FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention describes an LED tube lamp; and a lighting arrangement comprising such an LED tube lamp. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tube lamps have been preferred over incandescent lamps on account of their efficiency. A tube lamp such as a fluorescent tube lamp operates from a ballast, which regulates the current through the lamp. Tube lamps have been developed for running on electromagnetic (EM) ballasts, and also on high-frequency (HF) ballasts. An electronic ballast for a fluorescent lamp basically fulfills three functions: it provides filament heating, it ignites the lamp, and it stabilizes the lamp current in steady state. The performance of an electronic ballast is generally superior to that of a magnetic ballast, since it can essentially eliminate flicker and can start the lamp faster.

LED lamps are even more efficient than fluorescent lamps, and are attractive on account of their long life and low energy consumption. Retrofit LED tube lamps have been developed for insertion into the housings of fluorescent tube lamp fixtures. In order to use a retrofit LED tube lamp (commonly referred to as an "LED tube") with a legacy ballast, one option has been for a technician to rewire the fixture in case an HF ballast is present in the fixture. In recent years standardization bodies have commenced developing safety standards for "direct replacement" LED tubes, i.e. non-integrated or semi-integrated LED tube lamps for which the ballast is part of the lighting fixture, and for which the lighting fixture does not require modification or rewiring. Since the ballast is incorporated in the fluorescent lighting fixture, it is preferable to design the LED tube lamp to operate from that ballast. For this reason, the ballast of a fluorescent tube lamp fixture is referred to as a "legacy ballast" in the following. One widely used HF ballast design is the half -bridge LC resonant circuit, of which countless variations are possible. One of the challenges in the development of HF-compatible LED tubes is to ensure compatibility with many different kinds of ballast topologies. The variety of concepts based on the different topologies effectively makes it impossible to design a passive matching circuit for a LED tube that matches all HF-ballasts.

Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved LED tube lamp that is economical, efficient, and compatible with various different kinds of HF ballast.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is achieved by the LED tube lamp of claim 1; and by the lighting arrangement of claim 13.

According to the invention, the LED tube lamp is realized for use with a high- frequency ballast, and comprises an LED arrangement; a driver realized to drive the LED arrangement; and a first connecting terminal pair for connecting a first output pin pair of the high-frequency ballast to a first driver input terminal and a second connecting terminal pair for connecting a second output pin pair of the high-frequency ballast to a second driver input terminal. The inventive LED tube lamp is characterized by a magnetically coupled inductor pair of which a first inductor is connected in series with one terminal of the first connecting terminal pair, and a second inductor is connected in series with the other terminal of the first connecting terminal pair, wherein said first inductor is in a first loop allowing current into the driver from the high-frequency ballast, said second inductor is in a second loop, and said coupled inductor pair are magnetically coupled in such a manner that the current in the second loop is limited in response to the current in the first loop.

An advantage of the LED tube lamp according to the invention is that it provides a simple and economical way of improving passive matching to HF ballasts. The inventive LED tube lamp or "LED tube" advantageously reduces the ballast output current, and therefore also the ballast power losses and filament resistor power losses on the second loop, thereby further lowering the operating costs. The only additional circuit elements - over and above a comparable prior art design - can be limited to a coupled inductor pair allowing a very economical realization of the LED tube. Furthermore, the driver can comprise a simple and cheap diode bridge rectifier, which also contributes to the economical realization of the inventive LED tube.

As indicated above, a LED tube generally comprises a filament emulation circuit to emulate the behavior of a fluorescent lamp from the point of view of the ballast. This is achieved by a filament resistor at each input terminal. In the prior art, the two filament resistors of each connecting terminal pair are joined at a common node, which in turn is connected to one of the two driver inputs. In the following, to simplify the explanations, the first inductor of the coupled inductor pair will be referred to as the "upper coupled inductor" or "upper inductor", and the second inductor of the coupled inductor pair will be referred to as the "lower coupled inductor" or "lower inductor". This convention will be maintained throughout the description. A filament resistor can be series-connected between one terminal of the first connecting terminal pair and the upper inductor, and another filament resistor can be series-connected between the other terminal of the first connecting terminal pair and the lower inductor. In other words, for the LED tube according to the invention, a common node is formed at the connection between upper inductor, lower inductor, and one of the two driver inputs.

