkoxy group, preferably Ci-C20» a hydroxyl- or alkyl(Cι - C i2)teπninated poly(alkyleneoxide) group with up to 10 alkyleneoxide units, an aryl group, an aryloxy or thioaryloxy group.

Some initiators in the present invention are novel compounds per se while others are previously known compounds. The latter however, have not previously been described or suggested for use as polymerization -initiators .The compounds which are novel per se all have the general formula

and are S-methyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroaantimonate, S-methyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate, S-methyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, S-methyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate, S-methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, S-methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate, S-ethyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium tetrafluoroborate, S-ethyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium tetrafluoroborate, S-(n-butyl)-2-phenyltctramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate or S-(n-butyl)-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate.

EXAMPLES

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples which however are not intended to limit the scoue of the invention in any respect.

Thermally induced cationic polymerisation

Two different difunctional cationically polymerizable monomers containing 1.0 % by weight initiator were used. The initiator solutions were prepared by dissolving the initiator in the monomer.

Monomer 1 consists of triethyleneglycol divinylether, TEGDVE (GAF Chemical Corp.; DVE-3), with the following structure:

o o o o

Monomer 2 consists of 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3',4'-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, EEC (Union Carbi wing structure:

The polymerizations were studied with a Perkin-Elmer DSC-7, differential scanning calorimeter. The monomer/initiator solutions (3-5 mg) were sealed in aluminium pans before mounted into the calorimeter. The temperature scanning was 10°C/minute. The temperature range was 20-225 °C, depending on the type of initiator used. The DSC-thermograms generally showed a relatively sharp exothermic peak, resulting from the cationic polymerization initiated by the sulfonium salts. The results, peak temperature (Tp) and heat of polymerization (- Δ H) are displayed in table 1. The peak temperature (Tp) is defined as the temperature at maximum heat flow and is approximatively the the temperature at which the activation and initiation occur. The variations in Tp (65-157°C) reflects the different ability of the substituents to promote ring-opening and to stabilize the initiating carbocation. -ΔH is the heat of reaction per mole of monomer. The heat of reaction/mole is a measure of the monomer-conversion. However, in order to adequately calculate the monomer-conversion a theoretical heat of reaction is required for these monomers at different temperatures, that is not available. The cured films are however hard and non-smelling, which are relevant technical criteria, so we conclude that 100% monomer-conversion corresponds to 150 -160 kJ/mol at 120-140°C for TEGDVE

Comparative example 1

In this example monomer 1 (TEGDVE) and benzyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (BTMS+S bFβ") were used. This compound is a good representative for previously developed initiators (J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed., 1985, 23, 359). The initiator is thermally cleaved according to the equation below:

A hard crosslinked polymer was found, but a strong odour of tetrahydrothiophene was noticable when opening the aluminium pans. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Comparative example 2

For this comparison, monomer 2 (EEC) and BTMS+SbFg", the same sulfonium salt initiator as in comparative example 1, were used. The thermally induced cleavage proceeds as described in comparative example 1. A hard crosslinked polymer was found, but a strong odour of tetrahydropthiophene was noticable when opening the aluminium pans.

In the following examples different sulfonium salts of the structures I and II according to the present invention were used as cationic initiators. The sulfonium salts were all synthesized according to the procedures presented in experimental s. In all polymerization studies, where different but analogous structures of I and II were examined, hard and crosslinked polymers were found. However, no detectable odour from organic sulfides or sulfur containing compounds were observed when opening the aluminium pans. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 1

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate according to structure Al (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example ?

