All printing processes require paper which is uniform in grammage, or weight per unit area, in calliper, or thickness, in moisture content, in water absorption and in formation, or texture. Papers for offset printing also need to be smooth and, if a coated paper is used, the coating needs to adhere firmly to the base paper, so that fine pigment particles or fibres do not detach themselves from the paper and accumulate as dust or lint on the blanket. Also the paper must remain dimensionally stable in contact with the aqueous fountain solution. The paper must also have a bright, white surface and generally a good gloss and must be sufficiently strong to run at high speeds through the printing machinery without damage.

A coating composition for a printing paper generally consists of an aqueous suspension of one or more pigments and one or more adhesives or binders together with a dispersing agent for the pigment, and possibly one or more other additives. It is generally desirable for the composition to contain the minimum amount of water which is consistent with adequate fluidity of the suspension, since the coated paper is generally dried by thermal energy, and energy efficiency is improved if the quantity of water to be removed by evaporation is kept to the minimum.

One of the pigments most commonly used in paper coating compositions comprises kaolin. Kaolin is a clay mineral, which is sometimes called china clay, and which was formed by the weathering of the feldspar

component of granite. It is a hydrated aluminosilicate which, in its natural form, consists of hexagonal, plate-like crystals which may aggregate together to form stacks of plates. When a printing paper which has been coated with a composition containing kaolin is calendered the plate-like crystals tend to orientate themselves in the plane of the paper with the result that the smoothness and gloss of the paper are improved.

Paper manufacturers and printers are constantly trying to improve the quality of their products, and this makes it necessary for pigments having new and improved properties to be used in the coating compositions used to prepare the coated paper.

Various prior art publications describe processes for treating kaolins to provide improvements in the rheology of aqueous suspensions containing such pigments. Examples include GB-A-1, 221, 929, US-A-5, 593, 490 and"The Reduction of Kaolin Slurry Viscosity using Pugging and Desliming"by R A Lowe et al, Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 9-11 March 1998. Such references do not describe the effect of such processes on optical or other properties in coating compositions.

One purpose of the present invention is to provide an inorganic particulate material comprising kaolin which when used as a pigment or pigment ingredient in a composition for coating paper or like material gives an improved combination of coating properties including brightness, eg brightness together with printability and runnability.

A further purpose of the invention includes the production of fine kaolin products which can be used in various specialist applications.

A further purpose of the invention is to provide a method of producing various kaolin products having desirable properties for use in selected applications.

According to the present invention in a first aspect there is provided a method of producing one or more product inorganic particulate materials comprising kaolin which includes the steps of (i) feeding to a particle size classifier a feed inorganic particulate material comprising kaolin which has a particle size distribution such that the percentage P by weight of particles having a size less than xpm, where x is respectively 2pm, 1pm, 0. 5pm and 0. 25pm, is as given in the following table. X () p (s) 2 at least 75 1 at least 55 0. 5 at least 20 0. 25 at least 10 and (ii) separating the feed inorganic particulate material into a fine fraction and a coarse fraction.

The coarse fraction may comprise a product inorganic particulate material having (optionally after further processing) a particle size distribution such that the percentage by weight P of particles having a size less than xpm, where x is respectively 2um, lum, 0.5um and 0. 25pm is as given in the following table : x(pm)P(%) 2atleast 88 1atleast 60 05atleast 30 0. 25 at least 10

A plot of P versus x is known as the particle size distribution (psd) of the inorganic particulate material. This plot and the individual values which make up the plot may be measured by the well known sedimentation technique of the particulate material in a fully dispersed condition in an aqueous medium using a SEDIGRAPH''"5100 machine. Values of P for given values of x and particle size distributions are referred to herein are as measured in this conventional manner. The particle size 50 measured is the equivalent spherical diameter (esd).

Desirably, the inorganic particulate material of the feed material consists of at least 90% by weight kaolin, desirably at least 95% by weight kaolin.

The material produced as the coarse fraction and that produced as the fine fraction may be further processed, eg for beneficiation. The coarse fraction may, for example, be treated by magnetic separation and/or bleaching.

In the method according to the first aspect, the feed inorganic particulate material may have a psd such that d50-*. d3O is greater than 1. 57, eg greater than 1. 60.

The duo-duo value of the coarse fraction may be at least 0. 10 less than the d50-d3O value of the feed material.

According to the present invention in a second aspect there is provided an inorganic particulate material comprising kaolin which has a particle size

distribution such that the percentage P by weight of particles having a size less than xum, where x is respectively 2um, 1pm, 0. 5pm and 0. 25pm is as given in the following table : x (pm) P (%) 2atleast 88 1atleast 60 OT5atleast 30 0. 25 at least 10 Desirably, the product according to the first aspect has the following particle size properties : x(pm)P(%) 2at least 89 1at least 70 CTat least 35 0. 2510 to 20 The inorganic particulate material according to the second aspect of the present invention may consist of at least 90% by weight, desirably at least 95%, by weight kaolin.

