TITLE: INTEGRATED SECURITY SYSTEM

Attorney Docket No. : WW-PCT1

INVENTORS:

Larry Eugene Williams

2220 Rice Drive

Levelland, Texas 79336, USA

Citizenship: USA

Nickey Joe Williams

105 Sandalwood

Levelland, Texas 79336, USA

Citizenship: USA

Benny Ray Sherrod

200 South L Street

Midland, Texas 79701, USA

Citizenship: USA

Roger Dale Hayes

12500 S. Coulter St.

Amarillo, Texas 79119, USA

Citizenship: USA

APPOINTED REPRESENTATIVE: M. Conrad Huffstutler, #33907

CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS:

M. Conrad Huffstutler, #33907

PO Box 389

Liberty Hill, TX 78642

USA

Telephone: (512) 515-5151

[ 001 ] TITLE: INTEGRATED SECURITY SYSTEM

[ 002 ]CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED US APPLICATION

[ 003 ]This is a Continuation in Part application claiming the priority of Application No. 12/576395, filed 9 October 2009.

[ 004 ]US FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

[ 005 ]Not Relevant

[ 006 ]US SEQUENCE LISTING

[ 007 ]Not Relevant

PCT Technical Field

This invention is a high-security system to link local, regional and federal agencies especially configured to inform and warn first responders in the case of terrorist-attack or accidental release of dangerous substances. The system includes: (a) a wind-direction-responsive articulated display which identifies the particular substances likely to be released at the specific site and the related special risks-hazards, (b) wireless links to provide responders carrying special password-secured portable-wireless devices with updated technical information about substances and instant risks related to the site and (c) 2D graphics in the form of unique_encoded QR emblems which provide secure, selected wireless links to updated technical information and can be accessed by pasword-enabled responders carrying only a smartphone. The advanced first-responder information system of the present invention is not an improved wind sock, weather anemometer, fabric advertizing banner with inflatable flow channels or rail-crossing warning.

PCT Background Art

[ 008 ] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:

[ 009 ] In general, previous articulatable, customizable signs with or without a message in text or graphic form fall into several US Classes including: 116, 73, D10 and D20. In April 2012, no US or International class description could be found which includes the concepts of homeland-security warning signs with special information-update utility toward first responders or applications toward instantaneous display of specific predetermined topic- related displays by means of RFID systems or web-related QR emblems. Searching in April 2012 confirms the existence of about 150 USGrants with the text string "warning" in the claims. Upon close inspection, none was found which discloses or claims dynamic security systems with real-time web links especially configured for support of first-re sponders in accidents or terrorist attacks. Presumably, if there were applications which disclose actual apparatus, methods and systems similar to those of the present invention, they would already be held as secret within the USPTO under national security provisions, 35 USC 181.

PCT Disclosure of Invention

[ 0010 ] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[ 0011 ] Global political and economic conditions now require extraordinary security for oil and gas facilities, especially remote wells, pipelines and field-processing sites. Part of this challenge is to provide reliable, secure, instant access to infrastructure records, data and emergency procedures to authenticated individuals having a confirmed need to know and to federal/ state governmental agencies, especially the US Dept. of Homeland Security. Normal safety aspects toward the adjoining communities, e.g., warning signs and standard response procedures for a well are typically covered by the property owner or licensee. Compliance of each site with state and industry codes (API, American Petroleum Institute) for natural gas-production is confirmed by regular inspections required by the controlling state and local agencies, e.g., TX-RRC. The required API number display consists of 14 digits with 4 separator dashes which specifies the state, the county, the unique well identifier, 2 sidetrack digits and 2 event-sequence code characters. In case of a major emergency at a particular location, US federal agencies may also be involved under "Emergency Support Function #9".

[ 0012 ] In case of an accident or a terrorist attack on a remote gas-production facility, all emergency responders need a simple, quick, universal system to provide their crews with detailed, updated technical data on many important matters including: property control-ownership, health and safety risks, emergency- contact data for responsible managers / supervisors, building drawings, wiring and electrical power equipment locations, piping and control valves for fluids handled at the site, dangerous materials storage, etc.

[ 0013 ] In contrast to past practice of merely posting a minimal, API- compliant, flat metal ID sign near the wellhead or pipeline access, the present warning system includes a active display of wind direction and velocity re the possible formation of a drift plume due to accidental release of hazardous gases. In addition, the apparatus confirms the visitor's identity, facilitates RFID data interchanges and enables secure weblinks to offsite data on selected critical factors pertinent to accidents at the site. The present invention is an integrated warning and security system for gas-production facilities which is also able to confirm the identity of each emergency responder prior to allowing wireless display, on a laptop computer, of information critical for a range of particular emergency-management scenarios.

[ 0014 ] A number of US Federal agencies, particularly DHS (Dept. of Homeland Security), are active in monitoring sites where dangerous materials or toxic chemicals are handled in order to assist in prevention of terror attacks and managing emergency responses in case of a situation which may threaten the health of regional populations. These agencies include: Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of the Interior, Department of Justice, Department of Labor, Department of Transportation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and U.S. Agency for International Development.

[ 0015 ] The present invention is an apparatus and advanced system of information display adjacent the entrance of a site where large quantities of toxic fluids may be released in an accident or by terrorist attack. The displays of the system are configured to present just the appropriate information reasonable and specific to the particular visitor's purpose. For example a gas-production-reporting compliance inspector for a State Resources

Commission would not be interested in complex modeling data on the probable extent and concentration profiles of a toxic -release plume under certain weather conditions— which would be critical for high-level FEMA managers. The following discloses apparatus and inherent-intrinsic use methods thereof along with a system of triage -ordered display sequences of action items tailored especially to meet the needs of visitors including: regular business calls, regulatory and law-enforcement site visitors as well as those of possible emergency responders.

[ 0016 ] Few other moments in recent history present such challenges for conventional signage and hazard displays. In the case of a facility drawing massive quantities of hydrocarbons from deep within the earth or ocean, the technology for fluid recovery has far outstretched the capability for dealing with massive accidental or intentional releases above ground. Effective emergency management depends upon having a response plan ahead of time which anticipates the probable scenarios and identifies and ranks the optimal responses. These were the missing links in dealing with the recent release of crude oil in the Gulf of Mexico.

PCT Brief Description of Drawings

[ 0017 ]FIGURES

[ 0018 ] Fig. 1 is a plan view of a typical oil or gas field site where hazardous substances may be released. The view shows: GPS coordinates, site features (buildings, tanks, equipment, not to scale), public roadway, private entry road, wind direction vector (typical prevailing direction), hypothetical H2S release point (circle w. cross), a stage in development of a hypothetical H2S plume (dashed outline, plan view, 10-ppm H2S concentration profile about 1 meter above the ground), a plume-dimension scale (meters measured approximately along its axis) and the security system of the present invention (airfoil pointing element adjacent entry road). The source for this hypothetical plume is a ruptured trans-critical fluid injection line. The escaping fluid components (mol. fractions) are: C02 (0.51), H2S (0.45) and CH4 (0.04). The RFID tags of the security system are positioned with a clear field of view of a vehicle approaching along the public and provate roadways. For this example, a visitor would be able to see the the site features and the warning sign movements / displays from the public road.

