Description Cross-Reference to Related Application

This is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 07/520,245, filed May 7, 1990, whose disclosures are incorporated by reference.

Governmental Support

This invention was made with support from the Government of the United States of America, and the Government of the United States of America has certain rights in the invention.

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to the antibiotics calicheamicin and esperamicin, and more particularly to intermediates useful in the preparation of the calicheamicin and esperamicin oligosaccharide portions.

Background Art

The calicheamicin [Lee et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 109:3466 (1987)] and esperamicin [Golik et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 109:3462 (1987)] families of antibiotics contain a complex bicyclic enediyne allylic trisulfide core structure linked through glycosyl bonds to an oligosaccharide chain. The oligosaccharide portions of each of those molecules contain a number of substituted sugar derivatives, and each of those oligosaccharide portions contains a tetrahydropyran ring that is substituted on the ring both with a sulfur atom and with the oxygen atom of a hydroxylamine group.

The chemical structure of calicheamicin y. ¹ , which contains a more complex oligosaccharide group than an esperamicin, is illustrated in Figure 1 herein. The saccharide unit lettered "B" is the before discussed sulfur- and O-hydroxylamine-substituted tetrahydropyran derivative.

The saccharide rings of an esperamicin corresponding to rings "A" and "E" of Figure 1 are substituted similarly to those depicted, except that the esperamicin ring corresponding to ring E includes an N-isopropyl rather than N-ethyl group. The corresponding "B" ring of an esperamicin contains an S- methyl rather than the S-(saccharide-substituted)- derivatized benzoyl group (C and D rings) shown in Figure 1. The structures of esperamicin and some of its derivatives are illustrated in U.S. Patent No. 4,837,206, whose disclosures are incorporated by reference.

The enediyne-containing (aglycon or core) and carbohydrate portions of calicheamicin and esperamicin appear to carry out different roles in the biological activity of those molecules. Thus, the core portion appears to cleave DNA [Zein et al.. Science. 240:1198 (1988)], whereas the oligosaccharide portion of calicheamicin appears to guide the drug to a double stranded DNA minor groove in which the drug anchors itself on the 5' side of a TCCT sequence, and the core cleaves the DNA. Esperamicins are less sequence specific. [Zein et al.. Science. 244:697 (1989)]. Studies of the effect on DNA cleavage of derivitization or removal of one or more of the D and E rings of calicheamicin (Figure 1) indicate the following: removal of the E ring (amino sugar) provided a drug with the same DNA cleaving specificity as the parent, but having a DNA-cleaving efficiency 2 to 3

orders of magnitude less; acylation of the E ring amine maintained specificity but lowered efficiency; removal of the D ring (terminal rha nose) maintained specificity, but lowered efficiency 50-100 times; and removal of the D and E rings (terminal rhamnose and amino sugar) resulted in inhibition of cutting. [Zein et al.. Science. 244:697 (1989)].

Esperamicin lacks the C and D rings and includes a further complex saccharide structure linked to an additional core hydroxyl group. U.K. Patent

Application 2,179,649A reports that acid hydrolysis of esperamicins led to cleavage of that second complex saccharide structure and a resulting esperamicin derivative referred to as BBM-1675C that was about as effective as the starting esperamicin BBM-1675A.

(esperamicin A,) , and more so than esperamicin BBM- 1675A ₂ (esperamicin A ₂ ) as an antitumor and antimicrobial agent. From the discussion in this U.K. application, the oligosaccharide portion of BBM-1675C contains ring analogous to the A, B and E rings of calicheamicin shown in Figure 1.

U.K. Patent Application 2,179,649A also disclosed that further hydrolysis of esperamicin BBM- 1675C led to another esperamicin derivative named BBM- 1675D that was also said to be about as effective as esperamicin BBM-1675A ₁ , as an antitumor and antimicrobial agent. The data presented indicate that esperamicin BBM-1675D possessed only two saccharide rings; i.e. those corresponding to the A and E rings of Figure 1 herein.

Thus, the art has recognized the importance of the oligosaccharide portions of the calicheamicin and esperamicin antibiotics, and has recognized that the saccharide rings in the calicheamicin group can affect the activity of the drug. The results disclosed in Zein

et al.. Science. 244:697 (1989) and those in U.K. Patent Application 2,179,649A indicate a possible conflict as to the effect of the individual saccharide portions on efficacy, although different assay methods were used. It would be important therefore to be able to prepare an oligosaccharide portion of a calicheamicin or the corresponding portion of an esperamicin and derivatives thereof so that the specificities of those materials can be further studied and fine-tuned. It would also be of import to link a calicheamicin or esperamicin oligosaccharide or a derivative or analog thereof to another known DNA cleaving chemical to create a synthetic, chimeric antibiotic.

The present invention describes the synthesis of key intermediates useful in the preparation of a calicheamicin or esperamicin oligosaccharide portion, an oligosaccharide portion derivative or analog, as well as the synthesis of chimeric antibiotics containing such an oligosaccharide.

Brief Summary of the Invention

The present invention contemplates intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of the oligosaccharide portions of calicheamicin and esperamicin, as well as analogs and derivatives thereof and a method of preparing the same.

One contemplated intermediate compound corresponds in structure to that of the formula below.

wherein R is a radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C--C ₅ alkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl; and

R ² is a radical selected from the group consisting of tri-C--C ₆ alkylsilyl, di-C,-^ alkylphenylsilyl, and C,-C ₆ alkyldiphenylsilyl.

In preferred practice, R is a substituted phenyl radical such as m-chlorophenyl, and R ² is a tri- C ₁ -C ₆ alkylsilyl group such as t-butyldimethylsilyl or triethylsilyl. This preference for R ² holds for all of the compounds in which such a group is present.

Another contemplated compound corresponds in structure to that shown in the formula below.

where R ¹ is hydrogen or COR, and R is a radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C,-C ₅ alkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl;

R ² is a radical selected from the group consisting of tri-C.-C ₆ alkylsilyl, di-C ₁ -C ₆ alkylphenylsilyl, and C--C ₆ alkyldiphenylsilyl; and

- is the residuum of (i) an N-hydroxy cyclic i ido group, -ON=R ⁴ , in which R ⁴ contains 4 to about 8 carbon atoms or (ii) an 0,N-di-substituted oxime group, -ON=R ⁵ , whose R ⁵ carbon-containing portion is derived from a group consisting of a C--C ₆ alkyl ketone or aldehyde, and a substituted tetrahydropyranone derivative with the proviso that R ¹ is COR when - is -0N=R ⁴ .

In one preferred embodiment, - is -ON=R ⁴ , and -ON=R ⁴ together constitute the residuum of an N-hydroxy cyclic imido group containing 4 to about 8 carbon atoms as are present in an N-hydroxysuccinimido or N-hydroxyphthalimido radical, and R ¹ is COR.

In another preferred embodiment, - is -ON-R ⁵ , and -ON=R ⁵ together constitute the residuum of an 0,N-di-substituted oxime whose carbon-containing R ⁵ portion is derived from a group consisting of a C--C ₆ ketone or aldehyde and a substituted tetrahydropyranone. R ⁵ is most preferably derived from a tetrahydropyran-4- one that can also contain a substituted tetrahydropyran substituent.

A compound whose structure corresponds to that of the formula shown below constitutes yet another contemplated compound of this invention.

wherein R ² is a radical selected from the group consisting of tri-C--C ₆ alkylsilyl, di-C--C ₆ alkylphenylsilyl, and C ₁ -C ₆ alkyldiphenylsilyl;

-ON=R ⁵ is the residuum of an 0,N-disubstituted oxime group in which R ⁵ is derived from a group consisting of a C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl ketone or aldehyde, and a substituted tetrahydropyranone derivative; and

R ⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.-C ₆ alkyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, C--C ₆ alkyl oxycarbonyl and N-carbonyl imidazyl.

R is most preferably hydrogen or substituted benzoyΛlL,, aand R ² and R ⁵ are preferably as discussed above.

Also contemplated is a compound whose structure corresponds to that shown below.

wherein R is hydrogen or a selectively removable nitrogen atom protecting group such as F OC, t-BOC, CBZ or NVOC as is used for protecting α-amino groups during peptide synthesis reactions;

R ⁹ is C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, with methyl and ethyl being particularly preferred; R ¹⁰ is hydrogen or a previously defined R ² group;

Z is 0 or an oximino group that is the reaction product of the compound where Z=0 with hydroxylamine or an O-substituted hydroxylamine containing up to 7 carbon atoms such as

O-benzylhydroxylamine or O-methylhydroxylamine; and

X is selected from the group consisting of o-nitrobenzoxy, benzoxy, halo such as chloro, bromo or preferably fluoro, hydroxyl, and trichloroacetimidato [0C(NH)CC1 ₃ ] .

A disaccharide compound of Formula VII is useful as an intermediate and in forming a chimeric antibiotic with an aglycon as is shown in Figures 10, 13 and 14. Exemplary compounds whose structures correspond to Formula VII include Compounds 148, and 160-167.

A method of forming (preparing) a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula A is also contemplated.

wherein R ² is a radical selected from the group consisting of tri-C--C ₆ alkylsilyl, di-C ₁ -C ₆ alkylphenylsilyl, and C ₁ -C ₆ alkyldiphenylsilyl; and

-ON=R ⁵ is the residuum of an O,N-disubstituted oxime group in which R ⁵ is derived from a group consisting of a C--C ₆ alkyl ketone or aldehyde and a substituted tetrahydropyranone derivative; comprising the steps of a) heating the compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula B

wherein R and R are defined above, in a liquid medium for a time period and at a temperature sufficient for that compound to rearrange to form a

compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula A.

The N-carbonylimidazyl group of a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula A is preferably replaced with hydrogen. It is also preferred that the compound of Formula A and the compound having hydrogen in place of N-carbonylimidazyl be recovered.

Brief Description of the Drawings In the drawings forming a portion of this disclosure:

Figure 1 illustrates the structural formula for calicheamicin y, ¹ , in which Me is methyl. Bonding of the junction between the oligosaccharide and aglycon portions is illustrated as being β . Hydrogen atoms bonded to ring carbon atoms other than at the glycosidic bond are not shown. The letters A-E designate rings in the oligosaccharide.

Figure 2 illustrates the chemical structure for oligosaccharide Compound 1. The positions of glycosidic linkages in the two saccharide units are noted with numerals "l" and "1". Key bonds linking the three rings are noted with dashed lines through the bonds and the Greek letters α-e. The letters A, B and C indicate rings analogous to those present in calicheamicin.

In this figure and those that follow, the stereochemical configuration of saccharide ring substituents is shown as darkened wedge-shaped lines for bonds projecting upwardly from a ring (,9-bonds) whereas dashes are utilized for bonds that project downwardly from a ring (α-bonds) . Ring-bonded hydrogens and hydrogen atoms without stereochemical significance are not shown. Me is methyl and Ph is phenyl in this figure and all others where those symbols are utilized.

Abbreviations for previously undefined groups will be added in each description that follows, whereas previously defined abbreviations will not be redefined. Figure 3 illustrates reaction Scheme 1 and shows the general synthesis utilized herein for the preparation of the sulfur- and O-N-disubstituted hydroxylamine-containing B ring of a calicheamicin oligosaccharide. Curved arrows indicate the direction of bond formation and breakage. A bracket is utilized to indicate that another group is doubly or singly bonded to the nitrogen atom. HO-NPhth is N-hydroxyl phthalimide, R is a generalized blocking group, Ar is an aromatic group such as m-chlorophenyl, and Im is imidazyl. Figure 4 shown in three sheets. Figures 4-A,

4-B and 4-C, illustrates reaction Scheme 2 utilized in the preparation of Compound 1 of Figure 2. Reaction steps a-r are discussed in the results and examples. In this scheme, Ac is acetyl, Ar is m-chlσrophenyl, Si ^t BuMe ₂ is t-butyldimethylsilyl, Phth is phthalyl, PPh ₃ is triphenylphosphene, and Bn is benzyl. The identify of each R, R ¹ , R ² and X group is given for each numbered compound.

Figure 5 illustrates structural formulas for Compounds 21, 22 (FIG. 5-A) , 23 and 24 (FIG. 5-B) in which the identity of each R, X and Y group is as shown. The letters C, D and E indicate a correspondence of a depicted ring to the C, D and E rings of calicheamicin as shown in Figure 1. Figure 6 shown in two sheets. Figures 6-A and

6-B, illustrates reaction Scheme 3 for the synthesis of Compounds 21 and 22 whose structures are shown in Figure 5. In this scheme, C and D are used as before to designate correspondence of a ring to a calicheamicin oligosaccharide ring, and SiEt ₃ is triethylsilyl.

Reaction steps a-j are discussed for each numbered

compound in the examples. Each group R, R ¹ , R ² and X is defined as shown for each numbered compound.

Figure 7 illustrates reaction Scheme 4 for the synthesis of Compounds 23 and 24 whose structures are shown in Figure 5. Reaction steps a-j are discussed for each numbered compound in the. examples. The wavy line is utilized to depict the presence of both anomers.

Figure 8, shown in two parts as Figures 8-A and 8-B, illustrates reaction Scheme 5 for the preparation of Compound 54, a 3-ring precursor to the 5-ring calicheamicin oligosaccharide, as well as being an analog of the esperamicin oligosaccharide. FMOC is 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl. Reaction steps a-k are discussed for each numbered compound in the examples. Each R, R ¹ , R ² and X group is defined as shown for each numbered compound.

Figure 9, shown in two sheets as Figures 9-A and 9-B, illustrates reaction Scheme 6 for the preparation of the calicheamicin oligosaccharide Compound 100 from Compound 55 (the acid chloride form of Compound 33 shown in Figure 6) and Compound 54 shown in Figure 8. Each R, R ¹ , R ² and X group is defined as shown for each numbered compound. Reaction steps a-g are discussed for each numbered compound in the examples.

Figure 10, shown in two parts as Figures 10-A and 10-B, illustrates reaction Scheme 7 for the preparation of an analog to Compound 54 that contains a photolabile o-nitrobenzyl (ONBn) group at the anomeric carbon atom from which a glycosidic bond to an aglycon can be formed after photolysis and suitable activation. This synthesis parallels the synthesis of Compound 54 shown in Figure 8, with analogous numbered compounds having the same last two digits as their analogs in Figure 8, and analogous reaction steps being lettered

a-k. Each R, R ¹ and R ² is defined as shown for each numbered compound.

Figure 11 illustrates reaction Scheme 8 for the preparation of a chimeric antibiotic using Compound 200, a 5-ring oligosaccharide analog of Compound 100 shown in Figure 9, and DNA cleaving aglycon HZ. In this figure, hv is used to indicate an ultraviolet irradiation step, DAST is diethylaminosulfur trifluoride, THF is tetrahydrofuran, and TBAF is tetrabutylammonium fluoride. Each R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , Z _1# Z ₂ and Z ₃ group is defined as shown for each numbered compound, whereas HZ is used to represent the alcohol form of aglycon portion Z-, Z ₂ or Z ₃ .