A measure of the steepness of the psd of the inorganic particulate material according to the second aspect of the present invention may be given as the ratio d50 d30 where dso is the size value (in micrometres) smaller than which there are 50% by weight of the particles of the inorganic particulate material and d30 is the size value (in micrometres) smaller than which there are 30% by weight of the particles of the inorganic particulate material.

Preferably, the inorganic particulate material according to the second aspect has a ratio duo-duo of less than 1. 55, desirably not greater than 1. 50. The ratio duo-duo may be in the range 1. 35 to 1. 50 especially 1. 40 to 1. 50.

Desirably, the dso value of the psd of the inorganic particulate material according to the second aspect of the present invention is less than 2pm, preferably in the range 0. 5pm to 1. 5pm, more preferably from 0. 5pm to 1. 0pm.

The inorganic particulate material according to the second aspect has a psd such that the material has a reduced content of fine particles together with a steep psd. By way of comparison, for example, a commercially available product herein referred to as Kaolin 2'has the following particle size properties : x(pm)P(%) 293 - 0.5 51 0. 25 24 but a d50/d30 value of 1. 61.

The reduced fines content and steep psd together with the selected d50 value of the inorganic particulate material according to the second aspect of the present invention beneficially allows better properties to be obtained when the material is used as a pigment ingredient in a composition for coating paper and like sheet materials. In particular, a higher brightness and opacity, lower water retention giving improved porosity and ink absorptivity and improved

composition rheology may be obtained as illustrated later.

The inorganic particulate material according to the second aspect of the invention may beneficially have the following additional properties : (i) a powder brightness of at least 87, eg at least 89, and a powder yellowness of not more than 4. 0.

Powder brightness is defined as the percentage reflectance to light of wavelength 457nm as measured in accordance with International Standard No ISO 2470 and powder yellowness is defined as the difference between the percentage reflectance of the powder to light of wavelength 457nm and the percentage reflectance to light of wavelength 570nm, both measured in accordance with International Standard No ISO 2470 ; (ii) a particulate shape factor of at least 10, eg in the range of from about 15 to about 30. Shape factor is defined as the average value (on a weight average basis) of the ratio of the mean particle diameter to the particle thickness for a population of particles of varying size and shape as measured using the electrical conductivity method and apparatus described in GB-A- 2, 240, 398/US-A-5, 128, 606/EP-A-0, 528, 078 and using the equations derived in these patent specifications. If the pigment in a paper coating composition has a high shape factor, this is an indication that the particles of the pigment are"platey"in nature. When paper coated with a composition containing such a pigment is subjected to calendering, the platey particles tend to orientate themselves in the plane of the paper, with the result that the coated paper acquires a very desirable smoothness and gloss.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an inorganic particulate material which is the fine fraction of the method according to the first aspect wherein the fine fraction has a psd such that the percentage P by weight of particles having a size less than xpm, where x is respectively 2pm, 1pm, 0. 5pm and 0. 25pm is given in the following table. x (µm) P(%) 2at least 95 1at least 90 075at least 50 0. 25 at least 30 Desirably, the fine fraction has a psd defined by the following table. x(pm)P(%) 2 at least 98 1 at least 90 0. 5 at least 60 0. 25 at least 35 We have found that the fine fraction may itself advantageously be further classified into two sub- fractions. The first sub-fraction, which may be less fine than the second sub-fraction may have particle size properties as defined in the following table (where x and P are as defined above). x(m)P(%) 2greater than 95 1greater than 90 OT5less than 60 0. 25 less than 20

Desirably, the said first sub-fraction has a psd as defined in the following table. x (µm) P (%) 2 at least 98 1 at least 90 0. 5 less than 55 0. 25 less than 15 In addition, the said first sub-fraction may have a d5o-d3o value of less than 1. 55, desirably less than 1. 50. The fine fraction which is classified into the first and second sub-fractions may have a duo-duo value of at least 1. 60. Sub-classifying the fine fraction into the first and second sub-fractions may reduce the d5o-d3o value by at least 0. 10, preferably by at least 0. 15.

The material according to the second aspect of the present invention may be the coarse fraction product separated by the particle size classifier in the method according to the first aspect of the present invention.

It may be blended with other coating pigment products, which may comprise kaolin and/or one or more of the coating pigments well known in the art, eg selected from ground or precipitated carbonates, eg calcium carbonate, calcined kaolin, talc, satin white, titanium

dioxide, aluminium trihydrate, amorphous silicas and silicates, zinc oxide, barium sulphate and so called plastic pigments to form a coating pigment blend or composition.