According to the invention, the LED tube lighting arrangement comprises a legacy HF ballast realized for use with a fluorescent tube lamp; and an inventive LED tube lamp connected across the outputs of the HF ballast.

An advantage of the LED tube lighting arrangement according to the invention is that it covers a greater variety of legacy HF ballasts. This increases the range of older fluorescent fixtures that can be retro-fitted with more economical and long-lasting LED tubes according to the invention.

The dependent claims and the following description disclose particularly advantageous embodiments and features of the invention. Features of the embodiments may be combined as appropriate. Features described in the context of one claim category can apply equally to another claim category.

In the following, without restricting the invention in any way, it may be assumed that the LED tube lamp or LED tube is realized as a retrofit tube lamp. Such a LED tube can be used to replace an existing fluorescent tube lamp, and comprises an LED load, an internal LED driver, a filament emulation circuit, a pin safety circuit, etc., arranged in a lamp housing which has the same dimensions and connecting interfaces as the fluorescent lamp type which it will replace. The LED tube lamp according to the invention can be realized to replace any of the usual fluorescent tube lamps, for example the LED tube lamp can be realized as a linear quad-pin tube lamp or as a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) in which the tube is shaped with a number of turns. The terms "LED tube lamp" and "LED tube" may be used interchangeably in the following. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the LED tube lamp may be realized as a retrofit lamp to replace a linear fluorescent lamp with a tube diameter in the range of 5.0 mm to 50.0 mm or a compact fluorescent lamp. Preferably, the LED tube according to the invention comprises an essentially tubular housing to

accommodate at least the LED arrangement, the driver and the coupled inductor pair. The driver of the LED tube according to the invention converts an AC voltage/current at the first and second input terminals into a DC voltage/current for the LED arrangement. The LED arrangement can comprise any number of LEDs such as power LEDs, arranged in series and/or parallel combinations in order to deliver the desired light output. It may be assumed that the internal LED driver comprises a half-bridge circuit that periodically shunts the driver input current to the half-bridge at a certain duty cycle so that the LED current can be controlled to a desired level. The LED driver can also be based on a switched- mode topology, boost, a buck, or a buck-boost, etc.

A typical legacy HF ballast can comprise a self-oscillating half -bridge topology. This can be combined with a valley-fill circuit on the input, and/or with a power feedback system for feeding back the lamp current to the input of the half-bridge. As will be known to the skilled person, a power feedback system can be implemented to maintain a stable output power when the load condition varies (for example when the lamp voltage fluctuates). As will be known to the skilled person, a power feedback circuit can be implemented in the ballast in order to deliver essentially constant power to the lamp regardless - to a certain extent - of the lamp voltage. When a power feedback circuit is used, lamp current and/or lamp voltage are fed back from an output terminal of the lamp via a capacitor to an input stage of the ballast. In this way, if the lamp current increases, more current is injected at the input to the ballast. This causes the DC bus voltage of the ballast to increase, with the result that more power will be delivered to the lamp, in an attempt to keep the lamp operating in constant power mode. This can be an improvement over other types of self- oscillating ballasts, for which the ballast output power tends to drop if the lamp voltage drops.

A high-frequency ballast for use with a fluorescent lamp generally comprises a first terminal connector pair and a second terminal connector pair. These connector pairs can be realized as sockets at opposite ends of a tube lamp fixture, for example. Alternatively, the terminals can be realized in a single socket with 4-pins, for example in a G24/GX24 fitting of a CFL lamp. Generally, the HF ballast will have an inductor connected between the self- oscillating half-bridge and a first terminal of the first socket, and a capacitor connected between a terminal of the first socket and a terminal of the second socket. The purpose of the capacitor across the outputs of a fluorescent tube lamp ballast is to form an LC resonant circuit with the inductor. During start-up phase the high voltage generated by the resonant circuit ignites the lamp, and in steady state the ballast regulates the lamp current via the inductor. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, one of the terminals of the first terminal pair and one of the terminals of the second terminal pair are connected across the output capacitor of the HF ballast. The second terminal of the LED tube second terminal pair is generally connected back to the half-bridge. The resulting topology yields a resonant circuit comprising the inductor of the HF ballast, the upper inductor, the lower inductor, and the HF ballast output capacitor.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the LED tube lamp is realized to present a large impedance in the circuit path comprising the first connecting terminal pair and the output capacitor of the HF ballast, namely the second loop. To this end, the LED tube lamp preferably comprises a matching circuit or matching network with an inductor connected between a common node of the coupled inductor pair and a first input of the driver, and a capacitor connected between a common node of the coupled inductor pair and a second input of the driver.