Fig. 2 shows an oblique view of the present security system on a mast about 1-2 meters above a cleared circle and a plan view of an embodiment. The lower portion shows detailed plan view of a pointing element with the pivot axis downstream of the leading edge. The center of lift of the airfoil for a gentle wind at a 5 degree angle of attack is shown as a filled square; this point falls about 0.2 times the chord downstream from the leading edge. The mast and its pivot axis is shown as a open circle immediately behind the leading edge. The center of lift and the pivot axis are separated by a lever-arm of length LI. The chord is indicated as L2 and this is also the overall length of this pointing element. This view illustrates an embodiment typical of Example 1.

[ 0019 ] Fig. 3 shows two alternative pointing elements with lever-arms greater than 0.2*L2. The upper portion shows a plan view of an embodiment with a single counterweight (filled triangle) fixed upstream of the mast and pivot axis (open circle) at a distance L5.

The present invention employs known airfoils to achieve its dynamic pointing function. In this specification, pointing-element airfoils are characterized by standard terms and nomenclature used for design of aircraft wings, i.e., span, chord, mean camber, area, leading edge, trailing edge, root, tip, winglet.

In the NACA 4-digit system for defining the shape parameters of airfoils, the default maximum camber point is 0.3*chord, i.e., the maximum thickness occurs at 30% of the chord behind the leading edge. A pivoted , positively-cambered airfoil panel of the present invention will respond differently if an incident wind vector: (a) strikes it at a 3-deg. angle (of attack) to the convex surface (top) or if it strikes at a 3-deg. angle (of attack) to the flat or concave surface (bottom). This phenomena leads to a complex equilibrium between inertia of the moving beam-panel, bearing friction, airfoil stalling parameters as well as wind-gust structure and time duration.

Generally, cambered airfoils may lead to: increased drag forces along with increased bearing loads, reduced accuracy and slower pointing and some angular oscillations in the pivoted pointing panels of the present invention under certain weather conditions. Although oscillations of the beam and panel may draw a visitor's attention due to the movements and possible audible noises/vibrations related to a strong vortex street behind a stalled panel, this is probably not a desirable feature for first responders approaching in total darkness.

Experimentation on prototypes confirms that optimal pointing accuracy under low wind velocities is achieved with panels having smooth faces and symmetric airfoils, i.e., NACA 0005 to NACA 0030. For the purposes of this specification and claims, the airfoil thickness re the chord line is characterized as either thickness_camber or simply thickness, L4. Likewise, as used herein, the surfaces of an airfoil panel are defined as the surfaces swept out by the curves which define its upper and lower aspects as they are moved together along the span direction from root to tip.

The view of Fig. 3 also defines the airfoil thickness, L4, and the angle of attack of a typical oblique wind vector. The lower portion shows a plan view of an embodiment with a thin symmetric airfoil ,i.e., low value of L4, including a counterweight; this view also defines the overall length of this pointing element, L3. This view illustrates an embodiment typical of Example 2. In this illustration, the counterweight is shown as a single dense mass enclosed inside the beam positioned on the centerline at a particular distance L5 upstream of the pivot axis. This arrangement illustrates generates a moment opposite and substantially counterbalancing the combined weight and center of gravity of the components on the other side of the pivot point. Alternative configurations include an ensemble of multiple weights at variable distances upstream, some or all of which may be external and exchangeable.

Fig. 4 shows schematic isometric views typical of Examples 2 and 3 and illustrates placement locations for traditional API signs (elongated rectangle outline with centerline) and hazard warnings (square-to-rectangular outline on panel surface) as well as "logical QR emblems" and RFID devices including optional circuit modules with a battery and related solar-photovoltaic components. The lower portion shows only the frontal portion of the beam and locations for interactive RFID tags and warning message placements.

[ 0020 ] Fig. 5 shows a cross-section of the mast, bearings, collar and beam of a single-beam embodiment; the cutting plane for this section passes through the mast axis and is perpendicular to the long axis of the beam. The lower portion illustrates interior protective placement of low-friction bearings ( shown as open squares with an "X" ) so that they are not exposed to environmental debris and precipitation. The collar is shown with a wide lower flange to facilitate either recessed or external placement of RFID devices and / or QR emblems. The mast is shown in this illustration as a thick- walled tube; however, a variety of other alternate sections are used to assure adequate mast stiffness and strength.

Fig. 6 shows five illustrative panel profile shapes and the airfoil cross-section. This view also shows the wind direction vector parallel to the plane of symmetry of the airfoil, which produces zero rotational moment. The parallelogram outlines are shown as (c) and (d) respectively. Illustrative 4-gons are shown as 6(-a and -e). The sweep angle, lambda, is indicated; positive is clockwise and negative counterclockwise. The triangular outline, (b) is shown mounted with equal areas above and below the center of the single beam. The swept profile 6(e), also for a single -beam embodiment, is shown with a winglet-like tip element. Such profiles are used on Examples 2 and 3.

[ 0021 ] Fig. 7 is a schematic isometric view of an alternate embodiment somewhat similar to Example 1. In this case, the lever arm for pivoting is approximately doubled by extension of the panel root and tip portions forward as outboard support enclosures for the bearings. To minimize possible turbulence effects due to the mast being located a short distance ahead of the leading edge, this embodiment is fitted with an exemplary array of interpenetrating flow-straightening fins fixed to the mast and to the exterior of the leading edge surfaces. The fins extend across the spacing between the mast and the panel leading edge and upstream of the mast for optimal flow-smoothing effects. As shown, the leading-edge fins on the panel are provided with holes for free rotation around the mast. The dashed outlines indicate alternative graphics placed on the panel. As shown, the six flow- straightening fins are prepared from thin materials and positioned equally spaced along the span with an average spacing of about L2/10. This figure illustrates typical placement of traditional and "logical QR emblems" on the main panel faces; see items 3-7. This figure illustrates a typical placement of API identification number; see item 2. This figure illustrates alternative placements of RFID tags; see rounded rectangles on lower panel edge and bearing collar. The area marked 1 is adapted to accept a typical toxic poster insert of approved colors, text and size. The area marked 2 is adapted to accept an industry-specific ID poster insert of approved colors, text and size. The areas marked 3-7 are adapted to accept agency or purpose specific "logical QR emblems" (separate and different, compliant with ISO- 18004). The panel characteristics for this embodiment are: span (400-600 mm), chord (400-600 mm) and thickness (20-60 mm). Anti-friction bearings for this embodiment are illustrated in Fig. 5.

[ 0022 ] Fig. 8 shows five typical, traditional risk-warning images indicating different hazards from toxic-poisonous to flammable-explosive classifications. Such images form the user- friendly link of the present "logical QR emblems" when they are superimposed onto the basic data-matrix cluster. While these known graphics illustrate a few warning classes, other graphics which are also used in the present invention include: logo symbols of a particular government agency / business or ideograph symbols of selected professions / activities relevant to the site.

As used herein, the terminology "QR emblem" means particular 2D digital graphic designs designated by: first-responders, DHS, military and civilian regulatory bodies. It is envisioned that a single agency may have multiple "emblems" each linking to specific information and data, as might be needed for specific levels of "need to know" of specific emergency conditions. Thus, a "QR emblem" could include special color and optical coding for maximum national security or it could be a common public link for selected general information about the agency, missions or the particular site.

[ 0023 ] Fig. 8b illustrates how the basic components of the Denso-type QR code are meshed with the superimposed traditional, specific-class warning image. The legend (lower portion of the figure) identifies each feature.