The coarse fraction product obtained by the method according to the first aspect may beneficially be blended in various ratios with the material employed as the feed material in the method to produce by separation in the particle size classifier the coarse fraction product. The properties of the blend are thereby intermediate between those of the coarse fraction product and those of the feed material. The properties of a coating pigment product may be tailored by blending in this way as illustrated later. Although it is known in the art to blend a fine fraction kaolin product with a coarse fraction kaolin product it is not known to blend a coarse fraction kaolin product with the material employed as the feed material to produce it.

In the method according to the second aspect, the feed material may comprise an aqueous suspension of inorganic particulate material comprising kaolin. The classification device may comprise a centrifuge, particularly a so-called decanter centrifuge, eg of the so-called decanter scroll type. Such a device may comprise a rotatable bowl and an independently rotatable scroll inside the bowl, the feed material to be classified being fed in aqueous slurry form to the inside of the bowl in a region where it may be influenced by the scroll. An example of a suitable decanter centrifuge is described in EP 0, 810, 032. It is well within the skill of the ordinary technician to adjust the settings of the decanter centrifuge (or

other known particle size classifier if used) to obtain a coarse fraction product having the properties required of the material according to the first aspect of the invention.

Where the fine fraction obtained by the method according to the first aspect is itself sub-classified as described earlier, the sub-classification may also be carried out using a centrifuge, eg a decanter centrifuge.

In the method according to the first aspect, the feed material may comprise a product from a commercial kaolin producing plant involving conventional refinement and processing steps to give the appropriate product properties, eg particle size distribution, purity, whiteness, etc. The product obtained from such a plant may contain a chemical dispersing agent, such as an organic polyelectrolyte, most frequently comprising a polyacrylate salt. Desirably, such a product is diluted with water prior to use as a feed material in the method according to the second aspect thereby reducing the dispersing agent concentration in the feed material and making classification of the resulting diluted suspension, eg by decanter centrifuge, easier. In this case, the decanter centrifuge will act as a re-concentrator and there may not be a need for further dewatering of the coarse fraction product.

The fine fraction separated in the method according to the first aspect may be used in one or more ways which are known, eg by calcining to produce a calcined kaolin pigment or by aggregation by entrainment with precipitated bonding agent in the manner described in EP 0, 604, 095. Alternatively, or in

addition, the fine fraction may be blended with either or both of the feed material and the coarse fraction product to provide a pigment blend. In this case, sub- classification of the fine fraction into the first and second sub-fractions described earlier may assist in the design of the blend properties. For example, addition of the steep psd first sub-fraction to the steep psd coarse product will give overall a steep psd blend.

An example of a form of the method according to the first aspect of the present invention, herein called the Method Form'may comprise the following steps : (a) forming a concentrated aqueous suspension of an intermediate kaolin clay product having a particle size distribution such that at least about 75% by weight consists of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than lum, and a percentage reflectance to light of wavelength 457nm of at least 87, as measured in accordance with International Standard No ISO 2470, in an aqueous medium in an undispersed state, the solids content of the suspension being at least 60% by weight ; (b) subjecting the concentrated suspension formed in step (a) to mechanical working in the plastic state under conditions such that at least 215kJ of energy per kg of kaolin clay on a dry weight basis are dissipated in the suspension ; (c) optionally grinding the solids material of the suspension by a media attrition grinding process ; (d) converting the concentrated suspension worked in step (b) into a fluid aqueous suspension by a procedure

involving diluting with water to produce a diluted suspension ; (e) subjecting the diluted suspension formed in step (d) to fractionation in a centrifuge to yield a relatively fine fraction and a relatively coarse fraction under conditions such that it is exposed to an acceleration which is in the range of from 1600g to 6000g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity ; and (f) recovering the relatively coarse product as a dispersed aqueous suspension.

The recovered coarse product may for example have a solids concentration of at least 60% by weight, eg from 65% to 78% by weight, the solid component consisting of a refined kaolin clay having a particle size distribution such that at least 75% by weight consists of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than 2um, from about 45% to about 60% by weight consists of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than 1pm and not more than 10% by weight consists of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than 0. 25pm and, as a dry powder, a percentage reflectance to light of wavelength 457nm of at least 83, as measured in accordance with International Standard No ISO 2470.

In step (a) of the Method Form the intermediate kaolin clay product is preferably prepared from an English crude kaolin deposit as clay products prepared from such sources generally have a desirably high shape factor as defined earlier. The intermediate kaolin clay product employed in step (a) may be prepared by a known process involving steps providing refinement and beneficiation. The process may involve one or more of

particle size classification, comminution, degritting, bleaching and dewatering.

