Field of the invention

The present invention relates to liquid-crystalline media and to high- frequency components comprising same, especially microwave components for high-frequency devices, such as devices for shifting the phase of microwaves, in particular for microwave phased-array antennas.

Prior art and problem to be solved

Liquid-crystalline media have a been used for some time in electro-optical displays (liquid crystal displays - LCDs) in order to display information.

Recently, however, liquid-crystalline media have also been proposed for use in components for microwave technology, such as, for example, in DE 10 2004 029 429 A and in JP 2005-120208 (A). As a typical microwave application, the concept of the inverted microstrip line as described by K.C. Gupta, R. Garg, I. Bahl and P. Bhartia: Microstrip Lines and Slotlines, 2 ^nd ed., Artech House, Boston, 1996, is employed, for example, in D. Dolfi, M. Labeyrie, P. Joffre and J. P. Huignard: Liquid Crystal Microwave Phase Shifter. Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 10, pp. 926-928, May 1993, N. Martin, N. Tentillier, P. Laurent, B. Splingart, F. Huert, PH. Gelin, C. Legrand: Electrically Microwave Tunable Components Using Liquid Crystals. 32 ^nd European Microwave Conference, pp. 393- 396, Milan 2002, or in Weil, C: Passiv steuerbare

Mikrowellenphasenschieber auf der Basis nichtlinearer Dielektrika

[Passively Controllable Microwave Phase Shifters based on Nonlinear Dielectrics], Darmstadter Dissertationen D17, 2002, C. Weil, G. Lussem, and R. Jakoby: Tunable Invert-Microstrip Phase Shifter Device Using Nematic Liquid Crystals, IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp., Seattle, Washington, June 2002, pp. 367-370, together with the commercial liquid crystal K15 from Merck KGaA. C. Weil, G. Lussem, and R. Jakoby: Tunable Invert-Microstrip Phase Shifter Device Using Nematic Liquid Crystals, IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp., Seattle, Washington, June 2002, pp. 367- 370, achieve phase shifter qualities of 12 dB at 10 GHz with a control voltage of about 40 V therewith. The insertion losses of the LC, i.e. the losses caused only by the polarisation losses in the liquid crystal, are given as approximately 1 to 2 dB at 10 GHz in Weil, C: Passiv steuerbare Mikrowellenphasenschieber auf der Basis nichtlinearer Dielektrika

[Passively Controllable Microwave Phase Shifters based on Nonlinear Dielectrics], Darmstadter Dissertationen D17, 2002. In addition, it has been determined that the phase shifter losses are determined primarily by the dielectric LC losses and the losses at the waveguide junctions. T. Kuki, H. Fujikake, H. Kamoda and T. Nomoto: Microwave Variable Delay Line Using a Membrane Impregnated with Liquid Crystal. IEEE MTT-S Int.

Microwave Symp. Dig. 2002, pp. 363-366, June 2002, and T. Kuki, H.

Fujikake, T. Nomoto: Microwave Variable Delay Line Using Dual- Frequency Switching-Mode Liquid Crystal. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 50, No. 11 , pp. 2604-2609, November 2002, also address the use of polymerised LC films and dual-frequency switching-mode liquid crystals in combination with planar phase shifter arrangements. A. Penirschke, S. Muller, P. Scheele, C. Weil, M. Wittek, C. Hock and R. Jakoby: "Cavity Perturbation Method for Characterization of Liquid

Crystals up to 35GHz", 34 ^th European Microwave Conference - Amsterdam, pp. 545-548 describe, inter alia, the properties of the known single liquid-crystalline substance K15 (Merck KGaA, Germany) at a frequency of 9 GHz.

A. Gaebler, F. Goelden, S. Muller, A. Penirschke and R. Jakoby "Direct Simulation of Material Permittivites using an Eigen-Susceptibility Formulation of the Vector Variational Approach", 12MTC 2009 - International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Singapore, 2009 (IEEE), pp. 463-467, describe the corresponding properties of the known liquid-crystal mixture E7 (likewise Merck KGaA, Germany).

DE 10 2004 029 429 A describes the use of liquid-crystal media in micro- wave technology, inter alia in phase shifters. It has already investigated liquid-crystalline media with respect to their properties in the corresponding frequency range. In addition, it describes liquid-crystalline media which comprise compounds of the formulae

or besides compounds of the formulae

Further liquid crystalline mediafor microwave applications comprising one or more these compounds, as well as similar ones, are proposed by for microwave applications in DE 10 2010 025 572 A and WO 2013/034227.

Polymer stabilization of liquid crystalline media has already been proposed for several types of display applications and for various reasons. However, there has been no respective suggestion for the type of applications envisaged by the instant application.

However, the known devices comprisuing these media do still lack sufficient stability and, in particular, fast response. However, these compositions are afflicted with serious disadvantages. Most of them result, besides other deficiencies, in disadvantageously high losses and/or inadequate phase shifts or inadequate material quality. For these applications, liquid-crystalline media having particular, hitherto rather unusual, uncommon properties, or combinations of properties, are required.

Novel liquid-crystalline media having improved properties are thus neces- sary. In particular, the loss in the microwave region must be reduced and the material quality (η) must be improved.

In addition, there is a demand for an improvement in the low-temperature behaviour of the components. Both an improvement in the operating prop- erties and also in the shelf life are necessary here.

There is therefore a considerable demand for liquid-crystalline media having suitable properties for corresponding practical applications. The invention has the aim of providing improved methods and materials, to achieve polymer stabilised mesogenic phases, in particular nematic phases, which do not have the above-mentioned disadvantages of methods and materials described in prior art. These mesogenic phases comprise a polymer and a low molecular weight mesogenic material.

Consequently, they are also called "composite systems",or short

"systems".

Another aim of the invention is to extend the pool of suitable materials available to the expert. Other aims are immediately evident to the expert from the following description.

Surprisingly, it has been found that by using an RM, a stabilised liquid liquid crystalline phase which has a broad temperature range and a improved, faster switching times, good tunabilitzy and acceptable loss can be achieved. Additionally to mesogenic monomers the use of non-mesogenic

monomers, such as 2-ethylhexylacrylate, is also possible and in certain instances myay be beneficial. It, however, also may be problematic due to the volatile nature of such compounds, leading to problems of loss due to evaporation and inhomogeniety of the mixed monomer/host system.

Also, the use of non-mesogenic compounds can severely lower the clearing point of the liquid liquid crystalline host, leading to a much smaller width of polymer stabilised nematic phase, which is not desirable for mostpractical applications.

Using RMs having a cyclohexylene core instead of a core comprising one or more 1 ,4-pphenylenes has an advantage for the stability against UV irradiation in general and in particular against the UV irradiation used in the polymerisation process. The resultant polymer stabilised phase

(composite system) therefore has a high voltage holding ratio (VHR).

Also, it has been found that by using cyclohexylene RMs in combination with a liquid liquid crystalline host comprising fluorophenyl liquid liquid crystalline compounds, the RMs do effectively stabilise this host to give a high VHR, which is necessary for advanced state-of-the-art devices.

Present invention Surprisingly, it has now been found that it is possible to achieve liquid- crystalline media having a suitably fast switching times, a suitable, nematic phase range and loss which do not have the disadvantages of the prior-art materials, or at least only do so to a considerably reduced extent. These improved liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present invention comprise - one or more compounds of formula P

P ^a -(Sp ^a )s1-(A ¹ -Z ¹ )n1-A ² -Q-A ³ -(Z ⁴ -A ⁴ )n2-(Sp ^b )s2-P ^b wherein the individual radicals have the following meanings:

P ^a , P ^b each, independently of one another, are a polymerisable group, Sp ^a , Sp ^b each, independently of one another, denote a spacer group, s1 , s2 each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1 , n1 , n2 each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1 , preferably 0,

Q denotes a single bond, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CH2O-, -OCH2-,

-(CO)O-, -O(CO)-, -(CH2)4-, -CH2CH2-, -CF2-CF2-, -CF2-CH2-, -CH2-CF2-, -CH=CH-, -CF=CF-, -CF=CH-, -(CH ₂ )30-, -0(CH ₂ ) ₃ -, -CH=CF-, -C≡C-, -0-, -CH2-, -(CH ₂ )3-, -CF2-, preferably -CF2O-,

Z Z ⁴ denote a single bond, -CF ₂ 0-, -OCF2-, -CH2O-, -OCH2-,

-(CO)O-, -O(CO)-, -(CH ₂ )4-, -CH2CH2-, -CF2-CF2-, -CF2-CH2-, -CH2-CF2-, -CH=CH-, -CF=CF-, -CF=CH-, -(CH ₂ ) ₃ 0-, -0(CH ₂ )3-, -CH=CF-, -C=C-, -0-, -CH2-, -(CH ₂ )3-, -CF2-, where Z and Q or Z ⁴ and Q do not simultaneously denote a group selected from

A ¹ , A ² , A ³ , A ⁴

each, independently of one another, denote a diradical group selected from the following groups: a) the group consisting of trans-1 ,4-cyclohexylene, 1 ,4- cyclohexenylene and 1 ,4 ^' -bicyclohexylene, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by -O- and/or -S- and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, b) the group consisting of 1 ,4-phenylene and 1 ,3-phenylene, in which, in addition, one or two CH groups may be replaced by N and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by L, c) the group consisting of tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1 ,3- dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydrofuran-2,5-diyl, cyclobutane-1 ,3- diyl, piperidine-1 ,4-diyl, thiophene-2,5-diyl and

selenophene-2,5-diyl, each of which may also be mono- or polysubstituted by L, d) the group consisting of saturated, partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated, and optionally substituted, polycyclic radicals having 5 to 20 cyclic C atoms, one or more of which may, in addition, be replaced by heteroatoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of

bicyclo[1.1.1 ]pentane-1 ,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 ,4- diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl,

where, in addition, one or more H atoms in these radicals may be replaced by L, and/or one or more double bonds may be replaced by single bonds, and/or one or more CH groups may be replaced by N, and A ³ , alternatively may be a single bond,