Tables 1 and 2 list the indicia for elements and features of the present invention.

TABLE 1. Indicia for Elements and Features TABLE 2. Indicia for Std. Warning Signs Indicia Feature or Element

Field Colors

1 wind-responsive warning sign B blue

la prepared ground area around sign 0 orange

R red

2 site W white

2a release point Y yel w

2b site structures

2c site enclosure

2d public access portal Field

2e wind vector 1 instability

2f toxic zone (symbol) 2 flash temp., deg. F

2g toxic plume outline 3 health hazard

2h toxic plume length

4 specific hazard

10 airfoil element

10a airfoil chord Text

L4 aifoil camber Nl EINECS hazard class

10c center of pressure N 1 =33 EINEC S code = highly inflammable

N2 EINECS substance

20 support beam(s)

L2 panel chord N2=1203 gasoline

L3 beam length > chord

L5 counterweight oflset re pivot axis

20a collar

20b low-friction bearings

30 mast

30a mast axis

LI mast axis offset re center of pressure

40 electronic components

50 RFID devices

50a ~ 90 deg. RFID reading field

60 signs-displays-site ID

60a flammable

60b H2S-toxic

60c poison gas

60d EU- EINECS warning

60e NFPA-RTK warning

60f API ID sign

60g QR emblems PCT Mode(s) for Carrying Out the Invention

[ 0024 ] Windvane Apparatus

[ 0025 ] Typical production-site layout

[ 0026 ] Fig. 1 illustrates a layout of a typical gas-well site; and depicts placement of the warning sign of this invention downwind of a hypothetical release of H2S.

[ 0027 ] Computer models of toxic plumes and rate of development

[ 0028 ] Computer models are used to estimate the spatial dispersion, under specific local wind patterns, of a toxic- gas release into the local environment. The classic Pasquill-Gofford-Turner (PGT) formalism is freqently used for small releases. The Gaussian, ALOHA, CAMEO, DEGADIS and SLAB models are used to estimate downwind and downgradient profiles of gases, such as H2S, being released in large amounts over significant periods of time. To predict a reasonable distance and direction for placement of a warning sign outside a probable lethal zone, these and other model approaches may be further customized to fit the unique features of a site. Examination of previous models is helpful to rank-order the numerous factors including: quantities and temporal factors for toxic components being released, temperature, humidity, barometer, molecular weights of toxic gases, wind direction vectors, wind velocity-gust patterns and possible vertical_horizontal jet effects at the release or rupture point.

[ 0029 ] The present invention is believed to be a pioneering effort in developing a system approach to "warning sign optimization", i.e., in recognizing the importance of: (a) the placement of the mast relative to site buildings, structures and topology, (b) the reading-distance and orientation of RFID devices relative to the visitor entry path or vehicle road and (c) anticipating that each class of visitor will need immediate access only to limited, task- specific data and not every data record which may have been accumulated for the particular site.

[ 0030 JOptimal location / orientation of warning sign and IT elements

[ 0031 ] For illustration, one typical model for H2S release, (22 000 ppm H2S concentration from a 100-mm pipeline) indicates that the "nominal PGT safe radius", i.e., 100 down to 10 ppm gradient zone at ground level, should fall at a downwind distance in the range 60-100 m from the release. The emergency-response plan required for each site should include current maps and data (tables, graphs and videos) showing the 2D and 3D displays of size and toxic-concentration profiles of a probable plume, assuming worst-case atmospheric conditions, especially seasonal and monthly prevailing wind vectors. Factored together with recent experiences for handling emergency situations in the specific region, each site model will define the distance vector to "closest safe position zones" for the various warning displays of the present invention.

[ 0032 JAerodynamic Features

[ 0033 ] In the following, the pivoted, wind-responsive, airfoil-like pointing element of the present invention is referred to as a panel to avoid wordiness. The external panel surfaces are smooth to provide for attachment of warnings.

[ 0034 ]Wind direction sensing

[ 0035 ] The direction-sensing characteristics of alternative embodiments of the present invention have been tested by preliminary experiments and found to be appropriate for establishing the visual wind-direction vector to an accuracy of about 1-2 of the 32 cardinal points of the compass. The long-term operational reliability of pointing is, however, dependent upon: (a) keeping the panel and its pivot support or beam free of interference such as wind-borne debris or ice, (b) maintaining structural and mechanical integrity of the panel, beam and mast and (c) maintaining verification records of testing at regular times of the indicated direction and comparison with reliable data from a portable calibration device brought to the site.

[ 0036 ] Wind velocity sensing

[ 0037 ] Because wind velocity is more difficult to measure accurately than direction, embodiments of the present invention which include known velocity-measuring or velocity- information-display options must be monitored by regular calibration records to verify accuracy indications of drift or premature failure.

[ 0038 ] For some wireless-networked installations, a toxic release will trigger local alarms and a site visitor who uses broadband to access remote databases as from his vehicle on the entry road will already be aware that a toxic release has happened.

[ 0039 ] For other sites, a first-time visitor who uses a smartphone to read the QR emblem display on the present warning sign and link into the web will be aware of the possibility of a release of specific toxics. He will also be presented with simple safety information including a basic map display which shows the distance and direction from his location at the entrance to possible toxic release points.

[ 0040 ] The most critical visitor may be the worker responsible for monitoring or maintaining production equipment at a large and extremely remote site without modern alarms and wireless communications. For some such situations the important vulnerable structures may not be visible, even using binoculars, from the entrance. In such a case, the warning-sign indications of wind vector and velocity of the present sign should then be added to instant readings from a reliable portable device capable of measuring selected toxic gas concentrations. Such equipment would be routinely carried and instantly available under workplace health and safety rules.

[ 0041 ]Network Features

[ 0042 ] Because certain critical networks in typical Western countries have always been controlled by physical valves (public water systems) and independent trackage (public rail transport systems), they have usually been viewed as separate, widely-dispersed resources which are not well adapted to computer control nor logically exploitable by a typical cyber attack. Contrarywise, large portions of the electrical power grid along with major voice and data communications networks have been controlled by automated operations research methods from their early stages. The internet with its massive optical networks is perhaps the most vulnerable of all critical national resources. It is a fact in the 21st century that virtually all such networks can now be crippled, destroyed or plundered by sophisticated and relentless cyber attack.

[ 0043 ] Included in the following are the essential technical details to explain and enable the present invention. Although many specific details are set forth below to provide a clear understanding of the present invention, not all such specific or particular elements are needed to practice our invention. Operations and components well known to one skilled in the art are not described in detail.

[ 0044 ] The terms "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" as used below mean that a particular feature, structure, operation, or other characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one implementation of the invention. However, the appearance of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment.

[ 0045 ] Alternative embodiments of the present invention include apparatus, systems and methods for authenticating the identity, authority and specific project purpose of a particular site visitor or agency representative. These safeguards can be extremely effective in denying access to vandals, scammers and terrorists.

[ 0046 ] The apparatus and methods of use thereof disclosed below can facilitate rapid, secure verification of the authenticity of identification devices, e.g., text passwords, hologram, or other symbol, currently being used by all possible classes of legitimate site visitors (business, regulatory, emergency, law enforcement, etc.). For example, a voice device may be used to speak required authentication code in a particular designated language or a touch- pad display may be used to input text, special characters or icons.