The suspension provided in step (a) may be dewatered to the required concentration by pressure filtration, although other means, such as a centrifuge, might alternatively be used to give such concentration.

The suspension is preferably dewatered to a solids content greater than 70% by weight, eg in the range of from 73% to 77% by weight.

In step (b) above the concentrated suspension formed in step (a) is preferably subjected to mechanical working in a pugmill, although other devices such as a muller, kneader or Z-blade mixer may also be used. The amount of energy dissipated in the concentrated suspension during the mechanical working is preferably in the range of from 215kJ to 430kJ, and more preferably from 290kJ to 395kJ per kg of kaolin on a dry weight basis. The purpose of the working is to provide a suspension free of lumps which can be suitably dispersed or further treated as a collection of individual fine particles.

In optional step (c), the suspension may be media attrition ground in a known manner, to give a particle size distribution such that at least 80%, in some cases at least 90%, by weight has a particle size less than 2um and at least 15%, desirably at least 20%, eg 20% to 30%, has a particle size less than 0. 25pm.

The kaolin employed in step (a) may itself be employed as the basis of a kaolin product for use in or as a pigment for coating compositions as well as providing a feed material in the method according to the second aspect of the present invention. In this case, a conventional dispersing agent may be added to

the concentrated suspension to allow a high solids fluid slurry product to be formed. The product of step (b) may be diluted with water in step (d) to provide a suitable suspension of feed material for centrifugation in the method according to the second aspect of the present invention. Where a dispersing agent has been added prior to the dilution, the dilution will render the suspension more suitable for treatment by the centrifuge.

In step (e) above the centrifuge is preferably of the scroll decanter type as described earlier, and is preferably operated under conditions such that the feed suspension is subjected to an acceleration in the range of from 1800g to 2100g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

In step (f) above, the relatively fine fraction as well as the coarse fraction obtained from fractionation by the centrifuge may be recovered as a valuable kaolin product. The relatively fine fraction will typically have a particle size distribution such that about 95% to about 100% by weight consists of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than 2pm, about.

90% to about 100% by weight consists of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than lum, about 60% to about 75% by weight consists of particles smaller than 0. 5pm and from about 25% to about 65% by weight consists of particles smaller than 0. 25pm. This very fine kaolin product may be used optionally after further processing, eg after further particle size classification, in one of the ways described earlier or as a fine pigment or filler in other applications, eg as reinforcing filler for rubber

and plastics (wherein good rigidity, abrasion resistance and low particle surface area are provided).

The fine sub-fraction if required may need to be concentrated by dewatering. The concentration may be carried out in a known manner, eg by membrane filtration, eg cross-flow membrane filtration.

Where a dispersing agent is employed in the Method Form, eg steps (a) and (b), the dispersing agent may be a water soluble salt of a polycarboxylic acid, such as a water soluble salt of a poly (acrylic acid), of a poly (methacrylic acid) or of a poly (maleic acid), or of a copolymer of two or more of maleic acid, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. The water soluble polycarboxylate preferably has a weight average molecular weight in the range of from about 1500 to about 10, 000. Sodium or ammonium polycarboxylates are most preferred. The amount of the dispersing agent used is preferably in the range of from about 0. 05% to about 1. 0% by weight, based on the dry weight of kaolin.

In dilution step (d) of the Method Form the aqueous suspension is preferably diluted with from 4 to 6 times its own weight of water having an electrical conductivity not greater than 300uS, which may conveniently be purified water drawn from the municipal mains.

According to the present invention in a fourth aspect there is provided a paper coating composition for preparing a coated printing paper, which is especially suitable for offset lithography printing, which composition comprises an aqueous suspension of a pigment or mixture of pigments, together with a hydrophilic adhesive or binder, the pigment or pigments

comprising inorganic particulate material according to the first aspect.

The sheet material to which the coating composition according to the third aspect is to be applied may be any of the materials known to be treated with a water based coating composition comprising coating pigment and adhesive and other optional ingredients. Such sheet material may comprise any of the sheet materials commercially coated with such a composition, eg paper, paper board, card, cardboard and like products made from cellulosic and/or synthetic fibre compositions.

The aqueous coating composition according to the fourth aspect is desirably substantially free of volatile organic solvents. The aqueous coating composition may include together with pigment material comprising inorganic particulate according to the first aspect of the invention any one or more of the pigment materials known or used in the art, eg as described earlier.

Coating compositions for use in coating sheet materials vary depending upon the materials to be coated which vary throughout the world depending upon the geography of the region in which the material is produced as well as the intended use of the sheet material. The compositions according to the third aspect are especially beneficial to produce paper and other sheet materials suitable for printing by offset lithography.

