DUCOTE, Doug, Douglas, Jr. (C/O Chart Inc, One Infinity Corporate Centre Drive Suite 30, Garfield Heights OH, 44125, US)
PODOLSKI, James (C/O Chart Inc, One Infinity Corporate Centre Drive Suite 30, Garfield Heights OH, 44125, US)
GUSHANAS, Tim (C/O Chart Inc, One Infinity Corporate Centre Drive Suite 30, Garfield Heights OH, 44125, US)
DUCOTE, Doug, Douglas, Jr. (C/O Chart Inc, One Infinity Corporate Centre Drive Suite 30, Garfield Heights OH, 44125, US)
PODOLSKI, James (C/O Chart Inc, One Infinity Corporate Centre Drive Suite 30, Garfield Heights OH, 44125, US)
| CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A system for cooling a gas with a mixed refrigerant incl uding: a) a heat exchanger including a warm end and a cold end, the warm end having a feed gas inlet adapted to receive a feed of the gas and the cold end having a product outlet through which product exits said heat exchanger, said heat exchanger also including a cooling passage in communication with the feed gas inlet and the product outlet, a pre-cool liquid passage, a pre-cool refrigeration passage, a high pressure passage and a primary refrigeration passage; h) a suction separation device having a vapor outlet ; c) a first stage compressor having a suction inlet in fluid communication with the vapor outlet of the suction separaiion device and an outlet; d) a first stage after-cooler having an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of the first stage compressor and an outlet; e) an interstage separation device having an inlet in fluid commuiucation with the outlet of the first stage after-cooler and having a vapor outlet in fluid communication with the high pressure passage of the heat exchanger and a liquid outlet in fluid communication with the pre-cool liquid passage of the heat exchanger; f) a first expansion device having an inlet in fluid communication with the pre-cool liquid passage of the heat exchanger and an outlet in communication with the pre-cool refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger; g) a second expansion device having an inlet in fluid communication with the high pressure passage of the heal exchanger and an outlet in communication with the primary refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger; h) said pre-cool refrigeration passage adapted to produce a mixed phase stream and said primary refrigeration passage adapted to produce a vapor stream; and i) said suction separation device also in fluid communication with an outlet of the primary refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger so as to receive the vapor stream. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein said pre-cool refrigeration passage passes through the warm end of the heat exchanger, but not the cold end, said primary refrigeration passage passes through the warm and cold ends of the heat exchanger and said interstage separation device is adapted to produce a liquid stream containing a heavy fraction of the refrigerant so that a warm end of a cooling curve of the gas and a warm end of a cooling curve for the refrigerant are moved closer together by said pre-cool refrigeration passage producing a mixed phase stream and said primary refrigeration passage producing a vapor stream. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the suction separation device features a vapor inlet in communication with the primary refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger and a mixed phase inlet in communication with the pre-cool refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger so that the vapor stream from the primary refrigeration passage and the mixed phase stream from the pre-cool refrigeration passage are combined and equilibrated in the suction separation device to provide a cooled vapor stream to fee suction iniei of the first stage compressor so as lo reduce power consumption of the first stage compressor. 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the cooled vapor stream is provided by heat transfer and mass transfer. 5. The system of claim 3 wherein the suction separation device features a liquid outlet and further comprising a pump having an inlet in communication with the liquid outlet of the suction separation device and an outlet in fluid communication with the interstage separation device. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the cooling passage, the high pressure passage and the primary refrigeration passage pass through the warm and cold ends of the heat exchanger. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the pre-cool liquid passage and the pre-cool refrigeration passage pass through the warm end of the heat exchanger, but not the cold end of the heat exchanger. 8. The system of claim 1 witerem the pre-cool liquid passage and the pre-cool refrigeration passage pass through the warm end of the heat exchanger, but not the cold end of the heat exchanger. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the gas is natural gas. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the product is liquefied natural gas. 11. The system of claim 3 wherein the product is liquefied gas. 12. The system of claim 1 further comprising a first pre-cooling system adapted to receive and cool the feed of the gas and direct the cooled gas to the gas feed intct of the heat exchanger. 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the first pre-cooling system uses a single component refrigerant as a pre-cooling system refrigerant. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the single component refrigerant is propane. 15. The system of claim 12 wherein the first pre-cooling system uses a second mixed refrigerant as a pre-cooling system refrigerant. 16. The system of claim 12 further comprising a second pre-cooling system in circuit between the outlet of the first stage compressor and the inlet of the interstage separation device. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the first and second pre-cooling systems are included in a single pre-cooling system. 18. The system of claim 1 further comprising a pre-cooling system in circuit between the outlet of the first stage compressor and the inlet of the interstage separation device. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the pre-cooling system uses a single component refrigerant as a pre-cooling system refrigerant. 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the single component refrigerant is propane. 21. The system of claim 18 wherein the pre-cooling system uses a second mixed refrigerant as a pre-cooling system refrigerant. 