The present invention relates to a blind fastener fastening system and more particularly to blind fasteners adapted to be received in aligned bores in workpieces to be joined together and for providing a preselected installed

_* -xff 5 interference with such bores and the method of manufactur- ing such fastener.

The present invention is related to and is an im¬ provement on the invention and type fastener disclosed in the United States Patent No. 3,820,297 of June 28, 1974.

10 As such, the fastener of the present invention is directed to providing a preselected interference fit with the holes of workpieces being joined. With the desired interference, improvement in fatigue and other characteristics in the fastened joint can be realized. However, the magnitude of

15 of the interference can be relatively critical and will be affected by the materials of the fastener and of the work¬ pieces. In the past, such f steners, because of the tight tolerances required, have been subject to painstaking manu¬ facturing procedures resulting in a relatively costly con-

20 struction. In addition the cost for workpiece hold prepa¬ ration prior to installation has been considerable. The present invention addresses these problems and provides a a fastener construction and method by which the fastener can be manufactured relatively inexpensively to close toleran-

25 ces. At the same time, it is believed that because of the improved reliability in fastener tolerances, the tolerances required for the preparation of the workpiece holes can be relaxed sufficiently to provide significant cost savings in installation.

30 It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved fastening system including an improved inter- ference fit blind fastener and method of manufacturing such fastener.

The present invention therefore provides a fastener

35 system including a blind fastener adapted to be received in aligned bores in workpieces to be secured together and, after installation, to provide a preselected interference

with the aligned bores, the. fastener system including a pin having an enlarged pin head and an elongated pin shank, a tubular sleeve having an enlarged sleeve head and an elongated sleeve shank and adapted"to be located on said 5 pin shank whereby the fastener can be installed by the ap- _m plication of a relative axial force between said pin and said sleeve, said pin shank comprising a generally straight expansion portion adjacent said pin head, a generally straight sizing portion separated from said expansion por- rθ- tion by a breackneck groove, and a pull portion adapted to be gripped by an installation tool for setting the fasten¬ er by the application of said relative axial force, said expansion portion having a diameter De which is greater than the diameter Ds of said sizing portion, said sleeve

15: having a generally uniform through bore with a relaxed di¬ ameter Di, said sleeve shank having a generally uniform relaxed outside diameter Do, the diameter Ds of said sizing portion being greater than the relaxed sleeve diameter Di, said sleeve being pre-assembled on said sizing portion of

20 said pin with a press fit to radially expand the outer sur¬ face of said sleeve shank to facilitate reducing said outer surface to have a predetermined outside diameter Do", the diameter Do" being less than the diameter Dw of said work¬ piece bores whereby said pin and sleeve as pre-assembled

25 can be received within said workpiece bores in a generally clearance relationship, said expansion portion adapted to move into said sleeve shank in response to said relative axial force and to radially expand said sleeve shank to pro¬ vide the desired magnitude of preselected interference with

30 said workpiece bores, said pin head operative relative to the end of said sleeve shank opposite from said sleeve head and in response to said relative axial force to form an en- larged blind head engageable with one side of said work- pieces, the axial movement of said pin being arrested upon

35 formation of said blind head and said pin fracturing at said breakneck groove in response to said relative axial force attaining a preselected maximum magnitude.

The present invention is further directed to a method of providing a fastened joint in a fastener system having a blind fastener adapted to be received in aligned bores of workpieces to be secured together and to provide a preselected interference after installation with the bores, the method including the steps of providing a pin having an enlarged pin head and an elongated pin shank, providing a tubular sleeve having an enlarged sleeve head and an elongated sleeve shank and adapted to be located on said pin shank whereby the fastener can be installed by the application of a relative axial force between said pin and said sleeve, providing said pin shank to have a generally straight expansion portion adjacent said pin head, a gener¬ ally straight sizing portion separated from said expansion portion by a breakneck groove, and a pull portion adapted to be gripped by an installation tool for setting the fastener by the application of said relative axial force, said ex¬ pansion portion having a diameter De which is provided to be greater than the diameter Ds of said sizing portion, provid- ing said sleeve to have a generally uniform through bore with a relaxed diameter Di, providing said sleeve shank to have a generally uniform relaxed outside diameter Do, pro¬ viding the diameter Ds of said sizing portion to be greater than the relaxed sleeve diameter Di, assembling said sleeve onto said sizing portion of said pin with a press fit to radially expand said sleeve shank to have an outer surface with an increased outside diameter Do ¹ with said inside di¬ ameter of said sleeve being expanded to a diameter Di' which is equal to sizing diameter Ds, reducing the outside diame- ter of said sleeve outer surface to a diameter Do" such that on installation said outer surface will provide the prese¬ lected interference with said aligned bores, the diameter Do" being provided to be less than the diameter Dw of said workpiece bores whereby said pin and sleeve as pre-assembled can be received within said workpiece bores in a generally clearance relationship, said expansion portion adapted to move into said sleeve shank in response to said relative

axial force and to radially expand said sleeve shank to provide desired magnitude of interference with said work¬ piece bores, providing said pin head to be operative relative to the end of said sleeve shank opposite from said sleeve head and in -response to said relative axial force to form an enlarged blind head engageable with one side of said workpieces, the axial movement of said pin be¬ ing arrested upon formation of said blind head and said pin fracturing at said breakneck groove in response to said : relative axial force attaining a preselected maximum magni¬ tude.