The coating composition according to the third aspect may include as adhesive or binder, depending on the type of composition concerned, any one or more of the hydrophilic adhesives known or used in the art, eg

selected from starches and other polysaccharides, proteinaceous adhesives, and latices.

The amount of adhesive or binder present in the composition depends upon whether the composition is to be applied as a relatively dilute or concentrated pigment-containing suspension to the material to be coated. For example, a dilute pigment-containing composition (binder-rich composition) could be employed as a top-coat for underlying more pigment-rich compositions. The adhesive or binder present in the composition may range from 1% to 70% by weight relative to the dry weight of pigment (100% by weight) especially 4% to 50% by weight. Where coating composition is not to be employed as a binder rich composition the adhesive or binder may form from 4% to 30%, eg 8% to 20%, especially 8% to 15% by weight of the solids content of the composition. The amount employed will depend upon the composition and the type of adhesive, which may itself incorporate one or more ingredients. For example, the following adhesive or binder ingredients may be used in the following stated amounts : (a) Latex : levels range from 4% by weight for self thickening gravure latices to 20% by weight for board coating latices. The latex may comprise for example a styrene butadiene, acrylic latex, vinyl acetate latex, or styrene acrylic copolymers.

(b) Starch and other binders : levels range from 0 to 50% by weight, eg 4% by weight to 20% by weight for pigment-rich compositions. The starch may comprise material derived from maize, corn and potato. Examples of other binders include casein and polyvinyl alcohol.

Additives in various known classes may, depending upon the type of coating and material to be coated, be included in the coating composition to be concentrated by the method according to the present invention.

Examples of such classes of optional additive are as follows : (a) Cross linkers : eg in levels 0 to 5% by weight ; for example glyoxals, melamine formaldehyde resins, ammonium zirconium carbonates.

(b) Water retention aids : eg in up to 2% by weight, for example sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, PVA (polyvinyl acetate), starches, proteins, polyacrylates, gums, alginates, polyacrylamide bentonite and other commercially available products sold for such applications.

(c) Viscosity modifiers or thickeners : eg in levels up to 2% by weight ; for example polyacrylates, emulsion copolymers, dicyanamide, triols, polyoxyethylene ether, urea, sulphated castor oil, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, montmorillonite, CMC (carboxymethyl celluloses), sodium alginate, xanthan gum, sodium silicate, acrylic acid copolymers, HMC (hydroxymethyl celluloses), HEC (hydroxyethyl celluloses) and others.

(d) Lubricity/Calendering aids : eg in levels up to 2% by weight, for example calcium stearate, ammonium stearate, zinc stearate, wax emulsions, waxes, alkyl ketene dimer, glycols.

(e) Dispersants : eg in levels up to 2 per cent by weight, for example polyelectrolytes such as polyacrylates (sodium and ammonium), sodium hexametaphosphates, non-ionic polyol, polyphosphoric acid, condensed sodium phosphate, non-ionic

surfactants, alkanolamine and other reagents commonly used for this function.

(f) Antifoamers/defoamers : eg in levels up to 1% by weight, for example blends of surfactants, tributyl phosphate, fatty polyoxyethylene esters plus fatty alcohols, fatty acid soaps, silicone emulsions and other silicone containing compositions, waxes and inorganic particulates in mineral oil, blends of emulsified hydrocarbons and other compounds sold commercially to carry out this function.

(g) Dry or wet pick improvement additives : eg in levels up to 2% by weight, for example melamine resin, polyethylene emulsions, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, polyamide, calcium stearate, styrene maleic anhydride and others.

(h) Dry or wet rub improvement and abrasion resistance additives : eg in levels up to 2% by weight, for example glyoxal based resins, oxidised polyethylenes, melamine resins, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, polyethylene wax, calcium stearate and others.

(i) Gloss-ink hold-out additives : eg in levels up to 2% by weight, for example oxidised polyethylenes, polyethylene emulsions, waxes, casein, guar gum, CMC, HMC, calcium stearate, ammonium stearate, sodium alginate and others.

(j) Optical brightening agents (OBA) and fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) : eg in levels up to 1% by weight, for example stilbene derivatives.

(k) Dyes : eg in levels up to 0. 5% by weight.

(1) Biocides/spoilage control agents : eg in levels up to 1% by weight, for example metaborate, sodium dodecylbenene sulphonate, thiocyanate, organosulphur, sodium benzonate and other compounds sold commercially

for this function eg the range of biocide polymers sold by Calgon Corporation.

(m) Levelling and evening aids : eg in levels up to 2% by weight, for example non-ionic polyol, polyethylene emulsions, fatty acid, esters and alcohol derivatives, alcohol/ethylene oxide, sodium CMC, HEC, alginates, calcium stearate and other compounds sold commercially for this function.