EEC was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate according to structure Al (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 3

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate according to structure A2 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Sample 4

EEC was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate according to structure A2 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 5

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate according to structure A3 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 6

EEC was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate according to structure A3 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 7

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate according to structure A4 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 8

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)- tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate according to structure A5 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 9

EEC was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)- tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate according to structure A5 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 10

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)- tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate according to structure A6 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 11

EEC was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)- tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate according to structure A6 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 12

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-ethyl-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium tetrafluoroborate according to structure A7 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 13

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-ethyl-2-(p-tolyl)tetramethylenesulfonium tetrafluoroborate according to structure A8 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 14

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-(n-butyl)-2-phenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate according to structure A9 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 15

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-(n-butyl)-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)- tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate according to structure AlO (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 16

TEGDVE was used as monomer. 2-Metl_yl-l,3-dihydroisot__ianaphthenium hexafluoroantimonate according to structure Bl (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 17

TEGDVE was used as monomer. 2-Ethyl-l,3-dihydroisothianaphthenium tetrafluoroborate according to structure B2 (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Example 18

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-Methyl-2-(E-2-phenylethenyl)-[3,4]-benzo-2,5- dihydrothiophenium hexafluorophosphate according to structure B3 (below) was

used as initiator. After dissolving the initiator B3 into the monomer, the polymerization started within 10 minutes.

Example 19

TEGDVE was used as monomer. S-Methyl-[3,4]-benzo-5-phenyl-2,7- dihydrothiepinium hexafluorophosphate according to structure Cl (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Exempel 20

TEGDVE was used as monomer. 2-Ethyl-4-oxoisothiochromanium tetrafluoroborate according to structure Dl (below) was used as initiator. Tp and -ΔH are shown in table 1.

Structure A1-A10:

Structu re Rl R4 x-

Al CH3 H SbF ₆ -

A2 CH ₃ H PF6 ^"

A3 CH ₃ CH3 SbF ₆ -

A4 CH3 CH3 PF6-

A5 CH ₃ OCH3 SbF ₆ -

A6 CH3 OCH3 PF6 ^"

A7 CH2CH3 H BF4-

A8 CH2CH3 CH3 BF4-

A9 n-C4Ho H PF6-

AlO n-C4Ho OCH3 PF6-

Structure Bl -B3;

Stru cture Rl R<» R7 x-

Bl CH3 H H SbF ₆

B2 CH2CH3 H H BF4"

B3 CH3 CHCHC6H5 H PF6 ^"

Structure Cl:

Structure Rl R8 R9 X"

Cl CH3 Ph H PF ₆ ^"

Sructur Dl

Structure Rl A x- 0

II

Dl CH2CH3 BF4-

Table 1: DSC-results from thermallv induced cationic Dolvmerizations

Example Initiator Monomer T _p (°C) -ΔH (kj/mol)

Compar. ex 1 BTMS ⁺ SbF6" TEGDVE 121.9 152.0

Compar. ex.2 BTMS ⁺ SbF6" EEC 147.8 142.4

1 Al TEGDVE 124.9 159.7

2 Al EEC 135.6 107.5

3 A2 TEGDVE 128.1 142.9

4 A2 EEC 157.3 57.6

5 A3 TEGDVE 103.2 155.1

6 A3 EEC 123.2 134.3

7 A4 TEGDVE 122.5 137.4

8 A5 TEGDVE 69.0 125.4

9 A5 EEC 91.8 127.1

10 A6 TEGDVE 65.5 127.0

11 A6 EBC 87.0 41.9

12 A7 TEGDVE 139.3 140.5

13 A8 TEGDVE 134.6 150.2

14 A9 TEGDVE 141.2 136.7

15 AlO TEGDVE 77.3 127.8

16 Bl TEGDVE 147.7 144.4

17 B2 TEGDVE 146.9 139.8

19 Cl TEGDVE 141.7 142.0

20 Dl TEGDVE 121.1 136.1

The peak temperature (Tp) is defined as the temperature at maximum heat flow and

-ΔH is the heat of reaction per mole of momomer.

UV-initiated cationic polymerization

Example 21

The polymerization was studied by the use of a Perkin-Elmer DSC-7 differential scanning calorimeter, equipped with a DPA-7 double beam photocalorimetric accessory including a 200 W high-pressure Mercury-Xenon lamp (Hanovia 901-

B0011). 1,0 % by weight of the initiator 2-ethyl-4-oxoisothiochromanium tetrafluoroborate, according to structure Dl, was dissolved in TEGDVE. 2-3 mg of the solution was placed in an aluminium pan, which was then mounted into the DSC.