Preferably, the upper and lower inductors of the coupled inductor pair are connected to have equal polarity in an impedance path comprising the upper filament resistor of the first connecting terminal pair, the coupled inductor pair, the lower filament resistor of the first connecting terminal pair, the ballast output capacitor, and the upper filament resistor of the second connecting terminal pair. This realization results in a high impedance over a resonant circuit path over the HF ballast inductor, the first connecting terminal pair and the HF ballast output capacitor. To obtain the desired large impedance, the inductors of the coupled inductor pair preferably have essentially equal values. For example, when essentially equal inductor values are used, the inductance can be increased by a factor of four. The resulting high impedance effectively isolates (to a certain extent) the HF ballast output capacitor from the resonant circuit or "resonant tank" formed by the ballast inductor, the upper coupled inductor and the matching circuit, and reduces the LED current. The current through the HF ballast capacitor is reduced, on account of its being largely excluded from the resonant tank by the coupled inductor pair. Therefore, the ballast capacitor is less dominant, and the matching circuit can be designed with less dependence on the ballast capacitor. The reduced current in the HF ballast output capacitor results in a reduction of power losses in the ballast as well as in the filament resistors.

The choice of inductor value will influence the impedance of the resonant circuit containing the coupled inductor pair. A suitable value for an upper inductor/lower inductor is preferably with the range of 10.0 μΗ to 1.0 mH. With a suitable choice of inductor value, and by coupling the inductors with equal polarity, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a coupling coefficient k of the coupled inductor pair of at least 0.75, more preferably at least 0.85, most preferably at least 0.95 can be achieved.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the inductor of the matching circuit can be used to obtain a desired high impedance in the circuit path comprising the first connecting terminal pair and the output capacitor of the HF ballast. To this end, the inductors of the coupled inductor pair are connected to have opposite polarity from the point of view of the impedance path comprising the upper inductor of the coupled inductor pair, the matching circuit inductor and the driver, and the matching circuit inductor is coupled with the coupled inductor pair with the equal polarity, thereby the matching circuit inductor decreases the current in the first loop and in turn decreases the current in the second loop. Preferably, in such a realization, the upper coupled inductor is series-connected with the HF ballast inductor, and the upper coupled inductor and the matching circuit inductor have the same polarity in the impedance path defined above. The "coupling direction" is preferably such that, looking from the input, i.e. from the point of view of the ballast, the "orientation" of these inductors is the same. This will be made clear with the aid of the diagrams. In this alternative embodiment, the inductance of the lower coupled inductor is cancelled out by the inductance of the upper coupled inductor because of the way in which they are coupled. The filament impedance of the LED tube is therefore mainly determined by the filament resistors at the first connecting terminal pair. The ballast capacitor is not isolated in this circuit configuration, but is part of the resonant tank instead. An undesirably high current is avoided by the coupling of the upper coupled inductor and the matching circuit inductor. Because of this coupling, an additional inductance is effectively inserted in series with the ballast output and the matching circuit capacitor. This inductance increases the lamp impedance and detunes the resonant tank comprising the inductor and capacitor of the matching circuit, thereby reducing the lamp power. The choice of inductor value will influence the impedance of a resonant circuit containing the coupled inductor pair and the third inductor in this case. A suitable value for the matching circuit inductor can be 100.0 μΗ to 5.0 mH. Here also, power losses in the ballast and the filament resistors will be reduced due to the lower current.

Furthermore, because of the reduced current, the HF ballast output capacitor will be less dominant, as described above, and the matching circuit can be designed with less

consideration of the capacitance value of HF ballast output capacitor.

Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed descriptions considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely for the purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the invention.

WO2012163287A1 discloses a driver circuit for powering DC lamp in non- DC lamp fitting. In figure 3a it discloses a topology in which inductors are connected at the input terminal pairs of the lamp system 50 to the ballast circuit. The inductors are for emulating the filaments, not magnetically coupled with each other and not for limiting a current in one inductor in response to a current in another inductor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a first embodiment of a tube lamp arrangement according to the invention;

Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a second embodiment of a tube lamp arrangement according to the invention;

Fig. 3 shows waveforms relating to the operation of the inventive LED tube of Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of a third embodiment of a tube lamp arrangement according to the invention.