Other features and advantages of the present in¬ vention will become apparent from the subsequent descrip¬ tion of a preferred embodiment of the invention taken in ^r conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

Figure 1 is an elevational view with some parts shown in section depicting an interference fit blind fas¬ tener including a pin and a sleeve and embodying features of the present invention with the sleeve shown in a posi- tion for processing;

Figure 2 is a similar view of the fastener of Fig¬ ure 1 with the pin and sleeve shown in a final assembled po¬ sition after processing and with the fastener located in workpiece openings; ^" Figure 3 is a fragmentary view of the pin of the fastener of Figure 1;

Figure 4 is a fragmentary sectional view of the sleeve of the fastener of Figure 1; and

Figure 5 is a fragmentary, sectional view of the fastener of Figure 1 as installed in the workpieces.

A blind fastener assembly 10 is shown in Figure 1 and includes a pin 12 (Figure 3) and a sleeve 14 (Figure 4) . The pin 12 has an enlarged head 16 connected to a smooth ex¬ pansion shank portion 20 via a tapered portion 18. A break- neck groove 22 is connected to the shank portion 20 via a tapered portion 21 and to a reduced diameter intermediate or sizing shank portion 25. A gripping portion 24 is further

reduced in diameter and is connected to the intermediate shank portion 25 via a tapered portion 26. The gripping portion 24 comprises a plurality of annular pull grooves 28 which facilitates gripping of the pin 12 whereby the fastener 10 can be set by a tool of known construction.

Cooperating with the pin 12 is the sleeve 14 which is hollow, having a generally uniform through bore 30 of a relaxed diameter Di (Figure 4) . The sleeve 14 has an en¬ larged, frusto conically shaped head portion 32 connected to a smooth shank 34 of a uniform outside relaxed diameter Do. The diameter Di of bore 30 of sleeve 14 is larger in diameter than the maximum diameter Dp of pull portion 24 of pin 12 and hence the sleeve 14 slips readily over that por¬ tion; however, the sizing shank portion 25 has a diameter Ds which is slightly larger in diameter than the bore 30 and hence when the sleeve 14 is assembled to the pin 12 the shank 34 will be slightly radially expanded as it is press fitted onto the shank portion 25; in this manner the two pieces are held together and in addition a sizing function is performed which facilitates the construction of the fas¬ tener 10 having the advantages noted.

The fastener 10 can be used to secure a pair of workpieces 38 and 40 which are-provided with aligned bores 42 and 44, respectively (Figure 2). Bore 44 is uniform while bore 42 terminates in a frusto conically shaped por¬ tion 46. In operation the fastener 10, assembled as shown in Figure 1 (but modified in a manner to be described) , is located in the bores 42 and 44 with the enlarged head por¬ tion 32 of sleeve 14 matingly located in the conical bore portion 46. The shank 34 of the sleeve 14 is located in bores 42 and 44 with a close tolerance but clearance fit an extends partially beyond the end wall of the workpiece 40. Next a relative axial force is applied between the pin 12 and sleeve 14; this can be done by a known tool which grips the pull grooves 28 of the pin 12 and pulls the pin 12 while applying a reaction force to the sleeve head portion 32. As the pin 12 is pulled, the shank portion 20 of the

pin 12 is,moved into the bore 30 of the sleeve 14. While the intermediate shank portion 25 provides a slight, press fit with bore 30, the expansion shank portion 20 is of a diame¬ ter De, which is greater than diameter Ds of shank portion 25; the diameter De is predetermined to provide a desired interference with the sleeve bore 30; this desired inter¬ ference is selected to cause expansion of the sleeve shank 34 whereby it will expand in the workpiece bores 42, 44 to provide the necessary magnitude of interference with the bores 42, 44 to stress the bores 42, 44 to the desired amount... As the head 16 is pulled into the sleeve bore 30 the tapered portion 18 expands the free end of the sleeve shank 34 to form an enlarged, tulip head 48 (Figure 5). When the tapered portion 18 moves to a position in line with the rear surface of workpiece 40 the motion of the pin 12 is effectively stopped and the pulling force of the tool in¬ creases until a preselected magnitude is reached at which the pin 12 will break at the breakneck 22, leaving the in¬ stalled fastener as shown in Figure 5. The remainder of pin 12 will be frictionally held to the expanded sleeve 14. Fasteners similar in general physical appearance to that shown in the drawings have been provided for expan¬ sion of a sleeve to fill the holes in the workpieces; how¬ ever, such fasteners have utilized a pin member designed to wire draw after the initial sleeve expansion provides hole fill; this results in little effective stressingof the work¬ piece holes or bores. With the present construction (as with that shown in the aforesaid U. S. Patent 3,820,297), the desired interference is not provided mereby by preventing wire drawing through an increase in the strength of the pin since ancillary problems such as sleeve extrusion, exces¬ sive installation loads, etc., can occur. Here the inter¬ ference fit blind fastener is provided by a careful balanc¬ ing of the strengths of the pin 12 and sleeve 14 considering the characteristics of the material of the workpieces 38, 40 The magnitude of the final, desired interference between the set fastener and the workpiece bores will vary as a function of the area or of the diameter of the bores.