The sample was irradiated isothermally at 20 °C for 4 minutes by the use of the lamp described above.

The results from the exothermal cationic polymerization were: irradiation time to maximum heat flow (tp) was 0.86 min and heat of polymerization (-ΔH) was 106.4 kJ/mol. A hard crosslinked polymer was found. No detectable odour from any organic sulfide or sulfur containing compound was noticed during or after the polymerization.

Electron beam (EB) initiated cationic polymerization

Solutions were made by dissolving 0,75 % (w/w) initiator in mixtures of 90 % (w/w) TEGDVE and 10 % (w/w) CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate; thickener). Samples were coated on polyethylene sheets and irradiated under a nitrogen atmosphere, using a Energy Sciences Electrocurtain. Applied dose was 1 Mrad.

Comparative example 3

BTMS ⁺ SbF6", the same sulfonium salt initiator as in comparative examples 1 and 2 was used. A hard crosslinked polymer was found, but a strong odour of tetrahydrothiophene was noticable

Example 22

2-Methyl-l,3-dihydroisothianaphthenium hexafluoroantimonate according to structure Bl was used as initiator. A hard crosslinked polymer was found, and no detectable odour from organic sulfides or sulfur containing compounds was observed

Solubility test

In order to demonstrate the enhanced solubility of the initiators used according to the present invention compared to previously developed initiators, a less polar

(more hydrophobic) monomer than TEGDVE was chosen, namely cyclohexyl vinyl ether (CHVE). In the two examples below, the sulfonium salts have the same anion

(PF6-).

Comparative example 4.

BTMS+PF6" (J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed., 1985, 23, 359) was very poorly soluble in

CHVE (80% w/w in acetone).

Example 23

An 1% (w/w) homogeneous solution of initiator A9 was easily obtained in CHVE (80% w/w in acetone).

EXPERIMENTAL

Many different sulfonium salts of the general structures I and II according to present invention, were synthesized and characterized.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonans (NMR) spectra were recorded on a 200 MHz Bruker AC200 spectrometer. The chemical shifts are given in ppm (3) relative to tetramethylsilane (internal standard). Melting points were recorded on a Perkin- Elmer DSC-7 differential scanning calorimeter and UV- absorption spectra were recorded with a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 17 UV/VIS spectrometer. All chemicals were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co.

S-Methyl-2-phenvltetramethvlenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (Al )

To a solution of 2-phenyltetrahydrothiophene (1,632 g, 10 mmol) ( a general procedure for synthesis of 2-aryltetrahydrothiophenes was applied: D. L. Tuleen and R. H. Bennett, J. Heterocyclic Chem., 1969, 6, 115) in 4 ml acetonitrile was methyl iodide (2.129 g, 15 mmol) added at ambient temperature. After 24 the solvent was evaporated and 20 ml of water was added. The water phase was washed with diethyl ether several times to remove unreacted starting material. NaSbFό (2.587 g, 10 mmol) was added. A yellow oil separated, which was extracted to a CH2CI2 phase.

The CH2CI2 phase was washed with an aqueous solution of Na2S O 3 and water respectively and then dried with MgSO4. Evaporation yielded 63 % of the desired product Al as a mixture of two diastereomers. *H-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.4-7.7 (10 H, m, Ph-fi), 5.63 (1 H, dd, J=5.7 and 12.0 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH.-), 5.32 (1 H, dd, J=6.4 and 9.7 Hz, >S ⁺ - CH-), 4.0-4.3 (2 H, m, >S ⁺ -Cfl2-), 3.6-3.9 (2 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-), 3.32 (3 H, s, >S+-CH3), 2.56 (3 H, s, >S+-CH3), 2.4-3.2 (8 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH2-CH2-); Anal. Calcd for CnHisFόSSb: C, 31.8 %; H, 3.6 %; S, 7.7 %. Found: C, 32.7 %; H, 3.8 %; S, 8.7 %.