Figure 12, shown in three parts as Figures 12-A, 12-B and 12-C, illustrates reaction Scheme 9 for the formation of a chimeric antibiotic Compound 226. Compounds 211 through 222 are analogs of Compounds 11 through 22 of Figure 4, with the last two digits of a number in this figure being the same as the two digit numbers in Figure 4, except for Compound 218 that is analogous to Compound 1. Compounds 211 through 222 are also prepared in a manner analogous to Compounds 11 through 22. In this figure, PPTS is pyridinium p_-toluene sulfonate, ^t BuMeSiOTf is t-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) , DIBAL is diisobutylaluminum hydride, eq. is equivalent, and Et ₃ SiOTF is triethylsilyl triflate. R, R ¹ , R ² , Y, Z-, Z ₂ and Z ₃ groups are as shown for each numbered compound, with HZ representing the generalized alcohol form of aglycon portions Z., Z ₂ and Z ₃ .

Figure 13, shown in two sheets as Figures 13-A and 13-B, illustrates reaction Scheme 10 containing further reactions of Compound 148 to form Compound 167, a derivative of the calicheamicin A and E

oligosaccharide rings. Substituents R, R-, R _g , Z and X are identified for each compound. Other abbreviations are as defined before.

Figure 14, shown in two sheets as Figures 14-A and 14-B, illustrates reaction Scheme 11 in which a dynemicin A analog DNA cleaving material. Compound 300, was reacted with Compound 163 to form diastereomeric chimeric antibiotic Compounds 307a and 307b. Substituents R, R-- and R ₂ are identified for each compound. The abbreviation Ph is for phenyl and PhCH ₂ is benzyl.

The present invention has several benefits and advantages.

A salient benefit is that the thio- and O-hydroxylamine-substituted saccharide B ring present in calicheamicin and espermicin has been prepared in a high yield synthesis.

Another benefit of this invention is that that B ring is prepared appropriately linked to the calicheamicin or esperamicin A and E ring disaccharide or analog.

A still further benefit is that a dynemicin A analog has been linked to the calicheamicin A and E ring disaccharide as a chimeric antibiotic. A particular advantage of the invention is that synthesis of the complete calicheamicin oligosaccharide portion can be effected via the disclosed A, C, D, E and particularly B ring syntheses.

Yet another advantage of the invention is that the disclosed intermediates and methods can be used to prepare chimeric antibiotics.

Still further benefits and advantages of the invention will be apparent to the skilled worker from the disclosure that follows.

Detailed Description of the Invention

As already noted, the present invention relates to the oligosaccharide portion of a calicheamicin or esperamicin, as well as to analogs and derivatives thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to specific compound intermediates, analogs and derivatives thereof useful in preparing such oligosaccharides and methods of their preparation and use. The compounds of particular interest herein are those utilized in the preparation of the sulfur- and oxygen-containing B ring, as well as the A and E ring disaccharide of the calicheamicin oligosaccharide, illustrated in Figure 1. Esperamicin contains a similarly structured and substituted ring.

The chemical formulas shown herein are utilized to show both specific compounds and, where appropriate, generic classes of compounds. The compounds defined by those generic classes are referred to herein as analogs of each other or of a particularly enumerated or named compound.

Thus, for example, where R ² is a C--C ₆ tri- alkylsilyl group, two compounds are analogs of each other that are otherwise of the same structure and configuration and contain a triethylsilyl group in one and a t-butyldimethylsilyl group at the same position in the other. In a more concrete example. Compound 1 of Figure 2 and Compound 216 of Figure 12 are analogs. Some compounds discussed herein contain a particular structure and substituents and others contain substantially the same structure and the same or analogous substituents plus at least one additional substituent group. A compound that contains that at least one added group is considered a derivative of the first compound having fewer groups. For example,

Compound 16 of Figure 4 contains two saccharide ring units, whereas Compound 54 contains two similar saccharide ring units plus one more saccharide ring unit as a substituent of one of these two saccharide rings. Compound 54 is thus a derivative of Compound 16. A derivative that contains one or more analogous substituents is considered a derivative, rather than an analog.

In each of the chemical formulas shown herein hydrogen atoms bonded to ring carbon atoms and carbon atom-bonded hydrogens that are stereochemically unimportant are not shown for improved clarity. Bonds that extend above the plane of the paper (/3-bonds) are depicted by darkened wedge-shaped lines, whereas bonds extending below the plane of the paper are shown as dashed lines. Methyl, ethyl and butyl groups are frequently shown by the abbreviated designations Me, Et and Bu, respectively, whereas a benzyl group is shown as Bn, phenyl as Ph and a phthaloyl group is shown as Phth. These usages are those commonly found in the chemical literature.

One compound of particular interest is that whose structure corresponds to the Formula I below

wherein R is a radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.-C ₅ alkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl; and

R ² is a radical selected from the group consisting of tri-C ₁ -C ₆ alkylsilyl, di-C ₁ -C ₆ alkylphenylsilyl, and ^-C ₈ alkyldiphenylsilyl.

A particularly preferred compound of the above formula is Compound 10, shown in Figures 4, 8, 10 and 12. In that compound, R is a substituted phenyl group, more specifically m-chlorophenyl, and R ² is a tri-C--c ₆ alkylsilyl group, more specifically t-butyldimethylsilyl ( ^t BuMe ₂ Si) . A triethylsilyl (Et ₃ Si) is also a particularly preferred R ² substituent.

In reaction Scheme 2 shown in Figure 4, the glycal. Compound 3, is oxidized with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) , and the residuum of that per acid remains as an ester group (shown as OCOAr) , which rearranges to form the 3-α-ester of Compound 7 that is ultimately formed into the O-hydroxylamine. Compound 10. It is noted that any per carboxylic acid can be utilized for that sequence of steps, although MCPBA is preferred as it provides a superior yield, is stable to subsequent steps, and can be readily replaced for further steps.

In an alternative procedure, l,2-anhydro-4,6- O-benzylidene-3-O-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)-,3-D- altropyranose [Halcomb et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 111:6661 (1989)] is reacted with a carboxylic acid to open the 1,2-epoxide and form the corresponding

2-,3-hydroxy-l-α-altropyranose ester in which the acid portion of the ester is a COR group as defined for Formula I. That ester is thereafter reacted (1) with NBS and AIBN; and (2) with Bu ₃ SnH and AIBN (as discussed in the preparation of Compound 2) to form an α-1-o-acyl- 3-tri-alkylsilylated-4-benzoyl-fucose. Swern oxidation [(C0C1) ₂ , DMSO, Et ₃ N) ] followed by in situ rearrangement (as is also discussed for the preparation of Compound 2) provides a compound of the above formula wherein R is as defined above.

Exemplary R groups include forroyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyroyl, hexanoyl, benzoyl, m-chlorobenzoyl, and the like.

Preferred R ² substituents are C ₁ -C ₆ tri- alkylsilyl radicals in which the alkyl groups can be the same or different. Particularly preferred C ₁ -C ₆ trialkylsilyl radicals are triethylsilyl (SiEt ₃ ) and t-butyldimethylsilyl ( ^t BuMe ₂ Si) . Other useful silyl radicals include trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, iso-propyldimethylsilyl, 2-butyldimethylsilyl, t-hexyldimethylsilyl, phenyldimethylsilyl and diphenylmethylsilyl. Still further, useful, R ² silyl groups as discussed above are well known to those skilled in the art. Silylating agents useful for preparing the R ² silyl radicals are available from Petrarch Systems of Bristol, PA, U.S.A., as well as from other suppliers.

As is seen from the schemes in Figures 4, 8, 10, 12, 13 and 14, a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula I is utilized to form an 0,N-disubstituted oxime that links precursors to the A and B rings together. That disubstituted oxime is subsequently reduced to form the O,N-disubstituted hydroxylamino group that can link the A and B rings to the oligosaccharide.

Another particularly preferred compound of the invention corresponds in structure to that shown in Formula II below

wherein R ² is as before discussed; R ¹ is hydrogen or COR, where R is as before described; i.e., hydrogen, C^C _g alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl; and - is the residuum (reaction product) of (i) an N-hydroxy cyclic imido group or (ii) an O,N-disubstituted oxime group. In the above formula, -W is -ON=R ⁴ or -ON=R ⁵ so that N=R ⁴ and N=R ⁵ represent two bonds between a nitrogen atom and R ⁴ or R ⁵ , respectively.

When -W forms the residuum of an N-hydroxy cyclic imido group, -0N=R ⁴ , R ⁴ contains 4 to about 8 carbon atoms. Thus, -0N=R ⁴ together form the residuum of an N-hydroxysuccinimido, N-hydroxy(methylsuccinimido) or N-hydroxyphthalimido group. In addition, when -W is -ON=R ⁴ , R ¹ is COR.

A particularly preferred compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula II is Compound 9 shown in Figure 4, wherein -ON=R ⁴ forms the residuum of an N-hydroxyphthalimodoyl group, R ¹ is m-chlorobenzoyl and R ² is S^BuMe.,. As is seen from Figure 4, Compound 9 and the other compounds of the above formula are precursors to Compound 10 and the other compounds whose structures are embraced by the Formula I.

When -W forms the residuum of an O,N-disubstituted oxime group, R ⁵ is a carbon-containing portion that is derived from a C--C ₆ alkyl ketone or aldehyde; i.e., a C,-C ₆ alkylidene or a substituted tetrahydropyranone derivative. Exemplary tetrahydropyranone derivatives include a calicheamicin or espermicin A ring or A and E ring disaccharide, such as those illustrated herein. In this instance, R ¹ is as before defined.

Preferred compounds of Formula II in which R ³ is R ⁵ are Compounds 11-13 of Figure 4, Compound 49-51 of Figure 8, Compounds 149-151 of Figure 10 and Compounds 211-213 of Figure 12. Each of those compounds includes an R ⁵ group derived from a substituted tetrahydropyranone derivative, and particularly a substituted tetrahydropyran-4-one derivative.

As can be seen from the above-numbered compounds of Figures 4, 8, 10 and 12, the tetrahydropyranone can have C.-C ₆ alkyl substituents, e.g. methyl, ethyl or hexyl, as well as hydroxyl, O-benzyl and O-silyl; i.e., an R ² group, an o-nitrobenzoxy (ONBn) and another tetrahydropyranose derivative as substituent groups. Preferably, the substituted tetrahydropyranone derivative is itself substituted with but a single further tetrahydropyranose substituent. Those depicted oligosaccharide compounds are precursors for larger oligosaccharides, as can be utilized in the preparation of chimeric antibiotics, discussed hereinafter. A compound whose structure corresponds to Formula II in which R ⁵ is a tetrahydropyran-4-one derivative that is itself substituted at the 2-position with a substituted tetrahydropyran is a precursor to the esperamicin trisaccharide.

R ⁵ can also be derived from a C.-C ₆ alkyl ketone or aldehyde; i.e., C--C ₆ alkylidene. Exemplary of such materials are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, hexylaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, 3-hexanone and cyclopentanone. The isopropylidene derivative, prepared from acetone, has been prepared, and a further derivative otherwise similar in structure to Compound 14 of Figure 4 has been used as a model compound in the rearrangement of the

thiocarbonylimidazyl derivative to a compound analogous in structure to Compound 15.

Yet another compound of interest herein has a structure that corresponds to that of Formula III, below

wherein R ² and R ⁵ are as described before, and R ⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C--C ₆ alkyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl oxycarbonyl and N-carbonyl imidazyl. R ⁵ here is preferably a substituted tetrahydropyranone derivative as discussed before.

Particularly preferred compounds whose structures correspond to Formula III include Compounds 15-17 of Figure 4, Compounds 53 and 54 of Figure 8,

Compound 56 of Figure 9, Compounds 153 and 154 of Figure 10 and Compounds 215, 216 and 217 of Figure 12. Those compounds illustrate R ⁶ groups that include hydrogen, thiocarbonyl imidazyl and substituted benzoyl. As can be seen from the above exemplary substituted R ⁶ benzoyl groups, substituents on the benzoyl group can include C--C ₆ alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, iso-propoxy and cyclohexyloxy, C.-C ₆ alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, sec-butyl and 2-hexyl, halo such as iodo, bromo, chloro and fluoro, and a glycosy1-1inked substituted tetrahydropyranose derivative such as the D ring of calicheamicin.

R ⁶ can also be a C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl group, in which case, the ultimately prepared oligosaccharide corresponds to the esperamicin oligosaccharide, a

derivative or analog thereof. Exemplary C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl groups are methyl (as is present in the esperamicin oligosaccharide), ethyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, and 2-hexyl. These C--C ₆ alkyl groups also exemplify the C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl group portion of a C--C ₆ alkyl ooxxyyccaarrbboonnyyll ggrr<oup so that SR ⁶ is C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl thiocarbonate.

An R ⁶ C--C ₆ alkyl group can be prepared from the corresponding compound of Formula III where R ⁶ is hydrogen, the mercaptan, by alkylation with an above

C--C ₆ alkyl iodide or trifluorosulfonate (triflate, Tf) in the presence of a relatively mild, non-nucleophilic base such as K ₂ C0 ₃ .

A method of preparation of a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula IV is also contemplated

wherein R ² and R ⁵ are as defined before, and R ⁵ is preferably a substituted tetrahydropyranone derivative.

In accordance with this method, a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula V

wherein R ² and R ⁵ are as defined before is heated in a liquid composition for a time period and at a temperature sufficient for a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula IV to form. The imidazyl group shown in Formulas IV and V can also be a C.-C ₆ alkoxy group.

The liquid composition is typically an parotic solvent. Exemplary of such solvents are toluene, xylene, acetonitrile, and ethylene glycol diethyl ether. The maximum temperature to which the liquid composition is heated is, at atmospheric pressure, limited by the boiling point of the composition. However, a liquid composition need not be utilized at its reflux temperature. Generally, a temperature above room temperature (18-25 degrees C) to about 140 degrees C can be used, with a temperature of about 100 to about 120 degrees C as is obtained with toluene at reflux being preferred.

As with most reactions, the above rearrangement proceeds more rapidly at higher than at lower temperatures. For laboratory 0.1-0.5 gram scale reactions, the rearrangement is substantially complete when carried out at about 110 degrees C for 0.5-1 hour. In preferred practice, the rearrangement product is recovered at the end of the reaction.

It is also preferred that the N-carbonylimidazyl or C--C ₆ alkoxy carbonyl group of a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula IV be replaced with hydrogen. This step is carried out by reacting the rearranged thio N-carbonylimidazyl or thiocarbonate group with NaSMe at room temperature or a similar reagent to provide the corresponding mercaptan. The thus produced mercaptan is also preferably isolated and is generally reacted quickly with an alkylating or acylating agent.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the above method, a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula V is prepared by reacting a compound whose structure corresponds to that of Formula VI, wherein R ² and R ⁵ are as before defined.

with thiocarbonyl diimidazole in a liquid composition as a reaction mixture using aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile. Where a thio carbonate as in Formula IV is formed, a C.-C ₆ alkyl thiochloroformate is reacted in the presence of a base such as pyridine. The reaction mixture is maintained for a time period sufficient for a compound corresponding in structure to that of Formula V to form, and that compound is preferably recovered.