22. The system of claim 1 wherein the suction separation device features an inlet and further comprising a mixing device, said mixing device having a vapor inlet in fluid communication with the primary refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger and a mixed phase inlet in communication with the prc-cool refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger so that the vapor stream from the primary refrigeration passage and the mixed phase stream from the pre- cool refrigeration passage are combined and mixed in the mixing device, said mixing device also having an outlet in communication with the inlet of the suction separation device so that the combined and mixed streams arc provided to the suction separation device. The system of claim 22 wherein the mixing device includes a static mixer. 24. The syston of claim 22 wherein the mixing device includes a pipe segment. 25. The system of claim 22 wherein the mixing device includes a header of the heat exchanger, 26. The system of claim 1 further comprising a return separation device having an inlet in fluid communication with the prfr-cool refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger, a vapor outlet in communicalton with the suction separation device and a liquid outlet in communication with the interstage separation device so that the suction inlet of the first stage compressor receives a reduced vapor molar flow rate so as to reduce power requirements of the first stage compressor. 27 The system of claim 26 further comprising a pump in circuit between the liquid outlet of the return separation device and the interstage separation device. 28. The system of claim 26 wherein the return and interstage separation devices are drums. 29. The system of claim 28 wherein the return and interstage drums are combined into a single drum. 30. The system of claim 1 wherein the suction and interstage separation devices are drums. 31. The system of claim I wherein the first and second expansion devices are expansion valves. 32. A system for cooling a gas with a mixed refrigerant including: a) a heat exchanger including a warm end and a cold end, the warm end having a feed gas inlet adapted to receive a feed of the gas and the cold end having a product outlet through which product exits said heat exchanger, said heat exchanger also including a cooling passage extending between the feed gas inlet and the product outlet, a pre-cool liquid passage, a pre-cool refrigeration passage, a high pressure vapor passage, a high pressure liquid passage and a primary refrigeration passage; b) a suction separation device having a vapor outlet: c) a first stage compressor having a suction inlet in fluid communication with the vapor outlet of the suction separation device and an outlet; d) a first stage after-cooler having an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of the first stage compressor and an outlet; e) an interstage separation device having an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of the first stage after-cooler, said interstage separation device also having a vapor outlet and a liquid outlet, said liquid outlet in fluid communication with the pre-cool liquid passage of the heat exchanger; f) a first expansion device having an inlet in fluid communicaiion with the pre-cool liquid passage of the heat exchanger and an outlet in communication with tibe pre-cool refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger; g) a last stage compressor having a suction inlet m fluid communication with the vapor outlet of the interstage separation device and an outlet; h) a last stage after-cooler having an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of the last stage compressor and an outlet; i) an accumulator separation device having an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of the last stage after-cooler and a vapor outlet and a liquid outlet, said vapor outlet influid communication with the high pressure vapor passage of the heat exchanger and said liquid outlet in fluid communication with the high pressure liquid passage of the heat exchanger; j) a second expansion device having an inlet in fluid communicauon with the high pressure vapor passage of the heat exchanger and an outlet in fluid communication with the primary refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger; k) a third expansion device having an inlet in fluid communication with the high pressure liquid passage of the heat exchanger and an outlet in fluid communicauon with the primary refrigeration passage of the of the heat exchanger; l) said pre-cool refrigeration passage adapted to produce a mixed phase stream and said primary refrigeration passage adapted to produce a vapor stream; and m) said suction separation device also in fluid communication with the primary refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger so as to receive the vapor stream. 33. The system of claim 32 wherein said pie-cool refrigeration passage passes through the warm end of the heat exchanger, but not the cold end, said primary refrigerator! passage passes through the warm and cold ends of the heat exchanger and said interstage separation device is adapted to produce a liquid stream containing a heavy fraction of the refrigerant so that a warm end of a cooling curve of the gas and a warm end of a cooling curve for the refrigerant are moved closer together by said pre-cool refrigeration passage producing a mixed phase stream and said primary refrigeration passage producing a vapor stream. 34. The system of claim 32 wherein the suction separation device features a vapor inlet in coinmunicalion with the primary refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger and a mixed phase inlet in communication with the pre-cool refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger so that the vapor stream from the prirnary refrigeration passage and the mixed phase stream from the pre-cool refrigeration passage are combined and equilibrated in the suction separation device to provide a cooled vapor stream to the suction iniet of the first stage compressor so as to reduce power consumption of the first stage compressor. 35. The system of claim 34 wherein the cooled vapor stream is provided by heat transfer and mass transfer. 36. The system of claim 34 wherein the suction separation device features a liquid outlet and further comprising a pump having an inlet in communication with the liquid outlet of the suction separation device and an outlet in fluid commmication with the interstage separation device . 37. The system of claim 32 wherein the cooling passage and primary refrigeration passage pass through the warm and cold ends of the heat exchanger. 38. The system of claim 37 wherein the pre-cool liquid passage and the pre-cool refrigeration passage pass through the warm end of the heat exchanger, but not the cold end of the heat exchanger. 