S-Methyl-2-phenyl tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate (A2) This compound was synthesized according to the procedure described for Al, but NaSbFβ was replaced by KPFβ (1.841 g, 10 mmol). A slowly crystallizing oil of the diastereomeric mixture of A2 was obtained in 67 % yield. --H-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.4-7.7 (10 H, m, Ph-H), 5.61 (1 H, dd, J=5.7 and 11.9 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH-), 5.31 (1 H, dd, J=6.4 and 9.7 Hz, >S+-CH-), 4.0-4.3 (2 H, m, >S+-CH2-), 3.6-3.9 (2 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-), 3.29 (3 H, s, >S+-CH3). 2.54 (3 H, s, >S+-CH3), 2.4-3.0 (8 H, m, >S+-CH2-CH2-CU2-).

S-Methvl-2-(p-to vntetramethvlenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (A3)

This compound was synthesized according to the procedure described for Al starting from 1.773 g (10 mmol) of 2-p-tolyltetrahydrothiophene. A slowly crystallizing oil of the diastereomeric mixture of A3 was obtained in 77 % yield. -E - NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.46-7.53 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 7.27-7.37 (4 H, m, Ar-HJ, 5.57 (1 H, dd, J=5.8 and 11.9 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH-). 5.27 (1 H, dd, J=6.3 and 9.6 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH-), 4.0-4.2 (2 H, m, >S+-CH2-), 3.6-3.9 (2 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-), 3.28 (3 H, s, >S ⁺ -CU3), 2.53 (3 H, s, >S ⁺ -CH3), 2.38 (3 H, s, Ar-CH3), 2.35 (3 H, s, Ar-CHj), 2.3-3.0 (8 H, m, >S+-CH2-CH2-CH2-); Anal. Calcd for Ci2HπF6SSb: C, 33.6 %; H, 4.0 %; S, 7.5 %. Found: C, 34.6 %; H, 3.9 %; S, 7.9 %.

S-Methyl-2-(p-tolvntetramethvlenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate (A4) This compound was synthesized according to the procedure described for Al. The starting material was 1.773 g (10 mmol) of 2-(p-tolyl)tetrahydrothiophene but N aSbFό was replaced by KPFβ (1.841 g, 10 mmol). A lightly yellow oil of a diastereomeric mixture of A4 was obtained in 65 % yield. * H-NMR (acetone-d6) 7.43-7.56 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 7.23-7.43 (4 H, m, Ar-HJ, 5.60 (1 H, dd, J=5.8 and 11.9 Hz, >S ⁺ - CH-), 5.48 (1 H, dd, J=6.3 and 9.6 Hz, >S+-CH-), 3.96-4.21 (2 H, m, >S+-CH2-), 3.56-3.90 (2 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-), 324 (3 H, s, >S ⁺ -CH3), 2.53 (3 H, s, >S ⁺ -Cfi3), 2.39 (3 H, s, Ar-CH3). 2.39 (3 H, s, Ar-CH3), 2.2-3.0 (8 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH2-CH2-)

S-Methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate _£__

This compound was synthesized according to the procedure described for Al starting from 1.933 g (10 mmol) of 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetrahydrothiophene. A yellow oil of the diastereomeric mixture of A5 was obtained in 47 % yield. ^H- NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.5-7.6 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 6.9-7.1 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 5.63 (1 H, dd, J=5.6 and 12.1 Hz, >S+-CE-), 5.32 (1 H, dd, J=6.4 and 9.5 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH-), 4.0-4.3 (2 H, m, >S+-CE2-) _> 3.85 (3 H, s, -O-CH3), 3.83 (3 H, s, -O-CH3), 3.6-3.9 (2 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-), 3.28 (3 H, s, >S+- CH3), 2.55 (3 H, s, >S+-CH_3), 2.3-3.1 (8 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH2-CH_2-); Anal. Calcd for Cl2Hl7F6OSSb: C, 32.4 %; H, 3.9 %; S, 7.2 %. Found: C, 33.8 %; H, 3.9 %; S, 7.4 %.