The reaction is typically carried out at a temperature of about zero to about 30 degrees C, and preferably at about ambient room temperature, about

18-25 degrees C. When carried out at room temperature, the reaction is maintained for about 18 to about 24 hours to maximize yield. At lower temperatures, the reaction proceeds more slowly, whereas at higher temperatures, the rearrangement to a compound corresponding in structure to that of Formula IV competes and diminishes the yield.

A compound corresponding in structure to Formula IV can also be directly prepared by reacting a liquid composition containing a compound of Formula VI

with thiocarbonyl diimidazole at a temperature above about 30 degrees C to about 140 degrees C, and maintaining the reaction mixture so formed for a time period sufficient to form the desired material. Direct formation of a thiocarbonate is carried out similarly using a C.-C ₆ alkyl thiochloroformate and a base such as pyridine.

Another group of particularly preferred compounds has a structure that corresponds to that of Formula VII

wherein R -.8 is hydrogen or a selectively removable nitrogen atom protecting group such as FMOC (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) , t-BOC (t-butyloxycarbonyl) , CBZ (carbobenzyloxy) , or NVOC (nitroveratryloxycarbonyl) as is used for protecting α-amino groups during peptide synthesis reactions;

R ⁹ is C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, with methyl and ethyl being particularly preferred;

R is hydrogen or a previously defined R group; Z is O or a oximino group that is the reaction product of the compound where Z=0 with hydroxylamine or an O-substituted hydroxylamine containing up to 7 carbon atoms such as O-benzylhydroxylamine or O-methylhydroxylamine; and

X is selected from the group consisting of o-nitrobenzoxy, benzoxy, halo such as chloro, bromo or preferably fluoro, hydroxyl, and trichloroacetimidato [0C(NH)Ccl ₃ ] . A disaccharide compound of Formula VII is useful as an intermediate and in forming a chimeric antibiotic with an aglycon as is shown in Figures 10, 13 and 14. A compound of Formula VII can also be used with an aglycon illustrated in Figures 11 and 12 to form a chimer. Exemplary compounds whose structures correspond to Formula VII include Compounds 148, and 160-167.

The compounds, analogs and derivatives discussed herein are particularly useful in preparing oligosaccharide portions of a chimeric antibiotic or chimer by reaction with an aglycon, and preferably a DNA cleaving aglycon. The produced chimer has in vitro DNA cleaving activity as well as activity against microorganisms such as Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphyloccus aureus. and Saccharomvces cerevisiae- and is also a useful agent in treating certain cancers such as P-388 leukemia and B16 melanoma in mice. These chimers thus have biologic activities similar to those exhibited by calicheamicin and esperamicin. Exemplary chimer syntheses are discussed hereinafter.

A chimeric antibiotic is utilized as an active agent in an aqueous pharmaceutical composition in which it is dissolved or dispersed. The chimer is thus dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically tolerable diluent such as water, water/ethanol, normal saline or a buffered aqueous solution such as phosphate-buffered saline or within vesicles as are well known. Exemplary further diluents can be found in Remmington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mack Publishing Co. , Easton, PA (1980) .

The chimeric antibiotic is present in such a pharmaceutical composition in an amount effective to achieve a desired result. For example, where JLn vitro DNA cleavage is the desired result, a compound of the invention can be utilized in an amount sufficient to provide a concentration of about 1.0 to about 500 micromolar (μM) with a DNA concentration of about 0.02 μg/μl. As a cytotoxic (anti-tumor) agent, an effective amount of a chimer is about 0.2 to about 15 μg per kilogram of body weight. For use as an antimicrobial agent, a chimer is utilized at about 0.01 to about 50 μg/ml. The particular concentration or dosage can vary with the particular chimer (both as to oligosaccharide and aglycon) utilized as well as the particular target; i.e., DNA, tumor, microbe, as is well known.

Particular antimicrobial and anti-tumor assays can be carried out as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,837,206, whose disclosures are incorporated by reference, and U.K. patent application G.B. 2,179,649A. DNA cleavage can be assayed as discussed in Nicolaou et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 110:7247 j (1988) or Zein et al. , Science. 240:1198 (1988).

Results The highly unusual structures of the esperamicins and calicheamicins, of which calicheamicin y. ¹ is the most prominent member [Lee et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 109:3464 (1987)], coupled with their phenomenal biological activity have spurred a flurry of investigations. Whereas most of the synthetic efforts in this area have focused on biological mimics [Nicolaou et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 110:4866 (1988)] and the bicyclic enediyne skeleton, [Haseltine et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 110:7638 (1989); Danishefsky et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 110:6890 (1988); Danishefsky et al.,

Tetrahedron Lett.. 2_9:4681 (1988); Screiber et al., Tetrahedron Lett.. 3_0_:433 (1989); Screiber et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 110:631 (1988); Magnus et al., Tetrahedron Lett.. 3_0:1905 (1989); Magnus et al., J. Chem. Soc. Commun.. 916 (1989); Magnus et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 110:6921 (1988); Magnus et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 110:1626 (1988); Tomioka et al.. Tetrahedron Lett.. 3):851 (1989)] reports relating to the oligosaccharide fragment have been few [ (a) for the synthesis of the aromatic system of calicheamicin y. ¹ see: Nicolaou et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.. 22:1097 (1988); (b) for the synthesis of a methyl-a- glycoside of the thio sugar see: Van Laak et al. Tetrahedron Lett.. 3_0_:4505 (1988); (c) for a synthesis of the esperamycin isopropylamino sugar see: Golik et al.. Tetrahedron Lett.. 3_0:2497 (1989); for a synthesis of the calicheamicin y. ¹ ethylamino sugar see: Kahne et al., Tetrahedron Lett. - 3_1:21 (1990)].

A. The ABC Oligosaccharide

The results below describe the first synthetic study that provides solutions to the stereoselective construction of the crucial bonds α-e shown in Figure 2 that are present in the calicheamicin y, ¹ oligosaccharide, and which synthesis delivers the ABC oligosaccharide skeleton in optically active form.

On close inspection of the oligosaccharide fragment of calicheamicin y- ¹ , one identifies the following challenging synthetic features (shown in Figure 2) : (a) the unusual alkoxylamine bond β , linking carbohydrate units A and B via bonds α and y; (b) the _/ 3-stereochemistry of the glycoside bond y, which taken in combination with the 2-deoxy nature of saccharide B, offers a unique challenge to synthetic construction; (c) the sulfur bridge, linking carbohydrate unit B with a

heavily substituted aromatic system via bonds <S and e; and (d) the α-stereochemistry of the N- and S-bearing stereogenic centers of saccharide units A and B respectively. The results obtained provide clean, and rather novel solutions to all the above challenges. The synthetic design was based on the retrosynthetic disconnections indicated in Figure 2 that led to thiocarbonyldiimidazole (Im ₂ C*=S) as the sulfur source, N-hydroxyphthalimide (HO-NPhth) as the origin of the alkoxyamino group and precursors to rings A, B and C as potential starting points.

Scheme 1 (Figure 3) outlines the synthetic strategy as designed from the above analysis, and which, in addition to solving the above mentioned problems, avoids a potentially difficult deoxygenation step to generate the methylene group of the B ring. Thus, intermediate I (Scheme 1 of Figure 3) was designed with an ester group at position-2 to assure the desired stereochemical outcome of the glycosidation reaction (I→II, β-stereochemistry) as well as a means to stereoselectively deliver the sulfur atom at position-4 via a sigmatropic rearrangement (II→III→IV) . Intermediate IV was then expected to serve as a precursor to V.

Scheme 2 (Figure 4) outlines the reaction sequence leading to target Compound 1 shown in Figure 2. Thus, following selective deprotection (DIBAL, 72 percent) of the diester Compound 2, expoxidation of Compound 3 with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) followed by regio- and stereoselective epoxide opening by m-chlorobenzoic acid afforded Compound 4 in 55 percent yield.

Selective silylation 67 percent] of the 3-hydroxyl group of Compound 4 followed by

exposure to Swern conditions resulted in the formation of enone Compound 6 via an oxidation-elimination sequence (88 percent). 1,2-Reduction of enone Compound 6 using ZnBH ₄ -NH ₄ Cl in ether [in the absence of NH ₄ C1, silyl group migration from 0-3 to 0-2 was a competing process following initial 1,2-reduction of the enone] proceeded smoothly from the ,9-face, and was followed by the expected, in situ, ester migration to afford the desired α-lactol Compound 7 in good yield (about 8:1, a : β ratio ¹ H NMR). [For an example of 1,2-ester migration in a cis-l-O-acyl-2-hydroxy sugar see: Pederson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 2.:3215 (I960).]

Rapid work-up of Compound 7 followed by immediate addition of HO-NPhth, Ph ₃ P and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate [Grochowski et al., J. Carbohvdr. Res.. 5_0:C15 (1976)] resulted in the formation of the _/ 5-glycoside Compound 9, presumably via intermediate Compound 8 (53 percent overall yield) . Although the mechanism of this glycosidation is not fully understood, an S _N 2 process may be occurring since the a/β ratio of the resulting glycoside Compound 9 is dependent upon the ratio of starting lactol anomers. [For a similar observation including glycosyl ester formation, see Smith et al., Tetrahedron Lett.. 2_7:5813 (1986).] Liberation (using NH ₂ NH ₂ ) of the amino group led to hydroxylamine derivative Compound 10, which was condensed with ketone A under acidic conditions to afford Compound 11 (92 percent overall yield from Compound 9; a single geometrical isomer being obtained whose stereochemistry has not been determined) .

Silylation (-Si ^t BuMe ₂ , 99 percent) of Compound 11 gave Compound 12, which on exposure led to DIBAL led to the hydroxy Compound 13 (91 percent) . Reaction of Compound 13 with thiocarbonyldiimidazole for 20 hours at 25°C gave a mixture of the thioimidazolide Compounds 14

and 15, the latter resulting from a stereospecific [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of Compound 14. [For a rearrangement of an allylie xanthate in (a) a carbohydrate derivative see: Ferrier et al., Chem. Commun. , 1385 (1970) ; (b) a 2-substituted cyclohexene derivative see: Trost et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 194:886 (1982).]

Heating the reaction mixture at reflux for one hour in toluene completed the rearrangement to Compound 15 in 85 percent overall yield from Compound 13.

Generation of the free thiol group in Compound 15 using NaSMe resulted in the formation of Compound 16, which was immediately reacted with 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl chloride under basic conditions to afford the desired thioester Compound 17. Selective desilylation was achieved with a stoichiometric amount of nBu ₄ NF leading to ketone Compound 18 in good yield.

Stereoselective reduction of the carbonyl group of ring B with a bulky reagent (K-Selectride) led to Compound 19 (74 percent overall yield from Compound 17) . Desilylation of Compound 19 led to dihydroxy Compound 20 in quantitative yield. Finally, stereoselective reduction of the oxime in Compound 20 was secured with B^-NH^pyridinium p_-toluene sulfonate (PPTS) , furnishing the targeted ABC system Compound 1 in 85 percent yield. The stereochemistry of the stereogenic centers generated in this sequence (C-4, C-l', C-3 ' and C-4') was evident from NMR data. The described chemistry provides stereocontrolled solutions to the crucial bond constructions of the calicheamicin y. ¹ oligosaccharide fragment and makes available the interesting subfragment Compound 1 for DNA binding studies and other investigations in this area. Furthermore, the reported sequence facilitates the synthesis of the complete

oligosaccharide fragment of these antibiotics, as is discussed hereinafter.

B. The CD Disaccharide and E Ring The results discussed below describe the synthesis of the CD and E ring systems of calicheamicin y- ¹ , as Compounds 21 and 22 (Figure 5; for CD) and 23 and 24 (Figure 5; for E) in their naturally occurring forms. Scheme 3 (Figure 6) outlines the stereoselective construction of the CD systems Compounds 21 and 22 from the readily available fragments Compounds 25 and 29 [Nicoloau et al., Angew. Chem. Inst. Ed. Engl.. 27:1097 (1988)]. Thus, Compound 25 was selectively methylated at the 3-hydroxyl group with nBu ₂ SnO-CsF-MeI [Nogashima et al., Chem. Lett.. 141 (1987)] to afford Compound 26 (65 percent yield, plus 30 percent recovered starting material) .

Acetylation of Compound 26 afforded Compound 27 (95 percent yield) , a derivative designed to undergo selective ,9-glycosidation due to neighboring group participation, as desired in the present synthetic sequence. Fluoride Compound 28 was generated from Compound 27 upon exposure to N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) [Nicoloau et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 106:4159 (1984)] (85 percent yield) . Coupling of Compound 28 with Compound 29 under the influence of AgC10 _A -SnCl ₂ [Nicoloau et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 106:4159 (1984); Mukaiyama et al., Chem. Lett.. 431 (1981)] proceeded smoothly to afford, stereospecifically, glycoside Compound 30 in 80 percent yield. Deacetylation of Compound 30 under standard conditions furnished the requisite CD system as the dihydroxy methyl ester Compound 21 in quantitative yield.

Bis(silylation) of Compound 21 (92 percent) followed by DIBAL reduction (90 percent) gave alcohol Compound 32 via derivative Compound 31. Finally, ruthenium chloride/sodium periodate oxidation of Compound 32 at -20 degrees C afforded carboxylic acid

Compound 33 (75 percent) , which was successfully coupled to thiophenol under the influence of phenyl dichlorophosphate [PhOP(0)Cl ₂ ] [Liu et al., Con. J. Chem.. 58_:2695 (1980)] to furnish the phenylthio ester Compound 34 in 90 percent yield. Finally, desilylation of Compound 34 gave the targeted CD ring system Compound 22 (90 percent yield) .

The synthesis of the two isomers of the carbohydrate unit E, Compounds 23(IR) and 2 (IS), proceeded from serine methylester hydrochloride,

Compound 35, as shown in Scheme 4 of Figure 7. Thus, Compound 35 was heated in acetonitrile at reflux with carbonyldiimidazole in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) to give the oxazolidinone Compound 36 in 95 percent yield. N-alkylation of Compound 36 with excess ethyl iodide under basic conditions gave Compound 37 (75 percent yield) which was reduced with DIBAL to the aldehyde Compound 38 in good yield. It is to be understood that other C--c _& alkyl analogs of Compound 37 are contemplated and can be similarly or prepared using the respective C.-C ₈ alkyl iodide or C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl triflate in place of ethyl iodide. For example, use of iso-propyl iodide in place of ethyl iodide provides the N-iso-propyl analog of Compounds 23 and 24 as is present in the E ring of esperamicin.

Stereoselective addition of an allyl group to the aldehyde function of Compound 38 was achieved via the action of (-)-,9-methoxydiisopinocampheylborane and allyl magnesium bromide leading to Compound 39 (43 percent overall from Compound 37) . Methylation of

Compound 39 (Ag ₂ 0-Mel, 92 percent yield) followed by ozonolysis (91 percent yield) led to methoxy aldehyde Compound 41 via Compound 40.