[ 0047 ]RFID tags

[ 0048 ] As used herein, the nomenclature "RFID" means radio frequency identification of previously- tagged things, i.e., any item upon which a small, low-cost tag chip can be attached, injected, embedded or mounted. The "tag" device contains a transponder along with an antenna tuned for a particular frequency by which it can be interrogated using a reader. The three basic RFID coupling technics are: backscattering, capacitive and inductive.

[ 0049 ] Analogous to operation of a simple dipole radio antenna, a portion of the "read" signal arriving onto the tag is reflected backwards and this "backscattered radiation" contains the coded messages developed from the reading interaction. Over short reading distances, enough power can be transmitted into the tag to operate its low-current internal circuits. Frequently, a directional coupler is also used to facilitate easy separation of the returned signal. Many backscattering devices operate in the UHF frequency range (800 - 950 MHz) and the upper limit for frequency is typically in the SHF range (2.4 - 5.8 GHz). RFID systems based on long-range backscattering can operate over distances in the range 1-10 meters.

[ 0050 ] For example, capacitive coupling, is used in so-called "smart card" devices compliant with ISO-10536; these connect into the information network at close range using the electrodes of the capacitor.

[ 0051 ] Inductive coupling systems, or "vicinity cards" according to ISO- 15693, operate by virtue of a near- field magnetic-induction linkage between the tags and a reader; such systems typically operate at frequencies in the range below 135 kHz or at about 13.6 MHz.

[ 0052 ] The present invention incorporates one or more known commercial, customized and or experimental RFID devices / systems as links into the critical information networks which serve a variety of security, management and regulatory needs within the oil and gas production industry. These alternative protocols-interfaces include: EPCglobal (ISO-IEC 18000), IPv6 language, directional tag interrogation using "guard signals", ActiveWave controls_tracking, Active and Passive tags, along with secure middleware (e.g., resistant to SQL injection attacks). The routine matters of safety inspections, production reporting / confirmation, regulatory checks, etc., can all be automatically and securely recorded and reported by means of wireless web links between the reader assigned to a specific field agent and the particular agency he represents. Moreover, the identity and latest authorization level of each agent who enters the site is re-confirmed and time stamped into a separate database record for every visit.

[ 0053 ] Concerning security of all types of data about a critical site, the present invention discloses apparatus integration of a read-only RFID tag with a unique random-number identifier. By this technique, the physical tag may be "killed" or completely removed from the site and / or the unique number can also be removed from the several related databases. This method, which is possible under Class 0 or a special variant of Gen-2, avoids the multiple security vulnerabilities of typical Gen-2 tags.

[ 0054 ] For first-responders in an emergency, the present system of immediate linking into detailed and up-to-date and concise information relevant to particular risks at the specific site is uniquely valuable. This advanced system provides the emergency worker many critical and profound advantages over the few characters of information displayed on the typical required API well-identification sign along with a possible "Toxic" or "H2S Warning" sign hanging by a single rusty nail on a nearby fence post. [ 0055 ] Lateral surfaces of the mast, beam and collar are provided with an array of predetermined locations for secure attachment of active or passive RFID tags; such devices and flush-mounted circuit packages with batteries and photovoltaic cells (into predetermined recesses) are added during original assembly or, alternatively, may be mounted as a field modification.

[ 0056 ]QR emblems

[ 0057 ] As used herein, the nomenclature "QR emblems" means information handling technology for automatic identification and data capture according to ISO/IEC 18004, using QR Code 2005 symbology (2D graphic symbols). These standards cover symbology, data character encoding methods, symbol formats, dimensional characteristics, error-correction rules, reference decoding algorithms, production quality requirements and user- selectable application parameters. At present there are approximately 40 variants of 2D codes, each with certain advantages for a few specific- use parameters. The Open Mobile Alliance provides update white papers on future research areas for functional improvements of the general QR technology. A topic under active development is the QRME code which captures information of when and where the image was scanned. Such graphics are particularly valuable for critical sites and these technologies are being added as a feature of the present security systems.

[ 0058 ] Typical current QR emblems contain about 2900 bytes of information (roughly 4300 ASCII characters, including error-compensation for dirt / scratches). The symbols are open standard and web linked; they are also inexpensive and no special equipment is needed to access them. At present, the most common use method for the technic is placement of a postage-stamp-sized graphic in print media; the symbol can then be imaged and interpreted by smartphone internal cameras. The phone automatically connects the user to a predetermined website and displays selected information, typically consumer product features or specifications.

[ 0059 ] Because QR emblems are widely used in Asia, there are many variations of the original Denso standards, i.e., about 70 distinct varieties are known ( in April 2011), about 10-20 are widely used. Each code includes the following key elements: version (numbered 1-40), 4 modules (each higher version contains 4 additional data- capacity modules), Kanji and Kana characters, format, Reed-Solomon error correction (4 levels, L, M, Q and H) and required pattern markers (position, alignment, timing).

[ 0060 ] The present invention provides selected unique QR elements to facilitate site visit activities; these include instantly-recognizable activity-related symbols or icons superimposed on the basic information matrix. In the case of emergency responders, traditional icons for each type of hazards are visible in the QR emblem matrix arrays displayed, e.g., fire, toxics, biohazards, explosion, pollution, ionizing-radiation and terrorism. The nomenclature "logical QR emblem", as used in the following, means addition of a functional, logical or topical icon into any variant 2D code such as, but not limited to, QR, DataMatrix, MaxiCode or PDF417. Fig. 8b illustrates a specific example of a logical QR emblem— for the selected topic "general warning"— as might be used on signs of the present security system.

[ 0061 ] Lateral- facing surfaces of the panel, mast, beam and collar offer an array of predetermined locations for secure attachment of QR emblem icons sized for easy access by a visitor's smartphone; additional illumination might be needed from a flash accessory during evening hours. Although these images are most economically added during original assembly, they may also be applied as a field repair / modification / addition.

[ 0062 ] Advanced warning signage

[ 0063 ] 30 CFR 250.490, which defines warning signs and safety practices for gas wells in the outer continental shelf, requires high-visibility yellow signs with black lettering. The required letter height for the main messages, i.e., "Danger; Poisonous Gas; Hydrogen Sulfide" is 305 mm. The required letter height for the secondary messages, i.e., "Do not approach if red flag is flying; Do not approach if red lights are flashing" is 178 mm. Basically, the required sign displays 4 lines of about 40 characters each, or about 160 characters total. Typical layout of compliant sign boards might require dimensions of approx 4 x 6 m, far larger than contemplated by prototypes of the present invention which were originally intended for land use. Careful review of commercial warning-sign catalogs (April 2011) revealed that typical producers do not offer anything larger than 610 x 914 mm and off-the-shelf layouts show different and / or re-configured text.

[ 0064 ] At present, advanced RFID tags now becoming available and allowable to replace traditional large-text, visible-warning signs. For example, the Omni-ID Ultra passive tag can be read at ranges of 35 meters (860-960 MHz). Of course, special RFID readers now in use by military and State-security agencies can operate at much higher power and can therefore read such tags at significantly longer ranges. Moreover, because RFID and QR emblems provide reader displays of much more than 160 characters, it is possible to give the warning message or data in additional languages or in more detail.