L on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes F, CI, CN,

SCN, SFs or straight-chain or branched, in each case optionally fluorinated, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms,

R ⁰³ , R ⁰⁴ each, independently of one another, denote H, F or straight- chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F,

M denotes -0-, -S-, -CH2-, -CHY ¹ - or -CY ¹ Y ² -, and

Y and Y ² each, independently of one another, have one of the meanings indicated above for R°, or denote CI or CN, and one of the groups Y ¹ and Y ² alternatively denotes -OCF3, preferably H, F, CI, CN or CF ₃ , and - one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds formulae I, II and III in which

_L 11 denotes R ¹¹ or X ¹ ,

_L 12 denotes R ² or X ¹² ,

R ¹¹ and R ¹² , independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated alkyi or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17, preferably having 3 to 10, C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, preferably alkyi or unfluorinated alkenyl,

X ¹¹ and X ¹² , independently of one another, denote H, F, CI, -CN,

-NCS, -SFs, fluorinated alkyi or fluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or fluorinated alkenyl,

unfluorinated or fluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated or fluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, preferably fluorinated alkoxy, fluorinated alkenyloxy, F or CI, and independently of one another, denote

in which

L ²¹ denotes R ²¹ and, in the case where Z ²¹ and/or Z ²²

denote trans-C =C - or trans-CF=CF-, alternatively denotes X ²¹ ,

L ²² denotes R ²² and, in the case where Z ²¹ and/or Z ²²

denote frans-CH=CH- or trans-CF=CF-, alternatively denotes X ²² ,

R ²¹ and R ²² , independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17, preferably having 3 to 10, C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyi having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, preferably alkyl or unfluorinated alkenyl, X ²¹ and X ²² , independently of one another, denote F or CI, -CN, -NCS, -SF5, fluorinated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or fluorinated alkenyl, alkenyloxy or alkoxyalkyi having 2 to 7 C atoms, or -NCS, preferably -NCS, one of

Z ²¹ and Z ²² denotes trans-CH=CH-, trans-CF=CF- or -C≡C- and the other, independently thereof, denotes trans-CH=C -, trans-CF=CF- or a single bond, preferably one of them denotes -C≡C- or trans-C =CH- and the other denotes a single bond, and dependency of one another, denote

in which denotes R ³ or X ³¹ , denotes R ³² or X ³² ,

R ³¹ and R ³² , independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17, preferably having 3 to 10, C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, preferably alkyl or unfluorinated alkenyl,

X ³¹ and X ³² , independently of one another, denote H, F, CI, -CN,

-NCS, -SFe, fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or fluorinated alkenyl,

unfluorinated or fluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated or fluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, preferably fluorinated alkoxy, fluorinated alkenyloxy, F or CI, and

Z ³ to Z ³³ , independently of one another, denote fra/is-CH=CH-, trans -CF=CF-, -C≡C- or a single bond, preferably one or more of them denotes a single bond, particularly preferably all denote a single bond, and independently of one another, denote

as well as to a polymer stabilized system obtainable by polymerisation of one or more compounds of the formula P alone or in combination with on or more further polymerisable compounds from a respective mixture, and to the use of such a stabilized system in compomnents or devices for high frequency technology.

Polymerisable compounds of formula P preferably used according to the present invention are selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

P1-1

- 91, - t^8000/£l0Z<TI/13d £Zf69l/£lOZ OAV in which L in each occurrence, identically or differently, has one of the meanings indicated above and below, r denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, s denotes 0, 1 , 2 or 3, and n denotes an integer between 1 and 24, preferably between 1 and 12, very particularly preferably between 2 and 8, and in which, if a radical is not indicated at the end of a single or double bond, it is a terminal CH3 or CH2 group.

In the formulae P1 to P24, preferably denotes a group

selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

particularly preferably

The group A ² -Q-A ³ preferably denotes a group of the formula

in which at least one of the rings is substituted by at least one group L = F. r here is in each case, independently, preferably 0, 1 or 2.

P ^a and P ^b in the compounds of the formula P and the sub-formulae thereof preferably denote acrylate or methacrylate, furthermore fluoroacrylate. Sp ^a and Sp ^b in the compounds of the formula I and the sub-formulae thereof preferably denote a radical selected from the group consisting of -(CH2) _P 1-, -(CH2)pi-0-, -(CH2) _P i-0-CO- and -(CH ₂ ) _P i-0-CO-0- and mirror images thereof, in which p1 denotes an integer from 1 to 12, preferably from 1 to 6, particularly preferably 1 , 2 or 3, where these groups are linked to P ^a or P ^b in such a way that O atoms are not directly adjacent. Of the compounds of the formula P, particular preference is given to those in which - the radicals P ^a and P ^b are selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane and epoxide groups, particularly preferably acrylate or methacrylate groups,

- the radicals Sp ^a and Sp ^b are selected from the group consisting of - (CH ₂ ) _P 1-, -(CH ₂ ) i-O-, -(CH ₂ ) _P i-O-CO- and -(CH ₂ ) _P i-O-CO-O- and mirror images thereof, in which p1 denotes an integer from 1 to 12, preferably from 1 to 6, particularly preferably 1 , 2 or 3, and where these radicals are linked to P ^a or P ^b in such a way that O atoms are not directly adjacent, Compounds of formula P preferably used according to a preferred embodiment of the instant invention are those comprising exactly two rings (n1 = n2 = 0), which are preferably 6-membered rings. Especially preferred are compounds selected from the group of compounds of the following formulae:

wherein P ^a , P ^b , Sp ^a , Sp ^b , s1 and s2 are as defined under formula P above, and preferably S ^ is alkylene -(Chb wherein n preferably is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 and P ³⁷ preferably a methacrylat- or acrylate moiety. Especially preferred is the use of compounds selected from the group of formulae Pa, Pb, Pc, Pd, Pe, Pf, Pg, Ph and Pi and, in particular the compounds of formula Pa.

In formula P the moiety ,A ² -Q-A ³ " preferably is a moiety of formula

wherein preferably at least one of the two phenylene rings is substituted by at least one L, which is different from H, wherein r is independently for each ring, and preferably it is for each ring 0, 1 or 2.

For the compounds of formula P, as well as for its respective sub- formulae, preferably

P ^a and P ^b are, independently from each other, acrylate or methacrylate, but also fluoroacrylate,

Sp ^a and Sp ^b are, independently from each other, -(CH2) _P i-, -(CH2)pi-0-, -0-(CH ₂ ) _P i-, -(CH ₂ )pi-0-CO-, -CO-O-(CH ₂ ) _P i-, -(CH ₂ ) _P i-0-CO-0- or

-(CH ₂ )pi-0-CO-0-, wherein p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, preferably from 1 to 6, particularly preferred 1 , 2 or 3, and wherein these moieties are linked with P ^a or P ^b in such a way that no O-atoms are linked directly to on another.

Especially preferred is the use of compounds of formula P, wherein

- P ^a and P ^b are vinyleoxy-, acrylate-, methacrylata-, fluoroacrylate-, chloroacrylate-, oxetane- or an epoxygroup, particularly preferred acrylate- or methacrylate,

- Sp ^a and Sp ^b are -(CH ₂ ) _P i-, -(CH ₂ ) _P i-0-, -0-(CH ₂ ) _P i-, -(CH ₂ ) _P i-0-CO-, -CO-O-(CH ₂ ) _P i-, -(CH ₂ ) _P i-0-CO-0- or -(CH ₂ ) _P i-0-CO-0-, wherein p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, preferably from 1 to 6, particularly preferred 1 , 2 or 3, and wherein these moieties are linked with P ^a or P ^b in such a way that no O-atoms are linked directly to on another.

