[0002] The present application is related to the following: (1) U. S. patent application serial no.

09/454,139, attorney docket no. 25791.03. 02, filed on 12/3/1999, (2) U. S. patent application serial no.

09/510,913, attorney docket no. 25791.7. 02, filed on 2/23/2000, (3) U. S. patent application serial no.

09/502,350, attorney docket no. 25791.8. 02, filed on 2/10/2000, (4) U. S. patent no. 6,328, 113, (5) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/523,460, attorney docket no. 25791.11. 02, filed on 3/10/2000, (6) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/512,895, attorney docket no. 25791.12. 02, filed on 2/24/2000, (7) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/511,941, attorney docket no. 25791.16. 02, filed on 2/24/2000, (8) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/588,946, attorney docket no. 25791.17. 02, filed on 6/7/2000, (9) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/559,122, attorney docket no. 25791.23. 02, filed on 4/26/2000, (10) PCT patentapplication serialno. PCT/US00/18635, attorneydocketno. 25791.25. 02, filed on 7/9/2000, (11) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/162,671, attorney docket no. 25791.27, filed on 11/1/1999, (12) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/154,047, attorney docket no. 25791.29, filed on 9/16/1999, (13) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,082, attorney docket no.

25791.34, filed on 10/12/1999, (14) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,039, attorney docket no. 25791.36, filed on 10/12/1999, (15) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,033, attorney docket no. 25791.37, filed on 10/12/1999, (16) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/212, 359, attorney docket no. 25791. 38, filed on 6/19/2000, (17) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/165,228, attorney docket no. 25791.39, filed on 11/12/1999, (18) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/221,443, attorney docket no. 25791.45, filed on 7/28/2000, (19) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/221,645, attorney docket no. 25791.46, filed on 7/28/2000, (20) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/233,638, attorney docket no. 25791.47, filed on 9/18/2000, (21) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/237,334, attorney docket no. 25791.48, filed on 10/2/2000, (22) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/270,007, attorney docket no. 25791.50, filed on 2/20/2001, (23) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/262,434, attorney docket no.

25791.51, filed on 1/17/2001, (24) U. S, provisional patent application serial no. 60/259,486, attorney docket no. 25791.52, filed on 1/3/2001, (25) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/303,740, attorney docket no. 25791.61, filed on 7/6/2001, (26) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/313,453, attorney docket no. 25791.59, filed on 8/20/2001, (27) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/317,985, attorney docket no. 25791.67, filed on 9/6/2001, (28) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/3318,386, attorney docket no. 25791.67. 02, filed on 9/10/2001, (29) U. S. utility patent application serial no. 09/969,922, attorney docket no. 25791.69, filed on 10/3/2001, (30) U. S. utility patent application serial no. 10/016, 467, attorney docket no. 25791.70, filed on 12/10/2001 ; (31) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/343,674, attorney docket no. 25791.68, filed on 12/27/2001; (32) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/346,309, attorney docket no 25791.92, filed on 1/7/2002; (33) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/372,048, attorney docket no. 25791.93, filed on 4/12/2002; (34) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/380,147, attorney docket no.

25791.104, filed on 5/6/2002; (35) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/387,486, attorney docket no. 25791.107, filed on 6/10/2002; (36) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/387,961, attorney docket no. 25791.108, filed on 6/12/2002; (37) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/391,703, attorney docket no. 25791.90, filed on 6/26/2002; and (38) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/397,284, attorney docket no. 25791.106, filed on 7/19/2002, (39) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/398,061, attorney docket no. 25791.110, filed on 7/24/2002, and (40) U. S. provisional patent application no. 60/339, 240, attorney docket no. 25791. 111, filed on 7/29/2002, and (41) U. S. provisional patent application no. 60/405,610, attorney docket no. 25791.119, filed on even date herewith, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Background of the Invention [0003] This invention relates generally to oil and gas exploration, and in particular to forming and repairing wellbore casings to facilitate oil and gas exploration.

[0004] Conventionally, when a wellbore is created, a number of casings are installed in the borehole to prevent collapse of the borehole wall and to prevent undesired outflow of drilling fluid into the formation or inflow of fluid from the formation into the borehole. The borehole is drilled in intervals whereby a casing which is to be installed in a lower borehole interval is lowered through a previously installed casing of an upper borehole interval. As a consequence of this procedure the casing of the lower interval is of smaller diameter than the casing of the upper interval. Thus, the casings are in a nested arrangement with casing diameters decreasing in downward direction. Cement annuli are provided between the outer surfaces of the casings and the borehole wall to seal the casings from the borehole wall. As a consequence of this nested arrangement a relatively large borehole diameter is required at the upper part of the wellbore. Such a large borehole diameter involves increased costs due to heavy casing handling equipment, large drill bits and increased volumes of drilling fluid and drill cuttings. Moreover, increased drilling rig time is involved due to required cement pumping, cement hardening, required equipment changes due to large variations in hole diameters drilled in the course of the well, and the large volume of cuttings drilled and removed.

[0005] During oil exploration, a wellbore typically traverses a number of zones within a subterranean formation. Wellbore casings are then formed in the wellbore by radially expanding and plastically deforming tubular members that are coupled to one another by threaded connections existing methods for radially expanding and plastically deforming tubular members coupled to one another by threaded connections are not always reliable and do not always produce satisfactory results.

In particular, the threaded connections can be damaged during the radial expansion process.

Furthermore, the threaded connections between adjacent tubular members, whether radially expanded or not, are typically not sufficiently coupled to permit the transmission of energy through the tubular members from the surface to the downhole location. Further, the damaged threads may permit undesirable leakage between the inside of the casing and the exterior of the casing.