Acetylization of Compound 41 proceeded smoothly in MeOH under acid catalysis leading to

Compound 42 (85 percent yield) . Compound 42 was then exposed to basic conditions to produce the amino alcohol Compound 43 in 96 percent yield. Finally, cyclization of Compound 43 methanol with anhydrous hydrogen chloride furnished a mixture of the methoxy isomers Compounds 23(IR) and 24(IS) which were separated by recrystallization from ethyl acetate to give pure Compounds 23 and 24.

The above-described chemistry demonstrates efficient technology for the construction of the crucial bonds α (glycosidic) and β (thioester) linking carbohydrate units D and B to the aromatic moiety ring C of the calicheamicin y^ oligosaccharide shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, the reported sequences render readily available derivatives of the CD and E ring systems of the calicheamicins for DNA binding studies and further synthetic bioorganic investigations.

C. Total Synthesis of the Calicheamicin y, ¹ 01igosaccharide

The results discussed below utilize the chemistry, compounds, derivatives and analogs thereof discussed previously for the preparation of the oligosaccharide portion of calicheamicin y, ¹ . Compound 100 (Figure 9) . Scheme IV (Figure 8) summarizes the construction of key intermediate Compound 54 from building blocks Compounds 44, 45a and 10 utilizing glycosidations [Nicolaou et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.. 22 ^:1097 (1988)] and the Mitsunobu process [Mitsunobu, 0. , Synthesis. 1 (1981)] as well as the

before-discussed oxime-forming reaction for assembling the requisite fragments.

Thus, conversion of the Methylglycoside Compound 45 to fluoride Compound 45b followed by coupling with Compound 44 led to disaccharide 46 in 51 percent yield together with its anomer (12 percent) . Chromatographic separation followed by selective deprotection of Compound 46 led to Compound 47, which was selectively oxidized with nBu ₂ Sn0-Br ₂ [David et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I. 1568 (1979) ] at C-4 furnishing ketone Compound 48.

Compound 48 was then coupled with the previously prepared hydroxylamine derivative Compound 10 via oxime formation giving trisaccharide Compound 49 (83 percent yield) . [While a single geometrical isomer about the oxime bond was obtained in this reaction its stereochemistry was not assigned. This compound and all other FMOC derivatives described in this work exhibited double signals in the NMR spectra due to rotomers arising from restricted rotation around the C-N bond. Heating the NMR sample at 60 degrees C (C ₆ D ₆ ) often sharpens the spectra to single peaks.]

Elaboration of Compound 49 as described for Compound 11 led, via Compounds 49-51, to the key thionomidazolide Compound 52 in high overall yield (79 percent) . Thermolysis of Compound 52 proceeded smoothly to afford the thioester Compound 53 (98 percent yield) via the expected 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement of Scheme 1 (Figure 3) . Finally, NaSMe-induced cleavage of the CO-S bond of Compound 53 gave the requisite thiol Compound 54 in high yield.

Scheme 6 of Figure 9 presents the final stages of the synthesis of the calicheamicin oligosaccharide Compound 100. Coupling of acid chloride Compound 55

prepared from Compound 33 with thiol Compound 54 in the presence of DMAP yielded product Compound 56 (88 percent based on thiol) . Controlled desilylation of Compound 56 afforded selectively ketone Compound 57 which was reduced with K-Selectride, as previously discussed for

Compound 19, to afford hydroxy Compound 58 in 75 percent overall yield from Compound 56.

Complete desilylation of Compound 58 gave tetraol Compound 59 which underwent stereoselective reduction at the oxime site with BB _j -NH _j /pyridinium E-toluene sulfonate (PPTS), furnishing Compound 60. Finally, removal of the FMOC group from Compound 60 gave the targeted calicheamicin y, ¹ oligosaccharide Compound 100 having a methoxy rather than a calicheamicinone group at the anomeric carbon atom. The structure and stereochemical assignments of Compound 100 were based on its NMR data and of those of its hexacetate derivative Compound 61.

D. Chimeric Biologically Active Agents

The before-discussed syntheses of intermediates and the calicheamicin oligosaccharide Compound 100 illustrate preparation of materials that can be utilized to prepare chimeric biologically active agents. Examples of such biological activities include antimicrobial, anticancer and DNA cleaving activities.

Exemplary preparation of three useful oligosaccharides for such chimers are illustrated in Schemes 7 and 8 shown in Figures 10 and 11, respectively. Scheme 7 of Figure 10 illustrates the preparation of a disaccharide analog to the A and E ring disaccharide intermediate Compound 148 and also a trisaccharide analog of the ABE trisaccharide ring system of calicheamicin. This trisaccharide. Compound 154, can be reacted with an aromatic acid as illustrated

in Scheme 5 to form a 4-ring analog of the calicheamicin oligosaccharide. Compound 154 also contains a photo- labile blocking group, an o-nitrobenzoxy group (ONBn) , at the anomeric carbon atom of the A ring for linkage to an aglycone molecule.

Turning now more specifically to Scheme 7, Compounds 62 and 45b are reacted as illustrated in Scheme 5, step (c) to form Compound 146 and then Compound 147 by step (d) . Compound 147 is reacted as in step (e) of Scheme 5 to form Compound 148. Compound 148 is reacted with Compound 10 as in step (f) of Scheme 5 to form Compound 149. That compound is then transformed to Compounds 150, 151 and 152 following steps (g) , (h) and (j) of Scheme 5. Compound 152 is thereafter rearranged to Compound 153 following the procedures of step (i) of Scheme 5, and is thereafter transformed into mercaptan Compound 154 using the conditions of step (k) of Scheme 5.

Reaction of Compound 154 with the acid chloride prepared from Compound 33 forms a 5-ring oligosaccharide, whereas reaction with benzoyl chloride or 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl chloride produces a 4-ring oligosaccharide. Reduction of the oxime double bond with NH ₃ -BH ₃ and PPTS in methylene chloride as shown in step (e) of Scheme 6 provides the substituted hydroxylamine.

An exemplary 5-ring oligosaccharide such as Compound 200 is illustrated in Scheme 8 of Figure 11. Compound 200 is similar to Compound 60, except for the presence of the photo-labile ONBn group as R ² and the presence of triethylsilyl (SiEt ₃ ) groups, R ¹ , on the saccharide hydroxyl groups.

As is seen from the reaction in Scheme 8, Compound 200 is irradiated (hv) to remove the ONBn group and replace it with a 1-position hydroxyl group to form

Compound 201. The 1-position hydroxyl is thereafter reacted with DAST as described in the preparation of Compound 45a to prepare the 1-fluoro derivative, Compound 202. The fluoro derivative. Compound 202, is thereafter reacted with an aglycon, HZ, such as those depicted in Figure 11 to form the complete chimeric antibiotic. Thus, Compound 202 is reacted with an aglycon, HZ, in the presence of silver perchlorate (AgCl0 ₄ ) and stannus chloride (SnCl ₂ ) to form the blocked chimer Compound 203.

The blocked chimer is thereafter deblocked as with morpholine in THF to remove the FMOC group and form the free ethylamino chimer. Compound 204. The tri- alkylsilyl groups are thereafter removed with TBAF to form the completely deblocked chimeric antibiotic. Compound 205.

The in vitro DNA cleaving ability of the enediyne, HZ-, is reported in Nicolaou et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 110:7247 (1988). The DNA cleaving properties of compounds such as HZ ₂ are discussed in Nicolaou et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.. 28:1272 (1989). The dynemicin A analog. Compound 300, reported by Nicolaou et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:7416 (1990) can also be used. The enediyne-diketo-diol, reported in Mantlo et al., J. Org. Chem.. 54.:2781 (1989) as those authors' Compound 4, also is reported to cleave DNA in vitro and is useful herein. The aglycon portions of daunrobicin and doxorubicin are likewise useful. The synthesis of yet another biologically active chimer is illustrated in Scheme 9 shown in Figure 12, in which Compounds 211-220 and 222 are analogs of Compounds 11-20 and 22, respectively, and Compound 221 is an analog of Compound 1. This chimer utilizes an

oligosaccharide portion containing three rings that are analogous to the A, B and C rings of calicheamicin.

Here, Compound 10 and Compound 63 (an analog of Compounds A and 148) are reacted in step (a) in the presence of PPTS (pyridinium p_-toluenesulfonate) to form Compound 211. Blocking the free hydroxyl with ^t BuMe ₂ Si0TF forms Compound 212. Treatment of Compound 212 with DIBAL removes the aromatic ester, as was the case in step (j) of Scheme 2, to form Compound 213. Compound 213 is reacted with thiocarbonyl diimidazole to form the thioimidazyl ester Compound 214, which is rearranged by heating in toluene at 110 degrees C to form thioester Compound 215. Treatment of Compound 215 with NaSMe removes that ester group to form mercaptan Compound 216, which is quickly reacted with an aromatic carboxylic acid chloride such as 2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl chloride to form aromatic ester Compound 217.

Compound 217 is then treated with one equivalent of TBAF to remove the enol ether blocking group and form ketone Compound 218, analogously to step (o) of Scheme 2. Again, following the precedents of Scheme 2, the keto group of Compound 218 is reduced with K-Selectride to form the corresponding hydroxyl group of Compound 219, and the remaining hydroxyl blocking tri- alkylsilyl groups are removed to form Compound 220.

The substituted oxime group of Compound 220 is reduced with NH ₃ -BH- _j /PPTS, as discussed previously, to form the O-N-disubstituted hydroxylamine Compound 221, an analog of Compound 1. The hydrogens of hydroxyl groups of Compound 221 are then replaced with SiEt ₃ groups to form Compound 222.

Compound 222 is thereafter irradiated to remove the glycosyl ONBn group at the anomeric carbon atom to form Compound 223. That compound is then

reacted with DAST to form the 1-fluoro derivative. Compound 224.

Compound 224 is then reacted with a DNA cleaving aglycon, HZ, as discussed previously to form the hydroxy-blocked chimer Compound 225. Removal of the tri-alkylsilyl groups with TBAF forms the biologically active agent. Compound 226.

Scheme 10 of Figure 13 illustrates the synthesis of an A and E ring disaccharide derivative, Compound 167. Thus, starting with Compound 148, oxime formation with 0-benzyl hydroxylamine under acid conditions led to Compound 160 (step a, 90 percent, single geometrical isomer of unassigned stereochemistry) , which was silylated under standard conditions to furnish Compound 161 (step b, 90 percent) . Photolytic cleavage [Zenhavi et al., J. Org. Chem. _f 3_7:2281 (1972); Zenhavi et al., ibid 37:2285 (1972); Ohtsuka et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 100:8210 (1978); Pillai, Synthesis. 1 (1980) ] of the o-nitrobenzyl group from Compound 161 (THF-H ₂ 0, 15 minutes, step c) produced lactol Compound 162 in 95 percent yield. Treatment of Compound 162 with NaH-Cl ₃ CC≡N [Grandler et al., Carbohydr. Res.. 135:203 (1985) ; Schmidt, Angew chem. Int. Ed.. Engl.. 5:212 (1986)] in CH ₂ C1 ₂ for two hours at 25°C (step d) resulted in the formation of the α-trichloroacetimidate Compound 163 in 98 percent yield.

Reaction of benzyl alcohol (2.0 equivalents) with trichloroacetimidate Compound 163 under the Schmidt conditions [Grandler et al., Carbohydr. Res.. 135:203 (1985) ; Schmidt, Angew Chem. Int. Ed.. Engl.. 25:212

(1986) (BF ₃ -Et ₂ 0, CH ₂ Cl ₂ , -60- -30°C, step e) ] resulted in stereoselective formation of the /3-glycoside Compound 164 (79 percent yield) together with its anomer (16 percent, separated chro atographically [ ¹ H NMR, 500 MHz, ^C ₆ ^D ₆ ' Compound 164: J ₁₂ =6.5 Hz, epi-Compound 164;

J- ₂ =2.4 Hz]. On the other hand, treatment of lactol Compound 162, with DAST led to the glycosyl fluoride Compound 163a in 90 percent yield (about 1:1 anomeric mixture, step d) . Reaction of Compound 163a with benzyl alcohol in the presence of silver silicate-SnCl ₂

[Paulsen et al., Chem. Ber.. 114:3102 (1981)] resulted in the formation of the ,9-glycoside Compound 164 and its ano er in 85 percent (about 1:1 anomeric mixture). Generation of intermediate Compound 166 via Compound 165 proceeded smoothly under standard deprotection conditions, steps f and g. Finally, exposure of Compound 166 to Ph ₂ SiH ₂ in the presence of Ti(θ'Pr) ₄ resulted in the formation of the desired Compound 167 as the only detectable product (92 percent yield, step h) . Interestingly, reduction of Compound 166 with NaCNBH ₃ -H ^θ led predominantly to the 4-epimer of Compound 167 (90 percent yield) . The stereochemical assignments of Compound 167 and epi-167 at C-4 were based on ¹ H NMR coupling constants [ ¹ H NMR, 500 MHz, C ₆ D ₆ , Compound 167:J ₃₄ =9.5, J ₄₅ =9.5 Hz; epi-Compound 167:J ₃₄ =1.9 Hz, J ₄₅ =1.5 Hz] .

As an application of this technology, the calicheamicin-dynemicin A analog hybrid Compounds 307a and 307b (Scheme 11 of Figure 14) were targeted starting with the recently reported model Compound 300 [Nicolaou et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 112:7416 (1990); for another approach to a dynemicin A model, see: Porco, Jr., et al., ibid 112:7410 (1990)]. Thus, coupling of Compound 300 with ethyl bromoacetate under basic conditions led to Compound 301 (60 percent yield, step a) which was converted to primary alcohol Compound 303 (80 percent overall yield) by: (i) ester hydrolysis; (ii) 2-pyridyl thiolester formation (step b) , and (iii) reduction (step c) . Coupling of Compound 303 (1.2 equivalent) with trichloroacetimidate Compound 163 in step d under the

influence of BF ₃ -Et ₂ 0 led to the formation of two major products (70 percent, about 1:1 ratio) and two minor products (14 percent, about 1:1 ratio) which were chromatographically separated.

The major isomers were proven to be the diastereomeric ,9-glycosides Compound 304a (R _f =0.12, silica, 20 percent ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) and Compound 304b (R _f =0.10, silica, 20 percent ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) [ ¹ H NMR, 500MHz, C ₆ D ₆ , Compound 304a: J- ₂ =6.5 Hz; Compound 304b: J- ₂ =6.5 Hz] whereas the minor isomers were shown to be the anomers of Compounds 304a and 304b at C-l [ ¹ H NMR, 500MHz, C ₆ D ₆ , epi-Compound 304a, J ₁₂ =2.4 Hz: epi-Compound 304b, J, ₂ =2.4 Hz]. Sequential deprotection of Compounds 304a and 304b as described above for Compound 164 led to oximes Compounds 306a and 306b via intermediate Compounds 305a and 305b, respectively, steps e and f.