Suitable and preferred co-monomers for use in polymer precursors for polymer stabilised displays according to the invention are selected, for example, from the following formulae:



M15

35 wherein the parameters have the following meanings:

P ¹ and P ² each, independently of one another, a polymerisable group, preferably having one of the meanings given above or below for P ^a , particularly preferred an acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, oxetane, vinyloxy- or epoxy group,

Sp ¹ and Sp ² each, independently of one another, a single bond or a

spacer group, preferably having one of the meanings given above or below for Sp ^a , particularly preferred an -(CH2)pi-, - (CH ₂ ) _P i-0-, -(CH ₂ ) _P i-CO-0- or -(CH ₂ ) i-0-CO-0-, wherein p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, and wherein the groups mentioned last are linked to the adjacent ring via the O-atom, and, wherein alternatively also one or more of P ¹ -Sp ¹ - and P ² -Sp ² - may be R ^aa , provided that at least one of P ¹ -Sp ¹ - and P ² -Sp ² - present in the compound is not R ^aa ,

R ^aa H, F, CI, CN or linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 25 C- atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent -CH2- groups, independently of each another, may be replaced by

-C(R°)=C(R ⁰⁰ )-, -C≡C-, -N(R ⁰ )-, -0-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O- CO-, -O-CO-O- in such a way that neither O- nor S-atoms are directly linked to one another, and wherein also one or more H-atoms may be replaced by F, CI, CN or P ¹ -Sp ¹ -, particularly preferred linear or branched, optionally single- or polyfluorinated, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C-atoms, wherein the alkenyl- and alkinyl groups have at least two and the branched groups have at least three C-atoms,

R°, R ⁰⁰ each, at each occurrence independently of one another, H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C-atoms,

R ^y and R ^z each, independently of one another, H, F, Chh or CF3,

Z ¹ -O-, -CO-, -C(R ^y R ^z )-,or -CF2CF2-,

Z ² und Z ³ each, independently of one another, -CO-O-, -O-CO-,

-CH2O-, -OCH2-, -CF ₂ O-, -OCF2-, or -(CH2)n~, wherein n is 2, 3 or 4,

L at each occurrence independently of one another, F, CI, CN,

SCN, SF5 or linear or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C-atoms, preferably F,

U and L" each, independently of one another, H, F or CI,

r 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4,

s 0, 1 , 2 or 3,

t 0, 1 or 2, and

x 0 or 1. Suitable and preferred co-monomers for use in displays according to the present application operable and/or operating at a temperature where the mesogenic medium is in the blue are for example selected from the group of mono-reactive compounds, which are present in the precursor of the polymer stabilised systems in a concentration in the range from 1 to 9 wt.-%, particularly preferred from 4 to 7 wt.-%. Preferred mono-reactive compounds are the compounds of formulae M1 bis M29, wherein one or more of P ¹ -Sp ¹ - and P ² -Sp ² - are Rest R ^aa , such that the compounds have a single reactive group only.

Particularly preferred mono-reactive compounds are the compounds of the following formulae

wherein P ¹ , Sp ¹ and R ^aa have the respective meanings given above and P ¹ preferabl is acrylate (CH2=CH-CO-0-) or methacrylate

CO-O-).

Amongst these the compounds of the formula

wherein n is an integer, preferably an even integer, in the range from 1 to

16, preferably from 2 to 8, m is an integer in the range from 1 to 15, preferably from 2 to 7, are especially preferred.

Particular preference is given to an LC medium, an LC display, a process or the use as described above and below in which the LC medium or the polymerisable or polymerised component present therein comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:

in which P ^a , P ^b , Sp ^a , Sp ^b , s1 , s2 and L have the meanings indicated above and below, r denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, and Z ² and Z ³ each, independently of one another, denote -CF2-O- or -O-CF2-, preferably Z ² is -CF2-O- and Z ³ is -O-CF2- or vice versa or Z ² is -CO-O- and Z ³ is -O-CO- or vice versa, and, most preferably, Z ² is -CF2-O- and Z ³ is -O-CF2- or Z ² is -CO-O- and Z ³ is -O-CO-.

Preferably the liquid-crystalline media used according to the present invention comprise as a polymer precursor or part of a polymer percursor one, two or more reactive mesogens, referably one or more mono-reactive mesogens and, at the same time, one or more direactive mesogens.

Optionally one or more of the reactive mesogens may be replaced by a non-mesogenic, respectively an isotropic, reactive compound, preferably selected from HDMA, HDDMA, EHA, EA, EMA and the like.

In a preferred embodiment of the instant application the liquid-crystalline media used according to the present invention comprise a polymer obtained or obtainable by polymerisation, preferably photopolymerisation of a polymer precursor comprising one, two or more reactive mesogens, referably one or more mono-reactive mesogens and, at the same time, one or more direactive mesogens. Optionally one or more of the reactive rnesogens may be replaced by a non-mesogenic, respectively an isotropic, reactive compound, preferably selected from 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), 1 ,3,3-trimethylhexyl acrylate (TMHA), hexanolediacrylate (HDDA), hexanoledimethacrylate (HDDMA), and the like, but also from metylmethacrylate (MMA), ethylacrylate (EA), ethylmethacrylate (EMA) and 6-(4'-cyanobiphenyl-4-yloxy)hexyl acrylate (6CBA), a mesogenic monomer.

EMA

6CBA

Preferably one or more, most preferably all, mono-reactive mesogens are methacrylates and, also p referably one or more, most preferably all, mono-reactive mesogens are selected from the group of the bisacrylates and the mixed acrylates-methacrylates, preferably they are bisacrylates. Preferably the liquid-crystalline media according to the present invention comprise - one or more compounds of the formula I and

- one or more compounds of the formula II or - one or more compounds of the formula I and

- one or more compounds of the formula III or - one or more compounds of the formula II and

- one or more compounds of the formula III or, most prteferably, - one or more compounds of the formula I and

- one or more compounds of the formula II and

- one or more compounds of the formula III.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid-crystalline media comprise one or more compounds of the formula I and one or more compounds of the formula III. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid- crystalline media comprise one or more compounds of the formula I and one or more compounds of the formula II.

The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present invention likewise preferably comprise one or more compounds of the formula II and one or more compounds of the formula III. Particular preference is given in accordance with the present invention to liquid-crystalline media which comprise one or more compounds of the formula I, one or more compounds of the formula II and one or more compounds of the formula III. Additionally the liquid-crystalline media used according to the present invention comprise one or more compounds of the formula IV,

in which

preferably

particularly preferably

L ⁴ denotes alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms, cycloalkyi having 3 to 6 C atoms or cycloalkenyl having 4 to 6 C atoms, preferably CH ₃ , C2H5, A7-C3H7 (-(CH ₂ )2CH ₃ ), /-C3H7

(-CH(CH3)2), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopent-1 -enyl or cyclohex-1-enyl, and particularly preferably CH3, C2H5, cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl,

X ⁴ denotes H, alkyl having 1 to 3 C atoms or halogen, preferably H, F or CI, and particularly preferably H or F and very particularly preferably F,

R ⁴¹ to R ⁴⁴ , independently of one another, denote unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy, each having 1 to 15 C atoms, unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl, each having 2 to 15 C atoms, or cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkylalkyl or alkylcyclo- alkenylalkyl, each having up to 15 C atoms, and alternatively one of R ⁴³ and R ⁴⁴ or both also denote H, preferably R ⁴ and R ⁴² , independently of one another, denote

unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy, each having 1 to 7 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl, each having 2 to 7 C atoms, particularly preferably R ⁴¹ denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl, each having 2 to 7 C atoms, and particularly preferably R ⁴² denotes unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy, each having 1 to 7 C atoms, and preferably R ⁴³ and R ⁴⁴ denote H, unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 5 C

atoms, unfluorinated cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl having 3 to 7 C atoms, unfluorinated alkylcyclohexyl or unfluorinated cyclohexylalkyl, each having 4 to 12 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkylcyclohexylalkyl having 5 to

15 C atoms, particularly preferably cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl, and very particularly preferably at least one of R ⁴³ and R ⁴⁴ denotes n-alkyl, particularly preferably methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, and the other denotes H or n-alkyl, particularly preferably H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl.

The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present application preferably comprise in total 15 to 90%, preferably 20 to 85% and particularly preferably 25 to 80%, of compounds of the formula I. The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present application preferably comprise in total 1 to 70%, preferably 2 to 65% and particularly preferably 3 to 60%, of compounds of the formula II. The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present application preferably comprise in total 0 to 60%, preferably 5 to 55% and particularly preferably 10 to 50%, of compounds of the formula III.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which the liquid- crystalline media comprise in each case one or more compounds of the formulae I, II and III, the concentration of the compounds of the formula I is preferably 45 to 75%, preferably 50 to 70% and particularly preferably 55 to 65%, the concentration of the compounds of the formula II is preferably 1 to 20%, preferably 2 to 15% and particularly preferably 3 to 10%, and the concentration of the compounds of the formula III is preferably 1 to 30%, preferably 5 to 25% and particularly preferably 5 to 20%.

In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which the liquid-crystalline media comprise in each case one or more compounds of the formulae I, II and III, the concentration of the compounds of the formula I is preferably 15 to 40%, preferably 20 to 35% and particularly preferably 25 to 30%, the concentration of the compounds of the formula II is preferably 10 to 35%, preferably 15 to 30% and particularly preferably 20 to 25%, and the concentration of the compounds of the formula III is pref- erably 25 to 50%, preferably 30 to 45% and particularly preferably 35 to 40%.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which the liquid- crystalline media comprise in each case one or more compounds of the formulae I and II, but at most 5% and preferably no compounds of the formula III, the concentration of the compounds of the formula I is preferably 10 to 50%, preferably 20 to 40% and particularly preferably 25 to 35%, the concentration of the compounds of the formula II is preferably 40 to 70%, preferably 50 to 65% and particularly preferably 55 to 60%, and the con- centration of the compounds of the formula III is preferably 1 to 4%, preferably 1 to 3% and particularly preferably 0%. The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present application particularly preferably comprise in total 50 to 80%, preferably 55 to 75% and particularly preferably 57 to 70%, of compounds of the formula 1-1 and/or in total 5 to 70%, preferably 6 to 50% and particularly preferably 8 to 20% of compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-2 and I-3.

The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present application likewise preferably comprise in total 5 to 60%, preferably 10 to 50% and particularly preferably 7 to 20% of compounds of the formula II.

In the case of the use of a single homologous compound, these limits correspond to the concentration of this homologue, which is preferably 2 to 20%, particularly preferably 1 to 15%. In the case of the use of two or more homologues, the concentration of the individual homologues is likewise preferably in each case 1 to 15%.