[0006] The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the limitations of the existing procedures for forming new sections of casing in a wellbore.

Summary of the Invention [0007] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method of forming a wellbore casing within a borehole that traverses a subterranean formation is provided that includes assembling a tubular liner by coupling threaded portions of first and second tubular members having a multi-layer tubular insert between the threads of the first tubular member and the threads of the second tubular member, positioning the tubular liner assembly within a borehole, and radially expanding and plastically deforming the tubular liner assembly within the borehole wherein the multi-layer tubular insert includes a first layer having a first modulus of elasticity and a second layer coupled to the first layer having a second modulus of elasticity wherein the first modulus of elasticity is different from the second modulus of elasticity. According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of forming a wellbore casing within a borehole that traverses a subterranean formation is provided that includes assembling a tubular liner by coupling a multi- layer metallic insert assembly to a threaded portion of the first tubular member and coupling a threaded portion of a second tubular member to the threaded portion of first tubular member with the multi-layer tubular insert there between, and positioning the tubular liner assembly within a borehole and radially expanding and plastically deforming the tubular liner assembly and wherein the first tubular insert is a metal have a first modulus of elasticity and a second tubular insert is composed of a metal having a second modulus of elasticity different from the first modulus of elasticity. According to another aspect of the present invention, the multi-layers of the inner post tubular insert include a first insert of copper and a second tubular insert of cadmium.

[0008] According to another aspect of the present invention, both layers of the multi-layer tubular liner inserted between the threads of the wellbore casing members have a modulus of elasticity less than the tubular members. According to another aspect of the present invention, the multi-layer tubular insert includes a first tubular insert providing a fluidic seal after radially expanding and plastically deforming the tubular liner assembly, and another layer of the multi-layer insert provides a micro-fluidic seal after radially expanding and plastically deforming a tubular liner.

[0009] According to another aspect of the present invention, the multi-layer tubular liner includes a first, a second, and a third layer, each adjacent layer having a different modulus of elasticity.

[00010] According to another aspect of the present invention, the multi-layer tubular insert assembly includes a first, second, third, and fourth layer, each layer having a different modulus of elasticity from an adjacent layer.

[0010] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of forming a wellbore casing within a borehole that traverses a subterranean formation is provided that includes expanding joined tubular members, such as joined wellbore casings, having a layer of a metallic alloy that has a first melting temperature prior to exposure to heat and strain as a second higher melting temperature after exposure to heat and or strain (know as a eutectic material) interposed between the joint prior to radially expanding the jointed tubular members.

Brief Description of the Drawings [0011] FIG. 1 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of a first tubular member, such as a first wellbore casing, for placement within a borehole that traverses a subterranean formation.

[0012] FIG. 2 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of the first tubular member, such as the first wellbore casing as in Fig. 1 and an aligned second tubular member, such as a second wellbore casing in position for coupling together and for placing the first and second tubular members, such as the depicted wellbore casings within a borehole.

[0013] FIG. 3 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of first and second wellbore casings of Fig. 2 after overlapping coupling as with the first female threads and second male threads providing a substantially continuous wellbore that may be radially expanded and plastically deformed at the overlapping portions of the first and second wellbore casings.

[0014] FIG. 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of the coupling joint of Fig. 3 after placing a tubular sleeve axially aligned with the first and second wellbore casings, and overlappingly positioned at the joint formed by coupling the first and second wellbore casings.

[0015] FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of the first and second wellbore casings and of the tubular sleeve of Fig. 4 and further schematically depicting one illustration-of a magnetic impulse apparatus positioned at the tubular sleeve for externally applying the tubular sleeve for improved sealing of the joint formed by coupling the wellbore casings together.

[0016] FIG. 6 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of the apparatus of Fig. 5, after applying magnetic impulse force to the tubular sleeve for improved sealing of the joint formed by coupling the first and second wellbore casings of Fig. 5.

[0017] FIG. 7 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of a joint of a first and second tubular member, such as a first and second wellbore casing, having a tubular sleeve externally applied to the adjacent external surfaces of the first and second tubular members at the overlapping joint there between prior to expanding the first and second tubular members at the area of the joint, according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0018] FIG. 8 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of the apparatus of Fig. 7, after the coupled portion of the first and second tubular member wellbore casings and the externally applied tubular sleeve have been radially expanded and plastically deformed according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0019] FIG. 9 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of the first female coupling and second male coupling and overlapping tubular sleeve with raised ridges interposed between the couplings to increase the surface to surface contact stress for maintaining sealing contact upon expanding and plastically deforming the coupling and tubular sleeve at the overlapping portions of the first and second tubular members.

[0020] Fig. 10 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of the invention in which an interior tubular sleeve is aligned with the coupling joint between tubular members and the interior tubular sleeve is forced outward and applied to the interior surfaces of the tubular members by a magnetic impulse device.

[0021] Fig. 11 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of a first tubular member, such as a first wellbore casing, for placement within a borehole that traverses a subterranean formation.

[0022] Fig. 12 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of a second tubular member, such as a second wellbore casing having a second threading coupling portion formed thereon for threaded coupling with the first tubular member or wellbore casing as depicted in Fig. 11.

[0023] Fig. 13 is a fragmentary cross-sectional illustration of the first and second wellbore casings of Figs. 11 and 12 threadably coupled with a tubular insert interproposed between the first threaded coupling and portion and the second threaded coupling portion.

[0024] Fig. 14 is a fragmentary cross-section of the first threaded coupling of Fig. 11. The tubular insert material formed inside and coupled to the first threaded portion of the first tubular member.