Finally, reduction of Compounds 306a and 306b under the Ph ₂ SiH ₂ -Ti(0 ¹ Pr) ₄ conditions (step g) led exclusively to the targeted Compounds 307a and 307b, respectively, (90 percent yield) . The C-4 stereochemistry of Compounds 307a and 307b was again based on the coupling constants J ₄₃ =9.5 and J ₄₅ -9.5 Hz for the newly installed H-4. Structures of Compounds 304a-307a and 304b-307b are interchangeable, since the absolute stereochemistry of the aglycons has not been determined.

It is to be understood that a useful chimer can be made using an aglycon (HZ) shown in Figures 11 and 12 and the disaccharide (Compound 163 shown in

Figure 13. Conversely, a dynemicin A analog such as Compound 300 can be used in place of one of the HZ molecules of Figures 11 and 12 in the preparation of a chimer as shown in those figures.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Preparation A: Compound 2

Compound 2 was prepared from the 1,2,3- triacetoxy-4,6-benzylidenegalactose derivative reported in J. Org. Chem.. 2:3647 (1964) by reaction of that compound with 1.2 equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), 0.03 equivalents of azo-bis-iso-butyronitrile (AIBN) and 0.6 equivalents of BaC0 ₃ in benzene at 80 degrees C for one hour to provide l,2,3-triacetoxy-4- benzoyloxygalactose. That tri-acetoxy compound was then reacted with 1.2 equivalents of tributylstannane (Bu ₃ SnH) and 0.05 equivalents of AIBN in benzene at 80 degrees C for 0.75 hours to form l,2,3-triacetoxy-4- benzyloxyfucose in a yield of 76 percent overall. That fucose derivative was then reacted in a mixture of 30 percent HBr in acetic acid (HOAc) that itself was mixed with CH ₂ C1 ₂ (1:1; v:v) as a IM solution at zero degrees for 20 minutes. Thereafter, the reaction product was reacted with 4 equivalents of Mg and 0.1 equivalent of I ₂ in THF at 67 degrees C for five hours to provide fucal Compound 2 in 64 percent yield. Rf= 0.29 (silica, 25 percent ether in petroleum ether) ; [α] ²³ _D +6.7°C (c= 2.2, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHCl ₃ ) nmax, 3029 (m) , 2991 (W) , 1732 (S) , 1650 (m) , 1602 (w) , 1402 (m) , 1372 (m) , 1277 (s) , 1233 (s) , cm-1; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ) δ 8.09 (d, J= 7.3 Hz, 2 H, aromatic), 7.59 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 6.56 (dd, J= 6.3, 1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-l) , 5.67 (m, 1 H, CHO) , 5.53 (bd, J=4.3 Hz, 1 H, CHO) , 4.70 (ddd, J= 6.3, 1.8, 1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-2) , 4.33 (q, J- 6.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5) , 1.95 (s, 3 H, acetate), 1.33 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 3 H, H-6) ; HMRS (FAB) Calcd. for C ₁₅ H ₁₇ 0 ₅ (M+H) : 277.1076; found: 277.1079.

Example 1: Compound 3 (Step a. Figure 4)

The known glycal Compound 2 was reacted with 1.0 equivalents of disobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL) in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at -78 degrees C for 2.5 hours to provide a 72 percent yield of Compound 3, plus 15 percent recovered Compound 2.

Example 2: Compound 4 (Step b. Figure 4)

Compound 3 was reacted with 2.5 equivalents of 55 percent m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) in presence MgS0 ₄ at zero degrees C for 0.5 hours to provide Compound 4 in 55 percent yield. Rf= 0.26 (silica, 2 percent methanol in dichloromethane); [α] ²³ _D +63.4°C (c= 1.5, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC13) nmax, 3567 (m) , 3029 (m) , 1730 (s) , 1601 (mw) , 1577 (m) , 1452 (m) , 1426 ( ) , 1388 (m) , 1332 (m) , 1315 (m) , 1273 (s), 1250 (s) cm-1; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) 5 8.07- 7.92 (m, 4 H, aromatic), 7.65-7.41 (m, 5 H, aromatic), 6.52 (d, J= 1.1 Hz, 1 H, H-l) , 5.56 (d, J= 3.4 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 4.35-4.26 (m, 2 H, H-5, CHO), 3.97 (ddd, J= 9.7, 1.7, 1.7 Hz, 1 H, CHO), 2.98 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H, OH), 2.76 (d, J= 9.7 Hz, 1 H, OH), 1.26 (d, J= 6.5 Hz, 3 H, H-6) .

Example 3: Compound 5 (Step c. Figure 4)

Compound 4 was reacted with 1.5 equivalents of t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride ( ^t BuMe ₂ SiCl) and 2.0 equivalents of imidazole in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at 25 degrees C for a time period of 30 hours to provide a 67 percent yield of Compound 5.

Example 4: Compound 6 Step d. Figure 4)

Oxalyl chloride (1.5 equivalents) and DMSO (2.0 equivalents) were stirred in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at a temperature of -78 degrees C for 20 minutes. To that

solution was added a solution of Compound 5 (1.0 equivalent) in methylene chloride, and the resulting solution was stirred for one hour at -78 degrees C. Triethylamine (5.0 equivalents) was thereafter added and the resulting reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature over a time period of one hour to provide Compound 6 in 88 percent yield.

Rf= 0.47 (silica, 15 percent ether in petroleum ether); [α] ²³ _D -17.8°C (c= 0.54, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHCl ₃ ) nmax, 2956 (s) , 2932 (s) , 2860 (s) , 1739 (s) , 1711 (s) , 1633 (s) . 1364 (s) , 1250 (s) cm ^*1 ; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) -S 7.95 (bs, 1 H, aromatic), 7.89 (dd, J= 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 7.54 (dd, J= 7.7, 0.9 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 7.37 (dd, J= 7.9, 7.9 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 6.40 (s, 1 H, H-l) , 6.17 (d, J= 1.6, Hz, 1 H, H-4) , 4.92 (dq, J= 6.7, 1.7 HZ, 1 H, H-5) , 1.38 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 3 H, H-6) , 0.96 (s, 9 H, t-Bu) , 0.19 (s, 3 H, CH ₃ ) ; HMRS (FAB) Calcd for C ₁₉ H ₂₆ 0 ₅ ClSi (M+H) : 397.1238; found: 397.1256.

Example 5: Compound 7 (Step e. Figure 4)

Compound 6 was reacted with 1.2 equivalents of Zn(BH ₄ ) ₂ and 0.5 equivalents of NH ₄ C1 in ether at zero degrees for a time period of 20 minutes to provide Compound 7.

Example 6: /3-Hydroxyphthalimide Glycose Compound 9 (Steps e and f. Figure 4)

In another preparation, to a solution of enone

Compound 6 (0.850 g. 2.13 mmol) in ether (5 ml) at zero degrees C was added ammonium chloride (55 mg, 1.0 mmol) followed by zinc borohydride (16 ml, 2.6 mmol, 0.16 M in ether) and the resulting solution was allowed to stir 20 minutes. The solution was then diluted with cold ether (250 ml) , washed with cold saturated NH ₄ C1 (2 x 100 ml) and cold saturated NaHC0 ₃ (1 x 100 ml) . The solution

was dried (MgS0 ₄ ) and concentrated to yield lactol Compound 7. The crude lactol was dissolved in THF (11 ml) and to this solution was added N-hydroxyphthalimide (0.38 g, 2.3 mmol) and triphenylphosphene (PPh ₃ ; 0.67 g, 2.6 mmol). To that solution was added diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (0.51 ml, 2.6 mmol) dropwise and the orange solution was allowed to stir for 30 minutes. The solution was diluted with CH ₂ C1 ₂ (300 ml) and washed with saturated NaHC0 ₃ (2 x 150 ml) and H ₂ 0 (2 x 150 ml) . The solution was dried (MgS0 ₄ ) and the solvent removed under vacuum. The crude material was chromatographed (silica, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ) to give pure 3-glycoside Compound 9 (0.617 g, 53 percent). Rf= 0.36 (silica, 50 percent ether in petroleum ether); [α] ²³ _D -75.20°C (c= 1.0, CHCl ₃ ) ; IR (CHCl ₃ ) nmax, 3030 (mw) , 2958 (m) , 2933 (m) , 2897 (mw) , 2887, (mw) , 2860 (m) , 1795 (m) , 1741 (vs), 1666 (m) , 1577 (w) , 1470 ( ) , 1427 (w) , 1390 (m) , 1371 (m) , 1341 (m) , 1316 (m) , 1306 (m) , 1284 (m) , 1278 (m) , 1251 (s) cm-1; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) S 8.09 (dd, J= 1.7, 1.7 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 8.00 (bd, J= 7.7 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 7.83-7.69 (m, 4 H, phthalimide), 7.54- 7.50 (m, 1 H, aromatic), 7.39 (dd, J= 7.9, 7.9 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 5.87 (ddd, J= 5.8, 2.2, 1.5 HZ, 1 H, H-2) , 5.42 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H, H-l) , 5.01 (bs, 1 H, H-4), 4.50 (m, 1 H, H-5) , 1.37 (d, J= 6.7 Hz, 3 H, H-6) , 0.79 (s, 9 H, t-Bu) , 0.16 (s, 3 H, CH ₃ ) , 0.10 (s, 3 H, CH ₃ ) . HMRS (FAB) Calcd for C ₂₇ H ₃₁ 0 ₇ NClSi (M+H) : 544.1558; found: 544.1530.

Example 7: Compound 10 (Step g. Figure 4)

Compound 9 was reacted with a 1.0 equivalent of hydrazine (NH ₂ NH ₂ ) in methanol (MeOH) at 25 degrees C for a time period of 10 minutes to provide Compound 10.

Example 8: Compound A

D-Fucose was reacted as a 1.0 M solution in benzyl alcohol also containing 0.1 equivalent of toluenesulfonic acid (TSA) at a temperature of 65 degrees C for a time period of three hours. Volatiles were removed and the resulting α-benzyl glycoside was crystallized from ether. Concentration of the ether mother-liquors provided further material for a total yield of 83 percent. The α-benzyl glycoside was reacted with three equivalents of (CH ₃ ) ₂ C(OCH ₃ ) ₂ and 0.1 equivalent of TSA in acetone at 25 degrees C for 1.5 hours to provide the corresponding 3,4-diacetonide in 92 percent yield. The above product was reacted with 1.5 equivalents of NaH, 1.5 equivalents of benzylbromide, 0.1 equivalents of tetrabutylammonium iodide in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) at zero to 25 degrees C over a time period of five hours. The reaction product was treated with 0.6 M acetic acid/2N HCl (3:1 v:v) at 25 degrees C for a time period of two hours to provide 1,2- di-0-benzyl-3,4-dihydrσxy fucose in 85 percent yield. That fucose derivative was reacted with 1.0 equivalents of dibutylstannic oxide (Bu ₂ SnO) in methanol (MeOH) at 80 degrees C for a time period of one hour. That reaction product was treated with 1.0 equivalents of bromine (Br ₂ ) in benzene at 25 degrees C for a time period of 0.5 hours, to provide Compound A in 76 percent yield. Rf= 0.27 (silica, 70 percent ether in petroleum ether) ; [α] ²³ -, +127°C (c= 1.8, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3510 ( ) , 3068 (m) , 3066 (m) , 3031 (s) , 3013 (s) , 2941 (m) , 2877 (m) , 1729 (s) , 1497 (m) , 1455 (s) , 1368 (m) , 1351 (m) cm-1; IH NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) <5 7.44-7.29 (m, 10 H, aromatic), 4.94 (d, J= 3.5 Hz, 1 H, H-l) , 4.86-4.61 ( , 5 H, H-3, 4 X benzylic) , 4.31 (q, J= 6.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5) ,

3 . 58 (dd, J= 9 . 9 , 3 . 6 Hz , 1 H, H-2 ) , 3 .44 (bs , 1 H, OH) , 1. 25 (d, J= 6.5 Hz , 3 H, H-6) .

Example 9: Compound 11 (Step h. Figure 4) To a thoroughly dried mixture of hydroxylamine

Compound 10 (0.526 g, 1.27 mmol) and ketone A (0.521 g, 1.52 mmol) was added benzene (2.5 ml) followed by pyridinium p_-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) (32 mg, 0.13 mmol). The solution was allowed to stir for three hours. The solution was then diluted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc)

(100 ml) , washed with saturated NaHC0 ₃ (2 x 75 ml) and dried (MgS0 ₄ ) . Following concentration of the solution, chromatography (silica, 50 percent ether in petroleum ether) gave oxime Compound 11 (0.863g, 92 percent from Compound 9.

Rf= 0.39 (silica, 50 percent ether in petroleum ether); [α] ²³ _D -31.5°C (c= 1.1, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3744 (w) , 2935 (m) , 2863 (m) , 1729 (s) , 1671 (m) , 1461 (m) , 1371 (m) , 1310 (m) cm-1; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) δ 8.01 (bs, 1 H, aromatic), 7.92 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 7.52 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H, aromatic), 7.39-7.28 (m, 11 H, aromatic), 5.64 (dd, J= 5.5, 1.7 Hz, 1 H, H-2 ^» ) , 5.42 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1 H, H-l'), 5.05 (d, J= 1.4 Hz, 1 H, H-4 ¹ ), 4.91 (d, J= 3.2 Hz, 1 H, H-l), 4.76 (q, J= 6.8 HZ, 1 H, H-5) , 4.73 (d, J= 12.3 Hz, 2 H, 2x benzylic) , 4.62 (m, 2 H, H-3, benzylic) , 4.57 (ddq, J= 6.6, 2.0, 2.0 Hz, 1 H, H-5 ^» ), 4.52 (d, J= 12.4 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 3.67 (dd, J= 6.2, 3.3 Hz, 1 H, H-2) , 2.61 (bs, 1 H, OH), 1.39 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 3 H, H-6) , 1.28 (d, J= 6.5 Hz, 3 H, H- 6'), 0.79 (s, 9 H, t-Bu) , 0.17 (s, 3 H, CH ₃ -Si) , 0.12 (s, 3 H, CH ₃ -Si) . HMRS (FAB) calcd. for (M+H) : 738.2865; found: 738.2844.

Example 10: Compound 12 (Step i. Figure 4)

Compound 11 was reacted with 1.5 equivalents of t-butyldimethylsilyl triflate ^BuMeSiOTf) and 2.5 equivalents of 2,6-lutidine at -25 degrees C for a time period of 0.5 hours to provide Compound 12 in 99 percent yield.