The compounds of the formulae I to III in each case include dielectrically positive compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of greater than 3, dielectrically neutral compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of less than 3 and greater than -1.5 and dielectrically negative compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of -1.5 or less. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid-crystal medium comprises one or more compounds of the formula I, preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 1-1 to I-3, preferably of the formulae 1-1 and/or I-2 and/or I-3, preferably of the formulae 1-1 and I-2, more preferably these compounds of the formula I predomi- nantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

1-1 in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula I and preferably

R ¹¹ denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms,

R ¹² denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms,

X ¹¹ and X ¹² , independently of one another, denote F, CI, -OCF3,

-CFs, -CN, -NCS or -SF5, preferably F, CI, -OCF3 or -CN,.

The compounds of the formula 1-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 1-1 a to 1-1 d, more preferably these compounds of the formula 1-1 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula 1-1 and in which

Y ¹¹ and Y ¹² each, independently of one another, denote H or F, and preferably

R ¹¹ denotes alkyl or alkenyl, and

X ¹¹ denotes F, CI or -OCFs.

The compounds of the formula I-2 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae l-2a to l-2e and/or from the group of the compounds of the formulae l-2f and l-2g, more preferably these compounds of the formula I-2 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

where in each case the compounds of the formula l-2a are excluded from the compounds of the formulae l-2b and l-2c, the compounds of the formula l-2b are excluded from the compounds of the formulae l-2c and the compounds of the formula l-2g are excluded from the compounds of the formulae l-2f, and in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula 1-1 and in which

Y ¹ and Y ¹² each, independently of one another, denote H or F, and preferably

_R 11 denotes alkyl or alkenyl,

_X 11 denotes F, CI or -OCF3, and preferably one of

Y and Y ¹² denotes H and the other denotes H or F, preferably likewise denotes H.

The compounds of the formula I-3 are preferably compounds of the formula l-3a: in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula 1-1 and in which preferably

_X 11 denotes F, CI, preferably F,

X12 denotes F, CI or -OCF3, preferably -OCF3.

In an even more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compounds of the formula I are selected from the group of the compounds 1-1 a to 1-1 d, preferably selected from the group of the compounds l-1c and 1-1 d, more preferably the compounds of the formula I predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

The compounds of the formula 1-1 a are preferably selected from the group of the compounds 1-1 a-1 and 1-1 a-2, more preferably these compounds of the formula 1-1 a predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which

_R 11 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh -i , in which n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the range from 1 to 5 and particularly preferably 3 or 7.

The compounds of the formula 1-1 b are preferably compounds of the formula 1-1 b-1 :

in which has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes C _n H2n+i, in which denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to

5.

The compounds of the formula 1-1 c are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 1-1 c-1 and 1-1 c-4, preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 1-1 c-1 and 1-1 c-2, more preferably these compounds of the formula 1-1 c predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which

_R 11 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes CnH -i , in which n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5.

The compounds of the formula 1-1 d are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 1-1 d-1 and 1-1 d-2, preferably the compound of the formula 1-1 d-2, more preferably these compounds of the formula 1-1 d predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which

_R 11 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnhbn+i , in which n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5.

The compounds of the formula l-2a are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae l-2a-1 and l-2a-2, preferably the compounds of the formula 1-1 a-1 , more preferably these compounds of the formula l-2a predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes Cnhbn+i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes CmH2m+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

Preferred combinations of (R ¹¹ and R ¹² ), in particular in formula l-2a-1 , are (CnH2n+i and Cmh -i), (Cnhbn-n and O-Cmhbm+i), (CH2=CH-(CH2)z and CmH ₂ m ₊ i), (CH ₂ =CH-(CH ₂ )z and 0-CmH ₂ m ₊ i) and (CnH _2n+ i and (CH ₂ )z- CH=CH ₂ ). Preferred compounds of the formula l-2b are the compounds of the formula l-2b-1 : in which has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes CmH2m+i or O-Cmhbm+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R ¹¹ and R ² ) here is, in particular, (Cnh i

Preferred compounds of the formula l-2c are the compounds of the formula l-2c-1 : in which _R11

has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes Cnhbn+i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and R ¹² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes CmH2m+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R ¹ and R ¹² ) here is, in particular, (Cnhbn+i and CmH2m+i).

Preferred compounds of the formula l-2d are the compounds of the formula l-2d-1 : in which

_R 11 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnhbn+i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

R 12 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cmhtem+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and

0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2. The preferred combination of (R ¹¹ and R ¹² ) here is, in particular, (C _n H2n+i

Preferred compounds of the formula l-2e are the compounds of the formula l-2e-1 : in which

_R 11 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

R ¹² has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes C _m H2m+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R ¹ and R ¹² ) here is, in particular, (Cnh i

Preferred compounds of the formula l-2f are the compounds of the formula l-2f-1 : in which has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes Cnh n+i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

R ¹² has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cmhbm+i or O-Cmhbm+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ¹¹ and R ² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and CmH2m+i) and (CnH i and O-Cmhbm+i), particularly preferably (C _n H2n+i and Cmhbm+l).

Preferred compounds of the formula l-2g are the compounds of the formula l-2g-1 : in which

R ¹¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnhbn+i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and R ¹² has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes CmH2m+i or 0-C _m H2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and Z 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ¹¹ and R ¹² ) here are, in particular, (C _n H2n+i and C _m H2m+i) and (CnH vn and 0-CmH2m+i), particularly preferably (CnH2n+1 and 0-CmH2m+l).

The compounds of the formula II are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 11-1 to II-4, more preferably these compounds of the formula II predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which

Z ²¹ and Z ²² denote irans-CH=CH- or trans-CF=CF-, preferably

trans-C =CH-, , and the other parameters have the meaning given above under formula II, and preferably

R ²¹ and R ²² , independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, χ22 denotes F, CI, -CN or -NCS, preferably -NCS, and one of

to denotes

and the others, independently of one another, denote

, and preferably denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and _R 22 denotes Cmhbm+i or O-Cmhbm+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2 and where the compounds of the formula II-2 are excluded from the compounds of the formula 11-1.

The compounds of the formula 11-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 11-1 a and 11-1 b, preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formula 11-1 a, more preferably these compounds of the formula 11-1 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which

R ²¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

_R 22 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes CmH2m+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ² and R ²² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and CmHbm+i) and (Cnh i and 0-C _m H2m+i), particularly preferably (CnH2n+i and CmH2m+i) in the case of formula 11-1 a and particularly preferably (CnH2n+i and O-C _m H2m+i) in the case of formula 11-1 b.

The compounds of the formula II-2 are preferably compounds of the formula ll-2a: in which R ²¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnhbn-n or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

_R 22 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cmhbm+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ²¹ and R ²² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+1 and CmH2m+l) and (CnH2n+1 and 0-CmH2m+l). The compounds of the formula 11-3 are preferably compounds of the formula ll-3a:

in which the parameters have the meanings indicated above for formula 11-3 and preferably

R ²¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnhten+i, in which n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the range from 1 to 5, and

X ²² denotes -F, -CI, -OCF3, -CN or -NCS, particularly

preferably -NCS.

The compounds of the formula II-4 are preferably compounds of the formula ll-4a:

in which the parameters have the meanings indicated above for formula II-4 and preferably

R ²¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferabl

denotes Cnhbn+i , in which n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the range from 1 to 5, and X ²² denotes -F, -CI, -OCF3, -CN or -NCS, particularly preferably -NCS.

Further preferred compounds of the formula II are the compounds of the following formulae:

in which n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the range from 1 to 5.

The compounds of the formula III are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 111-1 to III-7, more preferably these compounds of the formula III predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

where the compounds of the formula 111-5 are excluded from the compounds of the formula 111-6, and

in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula I and preferably R ³¹ denotes unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy, each having 1 to

7 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms,

R ³² denotes unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy, each having 1 to

7 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, and

X ³² denotes F, CI, or -OCF3, preferably F, and particularly preferably

R ³¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnhten+i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

R ³² has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes C _m H2m+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of the formula III-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 111-1 a to 111-1 d, more preferably these compounds of the formula III-1 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

-1a in which X ³² has the meaning given above for formula III-2 and

_R 31 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes C _n H2n+i , in which n denotes 1 to 7, preferably 2 to 6, particularly preferably

2, 3 or 5, and denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2, and

_X 32 preferably denotes F.

The compounds of the formula III-2 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae lll-2a and lll-2b, preferably of the formula lll-2a, more preferably these compounds of the formula III-2 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

lll-2a in which

_R 31 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnhbrvn or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and R32 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes CmH2m+i or 0-C _m H2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ³¹ and R ³² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and CmH2m+i) and (Cnhbn+i and 0-CmH2m+i), particularly preferably (CnH2n+i and CmH2m+l).

The compounds of the formula 111—3 are preferably compounds of the for- mula IH-3a:

in which

R ³¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes C _n H2n+i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and _R 32 has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes CmH2m+i or 0-C _m H2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ³¹ and R ³² ) here are, in particular,

(CnhbrvH and C _m H2m+i) and (C _n H2n+i and 0-CmH2m+i), particularly preferably (CnH2n+1 and CmH2m+l). The compounds of the formula III-4 are preferably compounds of the formula lll-4a:

in which R ³¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

_R 32 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cmhhm+i or 0-C _m H2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2. The preferred combinations of (R ³¹ and R ³² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and C _m H2m+i) and (C _n H2n+i and 0-CmH2m+i), particularly preferably (CnH2n+1 and CmH2m+l). The compounds of the formula III-5 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae lll-5a and lll-5b, preferably of the formula lll-5a, more preferably these compounds of the formula III-5 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which

_R 31 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

R ³² has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cmhbm+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ³¹ and R ³² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and C _m H2m+i) and (Cnh t and 0-C _m H2m+i), particularly preferably (CnH2n+1 and CmH2m+l). The compounds of the formula 111— 6 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae lll-6a and lll-6b, more preferably these compounds of the formula III-6 predominantly consist, even more prefera- bly essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes CmH2m+i or O-Cmhtem+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ³¹ and R ³² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and C _m H2m+i) and (Cnh i and 0-C _m H2m+i), particularly preferably (C _n H2n+i and CmH2m+l).