[0025] Fig. 15 is a fragmentary cross sectional schematic illustration of a second tubular member with the second threaded coupling having a tubular insert applied to the exterior of the second threaded coupling.

[0026] Fig. 16 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration of the first and second tubular members coupled together with a tubular insert assembly engaged between the threads and further showing the progressive operation of an expansion cone for expanding and plastically deforming the tubular liner formed by coupling the first and second wellbore casings.

[0027] Fig. 17 is a fragmentary cross sectional schematic illustration of a multi-layer tubular insert with two layers of materials.

[0028] Fig. 18 is a fragmentary cross sectional schematic illustration of another embodiment of a tubular insert assembly, including a first, second, and third layer of material.

[0029] Fig. 19 is a fragmentary cross sectional schematic illustration of a multi-layer tubular insert assembly having four layers of material.

[0030] Fig. 20 is a schematic cross sectional illustration of a method step of expanding the tubular member, with an expansion cone progressing toward the coupled portion of the first and second tubular member wellbore casings and the multi-layer tubular insert according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0031] Fig. 21 is a schematic cross sectional illustration of a method step of expanding the tubular member, with an expansion cone progressing past the coupled portion of the first and second tubular member wellbore casings and the multi-layer tubular insert according to one aspect of the present invention.

Detailed Description of the Illustrative Embodiments [0032] Referring to Fig. 1, a borehole 10 that traverses a subterranean formation 12 includes a first tubular member 14, such as a first wellbore casing 14 that may be positioned within the borehole.

In several exemplary embodiments, tubular members in the form of wellbore casings will be described and depicted. It will be understood that although the methods are particularly advantageous for forming wellbore casings, certain advantageous features may also be applicable to other tubular members as described and claimed herein. In an illustrative embodiment, the first wellbore casing 14 may, for example, be positioned within and coupled to the borehole 10 using any number of conventional methods and apparatus, that may or may not include radial expansion and plastic deformation of the first wellbore casing 14, and/or using one or more of the methods and apparatus disclosed in one or more of the following: (1) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/454,139, attorney docket no. 25791.03. 02, filed on 12/3/1999, (2) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/510,913, attorney docket no. 25791.7. 02, filed on 2/23/2000, (3) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/502,350, attorney docket no. 25791.8. 02, filed on 2/10/2000, (4) U. S. patent no. 6,328, 113, (5) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/523,460, attorney docket no. 25791.11. 02, filed on 3/10/2000, (6) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/512,895, attorney docket no. 25791.12. 02, filed on 2/24/2000, (7) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/511,941, attorney docket no. 25791.16. 02, filed on 2/24/2000, (8) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/588,946, attorney docket no. 25791.17. 02, filed on 6/7/2000, (9) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/559,122, attorney docket no. 25791.23. 02, filed on 4/26/2000, (10) PCT patent application serial no. PCT/US00/18635, attorney docket no. 25791.25. 02, filed on 7/9/2000, (11) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/162,671, attorney docket no. 25791.27, filed on 11/1/1999, (12) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/154,047, attorney docket no. 25791.29, filed on 9/16/1999, (13) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159, 082, attorney docket no.

25791.34, filed on 10/12/1999, (14) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,039, attorney docket no. 25791.36, filed on 10/12/1999, (15) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/159,033, attorney docket no. 25791.37, filed on 10/12/1999, (16) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/212,359, attorney docket no. 25791.38, filed on 6/19/2000, (17) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/165,228, attorney docket no. 25791.39, filed on 11/12/1999, (18) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/221,443, attorney docket no.

25791.45, filed on 7/28/2000, (19) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/221,645, attorney docket no. 25791.46, filed on 7/28/2000, (20) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/233, 638, attorney docket no. 25791.47, filed on 9/18/2000, (21) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/237,334, attorney docket no. 25791.48, filed on 10/2/2000, (22) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/270,007, attorney docket no. 25791.50, filed on 2/20/2001, (23) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/262,434, attorney docket no. 25791. 51, filed on 1/17/2001, (24) U. S, provisional patent application serial no. 60/259,486, attorney docket no. 25791.52, filed on 1/3/2001, (25) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/303,740, attorney docket no. 25791.61, filed on 7/6/2001, (26) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/313,453, attorney docket no.

25791.59, filed on 8/20/2001, (27) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/317,985, attorney docket no. 25791.67, filed on 9/6/2001, (28) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/3318,386, attorney docket no. 25791.67. 02, filed on 9/10/2001, (29) U. S. utility patent application serial no. 09/969,922, attorney docket no. 25791.69, filed on 10/3/2001, (30) U. S. utility patent application serial no. 10/016,467, attorney docket no. 25791.70, filed on 12/10/2001; (31) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/343,674, attorney docket no. 25791.68, filed on 12/27/2001; (32) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/346,309, attorney docket no 25791.92, filed on 1/7/2002; (33) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/372,048, attorney docket no. 25791.93, filed on 4/12/2002; (34) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/380,147, attorney docket no. 25791.104, filed on 5/6/2002; (35) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/387,486, attorney docket no. 25791.107, filed on 6/10/2002; (36) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/387,961, attorney docket no. 25791.108, filed on 6/12/2002 ; (37) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/391,703, attorney docket no. 25791.90, filed on 6/26/2002; and (38) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/397,284, attorney docket no. 25791.106, filed on 7/19/2002, (39) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/398,061, attorney docket no.