39. The system of claim 32 wherein the pre-cool liquid passage and the pre-cool refrigeration passage pass through the warm end of the heat exchanger, but not the cold end of the heat exchanger. 40. The system of claim 32 wherein the gas is natural gas. 41. The system of claim 40 wherein the product is liquefied natural gas. The system of claim 32 wherein the product is liquefied gas. 43. The system of claim 32 further comprising a first pre-cooling system adapted to receive and cool the feed of the gas and direct the cooled gas to the gas feed inlet of the heat exchanger. 44. The system of claim 43 wherein the first pre-cooling systan uses a single component refrigerant as a pre-cooling system refrigerant. 45. The system of claim 44 wherein the single component refrigerant is propane. 46. The system of claim 43 wherein the first pre-cooling system uses a second mixed refrigerant as a pre-cooling system refrigerant. 47. The system of claim 43 further comprising a second pre-cooling system in circuit between the outlet of the first stage compressor and the inlet of the interstage separation device and a third pre-cooling system in circuit between the outlet of the last stage after-cooler and the inlet of the accumulator separation device. 48. The system of claim 47 wherein the first, second and third pre-cooling systems are included in a single pre-cooling system. 49. The system of claim 32 further comprising a pre-cooling system in circuit between the outlet of the first stage compressor and the inlet of the interstage separation device. 50. The system of claim 32 further comprising a pre-cooling system in circuit between the outlet of the last stage after-cooler and the inlet of the accumulator separation device. 51. The system of claim 32 wherein the suction separation device features an inlet and further comprising a mixing device, said mixing device having a vapor inlet in fluid communication with the primary refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger and a mixed phase inlet in communication with the pre-cool refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger so that the vapor stream from the primary refrigeration passage and the mixed phase stream from the pre- cool refrigeration passage arc combined and mixed in the mixing device, said mixing device also having an outlet in communication with the inlet of the suction separation device so that the combined and mixed streams are provided to the suction separation device. 52. The system of claim 51 wherein the mixing device includes a static mixer. 53. The system of claim 51 wherein the mixing device includes a pipe segment. 54. The system of claim 51 wherein the mixing device includes a header of the heat exchanger. 55. The system of claim 32 further comprising a return separation device having an inlet in fluid communication with the pre-cool refrigeration passage of the heat exchanger, a vapor outlet in communication with the suction separation device and a liquid outlet in communication with the interstage separation device so that the suction inlet of the first stage compressor receives a reduced vapor molar flow rate so as to reduce power requirements of the first stage compressor. 56. The system of claim 55 further comprising a pump in circuit between the liquid outlet of the return separator separation device and the interstage separation device. 57. The system of claim 55 wherein the return and interstage separation devices are drums. 58. The system of claim 57 wherein the return and interstage drums are combined into a single drum. 59. The system of claim 32 wherein the suction, interstage and accumulator separation devices are drums. 60. The system of claim 32 wherein the first, second and third expansion devices are expansion valves. 61. A method of cooling a gas in a heat exchanger having a warm end and a cold end comprising the steps of: a) compressing and cooling a mixed refrigerant using first and last compression and cooling cycles; b) equilibrating and separating the mixed refrigerant after the first an4 last compression and cooling cycles so that high pressure liquid and vapor streams arc formed; c) cooling and expanding the high pressure liquid and vapor streams so that a primary refrigeration stream is provided in the heat exchanger; d) equilibrating and separating the mixed refrigerant between the first and last compression and cooling cycles so that a prc-cool liquid stream is formed; e) passing the pre-cool liquid stream through the heat exchanger in countercurrent heat exchange with the primary refrigeration stream so that the pre-cool liquid stream is cooled; f) expanding the cooled pre-cool liquid stream so that a pre-cool refrigeration stream is formed; g) passing the pre-cool refrigeration stream through the heat exchanger; h) passing a stream of the gas through the heat exchanger in countercurrent heat exchange with the primary refrigeration stream and the pre-cool refiigeration stream so that the gas is cooled and a mixed phase stream is produced from the pre-cool refrigeration stream and a vapor stream is produced from the primary refrigeration stream. 62. The method of claim 61 wherein step h) results in the primary refrigeration stream providing a vapor stream and the pre-cool refrigeration stream providing a two-phase stream and further comprising the step of: i) mixing the vapor stream and the two-phase stream prior to the first compression and cooling cycle so that a reduced temperature vapor stream is provided to a first compression and cooling cycle compressor so as to lower a temperature of the compressor. 63. The method of claim 62 farther comprising the step of: j) equilibrating and separating the vapor stream and the two-phase stream so that the reduced temperature vapor stream and a cooled liquid stream are created; and k) pumping the cooled liquid stream so that it is rejoined with the mixed refrigerant prior to the last compression and cooling cycle. 64. The method of claim 61 further comprising the steps of: i) equilibrating and separating the mixed phase stream so that a return vapor stream and a return liquid stream are produced; and j) equilibrating and separating the return vapor stream and the vapor stream from the primary refrigeration stream so that a combined stream is produced and directed to the first compression and cooling cycle. 65. The method of claim 64 further comprising the step of pumping the return liquid stream so that it is rejoined with the mixed refrigerant prior to the last compression and cooling cycle. 66. The method of claim 61 wherein step c) includes passing the high pressure vapor and high pressure liquid streams through the heat exchanger in wuntercurrent heat exchange with the primary refrigeration stream and the pre-cool refrigeration stream so that the high pressure vapor and high pressure liquid streams are cooled. 