Fig. 5 shows a prior art LED tube;

Fig. 6 shows waveforms relating to the operation of the prior art LED tube of Fig. 5.

In the drawings, like numbers refer to like objects throughout. Objects in the diagrams are not necessarily drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a first embodiment of a LED tube 1 according to the invention. The LED tube 1 is connected to a HF ballast 2, which in turn is connected to a mains power supply (not shown). The legacy HF ballast 2 is designed to provide current to a fluorescent lamp via a first output connector pair 21, 22 and a second output connector pair 23, 24. In this exemplary embodiment, the ballast is a self-oscillating ballast 2 comprising switching transistors Q21 , Q22, an inductor L ₂ , and an output capacitor C ₂ connected across outputs 22, 23 of the ballast 2. The switching transistors Q21 , Q22 are bipolar transistors or MOSFETs, and their control inputs are provided by a self-oscillating circuit consisting of a ring core transformer, which is not shown in the diagram for the sake of simplicity, since any such details will be known to the skilled person. The LED tube 1 comprises an LED arrangement 100 connected across the outputs of an LED driver 10, a first terminal pair 11, 12 and a second terminal pair 13, 14 for connecting to a fixture containing the HF ballast 2. Filament resistors Rn, R12, R13, R14 are connected at the terminals 11, 12, 13, 14 for emulating the behavior of a fluorescent lamp. The LED tube 1 comprises a matching circuit Li, Ci to provide compatibility with the HF ballast 2. The inventive LED tube 1 comprises a coupled inductor pair Ln, L12 comprising a first "upper" inductor Ln in series with an "upper" filament resistor Rn of the first terminal pair, and a second "lower inductor" L12 in series with a "lower" filament resistor R12 of the first terminal pair. As can be seen in the diagram, the "upper" inductor Ln and the "lower inductor" L12 are coupled. The placement of the dots indicates that the inductors Ln, L12 of the coupled pair are connected with equal polarity, following the dot convention.

The coupled pair Ln, L12 does not have large influence on the impedance in the main power/circuit path, also referred as the first loop, comprising the HF ballast inductor L2, the upper filament resistor Rn, the upper inductor Ln, and the matching circuit inductor Li. While the upper coupled inductor Ln does insert additional inductance between the ballast inductor L2 and the matching circuit inductor Li, the upper coupled inductor Ln is small compared to the combination of ballast inductor L2 and the matching circuit inductor Li, so its influence is also correspondingly small. Therefore, the impact of the coupled pair Ln, L12 on the main power conversion stage 10 is minimal. Its primary function is to isolate the ballast capacitor C2 from the resonant circuit that also includes the HF ballast inductor L2, the matching circuit capacitor Ci, and the matching circuit inductor Li.

In this embodiment, the upper and lower inductors Ln, L12 have essentially equal values. This results in a four-fold increase in impedance, as seen by the ballast, in the circuit comprising the HF ballast inductor L2, the upper inductor Ln, the lower inductor L12 and the HF ballast output capacitor C ₂ , also referred as the second loop. The high impedance isolates, to a certain extent, the output capacitor C2 from the resonant circuit and reduces the LED current ILED. Since the current through the output capacitor C2 is reduced, the output capacitor C2 is less dominant, and the matching circuit Li, Ci can be designed with less dependence on the output capacitor C2. The reduced current in the output capacitor C2 also results in a favorable reduction of power losses in the filament resistors Rn, R12, R13, R14.

In another way of explaining, in positive half cycle, the current flows into the upper inductor Ln and flows out at the dotted terminal, thus the inductive voltage at the lower inductor L12 is positive at the un-dotted terminal and negative at the dotted terminal. This inductive voltage would cancel a part of the voltage drop across the lower inductor L12, and resistor R12, the capacitor C ₂ , and the resistor R13 provided by the ballast 2. Namely the currents through the inductor Ln, L ₁₂ should vary in the opposite direction: the bigger the current in the inductor Ln, the smaller the current in the inductor L ₁₂ .