(n) Grease and oil resistance additives : eg in levels up to 2% by weight, eg oxidised polyethylenes, latex, SMA (styrene maleic anhydride), polyamide, waxes, alginate, protein, CMC, HMC.

(o) Water resistance additives : eg in levels up to 2% by weight, eg oxidised polyethylenes, ketone resin, anionic latex, polyurethane, SMA, glyoxal, melamine resin, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, polyamide, glyoxals, stearates and other materials commercially available for this function.

(p) Insolubiliser : eg in levels up to 2% by weight.

For all of the above additives, the percentages by weight quoted are based on the dry weight of pigment (100%) present in the composition. Where the additive is present in a minimum amount the minimum amount may be 0. 01% by weight based on the dry weight of pigment.

Methods of coating paper and other sheet materials are widely published and well known. For example, there is a review of such methods published in Pulp and Paper International, May 1994, page 18 et seq. Sheets may be coated on the sheet forming machine, ie"on- machine ", or"off-machine"on a coater or coating machine. Use of high solids compositions is desirable in the coating method because it leaves less water to evaporate subsequently. However, as is well known in

the art, the solids level should not be so high that high viscosity and levelling problems are introduced.

All known methods of coating for use in step (b) of the method according to the present invention require (i) a means of applying the coating composition to the material to be coated, viz an applicator ; and (ii) a means for ensuring that a correct level of coating composition is applied, viz a metering device.

When an excess of coating composition is applied to the applicator, the metering device is downstream of it.

Alternatively, the correct amount of coating composition may be applied to the applicator by the metering device, eg as a film press. At the points of coating application and metering, the paper web support ranges from a backing roll, eg via one or two applicators, to nothing (ie : just tension). The time the coating is in contact with the paper before the excess is finally removed is the dwell time - and this may be short, long or variable.

The coating is usually added by a coating head at a coating station. According to the quality desired, paper grades are uncoated, single coated, double coated and even triple coated. When providing more than one coat, the initial coat (precoat) may have a cheaper formulation. A coater that is applying a double coating, ie a coating on each side of the paper, will have two or four coating heads, depending on the number of sides coated by each head. Most coating heads coat only one side at a time, but some roll coaters (eg film press, gate roll, size press) coat both sides in one pass.

Examples of known coaters which may be employed in coating of a sheet material using a composition

according to the third aspect of the invention include air knife coaters, blade coaters, rod coaters, bar coaters, multi-head coaters, roll coaters, roll/blade coaters, cast coaters, laboratory coaters, gravure coaters, kiss coaters, liquid application systems, reverse roll coaters and extrusion coaters.

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing and the Examples which follow later. In the accompanying drawing Figure 1 is a diagrammatic flow sheet of a process embodying the invention for the treatment of an aqueous kaolin suspension.

As shown in Figure 1, a starting kaolin product having a particle size distribution such that at least 75% by weight consists of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than 2pm and is in the form of an aqueous suspension having a solids concentration (the kaolin) of from 15% to 30% by weight. The suspension is passed through a series 1 of conventional processing stages involving one or more of particle size classification, comminution, degritting, bleaching and dewatering to produce a high solids suspension or cake, eg having a solids content greater than 50% by weight, desirably greater than 60% by weight, which forms the input to a pugmill 21. The cake is subjected to mechanical working in the pugmill 21 under conditions such that at least 215kJ, eg about 325kJ, of energy are dissipated in the cake per kilogram of kaolin on a dry weight basis. The mechanically worked cake is then transferred to a liquid mixer 22, where a sodium polyacrylate dispersing agent is added, and is well mixed with the cake to form

a fluid dispersed suspension of the treated kaolin.

This fluid suspension is then fed to a grinding machine 19 wherein the suspension is media attrition ground in a known manner to give a particle size distribution such that at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, by weight of the particles are smaller than 2pm and >15%, preferably from 20% to 30% by weight are smaller than 0. 25pm. The ground suspension is pumped through a conduit 23 where it is split into two streams 31 and 32. The first stream 31 may be stored in a storage vessel (not shown) and then pumped and transported in a conventional manner and used in its own right as a dispersed pigment slurry for the production of coating compositions. The product produced in this way is Kaolin 2 described earlier which is a commercially available product having the properties specified earlier.

The second output stream 32 from the liquid mixer 22 is diluted with five times its own weight of municipal mains water, which is supplied through a conduit 24, to a solids concentration of about 21% by weight. The diluted suspension is fed to a scroll-type decanter centrifuge 25, which is operated under conditions such that it provides an acceleration in the range of from 1800g to 2100g, and in which the suspension is fractionated into a relatively fine fraction which is discharged over the overflow weirs of the centrifuge through a conduit 26, and a relatively coarse fraction which is conveyed by the scroll of the centrifuge 25 to one end of the centrifuge bowl, whence it is discharged through a conduit 27.