Example 11: Compound 13 (Step i. Figure 4)

Compound 12 was reacted with 2.5 equivalents of DIBAL in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at -78 degrees C for one hour to provide Compound 13 in 91 percent yield. Rf= 0.26 (silica, 30 percent ether in petroleum ether) ; [α] ²³ -, +12.6°C (c= 0.7, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3581 (w) , 3033 (w) , 3011 (m) , 2957 (s) , 2932 (m) , 2897 (m) , 2887 (m) , 2859 (S) , 1727, (w) , 1672 (m) , 1497 (w) , 1471 (m) , 1463 (m) , 1455 (m) , 1363 (m) , 1259 (s) cm ^"1 ; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) δ 7.35-7.25 (m, 10 H, aromatic), 5.24 (d, J= 4.9 Hz, I H, H-l ^" ), 5.12 (q, J= 6.9 Hz, 1 H, H-5) , 5.07 (d, J= 2.0 Hz, 1 H, H-l), 4.86 (bs, 1 H, H-4' ) , 4.85 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.69 (d, J= 12.4 Hz, benzylic), 4.63 (d, J= 12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.54 (q, J= 12.4 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.45 (dq, J= 6.7, 1.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5') _r 4.41 (d, J= 3.5 Hz, 1 H, H-3) , 3.99 (bm, 1 H, H-2'), 3.57 (dd, J= 3.1, 2.4 Hz, 1 H, H-2) , 2.13 (d, J= 4.8 HZ, 1 H, OH), 1.43 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3 H, H-6) , 1.21

(d, J= 6.6 Hz , 3 H, H-6 ^» ) , 0.94 (s, 9 H, t-Bu) , 0.77 (s, 9 H, t-Bu) , 0. 19 (S , 6 H, 2 X CH ₃ ~Si) , -0. 01 (s , 6 H, 2 x CH ₃ - Si) ; HMRS (FAB) Calcd for C ₃₈ H ₆₀ O ₈ NSi ₂ (M+H) : 714 . 3856 ; found: 714 . 3842.

Example 12: Compound 14 (Step k. Figure 4)

Compound 13 was reacted with one equivalent of thiocarbonyldiimidazole in acetonitrile at 25 degrees C for 20 hours to provide a mixture of Compounds 14 and 15.

Example 13: Compound 15 (Step 1. Figure 4)

A solution of thioimidazolide Compound 14 (0.120 g, 0.146 mmol) in toluene (7 ml) was heated at reflux for 40 minutes. The solution was concentrated and chromatographed (silica, 50 percent ether in petroleum ether) to yield thionoimidazolide Compound 15 (0.118 g, 98 percent: and 85 percent overall from Compound 13) .

Rf= 0.30 (silica, 50 percent ether in petroleum ether); [α] ²³ _D +87.7°C (c= 1.5, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 2957 (s) 2932 (s) , 2860 (s) , 1697 (s) , 1672 (s) , 1472 (s) , 1364 (s) , cm-1; ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) <5 8.18 (d, J= 0.9 Hz, 1 H, imidazole), 7.45 (dd, J= 1.5, 1.4 Hz, 1 H, imizadole) , 7.36-7.25 (m, 10 H, aromatic), 7.10 (dd, J= 1.7, 0.6 Hz, 1 H, imizadole), 5.83 (d, J- 2.8 Hz, 1 H, H- 1'), 5.10-5.07 (m, 3 H, H-l, H-5, H-2 ^• ) , 4.87 (d, J= 12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.70 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.67 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.56 (d, J*=12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.42 (d, J= 3.3 Hz, 1 H, H- 3), 4.28 (dq, J= 6.8, 1.9 Hz, 1 H, H-5• ) , 4.05 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-4 ¹ ) _/ 3.60 (dd, J= 3.4, 2.3 Hz, 1 H, H-2) , 1.46 (d, J=6.7 HZ, 3 H, H-6' ) , 1.42 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3 H, H-6) , 0.91, 0.79 (singlets, 9 H each, 2 x tBu) , 0.25, 0.21, 0.01, 0.00, (singlets, 3 H each, 4 x CH ₃ -Si) . HMRS (FAB) calcd. for C ₄₂ H ₆₂ 0 ₈ N ₃ SSi ₂ (M+H) : 824.3796; found: 824.3836.

Example 14: Compound 16 (Step m. Figure 4)

Compound 15 was treated with a catalytic amount of NaSMe in ethyl mercaptan at room temperature for a time period of six hours to provide the free mercaptan Compound 16.

Example 15: Compound 17 (Step n. Figure 4) Compound 16 was quickly reacted with 2.0 equivalents of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl chloride, 10

equivalents of Et ₃ N and 0.35 equivalents of 4-(dimethylamine)pyridine (DMAP) in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at 25°C for 8 hours to provide thioester Compound 17 in 91 percent yield overall from Compound 15. Rf= 0.24 (silica, 15 percent ether in petroleum ether); [α] ²³ _D +110°C (c= 1.1, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3011 (m) , 2957 (s) , 2931 (s) , 2898 (m) , 2886 (m) , 2859 (s) , 1669 (s) , 1655 (W) , 1472 (m) , 1463 (m) , 1455 (m) , 1362 (m) , 1305 (m) , 1259 (s) , 1239 (m) cm ^"1 ; ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) δ 7.35-7.24 (m, 10 H, aromatic), 6.82 (s, 2 H, aromatic), 5.79 (d, J= 2.8 Hz, 1 H, H-l'), 5.12-5.08 (m, 2 H, H-5, H-l), 5.01 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1 H, H-2 • ) , 4.86 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.67 (s, 2 H, 2 x benzylic), 4.54 (d, J= 12.4 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.41 (d, J= 3.3 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 4.23 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 1 H, H-5') _/ 4.01 (s, 1 H, H-4'), 3.56 (dd, J= 3.1, 2.3 Hz, 1 H, H-2) , 2.26 (s, 9 H, 3 x CH ₃ -aromatic) , 1.47 (d, J= 6.81 Hz, 3 H, H-6 ¹ ), 1.40 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 3 H, H-6) , 0.93, 0.76 (singlets, 9 H each, 2 x t-Bu), 0.23, 0.18, -0.03, -0.04 (singlets, 3 H each, 4 x CH ₃ -Si) . HMRS (FAB) calcd. for C ₄₈ H ₇₎ 0 ₈ NSSi ₂ (M+H) : 876.4360; found: 876.4396.

Example 16: Compound 18 (Step o. Figure 4)

Compound 17 was reacted with 1.0 equivalent of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in THF/H ₂ 0/H0Ac

(100:25:1; v:v:v) at zero degrees C for 20 minutes to provide keto-oxime Compound 18.

Example 17: Compound 19 (Step p. Figure 4) Compound 18 was reacted with 2.5 equivalents of K-Selectride (potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride, IM in THF) in dimethoxyethane at -78 degrees C for 1.5 hours to provide α-hydroxy-oxime Compound 19 in 74 percent yield overall from Compound 17.

Rf= 0.45 (silica, 50 percent ether in petroleum ether); [α] ²³ _D +56.6°C (c= 0.8, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3610 (w) , 3032 (W) , 3012 (m) , 2956 (m) , 2931 (s) , 2859 (m) , 1674 (m) , 1610 (W) , 1471 (m) , 1462 (m) , 1455 (m) , 1370 (m) , 1259 (m) cm ^"1 ; ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) δ 7.35-7.25 (m, 10 H, aromatic), 6.83 (s, 2 H, aromatic), 5.48 (dd, J= 9.2, 2.3 Hz, 1 H, H-l')/ 5-1 (q, J= 7.0 Hz, H-5) , 5.05 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1 H, H-l), 4.84 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.69 (d, J= 12.4 HZ, 1 H, benzylic), 4.63 (d, J= 12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.55 (d, J= 12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.38 (d, J= 3.4 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 4.34 (bs, 1 H, H-3 • ) , 4.10 (dq, J= 10.2, 6.3 Hz, 1 H, H-5• ) , 3.77 (dd, J= 10.1, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-4-), 3.57 (dd, J= 3.6, 2.3 Hz, 1 H, H-2), 2.26 (s, 9 H, CH ₃ ~aromatic) , 2.14 (ddd, J= 13.3, 3.2, 3.2 HZ, 1 H, H-2'-eq.), 2.02 (m, 2 H, O-H, H-2'- ax.), 1.40 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 3 H, H-6) , 1.38, (d, J= 6.2 Hz, 3 H, H-6'), 0.77 (s, 9 H, t-Bu), -0.02 (s, 3 H, CH ₃ - Si) . HMRS (FAB) calcd. for C ₄₂ H ₅₈ 0 ₈ NSSi (M+H) : 764.3652; found: 764.3637.

Example 18: Compound 20 (Step g. Figure 4)

Compound 19 was reacted with 1.2 equivalents of TBAF in THF at zero to 25 degrees C for 0.75 hour to provide the unprotected oxime Compound 20 in 100 percent yield.

Rf= 0.40 (silica, 80 percent ether in petroleum ether) ; [α] ²³ _D +70°C (c= 0.6, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3687 (w) , 3601 (w) , 3018 (m) , 2928 (s) , 2856 (m) , 1674 (s) , 1609 (m) , 1455 (m) , 1373 (m) cm ^"1 ; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ) δ 7.34-7.26 (m, 10 H, aromatic), 6.83 (s, 2 H, aromatic), 5.48 (dd, J= 9.7, 2.3 Hz, 1 H, H-l'), 4.91 (d, J= 3.3 Hz, 1 H, H-l), 4.77-4.69 (m, 2 H, H-5, benzylic), 4.65 (s, 2 H, 2 x benzylic), 4.61 (d, J= 5.4 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 4.53 (d, J= 12.3 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.32 (bd, J= 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-3'), 4.10 (m, 1 H, H-5• ) , 3.76 (dd, J= 10.5,

2.6 Hz, I H, H-4'), 3.66 (dd, J= 9.9, 3.3 Hz, 1 H, H-2) , 2.70 (bs, 1 H, OH), 2.26 (s, 9 H, 3x CH ₃ - aromatic), 2.13 (ddd, J= 13.8, 2.9, 2.9 Hz, 1 H, H-2'-eq.), 2.05 (bs, 1 H, OH), 1.98, (ddd, J= 11.8, 11.8, 2.8, Hz, 1 H, H-2'-ax.), 1.48 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 3 H, H-6) , 1.40 (d, J= 6.4 Hz, 1 H, H-6 ¹ ). HMRS (FAB) calcd. for C^H^O _g NS (M+H) : 650.2787; found: 650.2750.

Example 19: Compound 1 (Step r. Figure 4) Compound 20 was reacted with 6 equivalents of

BH ₃ -NH ₃ and 6 equivalents of PPTS at 25 degrees C for a time period of four hours to provide Compound 1 in 85 percent yield. Rf= 0.30 (silica, 80 percent ether in petroleum ether); [α] ²³ _D +46.4°C (c= 0.4, CHCl ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3604 (w) , 3494 (W) , 3031 (m) , 3011 (s) , 2958 (s) , 2928 (s) , 2874 (m) , 2858 (m) , 1726 (w) , 1675 (s) , 1610 (m) , 1497 (w) , 1455 (s) , 1434 (sh) , 1380 (m) , 1356 (w) , 1335 (w) , 1299 (W) , 1282 (W) , 1263 (W) , 1231 (m) cm ^*1 ; ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) δ 7.39-7.21 (m, 10 H, aromatic), 6.82 (s, 2 H, aromatic), 6.53 (bs, 1 H, NH) , 5.01 (dd, J- 10.0, 1.8 Hz, 1 H, H- l ¹ ), 4.80 (d, J= 3.5 Hz, 1 H, H-l), 4.70 (d, J= 12.4 Hz, I H, benzylic), 4.64 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.56 (d, J= 11.9 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.50 (d, J= 12.4 Hz, 1 H, benzylic), 4.38 (dd, J= 9.7, 9.7 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 4.25 (bs, 1 H, H-3 ' ) , 4.05-3.96 (m, 2 H, H-5, H-5 ^« ), 3.69 (dd, J= 10.7, 2.5 Hz, 1 H, H-4' ) , 3.38 (dd, J=9.6, 3.6 Hz, 1 H, H-2) , 2.97 (bs, 1 H, OH), 2.35 (dd, J= 9.9 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 2.26 (s, 3 H, CH ₃ ~aromatic) , 2.25 (s, 6 H, 2 x CH ₃ -aromatic) , 1.97-1.94 (m, 2 H, OH, H-2 '- eq.), 1.77 (m, 1 H, H-2'-ax.) , 1.38, (d, J= 6.2 Hz, 1 H, CH ₃ ) , 1.27 (d, J= 6.2 Hz, CH ₃ ) . HMRS (FAB) calcd. for C ₃₆ H ₄₆ 0 ₈ NS (M+H): 652.2944; found: 652.2936.

Example 20: Compound 25 (Figure 6)

L-Rhamnose was reacted with acetic anhydride [(Ac) ₂ 0] a catalytic amount of DMAP in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at 25 degrees C to form the tetracetate. Reaction with thiophenol (PhSH) and SnCl ₄ in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at zero degrees C provided the thiophenyl glycoside. Deacylation was accomplished using potassium carbonate in MeOH at 25 degrees C to provide Compound 25 in about 60 percent overall yield.

Example 21: Compound 26 (Step a. Figure 6)

Compound 25 was treated with 1.1 equivalents of Bu ₂ Sn0 in MeOH at 65 degrees C for two hours, followed by 4 equivalents of Mel and 1.1 equivalents of CsF in dimethyl formamide (DMF) at 25 degrees C for 12 hours to provide a 65 percent yield of Compound 26 plus 30 percent starting Compound 25.

Example 22: Compound 27 (Step b. Figure 6) Compound 26 was reacted with 3.0 equivalents of Ac ₂ 0, 3.5 equivalents of Et ₃ N and a catalytic amount of DMAP in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at zero to 25 degrees C for a time period of two hours to provide Compound 27 in 95 percent yield.

Example 23: Compound 28 (Step c. Figure 6)

Compound 27 was reacted with 2 equivalents of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) and 1.4 equivalents of NBS in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at -78 to zero degrees C for 3 hours to provide Compound 28 in 85 percent yield.

Example 24: Compound 30 (Step d. Figure 6)

One equivalent of Compound 29, 2.0 equivalents of Compound 28, 4.0 equivalents of SnCl ₂ and 4.0 equivalents of AgC10 ₄ were reacted in CH ₂ C1 ₂ in the

presence of 4A molecular sieves at -20 to zero degrees C over a 12 hour time period to provide Compound 30 in 80 percent yield.

An improved yield was obtained as follows: In a round bottomed 500 ml flask wrapped with aluminum foil were added 6.7g (3.4 eq) of AgC10 ₄ and 6.1 g (3.4 eq) of SnCl ₂ . This mixture of catalysts was azeotroped three times with freshly distilled benzene. 4 Grams of activated powdered 4A molecular sieves were added to the flask. This mixture of catalysts and molecular sieves was azeotroped with benzene once more.

3.34 Grams (9.5 mmol, l.Oeq) of the phenol (Compound 29 were azeotroped three times with benzene in a 100 ml flask, and then dissolved in 47 ml of dry CH ₂ C1 ₂ (0.2M).