The media in accordance with the present invention optionally comprise one or more compounds of the formula IV

R ⁴¹ and R ⁴² , independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, alkenyloxy or

alkoxyalkyi having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, preferably unfluorinated alkyl or alkenyl, one of

Z ⁴¹ and Z ⁴² denotes trans-CH=CH-, trans-CF=CF- or -C≡C-and the other denotes, independently thereof, fra/?s-CH=CH-, trans-CF=CF- or a single bond, preferably one of them denotes -C≡C- or frans-CH=CH- and the other denotes a single bond, and

The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present application preferably comprise in total 0 to 40%, preferably 0 to 30% and particularly preferably 5 to 25%, of compounds of the formula IV.

The compounds of the formulae IV are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IV-1 to IV-3, more preferably these compounds of the formula IV predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which one of

Y ⁴ and Y ⁴² denotes H and the other denotes H or F, and

R ⁴¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes CmH2m+i or 0-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ⁴¹ and R ⁴² ) here are, in particular,

(Cnhbrvn and Cmhbm+i ) and (CnH2n+i and O-Cmhtem+i ), particularly preferably (CnH2n+1 and CmH2m+l).

The compounds of the formulae IV-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IV-1 a to IV-1c, more preferably these compounds of the formula IV-1 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which

_R 41 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

_R 42 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cmhtan+i or O-Cmhbm+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ⁴ and R ⁴² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and C _m H2m+i) and (Cnhten+i and 0-C _m H2m+i), particularly preferably (CnH2n+1 and CmH2m+l).

The compounds of the formula IV-2 are preferably compounds of the formula IV-2a:

in which

R ⁴¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

R ⁴² has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes C _m H2m+i or 0-C _m H2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ⁴¹ and R ⁴² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and Cmh i), CnH2n+i and O-Cmh i) and (CH2=CH-(CH2)z and CmH2m+i), particularly preferably (C _n H2n+i and C _m H2m+i). The compounds of the formula IV-3 are preferably compounds of the formula IV-3a:

has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

_R 42 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cmhbm+i or 0-C _m H2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ⁴¹ and R ⁴² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+1 and CmH2m+l) and (CnH2n+1 and 0-CmH2m+l).

The media in accordance with the present invention optionally comprise one or more compounds of the formula V in which

L ⁵ denotes R ⁵¹ or X ⁵¹ , _L 52 denotes R ⁵² or X ⁵² , independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, alkenyloxy or

alkoxyalkyi having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, preferably unfluorinated alkyl or alkenyl, independently of one another, denote H, F, CI, -CN, -NCS, -SFs, fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or fluorinated alkenyl,

unfluorinated or fluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated or fluorinated alkoxyalkyi having 2 to 7 C atoms, preferably fluorinated alkoxy, fluorinated alkenyloxy, F or CI, and independently of one another, denote trans-CH=CH-, trans-CF=CF-, -C≡C- or a single bond, preferably one or more of them denotes a single bond, and particularly preferably all denote a single bond,

independently of one another, denote

The compounds of the formula V are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-1 to V-3, more preferably these compounds of the formula V predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above under formula V and preferably o denotes

has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes Cnhhn-n or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes C _m H2m+i or O-Cmhbm+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ⁵¹ and R ⁵² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and CmH2m+i) and (Cn i and 0-CmH2m+i).

The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present application preferably comprise in total 5 to 30%, preferably 10 to 25% and

particularly preferably 15 to 20%, of compounds of the formula V.

The compounds of the formula V-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-1 a to V-1e, more preferably these compounds of the formula V-1 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

V-1 a in which the parameters have the meaning given above and preferably

R ⁵ has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh -i , and n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and

X ⁵² preferably denotes F or CI.

The compounds of the formula V-2 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-2a and V-2b, more preferably these compounds of the formula V-2 predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof: in which

_R 51 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes Cnh i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and

_R 52 has the meaning indicated above and preferably

denotes CmH2m+i or 0-C _m H2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R ⁵¹ and R ⁵² ) here is, in particular, (Cnhten+i and CmH2m+i).

The compounds of the formula V-3 are preferably compounds of the formulae V-3a and V-3b:

in which has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes CnH2n+i or CH2=CH-(CH2)z, and has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes CmHbm+i or O-CmH2m+i or (CH2)z-CH=CH2, and in which independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and z denotes 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R ⁵ and R ⁵² ) here are, in particular,

(CnH2n+i and C _m H2m+i) and (Cnhbn+i and 0-CmH2m+i), particularly preferably (CnH2n+1 and 0-CmH2m+l). Suitable and preferred polymerisation methods are, for example, thermal - or photo polymerisation, preferably photopolymerisation, in particular UV photopolymerisation. One or more initiators can optionally also be added here. Suitable conditions for the polymerisation and suitable types and amounts of initiators are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature. Suitable for free-radical polymerisation are, for example, and preferably, the commercially available photoinitiators Irga- cure®184, lrgacure®369, lrgacure®651 , lrgacure®784 (preferably), lrgacure®819 (preferably), lrgacure®907 or lrgacure®1300 (all from BASF) or Darocure®1173 (from Ciba AG). If an initiator is employed, its proportion is preferably 0.001 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.001 to 1 % by weight.

The polymerisable compounds according to the invention are also suitable for polymerisation without an initiator, which is accompanied by consider- able advantages, such as, for example, lower material costs and in particular less contamination of the LC medium by possible residual amounts of the initiator or degradation products thereof. The polymerisation can thus also be carried out without the addition of an initiator. In a preferred embodiment, the LC medium thus comprises no polymerisation initiator. The polymerisable component or the LC medium may also comprise one or more stabilisers in order to prevent undesired spontaneous polymerisation of the RMs, for example during storage or transport. Suitable types and amounts of stabilisers are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature. Particularly suitable are, for example, the commercially available stabilisers from the Irganox® series (from Ciba AG), such as, for example, Irganox® 1076. If stabilisers are employed, their proportion, based on the total amount of the mixture of LS including the RMs or the polymerisable component, is preferably in the range from 10 to 10,000 ppm, particularly preferably in the range from 50 to

2,000 ppm, most preferably 0,2 % or about 0.2 %.

The mixtures are characterised as described below before the

polymerisation. The reactive components are then polymerised by irradiation once (180 s), and the resultant media are re-characterised.

The polymerisation of the media preferably is carried out by irradiation with a UV lamp (e.g. Dymax, Bluewave 200, 365 nm interference filter) having an effective power of about 3.0 mW/cm ² for 180 seconds. The

polymerisation is carried out directly in the test cell/antenna device. To minimize UV induced host degradation a suitable long pass filter is beneficially applied, for example Schott GG395 or GG410.

The polymerisation is carried out at room temperature.

The entire irradiation time which results in maximum stabilisation is typically 180 s at the irradiation power indicated. Further polymerisations can be carried out in accordance with an optimised irradiation/temperature programme. The total concentration of the polymeriszable compounds in the medium prior to polymerisation preferably is in the range form 1 to 20 %, more preferably from 2 to 15 % and, most preferably from 2 to 10 % . In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the medium

comprises one or more dielectrically positive compounds of the formula 1-1 having a dielectric anisotropy of greater than 3.

The medium preferably comprises one or more dielectrically neutral com- pounds of the formula I-2 having a dielectric anisotropy in the range from more than - .5 to 3.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the medium

comprises one or more compounds of the formula II.

In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the medium comprises one or more compounds of the formula III.

The liquid-crystalline media, preferably or better the nematic component of thje liquid ctrystalline media used in accordance with the present invention preferably comprise 10% or less, preferably 5% or less, particularly preferably 2% or less, very particularly preferably 1% or less, and in particular absolutely no compound having only two or fewer five- and/or six-membered rings .

The definitions of the abbreviations (acronyms) are likewise indicated below in Table D or are evident from Tables A to C.

The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present invention pref- erably comprise, more preferably predominantly consist of, even more preferably essentially consist of and very preferably completely consist of compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I to V, preferably I to IV and very preferably I to III and/or V. In this application, comprise in connection with compositions means that the entity in question, i.e. the medium or the component, comprises the component or components or compound or compounds indicated, preferably in a total concentration of 10% or more and very preferably 20% or more. In this connection, predominantly consist of means that the entity in question comprises 55% or more, preferably 60% or more and very preferably 70% or more of the component or components or compound or compounds indicated. In this connection, essentially consist of means that the entity in question comprises 80% or more, preferably 90% or more and very preferably 95% or more of the component or components or compound or compounds indicated. In this connection, completely consist of means that the entity in question comprises 98% or more, preferably 99% or more and very preferably 100.0% of the component or components or compound or compounds indicated. Other mesogenic compounds which are not explicitly mentioned above can optionally and advantageously also be used in the media in

accordance with the present invention. Such compounds are known to the person skilled in the art. The liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention preferably have a clearing point of 90°C or more, more preferably 100°C or more, still more preferably 120°C or more, particularly preferably 150°C or more and very particularly preferably 170°C or more. The nematic phase of the media in accordance with the invention preferably extends at least from 20°C or less to 90°C or more, preferably up to 100°C or more, more preferably at least from 0°C or less to 120°C or more, very preferably at least from -10°C or less to 140°C or more and in particular at least from -20°C or less to 150°C or more. The Δε of the liquid-crystal medium in accordance with the invention, at 1 kHz and 20°C, is preferably 1 or more, more preferably 2 or more and very preferably 3 or more. The Δη of the liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention, at 589 nm (Na ^D ) and 20°C, is preferably in the range from 0.200 or more to 0.90 or less, more preferably in the range from 0.250 or more to 0.90 or less, even more preferably in the range from 0.300 or more to 0.85 or less and very particularly preferably in the range from 0.350 or more to 0.800 or less.

In a first preferred embodiment of the present application, the Δη of the liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention is preferably 0.50 or more, more preferably 0.55 or more.

In accordance with the present invention, the individual compounds of the formula I are preferably used in a total concentration of 10% to 70%, more preferably 20% to 60%, even more preferably 30% to 50% and very preferably 25% to 45% of the mixture as a whole.

The compounds of the formula II are preferably used in a total concentration of 1% to 20%, more preferably 1% to 15%, even more preferably 2% to 15% and very preferably 3% to 10% of the mixture as a whole. The compounds of the formula III are preferably used in a total concentration of 1% to 60%, more preferably 5% to 50%, even more preferably 10% to 45% and very preferably 15% to 40% of the mixture as a whole.

The liquid-crystal media preferably comprise, preferably predominantly consist of and very preferably completely consist of in total 50% to 100%, more preferably 70% to 100% and very preferably 80% to 100% and in particular 90% to 100% of the compounds of the formulae I, II, III, IV and V, preferably of the formulae I, III, IV and V, more preferably of the formulae I, II, III, IV and/or VI. In the present application, the expression dielectrically positive describes compounds or components where Δε > 3.0, dielectrically neutral describes those where -1 .5 < Δε < 3.0 and dielectrically negative describes those where Δε < -1 .5. Δε is determined at a frequency of 1 kHz and at 20°C. The dielectric anisotropy of the respective compound is determined from the results of a solution of 10% of the respective individual compound in a nematic host mixture. If the solubility of the respective compound in the host mixture is less than 10%, the concentration is reduced to 5%. The capacitances of the test mixtures are determined both in a cell having homeotropic alignment and in a cell having homogeneous alignment. The cell thickness of both types of cells is approximately 20 pm. The voltage applied is a rectangular wave having a frequency of 1 kHz and an effective value of typically 0.5 V to 1.0 V, but it is always selected to be below the capacitive threshold of the respective test mixture.

Δε is defined as (ε 1 1 - ε ), while sav , is (ε 1 1 + 2 ε±) / 3.

The host mixture used for dielectrically positive compounds is mixture ZLI-4792 and that used for dielectrically neutral and dielectrically negative compounds is mixture ZLI-3086, both from Merck KGaA, Germany. The absolute values of the dielectric constants of the compounds are determined from the change in the respective values of the host mixture on addition of the compounds of interest. The values are extrapolated to a concentration of the compounds of interest of 100%.

Components having a nematic phase at the measurement temperature of 20°C are measured as such, all others are treated like compounds.

The expression threshold voltage in the present application refers to the optical threshold and is quoted for 10% relative contrast (Vio), and the expression saturation voltage refers to the optical saturation and is quoted for 90% relative contrast (V90), in both cases unless expressly stated otherwise. The capacitive threshold voltage (Vo), also called the Fredericks threshold (VFr), is only used if expressly mentioned. The parameter ranges indicated in this application all include the limit values, unless expressly stated otherwise.

The different upper and lower limit values indicated for various ranges of properties in combination with one another give rise to additional preferred ranges.

Throughout this application, the following conditions and definitions apply, unless expressly stated otherwise. All concentrations are quoted in per cent by weight and relate to the respective mixture as a whole, all temperatures are quoted in degrees Celsius and all temperature

differences are quoted in differential degrees. All physical properties are determined in accordance with "Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", Status Nov. 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany, and are quoted for a temperature of 20°C, unless expressly stated otherwise. The optical anisotropy (Δη) is determined at a wavelength of 589.3 nm. The dielectric anisotropy (Δε) is determined at a frequency of 1 kHz. The threshold voltages, as well as all other electro-optical properties, are determined using test cells produced at Merck KGaA, Germany. The test cells for the determination of Δε have a cell thickness of approximately 20 pm. The electrode is a circular ITO electrode having an area of 1.13 cm ² and a guard ring. The orientation layers are SE-121 1 from Nissan

Chemicals, Japan, for homeotropic orientation (ε| | ) and polyimide AL- 1054 from Japan Synthetic Rubber, Japan, for homogeneous orientation (εχ). The capacitances are determined using a Solatron 1260 frequency response analyser using a sine wave with a voltage of 0.3 Vrms. The light used in the electro-optical measurements is white light. A set-up using a commercially available DMS instrument from Autronic-Melchers, Germany, is used here. The characteristic voltages have been determined under perpendicular observation. The threshold (Vio), mid-grey (V50) and saturation (V90) voltages have been determined for 10%, 50% and 90% relative contrast, respectively.

The liquid-crystalline media are investigated with respect to their

properties in the microwave frequency range as described in A.

Penirschke, S. Miiller, P. Scheele, C. Weil, M. Wittek, C. Hock and R. Jakoby: "Cavity Perturbation Method for Characterization of Liquid

Crystals up to 35GHz", 34 ^th European Microwave Conference - Amsterdam, pp. 545-548. Compare in this respect also A. Gaebler, F. Golden, S. Miiller, A. Penirschke and R. Jakoby "Direct Simulation of Material Permittivites

12MTC 2009 - International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Singapore, 2009 (IEEE), pp. 463-467, and

DE 10 2004 029 429 A, in which a measurement method is likewise described in detail.

The liquid crystal is introduced into a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary. The capillary has an internal radius of 180 μιτι and an external radius of 350 μηπ. The effective length is 2.0 cm. The filled capillary is introduced into the centre of the cavity with a resonance frequency of 30 GHz. This cavity has a length of 6.6 mm, a width of 7.1 mm and a height of 3.6 mm. The input signal (source) is then applied, and the result of the output signal is recorded using a commercial vector network analyser. The change in the resonance frequency and the Q factor between the measurement with the capillary filled with the liquid crystal and the measurement without the capillary filled with the liquid crystal is used to determine the dielectric constant and the loss angle at the corresponding target frequency by means of equations 10 and 11 in A. Penirschke, S. Miiller, P. Scheele, C. Weil, M. Wittek, C. Hock and R. Jakoby: "Cavity Perturbation Method for Characterization of Liquid Crystals up to 35GHz", 34 ^th European Microwave Conference - Amsterdam, pp. 545-548, as described therein. The values for the components of the properties perpendicular and parallel to the director of the liquid crystal are obtained by alignment of the liquid crystal in a magnetic field. To this end, the magnetic field of a permanent magnet is used. The strength of the magnetic field is 0.35 tesla. The alignment of the magnets is set correspondingly and then rotated correspond- ingly through 90°. Preferred components are phase shifters, varactors, wireless and radio wave antenna arrays, matching circuit adaptive filters and others.

In the present application, the term compounds is taken to mean both one compound and a plurality of compounds, unless expressly stated otherwise.

The liquid-crystal media according to the invention preferably have nema- tic phases of in each case at least from -20°C to 80°C, preferably from -30°C to 85°C and very particularly preferably from -40°C to 100°C. The phase particularly preferably extends to 120°C or more, preferably to 140°C or more and very particularly preferably to 180°C or more. The expression have a nematic phase here means on the one hand that no smectic phase and no crystallisation are observed at low temperatures at the corresponding temperature and on the other hand that no clearing occurs on heating from the nematic phase. The investigation at low temperatures is carried out in a flow viscometer at the corresponding temperature and checked by storage in test cells having a layer thickness of 5 μηη for at least 100 hours. At high temperatures, the clearing point is measured in capillaries by conventional methods.

Furthermore, the liquid-crystal media according to the invention are characterised by high optical anisotropy values. The birefringence at 589 nm is preferably 0.20 or more, particularly preferably 0.25 or more, particularly preferably 0.30 or more, particularly preferably 0.40 or more and very particularly preferably 0.45 or more. In addition, the birefringence is preferably 0.80 or less.

The liquid crystals employed preferably have a positive dielectric anisot- ropy. This is preferably 2 or more, preferably 4 or more, particularly preferably 6 or more and very particularly preferably 10 or more.

Furthermore, the liquid-crystal media according to the invention are characterised by high anisotropy values in the microwave range. The birefrin- gence at about 8.3 GHz is, for example, preferably 0.14 or more, particularly preferably 0.15 or more, particularly preferably 0.20 or more, particu- larly preferably 0.25 or more and very particularly preferably 0.30 or more. In addition, the birefringence is preferably 0.80 or less.

The material quality r|^-waves)/tan(5) of the preferred liquid-crystal mate- rials is 5 or more, preferably 6 or more, preferably 8 or more, preferably 10 or more, preferably 15 or more, preferably 17 or more, particularly preferably 20 or more and very particularly preferably 25 or more.

The preferred liquid-crystal materials have phase shifter qualities of 15 dB or more, preferably 20°/dB or more, preferably 30 dB or more, preferably 407dB or more, preferably 50 dB or more, particularly preferably 807dB or more and very particularly preferably 1007dB or more.

In some embodiments, however, liquid crystals having a negative value of the dielectric anisotropy can also advantageously be used.

The liquid crystals employed are either individual substances or mixtures. They preferably have a nematic phase. The term "alkyl" preferably encompasses straight-chain and branched alkyl groups having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, in particular the straight-chain groups methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and heptyl. Groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms are generally preferred. The term "alkenyl" preferably encompasses straight-chain and branched alkenyl groups having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, in particular the straight-chain groups. Particularly preferred alkenyl groups are C2- to C7-1 E-alkenyl, C4- to C7-3E-alkenyl, C5- to C7-4-aIkenyl, C6- to C-7-5-alkenyl and C-7-6-alkenyl, in particular C2- to C7-I E-alkenyl, C - to C7-3E-alkenyl and C5- to C7-4- alkenyl. Examples of further preferred alkenyl groups are vinyl, 1 E-pro- penyl, 1 E-butenyl, 1 E-pentenyl, 1 E-hexenyl, 1 E-heptenyl, 3-butenyl, 3E- pentenyl, 3E-hexenyl, 3E-heptenyl, 4-pentenyl, 4Z-hexenyl, 4E-hexenyl, 4Z-heptenyl, 5-hexenyl, 6-heptenyl and the like. Groups having up to 5 carbon atoms are generally preferred. The term "fluoroalkyl" preferably encompasses straight-chain groups having a terminal fluorine, i.e. fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-fluorobutyl, 5-fluoropentyl, 6-fluorohexyl and 7-fluoroheptyl. However, other positions of the fluorine are not excluded.

The term "oxaalkyi" or "alkoxyalkyi" preferably encompasses straight-chain radicals of the formula C _n H ₂ n+i-0-(CH ₂ ) _m , in which n and m each, independently of one another, denote 1 to 10. Preferably, n is 1 and m is 1 to 6.

Compounds containing a vinyl end group and compounds containing a methyl end group have low rotational viscosity.

In the present application, both high-frequency technology and hyper- frequency technology denote applications having frequencies in the range from 1 MHz to 1 THz, preferably from 1 GHz to 500 GHz, more preferably 2 GHz to 300 GHz, particularly preferably from about 5 to 150 GHz.

The liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention may comprise further additives and chiral dopants in the usual concentrations. The total concentration of these further constituents is in the range from 0% to 10%, preferably 0.1% to 6%, based on the mixture as a whole. The concentrations of the individual compounds used are each preferably in the range from 0.1 % to 3%. The concentration of these and similar addi- tives is not taken into consideration when quoting the values and concentration ranges of the liquid-crystal components and liquid-crystal compounds of the liquid-crystal media in this application.

The liquid-crystal media according to the invention consist of a plurality of compounds, preferably 3 to 30, more preferably 4 to 20 and very preferably 4 to 16 compounds. These compounds are mixed in a conventional manner. In general, the desired amount of the compound used in the smaller amount is dissolved in the compound used in the larger amount. If the temperature is above the clearing point of the compound used in the higher concentration, it is particularly easy to observe completion of the dissolution process. It is, however, also possible to prepare the media in other conventional ways, for example using so-called pre-mixes, which can be, for example, homologous or eutectic mixtures of compounds, or using so-called "multibottle" systems, the constituents of which are themselves ready-to-use mixtures.

All temperatures, such as, for example, the melting point T(C,N) or T(C,S), the transition from the smectic (S) to the nematic (N) phase T(S,N) and the clearing point T(N,I) of the liquid crystals, are quoted in degrees Celsius. All temperature differences are quoted in differential degrees. In the present invention and especially in the following examples, the structures of the mesogenic compounds are indicated by means of abbreviations, also referred to as acronyms. In these acronyms, the chemical formulae are abbreviated as follows using Tables A to C below. All groups CnH _2n +i, C _m H _2m +i ^anc ' C1H21+1 ^or CnH _2n -i. C _m H _2m -i and C1H21-1 denote straight-chain alkyl or alkenyl, preferably 1-E-alkenyl, respectively, in each case having n, m or I C atoms. Table A lists the codes used for the ring elements of the core structures of the compounds, while Table B shows the linking groups. Table C gives the meanings of the codes for the left- hand or right-hand end groups. Table D shows illustrative structures of compounds with their respective abbreviations.

Table A: Ring elements

Table B: Linking groups

CH2CH2 z -co-o-

CH=CH- Zl -o-co-

CF=CH- 0 -CH2-O-

CH=CF- 01 -0-CH2-

CF=CF- Q -CF2-O-

C≡C- Ql -O-CF2-

CF2CF2-

Table C: End groups

Left-hand side Right-hand side

Use alone

-n- CnH2n+1- -n — CnH2n+1

-nO- CnH2n+1-0- -nO -0-CnH2n+1

-V- CH ₂ =CH- -V -CH=CH ₂

-nV- CnH2n ₊ 1-CH=CH- -nV -CnH2n-CH=CH ₂

-Vn- CH ₂ =CH- CnH2n ₊ 1- -Vn

-nVm- CnH2n ₊ 1-CH=CH-C, mh m- -nVm -CnH2n-CH=CH-CmH2m+1

-N- N=C- -N -C≡N

-S- S=C-N- -S _N=C=S

-F- F- -F -F

-CL- Cl- -CL -CI

-M- CFH2- -M -CFH2

-D- CF2H- -D -CF2H

-T- CFs- -T -CFs

-MO- CFH2O - -OM -OCFH2

-DO- CF2HO - -OD -0CF2H

-TO- CF3O - -OT -OCF3

-OXF- CF ₂ =CH-0- -OXF -0-CH=CF ₂

-A- H-C≡C- -A -C≡C-H

-nA- CnH2n+1-C≡C- -An -C≡C-CnH2n+1

-NA- N≡C-C≡C- -AN -C≡C-C≡N

Use together with others

-...A...- -C≡C- -...A... -C≡C-

-...V...- CH=CH- -...V... -CH=CH-

-...Z...- -CO-O- -...Z... -CO-O-

-...Zl.,.- -O-CO- -...Zl... -O-CO-

- K - -CO- -...K... -CO-

-...w...- -CF=CF- -...W... -CF=CF- in which n and m each denote integers, and the three dots are placeholders for other abbreviations from this table.

The following table shows illustrative structures together with their respective abbreviations. These are shown in order to illustrate the meaning of the rules for the abbreviations. They furthermore represent compounds which are preferably used. Table D: Illustrative structures

The illustrative structures are compounds having three 6-membered rings which are particularly preferably employed:

PGP-F-OT

GGP-n-F

GGP-n-CL

PPTUI-n-m

PPTY-n-m

The illustrative structures are compounds having four 6-membered rings which are particularly preferably employed:

PGGP-n-m

PGIGP-n-m

PGIGP-nO-m

PYGP-n-m

GGPP-n-m

PPGU-n-F

PPGU-Vn-F

Illustrative structures of dielectrically neutral compounds which are preferably employed:

CPTP-n-m

CPPC-n-m

CGPC-n-m

CCZPC-n-m

CPGP-n-m

CPGP-n-mVI

Illustrative structures of further compounds which are preferably employed:

CCGU-n-F

CPGU-n-F

PUQU-n-F

PGUQU-n-F

APGP-n-m

The following table, Table E, shows illustrative compounds which can be used as stabiliser in the mesogenic media in accordance with the present invention. The total concentration of these and similar compounds in the media is preferably 5% or less. Table E





In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mesogenic media comprise one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds from Table E.

The following table, Table F, shows illustrative compounds which can preferably be used as chiral dopants in the mesogenic media in accordance with the present invention. Table F

CM 44

R/S-2011

R/S-5011

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mesogenic media comprise one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds from Table F.

The mesogenic media in accordance with the present application preferably comprise two or more, preferably four or more, compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds from the above tables.

The liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention preferably comprise - seven or more, preferably eight or more, compounds, preferably compounds having three or more, preferably four or more, different formulae, selected from the group of the compounds from Table D. Examples

The following examples illustrate the present invention without limiting it in any way.

However, it is clear to the person skilled in the art from the physical properties what properties can be achieved and in what ranges they can be modified. In particular, the combination of the various properties which can preferably be achieved is thus well defined for the person skilled in the art.

Examples 1.1 to 1.3 and Comparative Example 1

Comparative Example 1 A liquid-crystal mixture C-1 having the composition and properties as indicated in the following table is prepared and characterized with respect to its general physical properties and its applicability in microwave

components at 19 GHz.

Composition Physical Properties

Compound Cone.

No. Abbreviation / mass-% T(N, I) = 173 °C

1 PPTUI-3-2 20.0 An(20°C,589.3 nm) = 0.335

2 PPTUI-3-4 36.0 Δε(20°Ο, 1 kHz) = 4.6

3 GGP-3-CL 10.0 γι (20°C) = 746 mPa · s

4 GGP-5-CL 20.0 tan δ _{ε Γ} , (20°C, 19 GHz) = 0.0143

5 CPGP-5-2 7.0 tan & r. U (20°C, 19 GHz) = 0.0038

6 CPGP-5-3 7.0 x (20°C, 19 GHz) = 0.252

∑ 100.0 η (20°C, 19 GHz) = 17.6 Examples 1.1 to 1.3

The mixture C-1 is divided into three parts. To each one of these three parts a) 0.2 % of the photo initiator IrgaCure 819 ^®

b) a certain concentration alternatively of one of the two reactive mesogenic compounds of the formulae RM-1

c) a certain concentration of the reactive mesogen of the formula RM-C respectively, are added.

To one each of these three parts alternatively 1.67 % of RM-1 and 3.33 % of RM-2, 2.50 % of RM-1 and 5.00 % of RM-2, respectively 3.33 % of RM- 1 and 6.67 % of RM-2, are added.