25791. 110, filed on 7/24/2002, and (40) U. S. provisional patent application no. 60/339,240, attorney docket no. 25791. 111, filed on 7/29/2002, and (41) U. S. provisional patent application no. 60/405,610, attorney docket no. 25791.119, filed on even date herewith, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0033] Referring to Fig. 2, the second tubular member 16, such as second wellbore casing 16 is then overlappingly coupled to the first wellbore casing 14 for positioning within the borehole 10. In several exemplary embodiments, the first wellbore casing 14 may, for example, be coupled at a first coupling portion 18 to a second coupling portion 20 of the second wellbore casing 16 using any number of conventional methods and apparatus. For example as shown in Fig. 2, the coupling may comprise a male, or externally, threaded portion 24 engaged with a female, or internally, threaded portion 22. The method of coupling may or may not include radial expansion and plastic deformation of either of the wellbore casings 14 or 16 or both, and or using one of more of the methods disclosed in one of more of the following: (1) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/454,139, attorney docket no.

25791.03. 02, filed on 12/3/1999, (2) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/510,913, attorney docket no.

25791.7. 02, filed on 2/23/2000, (3) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/502,350, attorney docket no.

25791.8. 02, filed on 2/10/2000, (4) U. S. patent no. 6,328, 113, (5) U. S. patent application serial no.

09/523,460, attorney docket no. 25791.11. 02, filed on 3/10/2000, (6) U. S. patent application serial no.

09/512,895, attorney docket no. 25791.12. 02, filed on 2/24/2000, (7) U. S. patent application serial no.

09/511,941, attorney docket no. 25791.16. 02, filed on 2/24/2000, (8) U. S. patent application serial no.

09/588,946, attorney docket no. 25791.17. 02, filed on 6/7/2000, (9) U. S. patent application serial no.

09/559,122, attorney docket no. 25791.23. 02, filed on 4/26/2000, (10) PCT patent application serial no. PCT/USOO/18635, attorney docket no. 25791.25. 02, filed on 7/9/2000, (11) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/162,671, attorney docket no. 25791.27, filed on 11/1/1999, (12) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/154,047, attorney docket no. 25791.29, filed on 9/16/1999, (13) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,082, attorney docket no. 25791.34, filed on 10/12/1999, (14) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,039, attorney docket no.

25791.36, filed on 10/12/1999, (15) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,033, attorney docket no. 25791.37, filed on 10/12/1999, (16) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/212,359, attorney docket no. 25791.38, filed on 6/19/2000, (17) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/165,228, attorney docket no. 25791.39, filed on 11/12/1999, (18) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/221,443, attorney docket no. 25791.45, filed on 7/28/2000, (19) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/221,645, attorney docket no. 25791.46, filed on 7/28/2000, (20) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/233,638, attorney docket no. 25791.47, filed on 9/18/2000, (21) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/237,334, attorney docket no.

25791.48, filed on 10/2/2000, (22) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/270,007, attorney docket no. 25791.50, filed on 2/20/2001, (23) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/262,434, attorney docket no. 25791. 51, filed on 1/17/2001, (24) U. S, provisional patent application serial no. 60/259,486, attorney docket no. 25791.52, filed on 1/3/2001, (25) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/303,740, attorney docket no. 25791.61, filed on 7/6/2001, (26) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/313,453, attorney docket no. 25791.59, filed on 8/20/2001, (27) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/317,985, attorney docket no. 25791.67, filed on 9/6/2001, (28) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/3318,386, attorney docket no.

25791.67. 02, filed on 9/10/2001, (29) U. S. utility patent application serial no. 09/969,922, attorney docket no. 25791.69, filed on 10/3/2001, (30) U. S. utility patent application serial no. 10/016,467, attorney docket no. 25791.70, filed on 12/10/2001 ; (31) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/343,674, attorney docket no. 25791.68, filed on 12/27/2001; (32) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/346,309, attorney docket no 25791.92, filed on 1/7/2002; (33) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/372,048, attorney docket no. 25791.93, filed on 4/12/2002; (34) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/380,147, attorney docket no. 25791.104, filed on 5/6/2002; (35) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/387,486, attorney docket no.

25791.107, filed on 6/10/2002; (36) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/387,961, attorney docket no. 25791.108, filed on 6/12/2002; (37) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/391,703, attorney docket no. 25791.90, filed on 6/26/2002; and (38) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/397,284, attorney docket no. 25791.106, filed on 7/19/2002, (39) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/398, 061, attorney docket no. 25791.110, filed on 7/24/2002, and (40) U. S. provisional patent application no. 60/339,240, attorney docket no.

25791. 111, filed on 7/29/2002, and (41) U. S. provisional patent application no. 60/405, 610, attorney docket no. 25791.119, filed on even date herewith, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0034] Upon coupling the first and second tubular members, such as upon coupling the first and second wellbore casings 14 and 16, as depicted in Fig. 2, a first surface portion 26 and a second surface portion 28 are adjacently positionally in the axial direction and may or may not have the same or nearly the same outside diameters 32 and 34. It would understood that according to the foregoing methods and apparatus for expanding the wellbore casing, the depiction in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 may or may not demonstrate an overlapping portion that has been previously expanded. In either instance, it is desirable for the present invention that the exterior first outside diameter 32 and the outside diameter 34 have the same or nearly the same dimensions. Further it will be seen that a joint 30 is formed between the first and second surfaces that may include a small gap such as a bevel or partial channel on either member as is conventional for accommodating nicks or dents so that they will not interfere with complete coupling between the first and second wellbore casings.

[0035] Referring to Fig. 4, it will again be understood that the first wellbore casing 14 and the second wellbore casing 16 may or may not have been radially expanded in the embodiment depicted.