67. The method of claim 61 wherein the gas is natural gas. 68. The method of claim 61 wherein the compression and cooling and portions of the first and last compression and cooling cycles are accomplished by compressors and heat exchangers. 69. The method of claim 61 wherein the gas stream and the primary refrigeration stream pass through both the warm and cold ends of the heat exchanger. 70. The method of claim 69 wherein the pre-cool refrigeration stream passes through the warm end of the heat exchanger, bin does not pass through the cold end of the heal exchanger. 71. The method of claim 61 wherein the expanding of steps c) and f) is accomplished by expansion devices. 71 The method of claim 71 wherein the expansion devices are expansion valves. 73. The mettod of claim 61 wherein the gas is also liquedied in step h). 74. The method of claim 61 further comprising the step of pre-cooling the gas prior to passing a stream of the pre-cooled gas through the heat exchanger. 75. The method claim 61 further comprising the step of pre-cooling the mixed refrigerant after the first compression and cooling cycle. 76. The method of claim 61 further compiising the step of pre-cooling the mixed refrigerant after the last compression and cooling cycle. 77. The method of claim 61 further comprising the step of further cooling the cooled gas from step h) in a downstream mixed refrigerant system. 78. The method of claim 6i further comprising the step of liquefying the cooled gas from step h) in a downstream mixed refrigerant system. 79. The method of claim 61 wherein the gas is a mixed refrigerant. 80. The method of claim 61 wherein the gas is a single component refrigerant. |
SYSTEM AND METHOD
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention generally relates to processes ami systems for cooling or liquefying gases and, more particularly, to an improved mixed refrigerant system and method for cooling or liquefying gases.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Natural gas, which is primarily methane, and other gases, are liquefied under pressure for storage and transport. The reduction in volume that results from liquefaction permits containers of more practical and economical design to be used. Liquefaction is typically accomplished by chilling the gas through indirect heat exchange by one or more refrigeration cycles. Such refrigeration cycles are costly both in terms equipment cost and operation due to the complexity of the required equipment and the required efficiency of performance of the refrigerant. There is a need, therefore, for gas cooling and liquefaction systems having improved refrigeration efficiency and reduced operating costs with reduced complexity.
[0003] Liquefaction of natural gas requires cooling of the natural gas stream to approximately - 160°C to -170°C and then letting down the pressure to approximately ambient. Figure 1 shows typical temperature - enthalpy curves for methane at 60 bar pressure, methane at 35 bar pressure and a mixture of methane and ethane at 35 bar pressure. There are three regions to the S-shaped curves. Above about -75°C the gas is de-superheating and below about -90°C the liquid is subcooling. The relatively flat region in-between is where the gas is condensing into liquid. Since the 60 bar curve is above the critical pressure, there is only one phase present; but its specific heat is large near the critical temperature, and the cooling curve is similar to the lower pressure curves. The curve containing 5% ethane shows the effect of impurities which round off the dew and bubble points.
[0004] A refrigeration process is necessary to supply the cooling for liquefying natural gas, and the most efficient processes will have heating curves which closely approach the cooling curves in Figure 1 to within a few degrees throughout their entire range. However, because of the S- shaped form of the cooling curves and the large temperature range, such a refrigeration process is difficult to design. Because of their flat vaporization curves, pure component refrigerant processes work best in the two-phase region but, because of their sloping vaporization curves, multi-component refrigerant processes are more appropriate for the de-superheating and subcooling regions. Both types of processes, and hybrids of the two, have been developed for liquefying natural gas.
[0005] Cascaded, multilevel, pure component cycles were initially used with refrigerants such as propylene, ethylene, methane, and nitrogen. With enough levels, such cycles can generate a net heating curve which approximates the cooling curves shown in Figure 1. However, the mechanical complexity becomes overwhelming as additional compressor trains are required as the number of levels increases. Such processes are also thcrmodynamically inefficient because the pure component refrigerants vaporize at constant temperature instead of following the natural gas cooling curve and the refrigeration valve irreversibly flashes liquid into vapor. For these reasons, improved processes have been sought in order to reduce capital cost, reduce energy consumption and improve operability.
[0006] U.S. Patent No. 5.746,066 to Manley describes a cascaded, multilevel, mixed refrigerant process as applied to the similar refrigeration demands for ethylene recovery which eliminates the thennodynamic inefficiencies of the cascaded multilevel pure component process. This is because the refrigerants vaporize at rising temperatures following the gas cooling curve and the liquid refrigerant is subcooled before flashing thus reducing thermodynamic irreversibility. In addition, the mechanical complexity is somewhat less because only two different refrigerant cycles are required instead of the three or four required for the pure refrigerant processes. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,525,185 to Newton; 4,545,795 to Liu et al.; 4,689,063 to Paradowski et al. and 6,041,619 to Fischer et al. all show variations on this theme applied to natural gas liquefaction as do U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2007/0227185 to Stone et el. and 2007/283788 to Hulsey et al.
[0007] The cascaded, multilevel, mixed refrigerant process is the most efficient known, but a simpler, efficient process which can be mors easily operated is desirable for most plants.
[0008] U.S. Patent No. 4,033,735 to Swcnson describes a single mixed refrigerant process which requires only one compressor for the refrigeration process and which further reduces the mechanical complexity. However, for primarily two reasons, the process consumes somewhat more power than the cascaded, multilevel, mixed refrigerant process discussed above.