The relatively fine fraction produced by the centrifuge 25 consists of a suspension of a very fine

kaolin product which has a particle size distribution such that about 95% to about 100% by weight consists of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than 2pm, about 90% to 100% consists of particles smaller than lum and from about 25% to about 65% by weight consists of particles smaller than 0. 25pm. This very fine product may be recovered and employed in one of a variety of possible applications, eg as a filler for rubber or plastics compositions, or as a feed material for producing fine calcined kaolin, or may be blended with other kaolin products for preparing paper coating pigments, eg it may provide a fine glossing pigment component. The fine fraction may be further fractionated before use, eg as described earlier using a further decanter centrifuge 29. The resulting fine sub-fraction may be employed as a retention aid in paper making together with a water soluble flocculant polymer in a known manner. The resulting relatively coarse sub-fraction (which is the coarser of two very fine sub-fractions) may be employed as a fine glossing pigment, eg as a fine component of pigment compositions for use in gloss coatings for paper, board and the like. This coarse sub-fraction may also find beneficial use as a fine particulate filler, extender or property modifier in non-paper applications, eg in polymeric or rubber compositions (eg from 5% to 60% by weight of the composition). This product may have an unusual combination of properties, eg a low relative specific surface area for its particle size distribution beneficial in such applications. For example, these properties may give enhanced rigidity and abrasion resistance in the compositions to which the product (ie the coarse sub-

fraction) is added. For instance, the specific surface area may be less than 40m2.g~1, eg less than 30m2.g~l, especially 20m2. g-1 to 30m2. g-1. The psd may be as defined by the following table, where x and P are as defined earlier. x (pm) P (%) 2at least 98 1at least 90 0.5 30 to 60 The relatively coarse fraction produced by the centrifuge 25 is found to consist of a suspension containing at least 65% by weight of a kaolin product which requires no further dewatering and has very desirable properties when incorporated in a coating composition especially for preparing coated papers for printing, eg by offset lithography.

The relative coarse fraction delivered via the conduit 27 and the product Kaolin 2 delivered via the stream 31 may be blended in various proportions in a blend stream 33.

The following Examples exemplify the production of kaolin products embodying the invention using the process illustrated in Figure 1.

EXAMPLE 1 A refined kaolin product prepared by the process described with reference to Figure 1 was found to have a particle size distribution such that 86% by weight consisted of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than 2pm, 56% by weight consisted of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter

smaller than lum, 21% by weight consisted of particles smaller than 0. 5pm and 5% by weight consisted of particles smaller than 0. 25pm. The shape factor, as defined above, was 19. The percentage reflectance to light of 457nm wavelength shown by the dry kaolin powder was 89. 5. This kaolin product is referred to in the description of an experiment which follows as "Kaolin 1".

A kaolin product which is representative of those which are currently being marketed as the best available for use as a pigment in a coating composition for preparing coated papers for offset lithography printing is Kaolin 2 referred to earlier (having the particle size properties given earlier). The shape factor of Kaolin 2 was measured as 23. The percentage reflectance to light of 457nm wavelength shown by the dry kaolin powder Kaolin 2 was found to be 89. 0.

Paper coating compositions for producing coated printing papers for offset lithography were prepared containing, as the pigment, either 100% by weight of Kaolin 1 or Kaolin 2, or one of a series of blends of these two kaolin products in different proportions by weight.

In each case the paper coating composition had the following formulation : Ingredient Parts by weight Pigment 100 Synthetic latex binder 7 Optical brightening agent 0. 3 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0. 3 Sodium hydroxide to pH 7. 5

The water content of each composition was adjusted to be the minimum amount consistent with sufficient fluidity to enable the composition to be usable in the paper coating machine. The percentage by weight of water in each composition was measured by drying and weighing a sample of known weight of the composition, and the low shear viscosity of each composition was measured at 22°C using a Brookfield Viscometer at a spindle speed of 100rpm.

The water release and retention of each composition was measured by the method described in the paper"Measuring the water retention of coating colors" by Stefan E Sandas, Pekka J Salminen and Dan E Eklund, TAPPI Journal, Vol 72, No 12, December 1989, pages 207- 210. This method is based on pressure filtration and involves the gravimetric determination of the amount of the aqueous phase of a composition which penetrates in a given time under a given hydrostatic pressure through a hydrophilic polycarbonate filter of pore size 5pm into an absorbent paper. In each case the pressure applied was l. Obar and the contact time was 30s.