A tubular sleeve 40 is positioned overlapping the first surface portion 26 of the first wellbore casings 14 and also overlapping the second surface portion 28 of the second wellbore casing 16, thereby overlapping the joint 30 and axially extending in either direction there from at least partially over the overlapping coupling as well as at least partially over a portion of casing 16 that does not overlap first wellbore casing 14.

[0036] The tubular sleeve 40 is preferably composed of electrically conductive material that are suitably malleable or flowable to be shaped mechanically, as for example copper, aluminum, light metal, and metal alloys. Steel alloys and other metal alloys with suitable electrically conductivity and with suitable malleability or suitable flow behavior may also be used. The inside diameter 42, of the tubular sleeve 40 is only slightly larger than the outside diameter of th efirst and second tubular members 14 and 16 at the joint 30. This means a cylindrical gap 44 between the inside surface 46 of sleeve 40 and the first and second outside surfaces 26 and 28 of wellbore casings 14 and 16, respectively. The outside diameter 48 of tubular sleeve 40 is slightly larger than the inside diameter 42 defining a thickness 49 that is relatively thin compared the thickness of the wellbore casings 14 and 16.

[0037] Fig. 5 is a schematic illustration of the overlapping wellbore casings 14 and 16 and the overlapping tubular sleeve 40, as in Fig. 4, and further schematically depicts a magnetic impulse energy applicator 50. The impulse energy applicator 50, according to one aspect of the present invention, is aligned with the tubular sleeve 40 at a position overlapping the joint 30 and extending a distance over the surfaces 26 and 28 on either side of the joint 30. The magnetic impulse apparatus 50 may comprise an impulse conductor ring 52 having an inside diameter 54 slightly larger than the outside diameter of the ring 40, thereby leaving a small cylindrical gap 56 therebetween. Conductor ring 52 is interrupted with a radially extending gap (not shown) and is operatively connected to an impulse generator 58 such that the magnetic impulse power flows circumferentially around conductor ring 52 when applied from the impulse generator 58. This method applied to joints of wellbore casing has not heretofore been known, although there are conventional devices and it is a conventional concept for providing a magnetic impulse for shaping of cylindrical metal parts. Thus, the adaptation of one or more of the methods and apparatus according to one or more of the following may be used in connection with this aspect of the present invention: (1) U. S. Patent 5,444, 963 issued to Steingroever, et al. , August 29,1995 ; (2) U. S. Patent 5,586, 460 issued to Steingroever December 24,1996 ; (3). U.

S. Patent 5,953, 805 issued to Steingroever September 21,1999, as well as the techniques and apparatus described on the web page of Magnetic-Physics, Inc. with reference to the shaping technique under the trademark Magnetopuls, (http://www. magnet-physics. com/st_magnetopuls. html), a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit A, and the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.

[0038] With reference to Fig. 6, the method of applying the tubular sleeve to the joint of wellbore casing 14 and 16 may be more fully understood. The magnetic impulse generator 58 provides a magnetic in pulse to the conductor ring 52. The magnetic impulse causes a powerful magnetic field 60 to be produced and simultaneously causes a counter current magnetic pulse 62 to be produced within tubular sleeve 40. An extremely high concentration of magnetic flux at 64 results in the gap 56 between tubular sleeve 40 and conductor ring 52. This high flux concentration due to the magnetic impulse generates a large force 66 inward from the ring 52 thereby collapsing tubular sleeve 40 onto the surfaces 26 and 28 at the joint. This effectively forms a first sealing interface 70 between the first surface 26 and the inside surface 44 of the tubular sleeve, and also forms a second sealing interface 72 between the inside surface 44 of the tubular sleeve and the surface 28 of the second wellbore casing.

With sufficiently high force, the malleable or flowable material from which tubular sleeve 40 is made, flows at 74 into the joint gap 30. This method produces a surface to surface air tight metallic seal entirely over the coupling between the first wellbore casing 14 and the second wellbore casing 16. The strength of the tubular sleeve 40 also holds the joint together during the process of mechanical expansion of the wellbore casing at the joint.

[0039] In an exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8, the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, and the tubular sleeve 40 may then be positioned within another structure 10 such as, for example, a wellbore 10, and radially expanded and plastically deformed, for example, by moving an expansion cone 80 through the interiors of the first and second tubular members 14 and 16.

The tapered portions, 76 and 78, of the tubular sleeve 40 as may result from material flow due to large magnetic force of the type of material of sleeve 40 and facilitate the insertion and movement of the first and second tubular members 14 and 16 within and through the structure 10, and the movement of the expansion cone 80 through the interiors of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, may be from top to bottom or from bottom to top.

[0040] In an exemplary embodiment, during the radial expansion and plastic deformation of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, the tubular sleeve 40 is also radially expanded and plastically deformed. In an exemplary embodiment, as a result, the tubular sleeve 40 may be maintained in circumferential tension and the overlapping end coupling portions, 18 and 20, of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, may be maintained in circumferential compression.