[0009] First, il is difficult, if not impossible, to find a single mixed refrigerant composition which will generate a net heating curve closely following the typical natural gas cooling curves shown in Figure 1. Such a refrigerant must be constituted from a range of relatively high and low boiling components, and their boiling temperatures are thermodynamically constrained by the phase equilibrium. In addition, higher boiling components are limited because they must not freeze out at the lowest temperatures. For these reasons, relatively large temperature differences necessarily occur at several points in the cooling process. Figure 2 shows typical composite heating and cooling curves for the process of the Swenson '735 patent.
[0010] Second, for the single mixed refrigerant process, all of the components in the refrigerant are carried to the lowest temperature level even though the higher boiling components only provide refrigeration at the warmer end of the refrigerated portion of the process. This requires energy to cool and reheat these components which are "inert" at the lower temperatures. This is not the case with either the cascaded, multilevel, pure component refrigeration process or the cascaded* multilevel, mixed refrigerant process.
[0011] To mitigate this second inefficiency and also address the first, numerous solutions have been developed which separate a heavier fraction from a single mixed refrigerant, use the heavier fraction at the higher temperature levels of refrigeration, and then recombine it with the lighter fraction for subsequent compression. U.S. Patent No. 2,041,725 to Podbielniak describes one way of doing this which incorporates several phase separation stages at below ambient temperatures. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,364,685 to Perret; 4,057,972 to Sarsten, 4,274,849 to Garrier et al.; 4,901,533 to fan et al.; 5,644,931 to Ueoo et al.; 5,813,250 to Ueno et al; 6,065,305 to Arman et al.; 6,347,531 to Roberts et al. and U.S. Palent Application Publication 2009/0205366 to Schmidt also show variations on this theme. When carefully designed they can improve energy efficiency even though the recorabiomg of streams not at equilibrium is thermodynarnically inefficient. This is because the light and heavy fractions are separated at high pressure and then recombined at low pressure so they may be compressed together in the single compressor. Whenever streams are separated at equilibrium, separately processed and then recombined at non-equilibrium conditions, a thermodynamic loss occurs which ultimately increases power consumption. Therefore the number of such separations should be minimized. All of these processes use simple vapor/liquid equilibrium at various places in the refrigeration process to separate a heavier fraction from a lighter one.
[0012] Simple one stage vapor/liquid equilibrium separation, however, doesn't concentrate the fractions as much as may be accomplished using multiple equilibrium stages with reflux. Greater concentration allows greater precision in isolating a composition which will provide refrigeration over a specific range of temperatures. This enhances the process ability to follow the S-shaped cooling curves in Figure I. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,586,942 to Gauthier and 6,334,334 to Stockmann et al. describe how fractionation may be employed in the above ambient compressor train to farther concentrate the separated fractions used for refrigeration in different temperature zones and thus improve the overall process thermodynamic efficiency. A second reason for concentrating the fractions and reducing their temperature range of vaporization is to ensure that they are completely vaporized when they leave the refrigerated part of the process. This fully utilizes the latent heat of the refrigerant and precludes the entrainment of liquids into downstream compressors. For this same reason heavy fraction liquids are normally re-injected into the lighter fraction of the refrigerant as part of the process. Fractionation of the heavy fractions reduces flashing upon re-injection and improves the mechanical distribution of the two phase fluids.
[0013] As illustrated by U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0227185 to Stone et al., it is known to remove partially vaporized refrigeration streams from the refrigerated portion of the process. Stone et al. does this for mechanical reasons (not thermodynamic) and in the context of a cascaded, multilevel, mixed refrigerant process requiring two, separate, mixed refrigerants. In addition, the partially vaporized refrigeration streams are completely vaporized upon recombination with their previously separated vapor fractions immediately prior to compression.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Figure 1 is a grapliical representation of temperature - enthalpy curves for methane at pressures of 35 bar and 60 bar and a mixture of methane and ethane at a pressure of 35 bar;
[0015] Figure 2 is a graphical representation of the composite beating and cooling curves for a prior art process and system;
[0016] Figure 3 is a process flow diagram and schematic illustrating an embodiment of the process and system of the invention;
[0017] Figure 4 is a graphical representation of composite heating and cooling curves for the process and system of Figure 3
[0018] Figure 5 is a process flow diagram and schematic illustrating a second embodiment of the process and system of the invention;
[0019] Figure 6 is a process flow diagram and schematic illustrating a third embodiment of the process and system of the invention;
[0020] Figure 7 is a process flow diagram and schematic illustrating a fourth embodiment of the process and system of the invention;
[0021] Figure 8 is a graphical representation providing enlarged views of the warm end portions of the composite heating and cooling curves of Figures 2 and 4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0022] In accordance with the invention, and as explained in greater detail below^ simple equilibrium separation of a heavy fraction is sufficient to significantly improve the mixed refrigerant process efficiency if that heavy fraction isn't entirely vaporized as it leaves the primary heat exchanger of the process. This means that some liquid refrigerant will be present at the compressor suction and must beforehand be separated and pumped to a higher pressure. When the liquid refrigerant is mixed with the vaporized lighter fraction of the refrigerant, the compressor suction gas is greatly cooled and the required compressor power is further reduced. Equilibrium separation of the heavy fraction during an intermediate stage also reduces the load on the second or higher stage compressors), resulting in improved process efficiency. Heavy components of the refrigerant are also kept out of the cold end of the process, reducing the possibility of refrigerant freezing.