The above amount of Compound 29 was transferred to the 500 ml round bottomed flask. The reaction mixture was cooled down to -20 degrees C and 3.0 grams (1.2 eq) of azeotropically dried (three times with benzene) of the fluoride compound (Compound 28) dissolved in 57 ml CH ₂ C1 ₂ (0.2 M) was slowly added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm up to room temperature and was stirred at this temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was again cooled down to -20 degrees C and another 1.25 g (4.7 mmol; 0.5 eq) of the fluoro Compound 28 dissolved in 24 ml CH ₂ C1 ₂ (0.2M) were slowly added. The reaction mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and stirred at this temperature for two hours. The above procedure was repeated once more using 0.5 grams (0.1.9 mmol; 0.2 eq) at fluoride Compound 28.

When all the phenol was consumed, the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and diluted with EtOAc and ether (1:1; v:v, 500 ml total) crushed

with 100 ml of saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ , 100 ml of water and 20 ml of brine. The organic layer was then dried with MgS0 ₄ , concentrated, and purified using silica gel with 10 percent benzene-ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain 5.0 grams (8.5 mmol) of coupled material Compound 30 (90 pecent yield based on Compound 29) .

Example 25: Compound 21 (Step e. Figure 6)

Compound 30 was treated with 0.5 equivalents of K ₂ C0 ₃ in MeOH at 25 degrees C over a two hour time period to provide a quantitative yield of Compound 21. R _f = 0.20 (silica, 70 percent EtOAc in petroleum ether) ; p 137°C; [α] ²³ -, -47.4°C (c= 0.5, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR(CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3600 (m) , 2950 (m) , 1750 (s) , 1450 (s) , 1400 (s) , 1380 (s) , 1280 (s) cm ^*1 ; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) δ 5.72 (s, 1 H, H-l), 4.45 (s, 1 H, H-2) , 4.18-4.15 (m, 1 H, H-5) , 3.90 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C0) , 3.85 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C0) , 3.82-3.80 (m, 4 H, H ₃ C0, H-3), 3.61 (dd, J= 9.5, 9.4 Hz, H-4) , 3.54 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C0) , 2.44 (s, 1 H, HO), 2.34 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C- aromatic), 1.27 (d, J= 6.2 Hz, H-6) .

Example 26: Compound 31 (Step f. Figure 6)

Compound 21 was treated with 2.5 equivalents of Et ₃ Si0Tf and 3.0 equivalents of 2,6-lutidine in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at -20 to zero degrees C for one hour to provide Compound 31 in 92 percent yield.

Example 27: Compound 32 (Step g. Figure 6)

Compound 31 was treated with 2.5 equivalents of DIBAL in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at -78 to zero degrees C for two hours to provide Compound 32 in 90 percent yield.

Example 28: Compound 33 (Step h. Figure 6)

Compound 32 was reacted with 0.02 equivalents of RuCl ₃ hydrate and 4.0 equivalents of NaI0 ₄ in a

solvent of (2:2:3; v:v:v) at zero to 25 degrees C for three hours to provide Compound 33 in 75 percent yield.

Example 29: Compound 34 (Step i. Figure 6)

Compound 33 was reacted with 1.5 equivalents of phenyl dichlorophosphate [PhOP(0)Cl ₂ ] , 4.0 equivalents of pyridine and 2.0 equivalents of thiophenol (PhSH) in dimethoxy ethane at zero to 25 degrees C for one hour to provide compound 34 in 90 percent yield.

Example 30: Compound 22 (Step . Figure 6)

Compound 34 was reacted with 2.2 equivalents of TBAF in THF at zero degrees C for 0.5 hours to provide Compound 22 in 90 percent yield.

R _f = 0.23 (silica, 70 percent EtOAc in petroleum ether); mp 140°C; [α] ²³ ,, -36.2°C (c= 0.35, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR(CHC1 ₃ ) nmax, 3600 (m) , 3026 (m) , 3010 (m) , 2939 (m) , 1685 (s) , 1478 (s), 1458 (m) cm ^*1 ; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) δ 7.48-7.45 (m, 2 H, aromatic), 7.40-7.37 (m, 3 H, aromatic), 5.67 (d, J= 1.4 HZ, 1 H, H-l), 4.41 (dd, J= 2.8, 1.6 Hz, 1 H, H-2), 4.20-4.13 (m, 1 H, H-5) , 3.89 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C0) , 3.80-3.76 (m, 4 H, H ₃ C0, H-4) , 3.58 (dd, J= 9.4, 9.4 Hz, H-4), 3.51 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C0) , 2.38 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C-aromatic) , 1.24 (d, J=6.3 Hz, H-6) .

Example 31: Compound 36 (Step a. Figure 7)

Methyl serine hydrochloride (Compound 35) was treated with 1.1 equivalents of carbonyldiimidazole and 1.0 equivalents of DMAP in a CH ₃ CN at 80 degrees C for two hours to provide Compound 36 in 95 percent yield.

Example 32: Compound 37 (Step b. Figure 7)

Compound 36 was treated with 1.0 equivalents of NaH and 4 equivalents of ethyl iodide (EtI) in DMF at zero degrees C for 0.5 hours to provide Compound 37 in 75 percent yield.

Example 33: Compound 38 (Step c. Figure 7)

Compound 37 was treated with 1.5 equivalents of DIBAL in toluene at -78 degrees C for 1.5 hours to provide Compound 38.

Example 34: Compound 39 (Step d. Figure 7)

Compound 38 was treated with 1.2 equivalents of (-)-/3-methoxydiisopinocampheylborane and 1.2 equivalents of allylmagnesium bromide in ether at -78 to 25 degrees C over a four hour time period. Thereafter, 3N NaOH and 30 percent H ₂ 0 ₂ were added and the reaction mixture was maintained at 40 degrees C for one hour to provide Compound 39 in 43 percent overall yield from Compound 37.

Example 35: Compound 40 (Step e. Figure 7)

Compound 39 was reacted with 1.2 equivalents of Ag ₂ 0 and 5 equivalents of Mel in DMF at 40 degrees C for 12 hours to provide Compound 40 in 92 percent yield.

Example 36: Compound 41 (Step f. Figure 7)

Compound 40 was treated with ozone in CH ₂ Cl ₂ /Me0H (1:1; v:v) at -78 degrees C, followed by 2.0 equivalents of trimethyl phosphite [P(0Me) ₃ ] at -78 to 25 degrees C for 14 hours to provide Compound 41 in 91 percent yield.

Example 37: Compound 42 (Step g. Figure 7)

Compound 41 was dissolved in MeOH in the presence of Amberlyst-15 resin at 25 degrees C for 17 hours to provide the acetal Compound 42 in 85 percent yield.

Example 38: Compound 43 (Step h. Figure 7)

Compound 42 was treated with 1.5 equivalents of NaOH in MeOH/H ₂ 0 (2:1; v:v) at 90 degrees C for one hour to provide Compound 43 in 95 percent yield.

Example 39: Compounds 23 and 24 (Step i. Figure 7)

Compound 43 was treated with 1.5 equivalents of HCl in MeOH at 25 degrees C for three hours to provide Compounds 23 and 24 as a mixture in 88 percent yield. Compounds 23 and 24 were separately obtained by recrystalization from ethyl acetate (EtOAc) .

Compound 23: R _f = 0.27 (silica, 10 percent MeOH in EtOAc); [α] ²³ ., -56.7°C (c=1.0, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax 3012 (m) , 2969 (s) , 2937 (s) , 2911 (s) , 2834 (m) , 1466 (m) , 1446 (m) , 1376 (m) , 1358 (w) , 1248 (m) , 1202 (m) , 1154 (m) , 1127 (s) cm-1; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, C ₆ D ₆ ) δ 4.66 (dd, J= 3.5, 2.3 Hz, 1 H, H-l), 3.79 (dd, J= 11.0, 4.7 Hz, 1 H, H-5 eq) , 3.61-3.51 (m, 2 H, H-5 ax, H-3) , 3.15 (s, 3 H, H ₃ CO) , 3.03 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C0) , 2.74 (ddd, J= 9.7, 9.0, 4.6 Hz, 1 H, H-4) , 2.52-2.38 (m, 2 H, H ₂ CN) , 2.11 (ddd, J= 12.7, 4.5, 2.2 Hz, 1 H, H-2 eq) , 1.47 (ddd, J= 12.7, 10.5, 3.6 Hz, 1 H, H-2 ax), 1.30 (bs, 1 H, HN) , 0.91 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3 H, H ₃ C) . Compound 24: R _f = 0.18 (silica, 10 percent

MeOH in EtOAc); [α]D25 +99.7°C (c=1.0, CHC1 ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) nmax 2971 (s) , 2836 (s) , 2700 (s) , 2457 (m) , 1584 (m) , 1449 (m) , 1392 (m) , 1239 (m) , 1191 (m) cm ^"1 ; ¹ H NMR (300 MHZ, C ₆ D ₆ ) δ 4.14-4.07 (m, 2 H, H-5 eq, H-l), 3.37 (s, 3 H, H ₃ C0) , 3.07 (dd, J= 9.6, 9.1 Hz, 1 H, H-5

ax) , 3.07-3.00 (m, 2 H, H-3 , H ₃ CO) , 2.65 (ddd, J= 9.0, 9.0, 4.5 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 2.46-2.33 ( , 2 H, H ₂ C-N) , 2.13 (ddd, J= 12.5, 4.5, 2.4 Hz, 1 H, H-2 eq) , 1.96 (bs, 1 H, HN) , 1.59 (ddd, J= 12.4, 10.5, 8.9 Hz, 1 H, H-2 ax) , 0.89 (t, J= 7.1 HZ, 3 H, H ₃ C) .

Example 40: Compound 44 (Figure 8)

D-Fucose is reacted with excess Ac ₂ 0 to form the tetracetate derivative. The fucose tetraacetate is then reacted with 30 percent HBr in HOAc to prepare the l-bromo-2,3,4-triacetate derivative. That compound is reacted with MeOH in the presence of Ag ₂ C0 ₃ to form the methyl glycoside. The acetate groups are removed and the resulting triol is reacted with carbonyl diimidazole and then 2N HCl in THF to form the 3,4-carbonate derivative, Compound 42.

Example 41: Compound 45 (Step a of Figure 8)

A mixture of Compounds 23 and 24, K ₂ C0 ₃ (1.5 equivalents) and 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (1.5 equivalents) in THF/H ₂ 0 (7:3, v:v) was stirred at zero degrees C for 30 minutes to provide the corresponding FMOC derivatives in 93 percent yield. Those derivatives were stirred in a solution of H0Ac/H ₂ 0 (3:1, v:v) at 90 degrees C to provide a mixture of the corresponding 1-hydroxy compounds, including Compound 45a in 95 percent yield.

Example 42: Compound 45b (Step b. Figure 8) Compound 45a was reacted with 5.0 equivalents of DAST in THF and in the presence of 4A molecular sieves at a temperature of -78 to zero degrees C over a time period of one hour to provide the fluoride Compound 45b in 92 percent yield.

Example 43: Compound 46 (Step c. Figure 8)

A suspension of anhydrous silver perchlorate (0.97 g. 4.7 mmol) and stannous chloride (0.88 g. 4.7 mmol) , dried by azeotropic removal of benzene, and powdered activated 4A molecular sieves (1 g) and ether (20 ml) was allowed to stir at 25 degrees C for 15 minutes and then cooled to -50 degrees C. To this mixture was added a solution of fluoride Compound 45a (0.936 g. 2.34 mmol) and alcohol Compound 44 (0.720 g. 3.53 mmol), twice dried by azeotropic removal of benzene, in acetonitrile (20 ml) slowly (five minutes) and allowed to gradually warm to zero degrees C (two hours) . The mixture was diluted with either (150 ml) and filtered through celite, and the residue washed with ether (3 x 75 ml) . The combined filtrates were again filtered to remove the insoluble alcohol Compound 44. The resulting solution was washed with saturated NaHC0 ₃ (7 x 200 ml) and brine (lx 200 ml) . The solution was then dried (MgS0 ₄ ) and concentrated. Gradient elution chromatography of the crude product (silica, 50 percent ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to ethyl acetate) gave the pure Compound 46 α-glycoside (0.701 g. 51 percent) and 3-anomer (0.164 g, 12 percent).

Example 44: Compound 47 (Step d. Figure 8)

Compound 46 was reacted with 0.5 equivalents of K ₂ C0 ₃ in ethylene glycol/THF (1:20, v:v) at 25 degrees C for 0.25 hours to provide Compound 47 in 93 percent yield.

Example 45: Compound 48 (Step e. Figure 8)

Compound 47 was reacted with 1.0 equivalents of Bu ₂ Snθ in MeOH at 65 degrees C for 0.75 hours, and then with 1.0 equivalents of bromine (Br ₂ ) in benzene in the presence of 4A molecular sieves for 0.5 hours to

provide a 70 percent yield of Compound 48, plus 18 percent of Compound 47.

Example 46: Compound 49 (Step f. Figure 8) Compound 48 was reacted with 1.2 equivalents of Compound 10 and 0.05 equivalents of PPTS in benzene at 25 degrees C for two hours to form Compound 49 in 83 percent yield.

Example 47: Compound 50 (Step g. Figure 8)

Compound 49 was reacted with 1.3 equivalents of ^t BuMe ₂ Si0Tf and 1.7 equivalents of 2,6-lutidine in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at zero to 25 degrees over two hours to provide a quantitative yield of Compound 50.

Example 48: Compound 51 (Step h. Figure 8)

Compound 50 was reacted with 3.0 equivalents of DIBAL in CH ₂ C1 ₂ at -78 degrees C for 0.5 hours to provide Compound 51 in 91 percent yield.

Example 49: Compound 52 (Step i. Figure 8)

Compound 51 was reacted with 3.0 equivalents of thiocarbonyldiimidazole in acetonitrile at 25 degrees C for four hours to provide Compound 52 in 87 percent yield.

Example 50: Compound 53 (Step i . Figure 8)

Compound 52 was heated in toluene at 110 degrees C for 0.5 hours to form the rearranged Compound 53 in 98 percent yield.

Example 51: Compound 54 (Step k. Figure 8)

Compound 53 was reacted with a catalytic amount of NaSMe in ethyl mercaptan for six hours at room temperature to provide Compound 54 in 88 percent yield.

Example 52: Compound 55

Compound 55, the acid chloride of Compound 33, was prepared by reacting Compound 33 with (C0C1) ₂ at 25 degrees C for one hour to provide Compound 55 in 95 percent yield.

Example 53: Compound 56 (Step a. Figure 9)

To a solution of acid chloride Compound 55 (0.168 g, 0.217 mmol) in methylene chloride (1.0 ml) was added thiol Compound 54 (0.145 g, 0.154 mmol) followed by 3 equivalents of DMAP (56 mg, 0.56 mmol). The solution was stirred six hours, and then diluted with ethyl acetate (60 ml) , washed with saturated NH ₄ C1 (2 x 40 ml) , saturated NaHC0 ₃ (2 x 40 ml) and dried (MgS0 ₄ ) . The solution was concentrated and chromatographed

(silica, 30 percent ether in petroleum ether) to yield thioester Compound 56 (0.132 g, 52 percent) and starting thiol Compound 54 (59 mg, 41 percent) .