S-Methvl-2-(p-methoxvphenvntetramethvlenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate (A6)

This compound was synthesized according to the procedure described for Al. The starting material was 1.933 g ( 10 mmol) of 2-(p- methoxyphenyl)tetrahydrothiophene, but NaSbFβ was replaced by KPF6 (1.841 g, 10 mmol). A yellow oil of a diastereomeric mixture of A6 was obtained in 71 % yield. H-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.5-7.6 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 6.9-7.1 (4 H, m, Ar-H , 5.63 (1 H, dd, J=5.6 and 12.1 Hz, >S+-CH.-), 5.32 (1 H, dd, J=6.4 and 9.5 Hz, >S+-CH.-), 4.0-4.3 (2 H, m, >S+-CH2-), 3.85 (3 H, s, -O-CH3), 3.83 (3 H, s, -O-CH3). 3.6-3.9 (2 H, m, >S+-CH2-), 3.28 (3 H, s, >S ⁺ -CH3). 2.55 (3 H, s, >S ⁺ -CH3), 2.3-3.1 (8 H, m, >S+-CH2-CH2-CH2-).

S-EthvI-2-phenvltetramethvlenesuIfonium tetrafluoroborate (A7) 2-Phenyltetrahydrothiophene (1.632 g, 10 mmol) (J. Heterocyclic Chem., 1969, 6, 115) was dissolved in 10 ml of dry CH2CI2 at 0°C. To this solution, which was kept under N2, 10 ml of triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (10 mmol; 1 M solution in CH2CI2) was added. Then the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h at ambient temperature. Evaporation of solvent gave an oil that was washed with diethyl ether several times. After dissolving the oil in CH2CI2 the organic phase was washed with water, dried with MgSO4 and evaporated. A yellow oil was obtained in 76 % yield as a 2.4/1 mixture of two diastereomers of A7. *H-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.8-7.4 (5 H, m, Ph-HJ, 5.7-5.3 (1 H, >S ⁺ -CE-, including 5.64 (dd, J=5.4 and 12.4 Hz, minor isomer) and 5.38 (dd, J=6.4 and 10.1 Hz, major isomer)), 4.2-3.0 (4 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-), 3.0-2.4 (4 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH2-CH2-). 1-55 (t, J=7.4 Hz, CH3 n major isomer), 1.01 (t, J=7.4 Hz, CH3 in minor isomer).

S-Ethvl-2-(p-tolvntetramethvlenesulfonium trafluoro orate (A8)

Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate 10 ml (10 mmol; 1 M solution in CH2CI2) was added to a 10 ml dry solution of 1.773 g (10 mmol) of 2-(p- tolyl)tetrahydrothiophene in CH2CI2 according to the procedure described for A7. A yellow oil of a diastereomeric mixture of A8 was obtained in 76 % yield. ^H-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.52-7.56 (4 H, m, Ar-K), 7.28-7.37 (4 H, , Ar-H), 5.64 (1 H, dd, J=5.8 and 11.8 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH -), 5.37 (1 H, dd, J=6.3 and 9.9 Hz, >S+-CE -X 4.0-4.2 (2 H, m, >S+-CH2- CH2-). 3.6-3.9 (2 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH2-), 3.65 (2 H, q, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH3), 2.35-3.25 (10 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH2-CH2-, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH3), 2.37 (3 H, s, Ar-CH3), 2.34 (3 H, s, Ar-CH3). 1.51 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz, >S+-CH2-CH3), 1.00 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH3).