{0023] Furthermore, use of the heavy fraction in an independent pre-cool refrigeration loop results in near closure of heating/cooling curves at the warm end of the heat exchanger, giving a more efficient use of the refrigeration. This is best illustrated in Figure 8 where the curves from Figures 2 (open curves) and 4 (closed curves) are plotted on the same axes with the temperature range limited to +40°C to -40°C.
[0024] A process flow diagram and schematic illustrating an embodiment of the system and method of the invention is provided in Figure 3. Operation of the embodiment will now be described with reference to Figure 3.
[0025] As illustrated in Figure 3, the system includes a multi-stream heat exchanger, indicated in general at 6, having a warm end 7 and a cold end 8. The heat exchanger receives a high pressure natural gas feed stream 9 that is liquefied in cooling passage 5 via removal of heal via heat exchange with refrigeration streams in the heat exchanger. As a result, a stream 10 of liquid natural gas product is produced. The multi-stream design of the heat exchanger allows for convenient and energy-efficient integration of several streams into a single exchanger. Suitable heat exchangers may be purchased from Chart Energy & Chemicals, Inc. of The Woodlands, Texas. The plate and fifi multi-stream heat exchanger available from Chart Energy & Chemicals, Inc. offers the further advantage of being physically compact.
[0026] The system of Figure 3, including heat exchanger 6, may be configured to perform other gas processing options, indicated in phantom at 13, known in the prior art. These processing options may require the gas stream to exit and reenter the heat exchanger one or more times and may include, for example, natural gas liquids recovery or nitrogen rejection. Furthermore, while the system and method of the present invention are described below in terms of liquefaction of natural gas, they may be used ibr the cooling, liquefaction and/or processing of gases other than natural gas including, but not limited to, air or nitrogen.
[0027] The removal of heat -is accomplished in the heat exchanger using a single mixed refrigerant and the remaining portion of the system illustrated in Figure 3. The refrigerant compositions, conditions and flows of the streams of the refrigeration portion of the system, as described below, are presented m Table 1.
[0028] With reference to the upper right portion of Figure 3, a first stage compressor 11 receives a low pressure vapor refrigerant stream 12 and compresses it to an intermediate pressure. The stream 14 then travels to a first stage after-cooler 16 where it is cooled. After-cooler 16 may be, as an example, a heat exchanger. The resulting intermediate pressure mixed phase refrigerant stream 18 travels to interstage drum 22. While an interstage drum 22 is illustrated, alternative separation devices may be used, including, but not limited to, another type of vessel, a cyclonic separator, a distillation unit, a coalescing separator or mesh or vane type mist eliminator. Interstage drum 22 also receives an intermediate pressure liquid refrigerant stream 24 which, as will be explained in greater detail below, is provided by pump 26. In an alternative embodiment, stream 24 may instead combine with stream 14 upstream of after-cooler 16 or stream 18 downstream of after-cooler 16.
[0029] Streams 18 and 24 are combined and equilibrated in interstage drum 22 which results in separated intermediate pressure vapor stream 28 exiting the vapor outlet of the drum 22 and intermediate pressure liquid stream 32 cxiung the liquid outlet of the drum. Intermediate pressure liquid stream 32, which is warm and a heavy fraction, exits the liquid side of drum 22 and enters pre-cool liquid passage 33 of heat exchanger 6 and is subceofed by heat exchange with the various cooling streams, described below, also passing through the heat exchanger. The resulting stream 34 exits the heat exchanger and is flashed through expansion valve 36. As an alternative to the expansion valve 36. another type of expansion device could be used, including, but not limited to, a turbine or an orifice. The resulting stream 38 reenters the heat exchanger 6 to provide additional refrigeration via pre-cool refrigeration passage 39. Stream 42 exits the warm end 7 of the heat exchanger as a two-phase mixture with a significant liquid fraction.
[0030] Intermediate pressure vapor stream 28 travels from the vapor outlet of drum 22 to second or last stage compressor 44 where it is compressed to a high pressure. Stream 46 exits the compressor 44 and travels through second or last stage after-cooler 48 where it is cooled. The resulting stream 52 contains both vapor and liquid phases which are separated in accumulator drum 54. While an accumulator drum 54 is illustrated, alternative separation devices may be used, including, but not limited to, another type of vessel, a cyclonic separator, a distillation unit, a coalescing separator or mesh or vane type mist eliminator. High pressure vapor refrigerant stream 56 exits the vapor outlet of drum 54 and travels to the warm side of the heat exchanger 6. High pressure liquid refrigerant stream 58 exists the liquid outlet of drum 54 and also travels to the warm end of the heat exchanger 6. It should be noted that first stage compressor 11 and first stage after-cooler 16 make up a first compression and cooling cycle while last stage compressor 44 and last stage after-cooler 48 make up a last compression and cooling cycle. It should also be noted, however, that each cooling cycle stage could alternatively features multiple compressors and/or after-coolers.