[0041] In FIG. 9, a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic illustration shows an exemplary embodiment of method and apparatus in which first and second tubular members 114 and 116 are overlapping coupled together, as with a first coupling portion 118 and a second coupling portion 120 pressed together in surface-to-surface engagement, and with an overlapping tubular sleeve 40 applied to the exterior thereof and providing a substantially continuous tubular assembly that may be expanded and plastically deformed. The first coupling portion 118 and the second coupling portion 120 may be overlappingly coupled together, as with a first female coupling portion and a second male coupling portion pushed, slid or pressed together in surface-to-surface engagement. An overlapping tubular sleeve 40 is applied to the coupling to provide sealing and to stress the tubular coupling portions toward each other. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more raised ridge rings 84 (a-c) and corresponding trough rings 86 (a-c) are formed interposed between the first and second couplings to increase the surface to surface contact stress for maintaining sealing contact upon expanding and plastically deforming the coupling and tubular sleeve at the overlapping portions of the first and second tubular members. In this method and apparatus the peaks 88 (a-c) of the ridges 84 (a-c) have a small area of surface contact with the opposed coupling portion, compared to the entire overlapping coupling area, such that the stress or force per area of contact is significantly increased thereby facilitating the surface to surface seal at the coupling joint. Although the ridge rings 84 are shown formed in the second male coupling portion with the peaks toward the first female male coupling portion, it will be understood based upon this disclosure that the ridge rings 84 might alternatively be formed on the female coupling portion 118 with the peaks toward the female coupling portion 120. Also, although a specific number of ridge rings are depicted having particular shapes, a greater or lesser number of ridges having different or modified shapes may be provided consistent with this aspect of the present invention. The tubular sleeve 40 as applied to the exterior of the overlapping tubular members increases the sealing stress. In a further exemplary embodiment, the tubular sleeve 40 acting together with the raised ridge rings 84 work together to maintain the seal when the tubular members 114 and 116 are expanded and plastically deformed as disclosed herein.

[0042] Fig 10 depicts another exemplary embodiment of the invention in which an interior tubular sleeve 41 is aligned with coupling joint between tubular members 114 and 116. Before or after expanding the tubular members the interior tubular sleeve 41 is forced outward by magnetic impulse device 51 in a conventional manner or by the adaptation of one of more of the methods and apparatus according to one or more of the following may be used in connection with this aspect of the present invention: (1) U. S. Patent 5,444, 963 issued to Steingroever, et al. , August 29,1995 ; (2) U. S. Patent 5, 586, 460 issued to Steingroever December 24, 1996; (3). U. S. Patent 5, 953,805 issued to Steingroever September 21, 1999, as well as the techniques an apparatus is described on the web page of Magnetic-Physics, Inc. , with reference to the shaping technique under the trademark Magnetopuls,, (http://www. magnet- physics. com/stmagnetopuls. html), a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit A, and the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference. The interior sleeve 41 is applied to the interior surfaces of the tubular members overlapping the coupling joint and thereby facilitates sealing and connection between the tubular members.

[0043] As more fully disclosed below and as referenced in co-pending US provisional patent application no. 60/405, 610, attorney docket 29751. 119, filed on even date herewith and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, one or more layers or coatings of softer material, such as plastic, solder, or metallic material having a modulus of elasticity lower than the modulus of elasticity of the tubular members at the coupling joint, may be interposed between the joints, to facilitate sealing before and after expanding and plastically deforming joined tubular members such as wellbore casings. The interposed material may also be a material of the type having a lower melting point before deformation than after deformation. For example the material may be an exothermic material that initially releases energy upon stress or heat input thereby melting or plastically flowing at one temperature and subsequently without the further release of such heat energy having a higher melting point or plastic flow temperature.

[0044] In several exemplary embodiments, the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, are radially expanded and plastically deformed using the expansion cone 80 in a conventional manner and/or using one or more of the methods and apparatus disclosed in one or more of the following : (1) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/454,139, attorney docket no. 25791.03. 02, filed on 12/3/1999, (2) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/510,913, attorney docket no. 25791.7. 02, filed on 2/23/2000, (3) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/502,350, attorney docket no. 25791.8. 02, filed on 2/10/2000, (4) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/440,338, attorney docket no. 25791.9. 02, filed on 11/15/1999, (5) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/523,460, attorney docket no. 25791.11. 02, filed on 3/10/2000, (6) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/512,895, attorney docket no. 25791.12. 02, filed on 2/24/2000, (7) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/511,941, attorney docket no. 25791.16. 02, filed on 2/24/2000, (8) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/588,946, attorney docket no. 25791.17. 02, filed on 6/7/2000, (9) U. S. patent application serial no. 09/559,122, attorney docket no. 25791.23. 02, filed on 4/26/2000, (10) PCT patent application serial no. PCT/US00/18635, attorney docket no. 25791.25. 02, filed on 7/9/2000, (11) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/162,671, attorney docket no. 25791.27, filed on 11/1/1999, (12) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/154,047, attorney docket no. 25791.29, filed on 9/16/1999, (13) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,082, attorney docket no. 25791.34, filed on 10/12/1999, (14) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,039, attorney docket no.

25791.36, filed on 10/12/1999, (15) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/159,033, attorney docket no. 25791.37, filed on 10/12/1999, (16) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/212,359, attorney docket no. 25791.38, filed on 6/19/2000, (17) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/165,228, attorney docket no. 25791.39, filed on 11/12/1999, (18) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/221,443, attorney docket no. 25791.45, filed on 7/28/2000, (19) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/221,645, attorney docket no. 25791.46, filed on 7/28/2000, (20) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/233,638, attorney docket no. 25791.47, filed on 9/18/2000, (21) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/237,334, attorney docket no. 25791.48, filed on 10/2/2000, (22) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/270,007, attorney docket no. 25791.50, filed on 2/20/2001, (23) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/262,434, attorney docket no. 25791. 51, filed on 1/17/2001, (24) U. S, provisional patent application serial no. 60/259,486, attorney docket no.