- 1 - . This nterference in terms of expansion in bore diameter can be expressed as a percentage, i.e., interference to bore diameter. It is desirable that this percentage in¬ terference be between around 0.5 percent and 1 percent with the preferred interference being around 0.75% over the maximum workpiece hole diameter.

As noted in order to obtain the desired inter¬ ference, the strengths of the pin 12 and sleeve 14 of the fastener 10 must be carefully balanced with the strength of the workpieces 38, 40. Thus the pin 12 must be of suf¬ ficient strength to withstand the frictional forces en¬ countered during setting without significant yielding or wire drawing. The sleeve 14 should be of a strength where¬ by it will elastically expand sufficiently to fill the holes or bores 42, 44 and to radially expand the holes 42, 44 to the desired magnitude of interference fit. The sleeve 14, however, should be of a sufficient strength such that it will not yield excessively and extrude. The work¬ pieces 38, 40 also must be of sufficient strength such that the material around the bores 42, 44 will expand but will not yield appreciably and hence will not extrude; thus the strength of the workpieces 38, 40 should be sufficient rela¬ tive to the desired interference to avoid appreciable yield¬ ing and/or extrusion. In one construction satisfactory re- suits were obtained utilizing (a) a highhardness ^: pin 12 made of alloy steel AISI 8740 and having a hardness of around 49 - 52 Re, (b) a sleeve 14 made of Monel-QQ-0-281 and having a hardness of around 65 R15N to around 70 R15N, and (c) workpieces 38, 40 made of aluminum 2024 T3 or 7075 T6 hav- ing a Brinell hardness of around 150. It is desirable to provide the tensile strength characteristics of the sleeve 14 to be close to or greater than that of the workpieces 38, 40. Note that the pin 12 is of a higher hardness than the sleeve 14. With the construction as described above it was found advantageous to utilize an extreme pressure lub¬ ricant between the pin 12 and sleeve 14 to minimize the frictional forces. One such lubricant found to be satis-

factory wa.s a commercially available molydisulplide lubri¬ cant.

As noted the objective is to provide a preselec¬ ted magnitude of interference between the outside surface 50 of the sleeve 14 and -the workpiece bores or openings 42, 44 by virtue of the radial expansion of the sleeve 14 caused by the expansion shank portion 20 of the pin 12. In the past, this has been accomplished. by monitoring and matching sleeves and pins and by a series of carefully controlled manufacturing procedures. Thus, with prior constructions, the sleeve bore 30 would be drilled, reamed and honed to very tight tolerances. In a similar manner the outside surface 50 of the sleeve 14 was precision ground to tight tolerances. The expansion shank portion 20 of the pin 12 was also precision ground to tight tolerances. However, even here the stack up of tolerances on the sleeve 14 and pin 12 required that the workpiece openings 42, 44 be carefully prepared to a preselected close tolerance. For example, the total tolerance on the workpiece openings or bores 42, 44 would be held to .0014" (.036 mm) regard¬ less of diameter.

In the present invention a simpler and less expen¬ sive manufacturing procedure is utilized to provide the fastener 10 having the desired interference fit advantages. To accomplish this objective, the pin 12 is constructed to have a shank portion which provides for an initial, known sizing function relative to the sleeve 14. This is accom¬ plished by the intermediate sizing shank portion 25 which has an axial length generally the same as the sleeve bore 30. The sizing shank portion 25 while dimensioned to pro¬ vide an interference or press fit with the sleeve bore 30 is still of a diameter Ds significantly less than the di¬ ameter De of the expansion shank portion 20.

In construction, the pin 12 is formed by relative- ly inexpensive processes such as heading and rolling. The sleeve 14 can also be formed by relatively inexpensive processes such as punching and piercing and/or drilling.