[0031] Warm, high pressure, vapor refrigerant stream 56 is cooled, condensed and subcooled as it travels through high pressure vapor passage 59 of the heat exchanger 6. As a result, stream 62 exits the cold end of the heat exchanger 6. Stream 62 is flashed through expansion valve 64 and re-enters the heat exchanger as stream 66 to provide refrigeration as stream 67 traveling through primary refrigeration passage 65. As an alternative to the expansion valve 64, another type of expansion device could be used, including, but not limited to, a turbine or an orifice. [0032] Warm, high pressure liquid refrigerant stream 58 enters the heat exchanger 6 and is subcooled in high pressure liquid passage 69. The resulting stream 68 exits the beat exchanger and is flashed through expansion valve 72. As an alternative to the expansion valve 72, another type of expansion device could be used, including, but not limited to, a turbine or an orifice. The resulting stream 74 re-enters the heat exchanger 6 where it joins and is combined with stream 67 in primary refrigeration passage 65 to provide additional refrigeration as stream 76 and exit the warm end of the heat exchanger 6 as a superheated vapor stream 78.
[0033] Superheated vapor stream 78 and stream 42 which, as noted above, is a two-phase mixture with a significant liquid fraction, enter low pressure suction drum 82 through vapor and mixed phase inlets, respectively, and are combined and equilibrated in the low pressure suction drum. While a suction drum 82 is illustrated, alternative separation devices may be used, including, but not limited to, another type of vessel, a cyclonic separator, a distillation unit, a coalescing separator or mesh or vane type mist eliminator. As a result, a low pressure vapor refrigerant stream 12 exits the vapor outlet of drum 82. As stated above, the stTearo 12 travels to the inlet of the first stage compressor 11. The blending of mixed phase stream 42 with stream 78, which includes a vapor of greatly different composition, in the suction drum 82 at the suction inlet of the compressor 11 creates a partial flash cooling effect that lowers the temperature of the vapor stream traveling to the compressor, and thus the compressor itself, and thus reduces the power required to operate it. j0034] A low pressure liquid refrigerant stream 84, which has also been lowered in temperature by the flash cooling effect of mixing, exits the liquid outlet of drum 82 and is pumped to intermediate pressure by pump 26. As described above, the outlet stream 24 from the pump travels to the interstage drum 22.
[0035] As a result, in accordance with the invention, a pre-cool refrigerant loop, which includes streams 32, 34, 38 and 42, enters the warm side of the heat exchanger 6 and exits with a significant liquid fraction. The partially liquid stream 42 is combined with spent refrigerant vapor from stream 78 for equilibration and separation in suction drum 82, compression of the resultant vapor in compressor 1 1 and pumping of the resulting liquid by pump 26. The equilibrium in suction drum 82 reduces the temperature of the stream entering the compressor 11 , by both heat and mass transfer, thus reducing the power usage by the compressor.
[0036] Composite heating and cooling curves for the process in Figure 3 are shown in Figure 4. Comparison with the curves of Figure 2 for an optimized, single mixed refrigerant, process, similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 4,033,735 to Swenson, shows that the composite heating and cooling curves have been brought closer together thus reducing compressor power by about 5%. This helps reduce the capital cost of a plant and reduces energy consumption with associated environmental emissions. These benefits can result in several million dollars savings a year for a small to middle sized liquid natural gas plant.
[0037] Figure 4 also illustrates that the system and method of Figure 3 results in near closure of the heat exchanger warm end of the cooling curves (see also Figure 8). This occurs because the intermediate pressure heavy fraction liquid boils at a higher temperature than the rest of the refrigerant and is thus well suited for the warm end heat exchanger refrigeration. Boiling the intermediate pressure heavy fraction liquid separately from the lighter fraction refrigerant in the heat exchanger allows for an even higher boiling temperature, which results in an even more "closed" (and thus more efficient) warm end of the curve. Furthermore, keeping the heavy fraction out of the cold end of the heat exchanger helps prevent the occurrence of freezing.
[0038] It should be noted that the embodiment described above is for a representative natural gas feed at supercritical pressure. The optimal refrigerant composition and operating conditions will change when liquefying other, less pure, natural gases at different pressures. The advantage of the process remains, however, because of its meraiolynamic efficiency.
[0039] A process flow diagram and schematic illustrating a second embodiment of the system and method of the invention is provided in Figure 5. In the embodiment of Figure 5, the superheated vapor stream 78 and two-phase mixed stream 42 are combined in a mixing device, indicated at 102, instead of the suction drum 82 of Figure 3. The mixing device 102 may be, for example, a static mixer, a single pipe segment into which streams 78 and 42 flow, packing or a header of the heat exchanger 6. After leaving mixing device 102, the combined and mixed streams 78 and 42 travel as stream 106 to a single inlet of the low pressure suction drum 104. While a suction drum 104 is illustrated, alternative separation devices may be Med* including, but not limited to, another type of vessel, a cyclonic separator, a distillation unit, a coalescing separator or mesh or vane type mist eliminator. When stream 106 enters suction drum 104, vapor and Liquid phases are separated so that a low pressure liquid refrigerant stream 84 exits the liquid outlet of drum 104 while a low pressure vapor stream 12 exits the vapor outlet of drum 104, as described above for the embodiment of Figure 3. The remaining portion of the embodiment of Figure 5 features the same components and operation as described for the embodiment of Figure 3, although the data of Table 1 may differ.