The inductors Ln, L ₁₂ can have essentially equal values in the range 10.0 μΗ - 1.0 mH. The resulting coupling coefficient k of the coupled inductor pair Ln, L ₁₂ can be favorably high. The value of the inductors Ln, L ₁₂ should be sufficiently large to ensure that current through resistor R12 is suppressed. While the inductor Li can be chosen to have the same value as each of the coupled inductors Ln, L ₁₂ , this is not absolutely necessary. The values of the inductors Ln, L ₁₂ are preferably not too high, to ensure that the upper inductor Ln does not adversely affect the matching network, and therefore also the LED current and LED tube/ballast compatibility. In general, the upper inductor Ln is preferably smaller (in its value of inductance) than the matching circuit inductor Li.

Fig. 2 shows a second embodiment of the LED tube lamp 1 according to the invention. The diagram shows the same filament emulation resistors Rn, R12, R13, R14 connected at the terminals 11, 12, 13, 14 for emulating the behavior of a fluorescent lamp.

Here also, the LED driver 10 can be a switched-mode driver, a boost, a buck, or a buck-boost driver, etc., or simply a diode rectifier bridge. In this embodiment, the matching circuit inductor Li is also coupled to the coupled inductor pair Ln, L ₁₂ . As can be seen in the diagram, following the dot convention, the upper inductor Ln and the lower inductor L ₁₂ of the coupled inductor pair Ln, L ₁₂ are coupled with opposite polarity. Contrary with respect to the embodiment in Fig. 1, the currents through the inductor Ln, L ₁₂ should vary in the same direction: when the current through Ln decreases, the current through L ₁₂ also decreases. Further, the matching circuit inductor Li has the same polarity as the upper inductor Ln of the coupled pair. This circuit functions in a different way compared to the circuit described in Fig. 1. In this exemplary embodiment, the inductance of the lower inductor L ₁₂ is cancelled out by the inductance of the upper inductor Ln because of the coupling effect. Therefore, the filament impedance of the LED tube is mainly determined by the filament emulation resistors Rn, R12 at the first terminal pair 11, 12. The ballast capacitor C2 is not isolated in this circuit configuration, but instead is part of the resonant tank. To avoid an unfavorably high current, the upper inductor Ln is coupled with the matching circuit inductor Li. Because of this coupling, the inductor Li would induce a positive voltage from left to right of the inductor Li, and an additional inductance is effectively inserted in series with the ballast output and matching circuit capacitor Ci. This inductance increases the lamp impedance and detunes the resonant tank comprising the ballast inductor L2 and the ballast capacitor C ₂ . Therefore, the power current in the first loop is limited, and in turn the current in the second loop is also limited. The result is that the power consumption of the lamp is reduced significantly.

As indicated above, the choice of inductor value will influence the impedance of a resonant circuit containing the coupled inductor pair Ln, L ₁₂ and the matching circuit inductor Li in this case. A suitable value for the matching circuit inductor Li can be 100.0 μΗ to 5.0 mH. Here also, power losses in the ballast and the filament emulation resistors Rn, Ri2, Ri3, Ri4 will be reduced due to the lower currents.

Fig. 3 shows waveforms relating to the operation of an LED tube lamp 1 according to the invention. The waveforms shown are ballast inductor current IL ₂ (i.e. the current [mA] through HF ballast inductor L ₂ ); inductor current ILI (i.e. the current [mA] through the matching circuit inductor Li of the embodiment shown in Fig. 2); output voltage of the ballast, which is roughly equal to the matching capacitor voltage Uci (i.e. the voltage [V] across the matching capacitor Ci); and LED power Pioo (i.e. the power [W] dissipated by the LED arrangement 100). The X-axis is the same in each case, showing time [ms] . The effect of the coupled inductors is to obtain a favorably low ballast output current IL ₂ of only 350 mA peak; a favorably low matching capacitor voltage Uci of only 75 V peak; and a very favorably low LED average power dissipation of only 17 W. These values correspond to ballasts without power feedback, which makes the inventive LED tube compatible for both types of ballast.

In a favorably cheap realization of the inventive LED tube, the driver 10 is just a diode bridge rectifier. The LED current is not regulated, and is determined by the ballast type. For such a circuit the matching network Li, Ci helps maintain a relatively constant LED current with various different ballasts. Without the matching circuit Li, Ci, the variation of LED current can be larger between different kinds of HF ballast. Fig. 4 shows a third embodiment of a LED tube 1 according to the invention, in a simplified version that does not make use of a matching network. This simpler circuit realization may be suitable for use in a lamp that does not have any strict requirements regarding LED current variation between various types of HF ballasts.