[ 0065 ] Warning signs of the present invention are intended for use in critical applications where district power may be compromised or completely lost during an emergency. So that the warnings are clearly visible during such an event, the present signs must exhibit efficient retroreflectivity properties and be designed for instant understanding by emergency responders in languages common to the region. Therefore, advanced materials, fonts and sign-making techniques must be used. Preliminary tests, using prototype panels with weather-tolerant, silk-screened non-reflective images about 300-400 mm in size, were made using traditional fonts, kerning, colors and layout; these proved to be highly visible warnings during daylight. For actual product embodiments, is is envisioned that state-of-the-art materials such as microprismatic sheet of ASTM Types I, II, III, Γν, VIII, ΓΧ and XI are used; these types include both glass-beads and microprisms. ASTM Standard D4956 indicates the particular properties and test methods needed to qualify materials used for the present warning signs. Depending upon specific needs of the site, the reflective letters may be produced by one or more known methods including: cut-outs, demountable separate letters on aluminum sheet stock, negative silk screen, positive silk screen, and overlay film. To assure instant readability and understanding of the reflective warning words, proven, advanced typefaces such as ClearviewHwy, or improved variants, are used. For warning-sign applications in States where multiple languages are in common use, there are now versions of ClearviewHwy with special characters, e.g., Latin, French, German, Nordic, Greek and Cyrillic. The present invention offers— for the first time— rational, perception-tested, retroreflective warning fonts, colors and symbols to convey critical emergency information with minimal chance of confusion or misunderstanding. Ideally, such modern retroreflective fonts with exceptional visibility and readability can be introduced, at least on a provisional basis, into the signage displays illustrated in Fig. 7.

[ 0066 ] To assure that QR emblems on the present invention are instantly and accurately sensed by smartphones in low light levels or in darkness using improvised lighting devices, the graphics of the present invention are configured to include high-resolution, retroreflective QR images based upon the principles noted above for warning text and icons. One advanced technology which is applicable is the use of pigments which are reflective in the near-infrared wavelength range (just outside the visible). For maximum tolerance of reading errors which are to be expected under emergency conditions, it is ideal to provide the present system with advanced QR readers which utilize shape -based recognition algorithms. The pattern-reading process for 2D image involves 5 steps, i.e., edge detect, shape detect, find control bar, confirm orientation and bit density and finally determining the characters / value. Using such methods, an advanced, technique-error-tolerant reader is a significant benefit to emergency responders for warning-sign QR emblems.

[ 0067 ] Site visitors with a cell phone may easily connect with significant data including:

Agency or company contact information

Telephone or web access to website or social network

Access a data feed such as RSS, SMS or other

Access an email address or appointment calendar application

Access selected location data including GPS and address.

[ 0068 JDatabase SQL queries and displays

[ 0069 ] As used herein, the nomenclature "SQL queries" means the particular vocabulary of technical terms, commands and abbreviations used by a IT specialist to interact with an indexed relational database on an expedited basis.

[ 0070 ] One unique aspect of the present invention is to use upscaled 2D symbols, approximately 100-300 mm in size, to provide an immediate link to a unique, secure activity-specific website. For example, an emergency- responder volunteer fireman needs immediate access to the complete, updated hazardous-materials inventory for the site along with the emergency-plan list of critical action items derived from material safety data (MSDS sheets) and other relevant technical data. The reader-devices provided to such crews would include a bright display (easily readable even in full sunlight) and adult-sized input keys to facilitate ongoing SQL-type web interactions by the crew leader with more than one remote database to validate his identity and to obtain particular, situation-related sensitive data without delays.

[ 0071 ] Another alternative methodology would be to provide at least one encrypted symbol somewhere on the site signage which provides the emergency- crew leader with additional data which must be combined with other secret passwords (known only to the crew which identify a particular responding agency and type of call).

[ 0072 ] Mechanical Structures

[ 0073 ]Mast and pivot axis

[ 0074 ] As used herein, the nomenclature "mast" means a rigid, member: (a) permanently fixed into the earth, (b) oriented perpendicular to the immediate surface and (c) exposed on all sides to receive direct, undefiected natural airflow from all directions. Ideally, the mast is located in the center of an open, debris-free and reasonably leveled area.

[ 0075 ] The function of the mast is to provide a vertical pivot axis for the panel. According to different

embodiments of the present invention, the mast may be either: (a) enclosed within or (b) external to the panel. For external cases in which the mast stands in the flow path ahead of the panel, the mast should be made to a stiff cross-section, using high- strength, high-modulus materials. Since it is upstream of the incident flow in these cases, its diameter should be the minimum required for mechanical stability and its external surface should be a smooth cylinder.

[ 0076 ] The most-sensitive embodiment of the present invention re pointing the wind direction under quiescent conditions is configured with the mast extending vertically from the ground and into the single lower beam, but not projecting upward above it, whereby the flow may possibly be altered upstream of an active panel portion.

[ 0077 ] For embodiments with any mast portion standing upstream of the panel, possible direction and velocity errors resulting from expected flow anomalies of a 25 mm mast located 10-20 diameters upstream are minimal under Beaufort 1-3 conditions. For such embodiments, optional flow guides are disclosed for removable attachment or permanent mounting on the mast surface or on the surface of the leading-edge portion of the panel.

[ 0078 JBearing support or beam

[ 0079 ] As used herein, the nomenclature " beam" means the supporting structure(s) which couples the panel to the bearings upon which it is pivoted. For short lever-arm versions, the beam is integrated into the upper and lower panel edges. For longer lever-arm versions, the exterior beam is coupled to the pivot axis upstream of the panel and generally below its root. In the latter case, the beam is an elongated, sealed, hollow, box-like enclosure consisting essentially of two mating portions and provided with a socket on its lower face to receive a bearing- collar for low-friction rotational attachment of the beam upon the upper end of the mast. The sealed, weather- resistant beam shell may be formed as a unitary tube or as gasket-sealed, mating sections, e.g., top-bottom, left- right and proximal-distal. These shell elements may be formed of metals, alloys, polymers or other composite materials suitable for long-term exposure to extremes of weather.

[ 0080 ] The beam is also provided with secure mountings for: (a) at least one panel element to the distal portion, (b) at least one counterweight of selected mass onto or within the proximal portion, (c) an internal circuit package including a battery, memory store, firmware, antenna, and selected other electronic elements. The beam may include an optional photovoltaic device oriented for receiving and converting solar radiation into an electric current sufficient to recharge internal storage cells connected to the circuit package and used to power various features of the system. The beam may also be provided with optional exterior fittings for secure longitudinal attachment of at least one strip bearing special warning data or other information.

[ 0081 ] Pivot bearings

[ 0082 ] As used herein the nomenclature "bearings" or "pivot bearings" means an assembly of two or more antifriction bearings which allow free rotational movements of the beam about the mast axis responsive to a light breeze and under extremes of precipitation and temperature. Test data indicates that sealed ball bearings intended for instrumentation are suitable for this application; alternatively, ceramic ball bearings as used on racing bicycles may also be used. Fig. 5 illustrates alternative bearing configurations.

[ 0083 ] Pointing elements or panel

[ 0084 ] As used herein the nomenclature panel means a stiff, lightweight, pre ferrably- symmetric airfoil panel having a smooth exterior surface attached to support structure for bearings, the plane of symmetry of the panel panel being generally vertical and aligned along the beam axis. The root of the panel is that portion connected to and adjacent to an external beam; the tip of the panel is the outboard portion; in integrated, dual-beam embodiments the tip is also connected to a beam. The aerodynamic features of the panel of the present invention are conveniently characterized using airfoil terms. The chord is the characteristic width dimension parallel to the beam axis or airflow direction. For a non-rectangular polygon outline shape, the "chord" is the arithmetic average between the root and tip. The panel thickness is the characteristic thickness dimension measured perpendicular to the chord line or plane of symmetry. The "span" of the panel is the characteristic length dimension measured from the root to the tip or top to bottom for a panel-only or integrated beam version.