S-(n-Butyπ-2-pheny tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluorophosphate (A9) 2-(p-tolyl)tetrahydrothiophene (1.773 g, 10 mmol) was alkylated with 1-butyl iodide (2.76 g, 15 mmol) according to the procedure described for compound Al but N aS bF6 was replaced by KPFβ (1.841 g, 10 mmol). A lightly yellow oil of a diastereomeric mixture of A9 was obtained in 25 % yield. ^H-NMR (acetone-d(5) 7.4- 7.8 (10 H, m, Ph-H), 5.69 (1 H, dd, >S ⁺ -CE-), 5.43 (1 H, dd, >S+-CH-), 3.5-4.2 (8 H, m, >S ⁺ - CH2-). 2.40-3.25 ( 8 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH2-CE2-CH-), 1.15-2.0 (8 H, m, CH3-CH2-CH2-). 0.91 (3 H, t, CH3-), 0.73 (3 H, t, CH3-).

S-fn-Butyl)-2-(p-met hQ_yphenyl)tetr_methyle"esulfQPium hexafluorophosphate (AlO)

This compound was synthesized according to the procedure described for Al. The starting material was 1.933 g ( 10 mmol) of 2-(p- methoxyphenyl)tetrahydrothiophene and 2.76 g (15 mmol) of 1-butyl iodide. Instead of NaSbFζ 1.841 g (10 mmol) of KPF6 was used. A lightly yellow oil of a diastereomeric mixture of AlO was obtained in 21 % yield. H-NMR (acetone-dg) 3 7.55-7.67 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 6.98-7.13 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 5.65 (1 H, dd, J=5.5 and 12.2 Hz, >S ⁺ - CH-), 5.38 (1 H, dd, J ^* =6.5 and 10.7 Hz, >S+-CH-), 3.5-4.2 (8 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-), 3.86 (3 H, s, Ar-CH3), 3.84 (3 H, s, Ar-CH3), 2.40-3.25 ( 8 H, m, >S ⁺ -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-), 1.15-2.0 (8 H, m, CH3-CH2-CH2-), 0.93 (3 H, t, CH3-), 0.76 (3 H, t, CH3-).

2-Methyl-1.3-dihydroisothianaphthenium hexafluoroantimonate (Bl )

To 1,3-dihydroisothianaphthene (1.326 g, 10 mmol) (J. A. Oliver and P. A.

Ongley, hem. Ind. (London), 1965, 1024) dissolved in 3 ml of acetone was added

2.129 g (15 mmol) methyl iodide under N2 at ambient temperature. After 24 h of stirring the solvent was evaporated. The residue was washed with diethyl ether to

remove unreacted starting material, giving white crystals of 2-methyl-l,3- dihydroisothianaphthenium iodide 2.251 g (81 %).

To a well stirred solution of 20 ml of ethanol kept at ambient temperature 0.319 g (1.86 mmol) of AgSbF6 and 0.259 g (1.86 mmol) of 2-methyl-l,3- dihydroisothianaphthenium iodide was added. After 2 h 0.214 g of Agl (s) could be filtered off. Evaporation of the remaining ethanol solution gave 0.344 g (95.5 %) of 2-methyl-l,3-dihydroisothianaphthenium hexafluoroantimonate as white crystals. mp= 126.2 °C; --H-NMR (acetone-dό) 3 7.39-7.55 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 4.90 (2 H, d, J=16.0 Hz, >S+-CE-). 4.59 (2 H, d, J=16.0 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH-), 2.71 (3 H, s, >S ⁺ -CH3); ¹³ C-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 133.8, 128.3, 125.9, 48.1, 23.9.

2-Ethv1-1.3-dihvdroisothianaphthenium tetrafluoroborate (B2)

Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate 10 ml (10 mmol; 1 M solution in CH2CI2) was added to a 10 ml dry solution of 1.326 g (10 mmol) of 1,3- dihydroisothianaphthene (Chem. Ind. (London), 1965, 1024) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was kept under N2 and was stirred for 5 h. Evaporation of the solvent resulted in a black oil that crystallized upon treatment with diethyl ether. Recrystallization from ethanol gave white crystals in 53 % yield. mp= 75.3 °C; -R - NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.4-7.6 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 5.17 (2 H, d, J=17.1 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH-Ar), 4.97 (2 H, d, J=17.1 Hz, >S+-Cfl-Ar), 3.45 (2 H, q, >S+-CH2-CH3), 1.50 (3 H, t, >S+-CH2-CH3); ¹ C- NMR (acetone-d6) 3 135.05, 129.79, 126.75, 46.97, 36.76, 9.35; Anal. Calcd for C10H13BF4S: C, 47.7 %; H, 5.2 %; S, 12.7 %. Found: C, 47.9 %; H, 5.2 %; S, 12.5 %.

S-methyl-2-fE-2-phenylethenyl)-.3.41-benzo-2.5-dihvdrohvd rothiophenium hexafluorophosphate (B3)

To a ^" stirred solution of lithium thiomethoxide (82.19 mmol, generated from n- BuLi and methylmercaptan) in 130 ml of ethanol/THF (2:3) 2-bromo- benzylbromide (12.54 g, 50.17 mmol) was added. After 1 h of reflux 30 ml of a saturated aqueous NH4CI solution was added.

The mixture was concentrated and extracted with ether The organic phase was washed with water and dried with MgSO4. After evaporation the crude product was destilled to give a clear liquid of o-bromobenzyl methyl sulfide 9.88 g (89 %).

Butyl lithium (2.96 ml, 4.61 mmol, 1.58 M in hexane) was added to a 2 ml THF solution of o-bromobenzyl methyl sulfide (1.0 g, 4.61 mmol) kept at -70 °C and under N2. After 10 minutes the temperature was raised to -30 °C and kept there for 35 minutes before cinnamic aldehyde (0.61 g, 4.61 mmol) dissolved in 2 ml of THF was added. The reaction was quenched 1 h later by addition of 250 μl of water. The organic part of the reaction mixture was concentrated and CH2CI2 was added. After

washing with water the CH2CI2 solution was dried with MgSO4, filtered and then evaporated. Flash chromatography, using CH2Cl2/petroleum ether (85:15) as eluent, yielded 0.68 g (55 %) of (o-thiomethoxymethylphenyl)-E-(2- phenylethenyl)carbinol as an oil.

Hexafluorophosphoric acid (60 % in water, 452 mg, 1.857 mmol) was added to a solution of (o-thiomethoxymethylphenyl)-E-(2-phenylethenyl)carbinol (251 mg, 0.928 mmol) in 4 ml of acetic acid anhydride kept at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h and then the solvent was evaporated. The crude material was dissolved in CH2CI2. This solution was washed with water, dried (MgSO4), filtered and then the solvent was evaporated to give 199 mg (54 %) of brownish grey crystals of B2 as a 1.3/1 mixture of two diastereomers H-NMR (acetone-d6) δ major diastereomer: 7.2-7.7 (9 H, m, Ar-H), 6.74 (1 H, d, J=15.8 Hz, =CH_-Ph), 6.58 (1 H, dd, J=8.1 and 15.8 Hz, -CH.=CH-Ph), 5.99 (1 H, d, J=8.1 Hz, -CH-CH=CH-Ph), 5.23 (1 H, d, J=16.6 Hz, >S ⁺ -CH_H- ), 4.70 (1 H, d, J=16.6 Hz, >S ⁺ -CHR-), 2.89 (3 H, s, CH3), minor diastereomer: 7.2-7.7 (9 H, m, Ar-H), 7.15 (1 H, d, J=15.4 Hz, =CHL-Ph), 6.50 (1 H, dd, J=9.2 and 15.4 Hz, -CH=CH-Ph), 6.34 (1 H, d, J=9.2 Hz, -CH.-CH=CH-Ph), 5.05 (1 H, d, J=16.1 Hz, >S ⁺ -CHH-), 4.73 (1 H, d, J=16.1 Hz, > S+-CHH -), 2.73 (3 H, s, CH3).