In the same way as described above, the LED tube 1 is connected to a HF ballast 2, for example a self-oscillating ballast 2. This embodiment is essentially identical in structure to that of Fig. 1, but without any LC matching circuit. The effect of the coupled inductor pair Ln, L ₁₂ at the first terminal 11, 12 is to increase the lamp impedance as seen by the ballast and to increase the impedance of the circuit path comprising C2. This can be achieved by a suitable choice of inductor values for the coupled inductor pair Ln, L ₁₂ . For example, when the inductors Ln, L ₁₂ have essentially equal values, the result is a four-fold increase in impedance, as seen by the ballast, in the circuit comprising the HF ballast inductor L ₂ , the upper inductor Ln, the lower inductor L ₁₂ and the HF ballast output capacitor C ₂ . Here also, the inductors Ln, L ₁₂ can have essentially equal values in the range 10.0 μΗ - 1.0 mH.

Fig. 5 shows a lighting arrangement 5 with a prior art retrofit LED tube 50 connected to a HF ballast 2, which in turn is connected to a mains power supply 3. Here also, the ballast is a self-oscillating ballast 2 comprising switching transistors Q ₂₁ , Q ₂₂ , an inductor L ₂ , and an output capacitor C ₂ connected across outputs 22, 23 of the ballast 2. For HF ballasts, a basic self-oscillating half-bridge topology is commonly used, sometimes combined with a valley-fill circuit on the input or with power feedback, where the lamp current is feedback to the input of the half -bridge. The variety of concepts based on the different combined topologies makes it essentially impossible to design a LED tube with a passive matching circuit that matches all available legacy HF ballasts. The LED tube 50 must emulate the tube lamp filaments correctly in order to ensure safe and reliable operation of the ballast 2. On the other hand, the LED tube 50 should dissipate as little power as possible in the ballast and in the filament emulation circuitry in order to avoid unnecessary energy consumption. In the legacy HF ballast 2, the purpose of the output capacitor C ₂ is to provide the ignition voltage for a fluorescent lamp. When a prior art LED tube 50 is retrofitted to this legacy ballast 2, the current through this capacitor C ₂ will depend on the AC/DC converter input voltage. The current through capacitor C ₂ will result in power losses through resistors

Fig. 6 shows waveforms relating to the operation of the prior art LED tube 50. The waveforms shown are ballast output current IL ₂ (i.e. the current [mA] through HF ballast inductor L ₂ ); matching inductor current ILSO (i.e. the current [mA] through the matching circuit inductor L50); matching capacitor voltage Ucso (i.e. the voltage [V] across the matching capacitor C50), which is roughly equal to the output voltage of the ballast; and LED power P100 (i.e. the power [W] dissipated by the LED arrangement 100). The X and Y axes in each case correspond to the X and Y axes of Fig. 3. Clearly, the performance of this prior art LED tube 50 is not as good as the LED tube 1 according to the invention: due to the increased feedback current, the current through L50 will be boosted, resulting in too much power dissipation through the LEDs 100. The HF ballast output current IL ₂ is close to 1A peak, the matching capacitor voltage Ucso is 300 V peak, and average power P100 dissipated through the LEDs 100 is 28 W. Clearly, these observed waveforms illustrate the less favorable performance of the prior art LED tube as regards power dissipation.

Although the present invention has been disclosed in the form of preferred embodiments and variations thereon, it will be understood that numerous additional modifications and variations could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.

For the sake of clarity, it is to be understood that the use of "a" or "an" throughout this application does not exclude a plurality, and "comprising" does not exclude other steps or elements.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS:

1 TLED

10 driver

11, 12, 13, 14 terminal

100 LED arrangement

2 high-end ballast

21, 22, 23, 24 terminal

3 TLED lighting arrangement

5 prior art lighting arrangement

50 prior art TLED

Rll, Rl2, Rl3, Rl4 filament emulation resistor

Lii, Li2 coupled inductors

Li matching circuit inductor

Ci matching circuit capacitor

L ₂ HF ballast inductor

C ₂ HF ballast capacitor

Q21, Q22 MOSFET

I _LI matching circuit inductor current

IL2 ballast output current

Uci matching circuit capacitor voltage

P100 LED power

I _L 5O prior art matching circuit inductor current

Uc5o prior art matching circuit capacitor voltage