The chordwise cross-section of the panel is an exemplary known symmetric airfoil such as NACA-0018 (National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics). Although such high-lift airfoils provide excellent lift and related improved pointing accuracy- stability under Beaufort- 1 conditions, other and non-symmetric airfoils may also be used.

[ 0085 ] Typically the panel is formed as mating halves of durable polymer profile shapes which are stable against extreme temperatures, ice formation and light impacts with birds or wind-borne debris. When the plane of symmetry of the panel is not parallel with local air flow direction, a lift force is generated; this moment acts to move the beam and panel into the alignment with the instantaneous flow direction vector. The panel may be formed integral with the beam, e.g., injection molded as a single part, or prepared as a separate insert attachable by known fasteners or by known bonding methods. To minimize panel mass, it may be hollow or filled with known lightweight structural materials or foams. Indeed, the panel may be formed as a composite of suitable low-density materials, including wood.

[ 0086 ] Alternatively, the panel and beam may be functionally coalesced into a single panel-like element. Such embodiments may be formed by joining one or more curved sheets of thin material into an airfoil configuration. In such an embodiment, a internal frame of appropriate strength and stiffness supports the skin elements and the bearings which allow rotation about the mast. Optionally, lightweight stiffening cores and counterweights may also be added within or inside the panel surfaces. For panel-only or integrated beam embodiments, flat sheets forming the lateral surfaces are attached to shape-defining internal formers, e.g., "wing ribs".

[ 0087 ] Ideally, the lift force generated by a local air current at a velocity of 0.5 meter/sec and a 5-degree angle of attack to the plane of the panel will produce an immediate, corresponding rotation response of the beam. The lift is resisted by stick-slip rotational friction in the bearings which allow the panel to pivot. Given a particular panel airfoil, area and angle of attack along with specific mechanical factors, there is a minimum or threshold air velocity which will be needed to cause its incremental rotation into approximate alignment.

[ 0100 ] For the present invention, each particular alternative panel configuration involves optimization of multiple factors including: signage area and the lift-force threshold. Generally, a traditional, visible personnel warning sign is about 400 mm square; for some cases, this may be a typical lower limit of panel area.

[ 0101 ] Indeed, for the present invention, panel parameters may be optimized for the expected atmospheric dispersion plume of particular toxic gas mixtures under specific local worst-case environmental conditions. For example, accidental release of toxic gas molecules which are more dense than the oxygen or nitrogen into cold, quiescent air may represent just such a situation. Under such conditions, the lift force of the panel must be sufficient to cause it to point along the drift-propagation vector of a developing toxic plume. Local prevailing wind velocity and direction inputs into known dispersion-plume models for specific toxic molecules are thus used to predict such situations with reasonable accuracy.

[ 0102 ] Under moderate air velocity conditions, vortex shedding from the outboard tip of a panel profile may cause mechanical vibrations; similarly, increased form drag may impose increased bearing loads and thereby slow beam response. Together, these effects may result in increased bearing friction or cause their premature wearout. Known winglet technics are used to minimize such effects.

[ 0103 ]Air-velocity sensors

[ 0104 ] As used herein the nomenclature "air- velocity sensor" means a selected flow-rate sensor employing a known technology including: mechanical paddles / blades, an electronic force sensor, an electrically-heated wire, etc., which are reliable for accurate sensing of continuous breezes or instantaneous local air gusts.

[ 0105 ] An air- velocity sensor may be added to a predetermined external or internal mounting socket on the present invention during original assembly; the particular mounting point / orientation are chosen to provide sufficient velocity- sensing exposure to local air currents without compromise of the basic pointing capabilities. Selected external sensors are also added to predetermined attachment sockets as a field modification / repair / addition .

[ 0106 ] "Panel-only" embodiments of the present invention may include internal structure provisions for optional integration of an appropriate internal flow-thru channel or recess. This offers some protection against problems due to accumulation of precipitation or solid-particulate debris during operation. If desired, this feature is installed during original assembly.

[ 0107 ] For the present invention, the range of air velocity to be indicated is about 0 to 30 m/sec and the optional known sensing elements must be robust enough to function in temperature extremes, solid precipitation and to survive wind speeds up to about 37 m/sec.

[ 0108 ] Ideally, the sensor device is adapted to link, using one or more active RFID tags, along with a solar- rechargeable power battery, into a weather-data network. This link would provide a site visitor with an instantaneous signal or display on his portable tag reader device, which indicates the air- velocity vector currently being measured at the closest reporting station.

[ 0109 JAlternate Configurations of Mechanical Elements

[ 0110 ] The warning sign of the present invention includes an aerodynamic subassembly for wind-direction pointing, i.e., the panel, which is mounted for free rotation on a low-friction bearings fixed to a vertical mast placed for unimpeded exposure to local wind currents.

[ 0111 ] The preferred embodiment of the warning sign of the present invention incorporates a variable -length, optimizable lever-arm element which couples the center of pressure of a known airfoil, which is scalable in its size, shape and offset distance, to the pivot axis of the mounting bearing. The lever-length-optimizing element is the structure or beam which connects the panel's center of lift to the bearings and mast which support it. The lever arm length, LI (see Figs. 2 and 3), ranges from 0.2 to 4 times the average chord of the panel. The choice of an optimal length for a individual situation involves weighing of factors such as original cost, required pointing accuracy and expenses of ongoing maintenance against possible damage due to local environmental effects such as dust, debris, wildlife and corrosive gases. Many familiar toxic gases are heavier than air and releases present special challenges toward safety of first responders and therefore dictate the number and size of warnings.

[ 0112 ] Scalability of the several panel form factors is a critical feature of the present invention because it controls pointing sensitivity at lowest wind velocities and operational durability against extremes of winds, temperature, precipitation and debris accumulation. Scalability of the panel span and chord is an important feature of the present warning sign because its panel area, i.e., the product of (avg. span) times (avg. chord), governs the size of the ID and warning graphics which are displayed. Detailed regulations and standards for personnel warning signs required for sites where there may be a risk of release of specific toxic gases are issued by and enforced by various Local, State and Federal agencies.

[ 0113 ] In general, the center of pressure of a symmetric airfoil such as NACA 0018 is about 0.25 of the chord downstream from the leading edge. Using this airfoil as an illustration, the most-compact embodiment of the present warning sign includes a zero-length exterior support beam, i.e., the pivot bearings are placed on the upper and lower edges of rectangular panel, which forms the integral beam, as close as possible downstream of the leading edge. For such a configuration, the possible lever-arm length is in the range of 0 to about 0.2*chord. The particular panel chord and thickness are adapted to provide accurate pointing presuming a light-weight, durable, airfoil structure with a signage area approximately 400 mm square. However, for some installations, this configuration might require use of precision anti- friction bearings chosen and fitted to permit small angular movements (0 < angle, degrees < 10) under low wind torques (Beaufort 0-1) even under extreme climate conditions (-40 < temp, C < 0). While such a configuration would allow large signage areas on both sides of the panel, it would also be subject to significant drag forces during high winds, i.e., deflection of the panel skin surfaces and support mast due to violent oscillations of vortex shedding. In some locations, the regular- maintenance costs of such configurations against wind damage and surface-debris accumulation (wind-borne brush or plant matter) might be inordinate compared to alternative embodiments with smaller panels and longer lever arms.