The three resultant mixtures are called M-1.1 to M-1.3. These three mixtures each are filled into test cells with antiparallel rubbed glas substrates covered by PI AI3046. The test cells have a cell gap of 50 μηη and the polymer precursor is polymerised under UV irradiation (Dymax 3.3 mW/cm ² using a long pass filter (380 nm, Schott GG380). The irradiation time is 3 min.

The filled test cells are then investigated with respect to the physical properties of the systems comprising of the liquid crystalline media and the polymerisation product of the reactive monomers.

Table 1 : Compositions of the mixtures investigated

Material C-1 RM-1 PM-C IRG-8 9 ^®

Example Mixture Composition

Number Concentration / mass-%

C- 100.0 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.1 95.0 1.67 3.33 0.20

1.2 92.5 2.5 5.00 0.20

1.3 90.0 3.33 6.67 0.20 Table 2: Physical Properties (at 20°C of the mixtures investigated prior to polymerisation

Vo in 50 urn test cell, described above.

Table 3: Physical Properties (at 20°C) of the mixtures investigated after polymerisation

Remarks: t.b.d.: to be determined

n.a.: not applicable

The liquid crystalline materials showed significantly improved (i.e. shorter) response times after polymerisation of the polymer precursor.

Example 2

A liquid-crystal mixture M-2 having the composition and properties as indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound T(N,I) = 171 °C

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-5-CL 26.0 n _e (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 1.7859

2 PGIGI-3-CL 8.0 Δη (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 0.2954

3 PGIGI-5-CL 20.0

4 PGIGI-5-F 9.0 si , (20°C, 1 kHz) = 6.4

5 PPTY-3-4 3.0 Δε (20°C, 1 kHz) = 2.0

6 PYGP-3-5 5.0

7 PYGP-5-3 5.0 γι (20°C) = 650 mPa ^■ s

8 CGPC-3-5 3.0

9 CGPC-5-5 5.0

10 CPGP-5-2 8.0

11 CPGP-5-3 8.0

∑ 100.0

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Table 4: Properties of mixture M-2 at 19 GHz

Note: at 20°C, the following is obtained approximately by intrapolation: Asr± = 0.56, tan δ _{ε Γ} . = 0.013 and η = 14.5. For comparison, the compound 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (also called 5CB or K15, Merck KGaA) gives tan δ _{ε rJ} . = 0.026 and η = 4.3 at 20°C.

Table 5: Comparison of the properties at 19 GHz and 20°C

Example 3

A liquid-crystal mixture M-3 having the composition and properties cated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound Τ(Ν,Ι) = 179.5 °C

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-5-CL 26.0 n _e (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 1.7861

2 PGIGI-3-CL 8.0 Δη (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 0.3118

3 PGIGI-5-CL 20.0

4 PGIGI-5-F 5.0

5 PPTY-3-4 3.0

6 PYGP-4-4 4.0

7 PYGP-5-3 5.0

8 CCZPC-3-5 3.0

9 CGPC-3-5 3.0

10 CGPC-5-5 5.0

11 CPGP-5-2 8.0

12 CPGP-5-3 8.0

∑ 100.0 This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements MW region.

Table 6: Properties of mixture M-3 at 19 GHz

Note: at 20°C, the following is obtained approximately by intrapolation: Δε _Γ ± = 0.56, tan δ _{ε Γ} . = 0.014 and η = 15.

Example 4

A liquid-crystal mixture M-4 having the composition and properties as indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound T(N,I) = 170.1 °C

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-3-CL 10.0 n _e (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 1.5267

2 GGP-5-CL 20.0 Δη (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 0.2918

3 PPTUI-3-2 20.0

4 PPTUI-3-4 20.0 ε _π (20°C, 1 kHz) = 7.8

5 PPTUI-4-4 16.0 Δε (20°C, 1 kHz) = 4.4

6 CPGP-5-2 7.0

7 CPGP-5-3 7.0 γι (20°C) = 698 mPa ^■ s

∑ 100.0 This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 5

A liquid-crystal mixture M-5 having the composition and properties as indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound

No. Abbreviation T(N,I) = 183.5 °C

1 GGP-3-CL 10.0

2 GGP-5-CL 19.0 Δη (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 0.283

3 PPTUI-3-2 18.0

4 PPTUI-3-4 18.0 en (20°C, 1 kHz) = 8.0

5 PPTUI-4-4 10.0 Δε (20°C, 1 kHz) = 3.5

6 PGIGP-3-5 6.00

7 PPGU-3-F 3.00 γι (20°C) = 753 mPa · s

8 CPGP-5-2 8.0

9 CPGP-5-3 8.0

∑ 100.0

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters.

Example 6

A liquid-crystal mixture M-6 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 7

A liquid-crystal mixture M-7 having the composition and properties as indicated in the following table is prepared.

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 8

A liquid-crystal mixture M-8 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 9

A liquid-crystal mixture M-9 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 10

A liquid-crystal mixture M-10 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 11

A liquid-crystal mixture M-11 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound T(N,I) = 134.5 °C

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-3-F 10.0 n _e (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 1.8036

2 GGP-5-F 10.0 Δη (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 0.2774

3 GGP-3-CL 10.0

4 GGP-4-CL 20.0 ε,, (20°C, 1 kHz) = 15.2

5 GGP-5-CL 20.0 Δε (20°C, 1 kHz) = 10.2

6 GGP-6-CL 10.0

7 GGPP-5-3 5.0 γ (20°C) = 758 mPa · s

8 PGGP-3-5 5.0

9 PGGP-3-6 5.0

10 PGGP-5-3 5.0

∑ 100.0

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 12

A liquid-crystal mixture M-12 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 13

A liquid-crystal mixture M-13 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound T(N,I) = 124.5 °C

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-3-CL 10.0 n _e (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 1.7951

2 GGP-4-CL 20.0 Δη (20°C, 589.3 nm) = 0.2709

3 GGP-5-CL 20.0

4 GGP-6-CL 10.0 ε,ι (20°C, 1 kHz) = 11.6

5 GGP-5-3 25.0 Δε (20°C, 1 kHz) = 6.8

6 PGGP-3-5 5.0

7 PGGP-3-6 5.0 γι (20°C) = 895 mPa · s

8 PGGP-5-3 5.0

∑ 100.0

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Example 14 a

A liquid-crystal mixture M-14 a having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters or LC based antenna elements in MW region.

Table 4: Properties of mixture M-14 at 30 GHz

Note: at 20°C, the following is obtained approximately by intrapolation: Δε _Γ χ = 2.51 , tan 5 _{E u} = 0.0115, τ _ε , = 0.140 and η = 14.5.

Example 14 b

A liquid-crystal mixture M-14 b having the composition and properties as indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound T(N,I) = 175.5

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-5-CL 20.0

2 PGU-3-CL 2.0

3 PGU-4-OT 2.0

4 PGP-F-OT 3.0

5 PPTUI-3-2 13.0

6 PPTUI-3-4 15.0

7 PPTUI-4-4 20.0

8 PPGU-7-F 2.0

9 PGIGP-3-5 6.0

10 CPTP-3-2 3.0

11 DPGU-3-F 2.0

12 DPGU-3-OT 2.0

13 CPGP-5-2 4.0

14 CPGP-5-3 6.0

∑ 100.0

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters.

Example 15

A liquid-crystal mixture M-15 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound T(N,I) = 178 °C

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-5-CL 10.0

2 GGP-6-CL 5.0

3 PGP-3-2V 3.0

4 PGP-2-2V 3.0

5 PPTUI-3-2 15.0

6 PPTUI-3-4 18.0

7 PPTUI-4-4 21.0

8 PPGU-7-F 2.0

9 PPGU-V2-F 2.0

10 PGIGP-3-5 7.0

11 CPTP-3-2 4.0

12 CPGU-3-OT 2.0

13 CPGU-4-OT 2.0

14 DPGU-3-OT 2.0

15 CPGP-5-2 4.0

∑ 100.0

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters.

Example 16

A liquid-crystal mixture M-16 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound T(N,I) = 159.5 °C

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-5-CL 20.0 ε,, (20°C, 1 kHz) = 7.9

2 GGP-5-3 12.0 Δε (20°C, 1 kHz) = 4.3

3 PPTUI-3-2 12.0

4 PPTUI-3-4 16.0 γι (20°C) = 686 mPa · s

5 PPTUI-4-4 20.0

6 PGUQU-5-F 5.0

7 PGGP-3-5 5.0

8 PGGP-3-6 4.0

9 APGP-3-3 3.0

10 APGP-3-4 3.0

∑ 100.0

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters.

Example 17

A liquid-crystal mixture M-17 having the composition and properties indicated in the following table is prepared.

Composition Physical properties

Compound T(N,I) = 169 °C

No. Abbreviation

1 GGP-5-3 10.0

2 PPTUI-3-F 8.0

3 PPTUI-4-F 8.0

4 PPTUI-3-2 12.0

5 PPTUI-3-4 16.0

6 PPTUI-4-4 20.0

7 PPTUI-3-A4 5.0

8 PGUQU-5-F 7.0

9 PGGP-3-5 4.0

10 PGGP-3-6 4.0

11 APGP-3-3 3.0

12 APGP-3-4 3.0

∑ 100.0

This mixture is very highly suitable for applications in the microwave range, in particular for phase shifters.

The mixtures of examples 2 to 17 are treated and investigated as described under example 1. The resultant composite systems comprising the polymerised polymer porecursors show comparably good properties. They are characterized in particular by improved response times.