The latter, manufacturing processes can be readily inex¬ pensively controlled to provide piece to piece consis¬ tency within a relatively large tolerance band which large tolerance band can be accommodated by the present invention. . The large tσlerance band is typically attain¬ able without extraordinaryprecisionor dimensional controls. As noted the relaxed diameter Di of sleeve bore 30 and the diameter Ds of sizing shank portion 25 are provided, in one form, to have a press fit up to around .003" (.008 mm) (regardless of diameter) . This initial radial expan¬ sion is generally of a low magnitude and is within the elastic limit of the sleeve material. Now with the sleeve 14 initially p-re-assembled onto the sizing shank portion 25, through bore 30 will be expanded to a diameter Di' which will be- equal to diameter Ds of the siz- . • ing shank portion 25. The relaxed outa_.de diameter Do will now be expanded to a larger diameter Do' (see Figure 1) . The sleeve 14, prior to the sizing or initial expansion, was constructed with a relaxed inside diameter Di and re- laxed outside diameter Do such that the final expansion by the expansion shank portion 20 within openings 42, 44 would result in excessive interference; in other words, the sleeve shank portion 20 is deliberately, initially provided to be oversize to accommodate subsequent machining opera- tions. However, with the sleeve 14 initially expanded on the sizing shank portion 25, the sleeve 14 can now be . ground at its outer surface 50 to provide the required out¬ side diameter Do" (Figure 2) which will give the desired final interference fit with openings 42, 44. The latter can be accomplished knowing the relaxed diameters Di and Do of the sleeve 14 and knowing the sizing and expansion di¬ ameters Ds and De, respectively, of the pin 12. The diame¬ ters of the sizing shank portion 25 (Ds) and expansion shank portion 20 (De) can be readily determined on a batch basis after completion of the pin 12. For example, in processing, the pins are headed; the pull grooves are rolled; the breakneck groove is rolled or cut; the pin is

- IU - heat treated, cleaned, and then both diameters Ds and De are measured without further machining of the two associ¬ ates surfaces... ^' The diameter Dw of workpiece bores 42 and 44 is also known or predictably known and hence the de- sired bore expansion diameter Dw' is known. Having the preceding information, the desired cross-sectional area of the wall of sleeve 14 can be determined. The relaxed in¬ side diameter Di, of the sleeve 14, when pre-assembled and sized on shank portion 25 to a diameter Di', will be equal to the sizing diameter Ds of portion 25; both De and Ds are known. It is now a simple matter to determine the di¬ ameter Do" to which the outside surface 50 of the sleeve shank 34 need be ground to attain a diameter Dw ¹ which is greater than relaxed bore diameter Dw to provide the de- : sired interference. This can be determined by the relation¬

As_ noted, the diameter Do" to which the sleeve 14 is ground will be such as to provide clearance with the bores 42, 44. The. final radial expansion of the sleeve 14 in installation is; such as to be within the elastic limit or only slightly into: yield of the sleeve material.

Thus a simple and direct.method is provided by which the fastener 10 can be constructed in an economical manner. At the same time, since the final outside sleeve diameter Do" is now more reliably controlled, the toler¬ ances on the workpiece bores 42 and 44 need not be so closely controlled resulting in a further economy in instal¬ lation. An example of the differences in required total tolerances between the prior art system and that of the present invention can be seen from the following comparison table:

Prior Art ^' System Dimension New System

.0014" (.036 mm) Workpiece Bore .003" (.008 mm)

Diameter (Dw)

.0004" (.010 mm) Expansion Pin Shank

Diameter (De) .0015" (.031 mm) Sizing Pin Shank

Diameter (Ds) .0015" (.031 mm)

.0004 (.010 mm) Relaxed Sleeve Bore

Diameter (Di) .0015" (.031 mm) .0005 (.010 mm) Final Outer Sleeve

Diameter (Do") .0005" (.010 mm)

The above table is generally applicable for fasteners over a wide range of diameters. Note that the prior art system has no pin portion such as the sizing shank portion 25. Thus it can be seen that the present method and fastener construction can result in significant economies in fastener manufacture and in the workpiece preparation for installation. When the fastener 10 is provided foruse with work- pieces 38, 40 of the aluminum alloys noted, the pin head £6 is provided to be of a slightly smaller diameter Dh than the initially expanded outside diameter Do ¹ of the sleeve shank portion 20. At the same time, it has been found advantage- ous to provide the tapered pin ^' portion 18 to have an includ¬ ed angle X of around 60°. The latter angle facilitates bulbing of the blind end of sleeve shank portion 20 while still facilitating sufficient movement of the pin 12 within sleeve 14 without excessive axial loads whereby premature pin break at the breakneck groove 22 is inhibited..

Thus it can be seen that, with the features of the present invention, the advantages of an interference fit type fastener can be secured in an economical manner.

While it will be apparent that the preferred embodi ments of the invention disclosed are well calculated to ful¬ fill the objects above stated, it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope or fair mean¬ ing of the invention.