[ 0114 ] For some remote situations the dominant factor for selecting a warning sign may be maximum robustness along with minimum need for repair or cleaning more frequently than annually. Embodiments of the present invention with lever-arm-lengths in the range 0 to 6 times the average panel chord are configured with smaller but compliant warning display areas using known technics such as RFID and QR emblems. A ruggedized beam and a smaller panel are inherently more robust against most signage risk factors for damage and malfunction.

[ 0115 ] Embodiments with a lever-arm greater than about 0.2*chord provide panels which are pivoted from bearings in a collar sub-assembly of the beam. The collar is mounted on a vertical mast placed approximately centered in a flat, cleared area, at a predetermined height above the ground and at a specific vector distance from one or more defined sources of possible risks. The collar and beam are connected as illustrated in Fig. 5 to allow easy pivoting of the panel.

[ 0116 ] Warning information explicit to the site risks, as required under state or federal laws, is displayed in text and color graphics on the visible, external surfaces of the panel, beam, collar and mast. An array of different user- friendly QR emblems (usually black-and-white graphics about 100-200 mm sq.), which can be imaged with a smartphone from a short distance in daylight, are displayed on selected parts of the sign; these enable predetermined visitors having a password and broadband or cell phone-network web access to view specific information relative to their visit as well as updated facts about risks and hazards. As a special service to selected visitors, optional secure RFID devices and systems are provided on the mast and collar; these provide tamper-proof, reliable access to business - engineering data, emergency plans and other critical information for the site.

Panel parameters and characteristics

[ 0117 ] Free-body force / deflection / movement considerations of main beam.

[ 0118 ] From conventional flow modeling studies and several full-scale prototypes, the panels of the present invention are estimated to generate a lift force greater than 0.01 N for winds in the range Beaufort 1-2 striking at an angle of attack of 5 deg. The instant lift force is, of course, a factor of panel area, its surface roughness and the specific airfoil profile, e.g., avg. chord, avg. thickness and span.

[ 0119 ] Operationally for the warning sign, this corresponds to an estimated pointing accuracy of about one compass point (+/- about 6 deg) assuming the there are no anomalous factors such as movement obstructions (tumbleweed against the mast) or accumulated dust/sand in the collar and bearings. This accuracy is believed to be sufficient to alert a visitor to the possible upwind risk factors.

[ 0120 ] Warning system operations, functions and features

[ 0121 ] The warning system of the present invention includes a dynamic pointing device provided with regulatory- compliant warning signs for the presence of specific toxic fluids and RFID and QR links to facilitate specific classes of site visits, e.g., regular service visits, inspections or emergency crews responding to a toxic release or terrorist attack.

[ 0122 ] The present signage configurations alert the approaching visitor to the possibility of toxic fluids in the local environment. The active pointing device of the present invention responds to local wind currents and indicates the wind-drift direction of possible already-re leased or currently escaping substances. The pointing device and its graphics are the first line of awareness about the health risks of a toxic plume and are invaluable in case of: darkness, power outage, failure of local cell services and actual release of heavier- than-air gases. In daylight, the pointing movements of the present invention will alert a naive or unwary visitor to possible dangers. If tanks or pipeline control buildings are visible from the entrance, the visitor will be reminded of their general position, i.e., either upwind or downwind. Presumably all site visitors will have made an appointment and, in some cases, will be accompanied toward the site by an escort carrying toxic-sniffing instruments in addition to a smartphone and an RFID reader for all special tags which are deployed.

[ 0123 ] The QR emblem displays of the present system provide a random number (public -key) by which a site visitor is allowed password access (by a specific private -key) to selected additional technical or business data relevant to the site. Each particular class of visit is matched with specific, relevant "user friendly" data / reports arranged in a predetermined format to assist the visitor in completing his work safely and with dispatch. In the case of visits by fire fighters or other emergency teams, these secure links are configured to provide incisive, secure access to all necessary sensitive technical data such as site maps and the current inventory of toxic substances. Using the present system, the emergency responder is not forced to waste time searching within an unfamiliar website on a cell phone or trying to radio or telephone managers who might have critical information. The website visit protocol collects tracking data about: (a) the visit, e.g., time, date, duration, purpose, activities accomplished, settings changed, etc., (b) the visitor, e.g., personal identification, organization represented, special qualifications / fitness, etc., and (c) conditions or status at the site, e.g., weather, status of local power, cell phone, toxic release, fire, explosion etc.

[ 0124 ] The RFID tag(s) of the present system are configured to provide to the reader a 96 bit random number which is unique for the site and allows private-key web access to selected data which identifies the site and risk factors. An active RFID tag can be read at distances of up to 2 km with a directional antenna, if there are no physical obstructions. A conventional 915 MHz EPC tag can be read at about at distances of about 6 m. The present RFID warning system optimizes the several key range factors including: transmitter power, receiver sensitivity, reader antenna gain, tag antenna gain, tag power drain and efficiency of the tag modulator. Advanced active RFID tags can be configured to collect and store details of: the visit, the visitors as well as ID codes for any personal communications or special computer equipment brought into the site; upon command from an IT administrator, such details can be recalled, reviewed and finally added to a comprehensive visit log. Because RFID tags can be intentionally defeated / compromised by a piece of thin metal foil (~ 27 micrometer thick Al foil), the present system includes a validation protocol to confirm the functional status of each active and passive tag at every visit.

Examples of alternative embodiments

PCT Industrial Applicability

[ 0125 JExample 1. Pivot downstream of panel leading edge; see Fig. 2. This embodiment exhibits best pointing sensitivity and accuracy with high-lift, symmetric airfoils.

[ 0126 ] LI < 0.2 * chord, rectangular panel area about 400 x 400 mm

[ 0127 ] Panel parameters

[ 0128 JTypical panel outline profile: square to rectangular, smooth face surfaces (signs recessed, applied by decal or painted on)

Span: typically less than the chord

Chord: typically in the range 200 to about 600 mm

Thickness: typically in the range 20 to about 100 mm or approximately 0.1 to 0.17 times the chord Display area of each main face: in the range 0.04 to about 0.5 sq. meter

[ 0129 ]Example 2. Pivot upstream of panel leading edge. As illustrated in Fig. 7, this embodiment features an upper and a lower bearing support extension projecting forward from the panel root and tip planes. These supports extend the pivot arm significantly, i.e., to values of 0.2 to 0.4 times the chord. Each extension is fitted with a low-friction bearing for pivoting the center of pressure about the mast. Fig. 7 also illustrates an array of interpenetrating flow-straightening guides attached to the mast and leading edge; these smooth, thin, rigid elements are fixed parallel and spaced apart to stabilize the flow the pattern downstream of the mast and upstream of the leading edge. This embodiment achieves excellent pointing accuracy even in light breezes.