S-Methvl-5-phenvl-r3.41-benzo-2.7-dihvdrothiepinium hexafluorophosphate (Cl)

2-(Bromometyl)benzonitrile (20.4 g, 103 mmol) was added to suspension of lithium thiometoxide (12.62 g, 181 mmol) in ethanol (35 mL). After the reaction mixture was refluxed for 2h, aqueous NH4CI (50 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was concentrated ad extracted with ether. The combined ether phase was washed with H2O and brine, dried, and concentrated to give 16.0 g (95%) of 2- (thiomethoxymethyl)-benzonitrile as a light yellow liquid.

A THF-solution of phenyl magnesium bromide (30.6 mL, 45.6 mmol) was added to 2-(thiomethoxymethyl)-benzonitrile (5.0 g, 30.6 mmol) in THF (6 mL) at ambient temperature under a N2 -atmosphere. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 h, allowed to cool, quenched with 6 M HC1 (40 mL). After reflux for additional 16h the reaction mixture was neutralized with Na2CO3 (aq, saturated) and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase was washed with H2 O, dried, and concentrated to give a crude product which was purified by chromatography (Siθ2) yielding 5.17 g (70%) of 2-(thiomethoxymethyl)-benzophenone as a light yellow liquid.

To a solution of 2-(thiomethoxymethyl)-benzophenone (2.0 g, 8.37 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added a THF-solution of vinyl magnesium bromide (16.7 mL, 16.7 mmol) at RT under a N2 -atmosphere. After reflux for 2h, sat NH4CI (aq) was added.

Concentration followed by ether extraction yielded an organic phase which was washed with H2O, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated to give 1.79 g (77 %) of phenyl- (2-thiomethoxymethyl)phenyl-vinylcarbinol.

To a mixture of phenyl-(2-thiomethoxymethyl)phenyl-vinylcarbinol (I.63g, 6 mmol) and acetic anhydride (12 mL) was added hexafluoro phosphoric acid (60% in water, 1.94 g) and the mixture was stirred for 5h at 0°C. The mixture was concentrated and dissolved in methylene chloride. The organic phase was washed with water and NaHCO3(aq, satur). Drying (MgSO4) and concentration gave 1.67 g (70%) of Cl as light brown crystals. ¹ H-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.0-7.7 (9 H, m, Ar-H_), 6.6 (1 H, t, J=7 Hz, ^* =CH-), 4.63 (1 H, d, J=13 Hz, Ar-CE-), 4.26 (1 H, d, J=13 Hz, Ar-CH-), 3.82-4.05 (1 H, m, >S ⁺ -CHH-CH=), 3.3-3.5 (1 H, m, >S ⁺ -CHH-CH=), 2.85 (3 H, s, >S ⁺ -CH3-); UV-absorption max. (ethanol): 203, 239 nm.

2-Ethyl-4-oxoisothiochromanium tetrafluoroborate (Dl).

1.642 g (10 mmol) isothiochroman-4-one (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 2923) was alkylated with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (10 mmol, 1 M in methylene chloride) according to the method described for compound B2. Recrystallization in ethanol gave 1.26 g (50 %) of Dl as white crystals; mp= 89.6 °CA H-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 7.65-8.14 (4 H, m, Ar-H), 5.23 (1 H, d, J=16.1 Hz, -CHH-C(O)-), 5.03 (1 H, d, J=16.1 Hz, - CHH-C(O)-), 4.80 (1 H, d, J=17.2 Hz, -CEH-Ar), 4.55 (1 H, dd, J=2.0 and 17.2 Hz, -CHH- Ar), 3.45-3.85 (2 H, m, >S+-CH2-CH3), 1.55 (3 H, t, J=7.5 Hz, >S+-CH2-CH3); ¹³ C-NMR (acetone-d6) 3 183.64, 136.04, 131.78, 130.97, 130.75, 130.51, 128.93, 40.06, 34.45, 34.40, 8.85; UV-absorption max. (ethanol): 254, 293 nm; Anal. Calcd for C11H13BF4OS: C, 47.2 %; H, 4.7 %; S, 11.5 %. Found: C, 47.3 %; H, 4.6 %; S, 11.5 %;