[0040] A process flow diagram and schematic illustrating a third embodiment of the system and method of the invention is provided in Figure 6. In the embodiment of Figure 6, the two-phase mixed stream 42 from the heat exchanger 6 travels to return drum 120. The resulting vapor phase travels as return vapor stream 122 to a first vapor inlet of low pressure suction drum 124. Superheated vapor stream 78 from the heat exchanger 6 travels to a second vapor inlet of low pressure suction drum 124. The combined stream 126 exi ts the vapor outlet of suction drum 124. The drums 120 and 124 may alternatively be combined into a single drum or vessel that performs the return separator drum and suction drum functions. Furthermore, alternative types of separation devices may be substituted for drums 120 and 124, including, but not limited to, another type of vessel, a cyclonic separator, a distillation unit a coalescing separator or mesh or vane type mist eliminator.
[0041] A first stage compressor 131 receives the low pressure vapor refrigerant stream 126 and compresses it to an intermediate pressure. The compressed stream 132 then travels to a first stage after-cooler 134 where it is cooled. Meanwhile, liquid from the liquid outlet of return separator drum 120 travels as return liquid stream 136 to pump 138, and the resulting stream 142 then joins stream 132 upstream from the first stage after-cooler 134.
[0042] The intermediate pressure mixed phase refrigerant stream 144 leaving first stage after- cooler 134 travels to interstage drum 146. While an interstage drum 146 is illustrated, alternative separation devices may be used, including, but not limited to, another type of vessel, a cyclonic separator, a distillation unit., a coalescing separator or mesh or vane type mist eliminator. A separated intermediate pressure vapor stream 28 exits the vapor outlet of the interstage drum 146 and an intermediate pressure liquid stream 32 exits the liquid outlet of the drum. Intermediate pressure vapor stream 28 travels to second stage compressor 44, while intermediate pressure liquid stream 32, which is a warm and heavy fraction, travels to the heat exchanger 6, as described above with respect to the embodiment of Figure 3. The remaining portion of the embodiment of Figure 6 features the same components and operation as described for the embodiment of Figure 3, although the data of Table 1 may differ. The embodiment of Figure 6 does not provide any cooling at drum 124, and thus no cooling of the first stage compressor suction stream 126. In terms of improving efficiency, however, the cool compressor suction stream is traded for a reduced vapor molar flow rate to the compressor suction. The reduced vapor flow to the compressor suction provides a reduction in the compressor power requirement that is roughly equivalent to the reduction provided by the cooled compressor suction stream of the embodiment of Figure 3. While there is an associated increase in the power requirement of pump 138, as compared to pump 26 in the embodiment of Figure 3, the pump power increase is very small (approximately 1/100) compared to the savings in compressor power.
[0043] In a fourth embodiment of the system and method of the invention, illustrated in Figure 7, the system of Figure 3 is optionally provided with one or more pre-cooling systems, indicated at 202, 204 and/or 206. Of course the embodiments of Figures 5 or 6, or any other embodiment of the system of the invention, could be provided with the pre-cooling systems of Figure 7. Pre- cooling system 202 is for pre-cooling the natural gas stream 9 prior to heat exchanger 6. Pre- cooling system 204 is for interstage pre-cooling of mixed phase stream 18 as it travels from first stage after-cooler 16 to interstage drum 22. Pre-cooling system 206 is for discharge pre-cooling of mixed phase stream 52 as it travels to accumulator drum 54 from second stage after-cooler 48. The remaining portion of the embodiment of Figure 7 features the same components and operation as described for the embodiment of Figure 3, although the data of Table 1 may differ.
[0044] Each one of the pre-cooling systems 202, 204 or 206 could be incorporated into or rely on heat exchanger 6 for operation or could include a chiller that may be, for example, a second multi-stream heat exchanger. In addition, two or all three of the pre-cooling systems 202, 204 and/or 206 could be incorporated into a single multi-stream heat exchanger. While any pre- cooling system known in the art could be used, the pre-cooling systems of Figure 7 each preferably includes a chiller that uses a single component rcfrigfrani, such as propane, or a second mixed refrigerant as the pre-cooling system refrigerant. More specifically, the well- known propane C3-MR pre-cooling process or dual mixed refrigerant processes, with the pre- cooling refrigerant evaporated at either a single pressure or multiple pressures, could be used. Examples of other suitable single component refrigerants include, but arc not limited to, N- butane, iso-butane, propylene, ethane, ethylene, ammonia, freon or water.
[0045] In addition to being provided with a pre-cooling system 202, the system of Fig. 7 (or any of the other system embodiments) could serve as & pre-cooling system for a downstream process, such as a liquefaction system or a second mixed refrigerant system. The gas being cooled in the cooling passage of the heat exchanger also could be a second mixed refrigerant or a single component mixed refrigerant
[0046] While the preferred embodiments of the invention nave been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thai changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.