[ 0130 ] LI > 0.2 * chord, rectangular panel area about 400 x 400 mm

[ 0131 ] Panel parameters

[ 0132 JTypical panel outline profile: square to rectangular, smooth face surfaces (signs recessed, applied by decal or painted on)

Chord: in the range 200 to about 600 mm

Thickness: in the range 20 to about 100 mm or approximately 0.1 to 0.17 times the chord

Display area of each main face: in the range 0.04 to about 0.5 sq. meter

[ 0133 ] Example 3. Pivot upstream of panel leading edge. This embodiment features smaller, thinner panels and is more robust toward extreme winds; because of the longer lever arm for the center of pressure, it achieves excellent pointing accuracy even in light breezes.

[ 0134 ] LI > 0.2 * chord, polygonal panel

[ 0135 ] Panel parameters

[ 0136 JTypical panel outline profile: multiple 4-gon alternatives including, square, rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus, trapezoid as well as 3-side, 5-side or 6-side alternatives

Span: approximately equal to or longer than the chord

Chord: in the range of about 150 to 400 mm

Thickness : in the range of about 20 to 100 mm or approximately 0.01 to 0.2 times the chord

Display area of each main face: in the range of about 0.04 to 0.16 sq. meters

[ 0137 JExample 4. Eccentric pivot, rhombus, trapezoid or parallelogram panel profile with small area

[ 0138 ] Fig. 6 illustrates several alternative panel profiles.

[ 0139 ] LI > 0.2*chord

[ 0140 ] Panel parameters

[ 0141 JTypical panel outline profile: parallelogram, rhombus or trapezoid

Span: approximately equal to or longer than the chord

Chord: in the range of about 100 to 200 mm

Thickness : in the range of about 15 to 50 mm or approximately 0.05 to 0.2 times the chord

Display area of each main face: typically about 0.02 sq. meters

[ 0142 ] Example 5. QR emblem array added to panel by alternative known technics including: thin-recessed individual elements, surface film, etching, painting, other. [ 0143 ] Fig. 7 illustrates one alternative arrangement of traditional and QR images. Fig. 8 illustrates a few examples of traditional warning icons now in global use.

[ 0144 ] In this example, multiple 2D QR images: BW or selected colors using fade -resistant pigments, about 100 mm square are fixed to the face surfaces of the panel in addition to one or more conventional warning displays of Examples 1-3 above. The images may include special features such as laser-responsive, e.g., color/contrast- change, ink or retroreflective materials which are especially valuable under emergency conditions. Ideally, there are separate QR emblems for each of: occasional, regular-business, compliance, emergency or DHS visitors. For improved ease of use, each category of first responders could be provided with special organizational QR emblems keyed to site types or risks. The QR display is of various alternate forms ranging from a simple website link for general public information to a secure random-number unique to the particular site which can be added to private ID codes for a particular visitor to allow connection to predetermined information using a smartphone.

[ 0145 JExample 6. QR emblems and RFID tags on panel, beam and collar

[ 0146 ] In this example, multiple RFID tags are fixed to the face surfaces of the panel in addition to conventional warning displays and QR emblems of Examples 1-4 above. Figs. 4, 5, and 7 illustrate alternative placements of RFID tags and QR emblems.

Additionally, advanced, special- function active and passive RFID tags are fastened to areas of the mast and collar which are easily visible to an approaching visitor. Fig. 7 illustrates placements of RFID tags on the mast and bearing support. This configuration facilitates both normal and emergency RFID interactions at the choice of a visitor, e.g., a firefighter.

[ 0147 ] Example 7. Kit of multiple warning signs, "logical QR emblems" and RFID tags prepared as inserts recessed to form a smooth surface for undisturbed airflow.

[ 0148 ] In this example embodiment, the sign surfaces are provided with fastening devices appropriate for secure attachment of selected message items included in a kit. The kit contains a targeted selection of: retroreflective warning images (item 1, Fig. 7), ID images ( item 2, Fig. 7), "logical QR emblems" (items 3-7, Fig. 7) and RFID tags (active and passive types, Fig. 7). The "logical QR emblems" include "user friendly", authorized variants of registered logos of firms, organizations, government agencies along with 2D digital codes representing the random number assigned to the entity. This allows instant recognition by emergency responders of the triage data needed for their work and provides immediate, secure web links to retrieve the actual data by a dedicated reader, palmtop, laptop or smartphone.

[ 0149 ] Example 8. Kit containing multiple structural components of different sign embodiments.

[ 0150 ] In this example, the kit is provided with a selected set of panels, beams, bearings, counterweights, circuit packages, PV devices, rechargeable batteries, and masts. This kit allows a specialist technician to field assemble a reliable, optimized security system of this invention appropriate for installation at a site which may be exposed to extreme conditions of wind and weather.

[ 0151 ] Example 9. Dimension Scaling for Alternative Embodiments

[ 0152 ] Generally, the structural elements of the warning systems of this invention are scaled using the chord of the pointing panel. On this basis, the basic airfoil shape is scaled by the principles originally developed by NACA; relevant formulas and equations are given in NASA Technical Memorandum 4741 (Dec. 1996). NACA symmetric airfoils are designed with the maximum thickness at 0.3 of the chord. While simple NACA airfoils are used herein as illustrative examples, variant profiles based upon polynomials of degree 2 and higher, may be adapted for improved toughness against debris strikes, unusual site features or extraordinary weather conditions.

Additional exemplary features include winglets and/or a small, tip-mounted horizontal trim-stabilizer. The case illustrated in Fig. 6(e) depicts use of a known, substantially-horizontal, cambered or symmetric airfoil located at the panel tip for the purpose of generating enough lift to offset the moment arm of the weight of the beam and panel about the pivot axis. This feature would reduce the required amount of counterweight over its particular design range (lift coefficient, attack angle and wind velocity).

[ 0153 ] For 4-gon shapes, i.e., parallelogram, trapezoid and rhombus panel outlines, the sweep angles for leading and trailing edges is in the range +/- 1-60 deg. as illustrated in Fig. 6(-a,-c,-d,-e). For a 3-gon panel, the leading- edge sweep is in the range +/- 1-60 deg. as illustrated in Fig. 6(b).

[ 0154 ] For a single-beam embodiment having a rectangular panel, the overall length, shown as L3 in Fig. 3, is approximately defined by the expression (chord + LI + L5). Of course, for a non-rectangular panel with positive sweep angles on both leading and trailing edges, the projection of the tip portion into the root section sould be used for L3; this case is shown in the Fig. 6(c).

[ 0155 ] For single-beam embodiments the panel chord (L2) scaling range is about 150-600 mm. On this basis, the scaled-ranges of other factors are: span range is about 100 mm to 2 m; panel thickness range is about 6 -200 mm; PVOffset (=L1) range is 30 mm - 1.5 m.

[ 0156 ] For integrated or dual-beam embodiments the panel chord (L2) scaling range is about 200 mm to 1.6m. On this basis, the other factors are: span range is 100 mm to 6.4m; panel thickness range is 6 -300 mm; PVOffset (=L1) range is 20-800 mm; and resulting panel area range is 0.02-10 m2.

[ 0157 ] Another aspect of scaling as applied to single-beam embodiments of the present invention is grading the airfoil profile along the span. Profile grading may be done gradually, using a single linear rule over the entire span or with several different non-linear rules applied to particular span portions. An illustrative pattern of grading would be to mold components of a parallelogram panel such as illustrated in Fig. 6(c) with a continuous transition from NACA 0020 to NACA 0010 starting at the root and extending to the tip.