25791.52, filed on 1/3/2001, (25) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/303,740, attorney docket no. 25791.61, filed on 7/6/2001, (26) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/313,453, attorney docket no. 25791.59, filed on 8/20/2001, (27) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/317,985, attorney docket no. 25791.67, filed on 9/6/2001, (28) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/3318,386, attorney docket no. 25791.67. 02, filed on 9/10/2001, (29) U. S. utility patent application serial no. 09/969,922, attorney docket no. 25791.69, filed on 10/3/2001, (30) U. S. utility patent application serial no. 10/016, 467, attorney docket no. 25791.70, filed on 12/10/2001 ; (31) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/343,674, attorney docket no. 25791.68, filed on 12/27/2001; (32) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/346,309, attorney docket no 25791.92, filed on 1/7/2002 ; (33) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/372,048, attorney docket no. 25791.93, filed on 4/12/2002 ; (34) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/380,147, attorney docket no. 25791.104, filed on 5/6/2002; (35) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/387,486, attorney docket no. 25791.107, filed on 6/10/2002; (36) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/387,961, attorney docket no.

25791.108, filed on 6/12/2002; (37) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/391,703, attorney docket no. 25791.90, filed on 6/26/2002; and (38) U. S. provisional patent application serial no.

60/397,284, attorney docket no. 25791.106, filed on 7/19/2002, (39) U. S. provisional patent application serial no. 60/398,061, attorney docket no. 25791. 110, filed on 7/24/2002, and (40) U. S. provisional patent application no. 60/339,240, attorney docket no. 25791. 111, filed on 7/29/2002, and (41) U. S. provisional patent application no. 60/405,610, attorney docket no. 25791.119, filed on even date herewith, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0045] In several alternative embodiments, the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, are radially expanded and plastically deformed using other conventional methods for radially expanding and plastically deforming tubular members such as, for example, internal pressurization and/or roller expansion devices such as, for example, that disclosed in U. S. patent application publication no. US 2001/0045284 Al, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0046] The use of the tubular sleeve during (a) the coupling of the first tubular member to the second tubular member, (b) the placement of the first and second tubular members in the structure, (c) the radial expansion and plastic deformation of the first and second tubular members, and (d) magnetic impulse applying tubular sleeve to the overlapping coupling ends between the first and second tubular members provides a number of significant benefits. For example, the tubular sleeve 40 protects the exterior surfaces of the end portions, 18 and 20, of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, during handling and insertion of the tubular members within the structure 10. In this manner, damage to the exterior surfaces of the end portions, 18 and 20, of the first and second tubular member, 14 and 16, are prevented that could result in stress concentrations that could result in a catastrophic failure during subsequent radial expansion operations. In this manner, misalignment that could result in damage to the threaded connections, 22 and 24, of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, may be avoided. In addition, the relative rotation of the second tubular member with respect to the first tubular member, after the threaded coupling of the first and second tubular members is resisted by the tubular sleeve 40. Tubular sleeve 40 may also provide an indication of to what degree the first and second tubular members are threadably coupled. For example, if the tubular sleeve 40 can be easily rotated, that would indicate that the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, are not fully threadably coupled and in intimate contact with the internal flange 36 of the tubular sleeve.

Furthermore, the tubular sleeve 16 may prevent crack propagation during the radial expansion and plastic deformation of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16. In this manner, failure modes such as, for example, longitudinal cracks in the end portions, 18 and 20, of the first and second tubular members may be limited in severity or eliminated all together. In addition, after completing the radial expansion and plastic deformation of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, the tubular sleeve 40 may provide a fluid tight metal-to-metal seal between interior surface of the tubular sleeve and the exterior surfaces of the end portions, 18 and 20, of the first and second tubular members. In this manner, fluidic materials are prevented from passing through the threaded connections, 22 and 24, of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, into the annulus between the first and second tubular members and the structure 10. Furthermore, because, following the radial expansion and plastic deformation of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, the tubular sleeve 40 may be maintained in circumferential tension and the end portions, 18 and 20, of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16, may be maintained in circumferential compression, axial loads and/or torque loads may be transmitted through the tubular sleeve. In addition, the tubular sleeve 40 may also increase the collapse strength of the end portions, 18 and 20, of the first and second tubular members, 14 and 16.

[0047] Fig. 11 depicts a fragmentary schematic illustration of a wellbore casing 214 having a first coupling portion 218 that may, for example, comprise threads 222.

[0048] Fig. 12 depicts a fragmentary schematic view of a second wellbore casing 216 being a coupling portion 220 formed thereon such as threaded mail coupling 224. Adjacent to the coupling portion will be cylindrical surface portion 228.

[0049] With reference to Fig. 13 which is a schematic depiction of wellbore casing 214 coupled to wellbore casing 216 at a joint 230, the wellbore casing 214 and 216 are formed with their coupling portions 218 and 220 appropriately sized to leave a gap 91 there between. The gap 91 is, according to one exemplary embodiment, depicted in Fig. 13 filled with an interposed material layer 92. The interposed layer 92 is preferably a material that is softer than the wellbore casing 214 and 216 at there coupling portions 218 and 220. In an exemplary embodiment, the interposed layer 92 may be composed of plastic or metal. It may be implied in the coils or springs and it may be an exothermic material defined as one having a low temperature during joining, a much higher temperature after influence of deformation and or temperature. Examples of the interpose material might include plastic or metals such as copper, zinc, cagmium, tin and alloy. In an exemplary embodiment, the depose layer may comprise an exothermic alloy material being one having a low melting temperature during joining and a much higher temperature after solidification of the solid joint as a result of plastic deformation stress and or temperature. The combination of the responding sizes of the coupling portion 218 and 220 such as threads 222 and 224 are calculated to determine the soft coding volume or the thickness of the interpose layer 92 in order to fill the gap before and after radial expansion and plastic deformation of the tubular members at the joint.