Example 54: Compound 57 (Step b. Figure 9)

Compound 56 was reacted with 1.0 equivalent of TBAF and 3.5 equivalents of HOAc in THF at -23 degrees C for 0.25 hour to form Compound 57.

Example 55: Compound 58 (Step c. Figure 9)

Compound 57 was reacted with 3 equivalents of K-Selectride in dimethoxyethane/THF (9:1, v:v) at -78 degrees C for 1.5 hours to provide Compound 58 in a 75 percent yield overall from Compound 56.

Example 56: Compound 59 (Step d. Figure 9)

Compound 58 is reacted with 3 equivalents of TBAF in THF to provide Compound 59.

Example 57: Compound 60 (Step e. Figure 9)

Compound 59 is reacted with NH ₃ -BH ₃ and PPTS in CH ₂ C1 ₂ as discussed before to provide Compound 60.

Example 58: Compound 100 (Step f. Figure 9)

Compound 60 is reacted in morpholine/THF (1:1, v:v) to remove the FMOC group and provide the calicheamicin y. ¹ oligosaccharide, Compound 100.

Example 59: Compound 61 (Step g. Figure 9)

Compound 100 is acylated with Ac ₂ 0 in the presence of Et ₃ N and DMAP in CH ₂ C1 ₂ as discussed previously to form the acetoxy Compound 61.

Example 60: Compound 62 (Figure 10)

Compound 62 is the o-nitrobenzyl analog of Compound 44, and is prepared analogously. Thus, D-fucose is acylated with Ac ₂ 0 to form the tetraacetate, and thereafter reacted with HBr/HOAc to form 1-bromo- 2,3,4-triacetoxyfucose. That material is then reacted with o-nitrobenzyl alcohol in the presence of Ag ₂ C0 ₃ to form the o-nitrobenzyl glycosyl triacetate. Deacylation, followed by reaction with carbonyl diimidazole and 2N HCl in THF affords Compound 62.

Example 61: Compound 63 (Figure 12)

Compound 63 is prepared from Compound 62 in a manner similar to the preparation of keto portion of Compound 48. Thus, Compound 62 is reacted with ^{^} BuMeSiCl to block the 2-position hydroxyl group. The 3,4-carbonate blocking group is removed with NaOMe in THF/MeOH (K ₂ C0 ₃ in ethylene glycol/THF can also be used) . The 4-position hydroxyl is thereafter oxidized using 1.0 equivalent of Bu ₂ SnO in MeOH at 65 degrees C,

followed by 1.0 equivalent of Br ₂ in benzene in the presence of 4A molecular sieves at 25 degrees C.

Example 62: Compound 167 (Figure 13) This synthesis begins with Compound 148, which was prepared in a manner analogous to that of Compound 48. Thus, Compound 148 was reacted in step (a) with l.i equivalents of O-benzylhydroxylamine and a catalytic amount of PPTS in benzene at 25°C for 0.5 hours to provide Compound 160 in 90 percent yield. Compound 160 was then reacted in step (b) with one equivalent of Et ₃ SiOTf and 1.2 equivalents of 2,6-lutidine in dichloromethane at zero degrees C for 0.5 hours to provide Compound 161 in 98 percent yield. Ultraviolet irradiation of Compound 161 (step c) in THF-H ₂ 0 (9:1, v:v) at zero degrees C for 15 minutes provided Compound 162 in 95 percent yield.

Reaction of Compound 162 with a catalytic amount of sodium hydride in trichloracetonitrile- methylene chloride (1:12, v:v) at 25°C for two hours produced Compound 163 in 98 percent yield in step (d) , whereas reaction with three equivalents of DAST in THF from -78° to zero degree C for one hour in step d* produced Compound 163a in 90 percent yield. Reaction of Compound 163 with two equivalents of benzyl alcohol and one equivalent of BF ₃ -etherate in methylene chloride at -60°C to -30°C provided a 95 percent yield of Compound 164, in an a : β ratio of about 1:5 (step e) . Reaction of Compound 163a with 1.2 equivalents of benzyl alcohol, 1.2 equivalents of silver silicate with a catalytic amount of SnCl ₂ in methylene chloride at 25°C for three hours also provided Compound 164, in 85 percent yield with about equal amounts of α and β anomers (step e ¹ ). Reaction of Compound 164 with excess pyridinium hydrofluoride in CH ₂ C1 ₂ -THF (7:1, v:v) at

zero degrees C for 20 minutes provided Compound 165 in 98 percent yield (step f) . Reaction of Compound 165 in diethyamine-THF (1:1, v:v) at 25°C for two hours provided Compound 166 in 98 percent yield (step g) . Finally, reaction of Compound 166 with excess titanium tetraisopropoxide and excess diphenylsilane in methylene chloride at 25°C for one hour provided Compound 167 in 92 percent yield.

Compound 167 pale yellow oil; R _f =0.31 (silica, 10 percent methanol in dichloromethane), [α] _D ²⁵ = -49.2°

(c=0.66, CHC1 ₃ ) ; Η NMR, (500MHz, C _fi D ₆ ) : 5=7.56 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz, Ar) , 7.32-7.13 (m, 8H, Ar) , 5.88 (bs, 2 H, 0 H) , 5.86 (s, 1 H, E-l) , 5.75 (bs, 1 H, O-N-H) , 4.99 (d, 1 H, J=11.7 Hz, CH ₂ -Ph) , 4.67 (d, 1 H, J=11.7 Hz, CH ₂ -Ph) , 4.54-4.47 (m, 3 H, A-l, CH ₂ -Ph-hydroxylamine) ,

4.32 (dd, 1 H, J=10.8, 9.2 Hz, E-5ax) , 4.04 (dd, 1 H, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, A-3), 4.02-3.94 (m, 1 H, E-3), 3.90 (dd, 1 H, J=10.8, 4.7 Hz, E-5eq) , 3.88 (dd, 1 H, J=9.5, 7.6 Hz, A-2), 3.57 (dq, 1 H, J=9.5, 6.0 Hz, A-5) , 3.23 (s, 3 H, OCH ₃ ) , 2.82 (ddd, 1 H, J=9.2 , 9.2, 4.7 Hz, E-4) ,

2.57-2.42 (m, 3 H, E-2eq, N-CH ₂ ) , 2.34 (dd, 1 H, J=9.5, 9.5 HZ, A-4), 1.54 (dd, 1 H, J=10.2, 10.2 Hz, E-2ax) , 1.36 (d, 3 H, J=6.0 HZ, A-6) , 0.99 (t, 3 H, J=6.5 Hz, N-CH ₂ -CH ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) : V.^2964, 2932, 1456, 1095, 1071 cm ^"1 ; HRMS calcd. for C ₂₈ H ₄₀ N ₂ O ₇ (M+Cs ^Φ ) 649.1890; found 649.1900.

Example 63: Compounds 307a and 307b (Figure 14)

Compound 300 (Nicolaou et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 112:7416 (1990)] was reacted with 3.0 equivalents of ethyl bromoacetate, 2.0 equivalents of CsC0 ₃ with one equivalent of 18-crown-6 in acetonitrile at 50°C for five hours to provide Compound 301 in 60 percent yield (step a). Reaction of Compound 301 with 2.0 equivalents of LiOH in THF-H ₂ 0 (1:1, v:v) for 0.5 hour, followed by

1.1 equivalents of dithiodipyridine, 1:1 equivalents of triphenylphosphine in dichloromethane at 25°C for 0.5 hours provided Compound 302 in 92 percent yield (step b) . Compound 302 was reacted with 5.0 equivalents NaBH ₄ in CH ₂ Cl ₂ - ^" PrOH (1:1, v:v) at 25°C for 20 minutes to provide the primary alcohol Compound 303 in 92 percent yield. One equivalent of each of Compounds 303 and 163 were reacted with a catalytic amount of BF ₃ -etherate in methylene chloride at -60°C to -40°C for one hour to provide an 84 percent yield of Compounds 304a and 304b with an ct β ratio of about 5:1 (step d) . Protecting groups were removed from the disaccharide as in Example 62, again with two 98 percent yields to provide Compounds 306a and 306b (steps e and f) . Mixed Compounds 306a and 306b were reduced with an excess of titanium tetraisopropoxide and diphenylsilane in methylene chloride at 25°C for one hour to provide a 90 percent yield of diostereomeric Compounds 307a and 307b. Compound 307a pale yellow oil; R _f =0.39 (silica, 10 percent methanol in dichloromethane) , [α] _D ²⁵ = -87.3° (c=0.48, CHC1 ₃ ) , ¹ H NMR, (500MHz, C ₆ D ₆ ) : 6=8.97 (dd, 1 H, J=4.2, 0.7 Hz, Dyn-Ar) , 7.52 (m, 1 H, Dyn-Ar) , 7.41-6.98 ( , 12 H, 11 Ar, propargylic H) , 6.98 (dd, 1 H, J=7.1, 7.1 HZ, Dyn-Ar), 5.89 (bs, 1 H, OH), 5.83 (bs, 1 H, O-N-H) , 5.78 (s, 1 H, E-l) , 5.28 (d, 1 H, J=10.0 Hz, Vinylic H) , 5.10 (dd, 1 H, J=10.0, 1.7 Hz, Vinylic H) , 4.58-4.51 (m, 2 H, CH ₂ -Ph) , 4.50 (d, 1 H, J=7.4, A- 1), 4.48-4.40 (m, 1 H, E-5ax) , 4.25-4.17 (m, 1 H, E- 5eq) , 4.13-4.02 (m, 3 H, A-3, OCH ₂ CH ₂ 0) , 4.01-3.94 (m, 1 H, OCH ₂ CH ₂ 0) , 3.93-3.90 (m, 1 H, E-3) , 3.77 (dd, 1 H,

J=9.5, 7.3 Hz, A-2) , 3.69-3.52 (m, 1 H, A-5) , 3.26 (s, 3 H, 0CH ₃ ) , 2.78-2.66 (m, 2 H, E-4, N-CH ₂ ) , 2.65-2.57 (m, 1 H, N-CH ₂ ) , 2.47 (dd., 1 H, J=12.0, 2.2 Hz, E-2eq) , 2.44 (dd, 1 H, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, A-4) , 2.31 (dd, 1 H, J=14.5, 6.5 Hz, Dyn-CH ₂ ) , 2.04 (d, 1 H, J=6.7 Hz, Dyn-CH ₂ ) ,

1.95-1.83 (m, 4 H, CH ₂ ) , 1.43 (dd, 1 H, J=14.5, 9.3 Hz , E-2ax) , 1.33 (d, 3H, J=6.1 Hz , A-6) , 1.04 (t, 3 H, J=6.5 Hz, N-CH ₂ -CH ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) V^ = 2965, 2931, 1733, 1380, 1323, 1146, 1098, 1071 cm ^'1 ; HRMS calcd. for C ₄₉ H ₅₅ N ₃ 0-- (M+Cs ^Φ ) 994.2891; found 994.2904.

Compound 307b: pale yellow oil; R _f =0.38 (silica, 10 percent methanol in dichloromethane) , [α] _D ²⁵ =+125.7° (c=0.68, CHC1 ₃ ) , ¹ H NMR (500MHz, C ₆ D ₆ ) : <S = 8.93 (dd, 1 H, J=4.2, 0.7 Hz, Dyn-Ar), 7.56 (dd, J=7.4 , 1.4 Hz, Dyn-Ar), 7.32-7.02 (m, 12 H, 11 Ar, propagylic

H) , 6.90 (dd, 1 H, J=7.1, 7.1 Hz , Dyn-Ar), 5.90 (bs, 1 H, O-N-H) , 5.88 (bs, 1 H, OH) , 5.82 (S, 1 H, E-l) , 5.29 (d, 1 H, J=10.2 Hz, vinylic H) , 5.11 (dd, 1 H, J=10.2, 1.7 Hz, vinylic H) , 4.56-4.51 (m, 2 H, CH ₂ Ph) , 4.49 (dd, 1 H, J=ll.l, 9.0 Hz, E-5ax) , 4.48 (d, 1 H, J=7.4 Hz,

A-l) , 4.22-4.17 (m, 2 H, 0CH ₂ CH ₂ 0) , 4.14 (dd, 1 H, J=ll.l, 4.7 HZ, E-5eq) , 4.09 (dd, 1 H, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, A-3), 4.06-4.01 (m, 1 H, 0CH ₂ CH ₂ 0) , 3.93-3.88 (m, 1 H, 0CH ₂ CH ₂ 0) , 3.87-3.81 (m, 1 H, E-3), 3.78 (dd, 1 H, J=9.5, 7.1 HZ, A-2), 3.58 (dq, 1 H, J=9.5, 6.1 Hz, A-5) ,

3.27 (s, 3 H, OCH ₃ ) , 2.84 (ddd, 1 H, J=9.0, 9.0, 4.7 Hz, E-4) , 2.77 (m, 2 H, N-CH ₂ ) , 2.54 (dd, 1 H, J=12.2, 2.5 Hz, E-2eq) , 2.42 (dd, 1 H, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, A-4) , 2.30 (dd, 1 H, J=14.6, 10.5 Hz, Dyn-CH ₂ ) , 2.06 (dd, 1 H, J=14.6, 7.1 HZ, Dyn-CH ₂ ) , 1.97-1.83 (m, 4 H, Dyn-CH ₂ ) , 1.51 (dd, 1 H, J=12.2, 9.2 Hz, E-2ax) , 1.33 (d, 3 H, J=6.1 Hz, A-6) , 1.10 (t, 3 H, J=6.5 Hz , N-CH ₂ -CH ₃ ) ; IR (CHC1 ₃ ) : "^=2962, 2957, 2929, 1733, 1386, 1323, 1146, 1097, 1070 cm ^"1 ; HRMS calcd. for C^- _j N _j O,- (M+Cs ^Φ ) 994.2891: found 994.2904.

Example 64: Biologically Active Agent

A suspension of anhydrous silver perchlorate (1.0 mmol) and stannous chloride (1.0 mmol), dried by azeotropic removal of benzene, and powdered activated 4A

molecular sieves (0.3 g) and methylene chloride (2 ml) is stirred at 25 degrees C for 15 minutes and then cooled to -78 degrees C. To this mixture is added a solution of fluoride Compound 202 or Compound 224 (0.5 mmol) and aglycon alcohol HZ (1.0 mmol), twice dried by azeotropic removal of benzene, in methylene chloride (3 ml) slowly (1 minute) , and the resulting solution is allowed to gradually warm to zero degrees C (two hours) . The mixture is diluted with ether (50 ml) and filtered through celite and the residue washed with ether (3 x 30 ml) . The combined filtrates are washed with saturated NaC0 ₃ (7 x 200 ml) and brine (1 x 200 ml) . The solution is then dried (MgS0 ₄ ) and concentrated. Chromatography of the crude product (silica) provides the pure α-glycoside and 3-anomer, Compound 205 or Compound 226.

The foregoing is intended as illustrative of the present invention but not limiting. Numerous variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the true spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the invention.