Each composition was coated onto an offset base paper of substance weight 41g. m-2 on a paper coating machine of the type described in GB-A-1032536 operating at a paper speed of 1000m. min-1. Samples of each composition were coated at a series of different blade pressures to give different weights per unit area on the paper web. Each sample of paper was calendered before testing by being passed 8 times through the nip of a supercalender at a temperature of 65°C and a line pressure of 89. 3 kg. cm-1. Measurements of the paper properties described below were made on a sample of coated paper at each coat weight and, for each

property, the value of the property which corresponded to a coat weight of 10g. m-2 was found by interpolation.

The following properties of the samples of coated paper were measured : The percentage reflectance of samples of the coated paper to light of 457nm and 570nm wavelength was measured by means of a DATACOLOR"ELREPHO"3000 spectrophotometer ("DATACOLOR"and"ELREPHO"are trade marks) fitted with a xenon light source which emits light rich in radiation of wavelength in the ultraviolet range.

Samples of coated paper from each batch were tested for opacity by means of a DATACOLOR"ELREPHO" 3000> spectrophotometer set to embrace a broad spectrum of wavelengths. A measurement of the percentage of the incident light reflected was made with a stack of ten sheets of paper over the black cavity of the brightness meter (R). Of these ten sheets, the top five were from the sample of paper currently under test, and the remaining five were sheets from other samples which were used merely to ensure that the stack was completely opaque. The ten sheets were then replaced with the single sheet from the top of the stack of five test sample sheets over the black cavity and a further measurement of the percentage reflectance was made (R).

The percentage opacity was calculated from the formula : Percentage opacity = 100. R/R The procedure was performed five times with each time a different sheet of paper on top of the stack, and the complete sequence of steps was then repeated to give a total of ten results from which the average value of the percentage opacity was determined.

The results obtained are set forth in Table 1 below : TABLE 1

Wt. ratio % by wt. Viscosity of Water % reflectance to Opacity Kaolin 1 : solids incompositionreleaselight of (%) Kaolin 2 composition (mPa.s) (g.m 2 ) wavelength 457nm 570nm 0:10059.7MO5076.078.988.9 25:7560.95)76.979.589.6 50:5060.94)6077.279.889.5 75:256T7lTH)TT"80.289.6 100 : 0 61. 2 200 95 78. 2 80. 7 1 90. 1 These results show that Kaolin 1, the product embodying the invention, when incorporated into a typical coating composition for preparing a coated printing paper for offset lithography, gives a composition which is sufficiently fluid for use on a paper coating machine which at the same time has a higher solids concentration and a lower viscosity than Kaolin 2, which is currently marketed as a good quality pigment for preparing coating compositions for offset printing papers. Kaolin 1 provides a coating composition which shows significantly higher water release and therefore lower water retention than does Kaolin 2. A composition of low water retention leads to a more porous coated paper, and in many cases this is considered to be a desirable property because the ink absorptivity of the paper is increased. Kaolin 1 also provides a coated paper which has a higher brightness, as evidenced by the percentage reflectance to light of wavelength 457nm, and a lower "yellowness", which is given by the difference between the percentage reflectance to light of 570nm wavelength and the

percentage reflectance to light of wavelength 457nm, than Kaolin 2. Kaolin 1 also provides coated papers of higher opacity than Kaolin 2.

Coated papers having properties intermediate between those given by Kaolin 1 and those given by Kaolin 2 may be obtained by blending the two pigments in any desired proportion. Generally at least 25% by weight of Kaolin 1 in the mixture is desirable to provide a significant benefit.

EXAMPLE 2 A further example of a product embodying the invention and made using Kaolin 2 as feed material by the process illustrated in Figure 1 was found (prior to drying) to have the following properties (where x and P are as defined earlier). X () p () 2 89 1 64 0. 5 33 0. 25 14 The product showed similar benefits and could be blended with Kaolin 2 in a similar manner to Kaolin 1 in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 3 A further example of a product embodying the invention and made using Kaolin 2 as feed material process illustrated in Figure 1 was found (prior to drying) to have the following properties (where x and P are as defined earlier). x(pm)P(%) 2 90 1 70 0.5 37 0.25 10

together with d50 = 0. 66um, d3o = 0.45µm and d5o-d3o = 1. 46 EXAMPLE 4 A further example of a product embodying the invention and made using Kaolin 2 as feed material process illustrated in Figure 1 was found following pressing and drying to a powder to have the following properties (where x and P are as defined earlier). x (µm) P (%) 2 91 1 72 07540 0. 25 13 together with d50 = 0.6, d30 = 0. 4 and d5o-* d30 = 1. 5.

EXAMPLE 5 A further example of a product embodying the invention and made using Kaolin 2 as feed material process illustrated in Figure 1 was found following pressing and drying to a powder to have the following properties (where x and P are as defined earlier). x (µm) P (%) 2 90 1 70 0.5 38 0.25 15 together with d50 = 0.64, d30 = 0.41 and d50#-d30 = 1.56.