[0050] Fig. 14 shows a fragmentary cross sectional view of the male coupling 218 and in particular threads 222 in which the posed layer 92 is formed by reposition or insert onto the threads 222 that 94.

[0051] Fig. 15 is a fragmentary cross sectional illustration of wellbore casing 216 with the coupling portion 220 formed at male threads 224 and the interpose layer 92 deposited or attached to the threads 224 as at 96.

[0052] Fig. 16 schematically depicts a fragmentary illustration first casing 214 coupled to second casing 216 with the interposed layer 92 there between. Further depicted is a expansion cone 80 moving along the axis of the coupled casings thereby radially expand and plastically deform. The tubular casings and as discussed previously the overlapping coupling joint.

[0053] With reference to Figs. 17,18, and 19, it will be more fully understood that the interposed layer 92 in an illustrative example may comprise multiple layers, which has layers 98 and 100 in Fig.

17, layers 98,100, 102 in Fig. 18 and layers 98,100, 102, and 104 in Fig. 19. The layers are preferably each with a different modulus of elasticity such as for example in Fig. 17 layer 98 comprising a relatively harder material and layer 100 comprising a softer material, as for example copper layer 98 and a cagmium layer 100 in such an embodiment the copper may plastically deform to provide a sealing layer sealing along the entire joint surface and layer 100 cagnuim may provide a micro-sealing layer.

[0054] In Fig. 18 the triple layer comprising layer 98,100, and 102 comprise of the sealing layer 98 and the micro-sealing layer 100 in Fig. 17. Layer 102 might ventageously be another micro sealing layer more to layer 100 alternatively might be there are having an even greater modulus of elasticity than layer 98 provide additional rigidity for maintaining contact with the coupling services while the micro layer 100 and the interpose layer 98 act too effectively micro seal from the surface of the coupling in contact with layer 100 through the lay 98 and layer 102.

[0055] In Fig. 19 depicting four layers 98,100, 102, and 104 to form the interposed lay 92 it will be understood that the combination of hard and soft layers and or exothermic materials in any relative combination might be accomplished or advantageous sealing of the coupling joint. Again, for example layer 102 might be a solid material and layer 104 might be flux for promoting sealing engagement with the coupling surface. In an illustrative example, layer 102 might be an alloy of copper, other materials that provide for a low initial melting point during a deformation and or heating and after deformation stress and or heating having a hire melting point. In this matter upon coupling and then radial expansion, layer 102 may be caused to melt with flux 104 acting in a traditional manner to allow a bonding between layer 102 and the surface of the coupling such that upon cooling and resolidifation a strong soldered joint is formed and remains sealed and that has a high melting temperature to prevent later separation.

[0056] Fig. 20 depicts a coupling joint having a layer 92 interposed there between and further having a tubular sleeve 40 applied overlapping the coupling. Prior to expansion as with an expansion cone 80.

[0057] Fig. 21 further depicts the method of coupling with a layer 92 interposed there between the coupling joint with the tubular sleeve 40 all having been expanded by the expansion cone 80 for retaining a tight sealing engagement between the coupling surfaces for both strength and sealing rigidity.

[0058] A useful method of forming a wellbore casing within a borehole that traverses a subterranean formation has been described that includes a first wellbore casing for positioning within the borehole and coupling the first wellbore casing to a second wellbore casing for positioning within the borehole such that the second wellbore casing overlaps with and is coupled to a portion of the first wellbore casing thereby forming a joint, positioning a tubular sleeve so that it overlaps with and is coupled to at least a portion of the first wellbore casing and to a portion of the second wellbore casing, the tubular sleeve extending a length in either axial direction from the joint between the first and second wellbore casings, causing the tubular sleeve to collapse inwardly onto the respective end portions of the first and second wellbore casings and to sealingly engage the exterior surfaces of the end portions of the first and second wellbore casings respectively on either side of the joint there between, thereby facilitating sealing the joint.

[0059] In an exemplary embodiment, the method further includes regularly expanding and plastically deforming the overlapping portions of the first and second wellbore casing and regularly expanding and plastically deforming the tubular sleeve that was sealingly collapsed onto the overlapping portions of the first and second wellbore casings. In an exemplary embodiment, the exterior diameters of the first and second wellbore casings axially adjacent to the joint there between are substantially equal. In an exemplary embodiment, the inside diameters of the first wellbore casings and the inside diameter of the second wellbore casing are substantially equal. In an exemplary embodiment, the inside diameters of the first wellbore casing and the second wellbore casing are substantially constant.

[0060] It will further understood by those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing disclosure and the claims that follow, and upon review of the drawings that the method may further include forming a wellbore casing within a borehole that traverses a subterranean formation including positioning first wellbore casing, second wellbore casing and additional wellbore casings within the borehole that overlaps one with the other and that are coupled to one another at a joint between each successive wellbore casing. In the method with additional wellbore casings would further includes additional tubular sleeves positioned to overlap each successive joint of the successive wellbore casings and causing each sleeve to collapse inwardly onto the respective end portions of the first, second, and additional wellbore casings to sealingly engage the exterior surfaces of the respective end portions.

The method further includes the use of magnetic impulse energy to collapse the tubular sleeves onto the surfaces of the wellbore casings at the joints thereof, thereby facilitating sealing of the joints.

[0061] It is understood that variations may be made in the foregoing without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the teachings of the present illustrative embodiments may be used to provide a wellbore casing, a pipeline, or a structural support. Furthermore, the elements and teachings of the various illustrative embodiments may be combined in whole or in part in some or all of the illustrative embodiments.

[0062] Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, a wide range of modification, changes and substitution is contemplated in the foregoing disclosure. In some instances, some features of the present invention may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention.