LIQUID DESICCANT AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR GREENHOUSES AND GROWTH CELLS

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/776210 filed on December 6, 2018 entitled LIQUID DESICCANT AIR- CONDITIONING SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR GREENHOUSES, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present application relates generally to liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems and, more specifically, to liquid desiccant air-conditioning systems for greenhouses and closed building growth cells (also known as grow rooms).

[0003] High value added agricultural production is increasingly done in completely controlled production environment in closed greenhouses and growth cells.

[0004] Greenhouses have direct access to sunlight, and have large sensible and latent loads during the summer, while heating and dehumidification is required in the winter. In winter, lights are an additional heat source to maintain 12-16 hour growth periods.

[0005] Growth cells are within closed buildings with limited or no ventilation. Lighting is artificial. Large volumes of water are added to the plants, which use it for growth and evaporation. This will also significantly cool the space. Heating sources are lights and production of carbon dioxide (C02) supplied to the space. The lights can be low efficiency sodium and natrium lights or high efficiency LEDs. C02 can be provided from burning gas or from bottled gas.

[0006] While most greenhouses and growth cells require significant cooling, growth cells with LEDs and bottled C02 have much lower or even negative cooling or heating requirements year round.

[0007] Greenhouse and growth-cell production conditions differ not only by crop but also by crop maturity. For example, many products maximize production at high relatively humidity (60-80%), but humidity levels above 80% can lead to significant damage to crops due to growth of pathogens. Some crops require much lower humidities, e.g., 50% RH for some marijuana products.

[0008] Various embodiments disclosed herein relate to combining superior dehumidification of liquid desiccants with appropriate energy management to maintain the required conditions at minimum temperature requirements.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0009] A liquid desiccant air-conditioning system in accordance with one or more embodiments is provided for managing temperature and humidity conditions in a greenhouse or a growth cell. The system includes a liquid desiccant conditioner utilizing a liquid desiccant to dehumidify a first air stream flowing therethrough. The first air stream enters the liquid desiccant conditioner from a space within the greenhouse or growth cell and exits the liquid desiccant conditioner as supply air to the greenhouse or growth cell.

The system also includes a liquid desiccant regenerator receiving the liquid desiccant used in the liquid desiccant conditioner, and humidifying a second air stream flowing

therethrough to concentrate the liquid desiccant and then returning the liquid desiccant to the conditioner. An air-to-air heat exchanger is thermally coupled to the air stream exiting the liquid desiccant conditioner or an air stream drawn from the space within the greenhouse or growth cell and the second air stream exiting the liquid desiccant regenerator for cooling the second air stream and producing water therefrom. The second air stream circulates between the liquid desiccant regenerator and the air-to-air heat exchanger within a closed enclosure.

[0010] In accordance with one or more embodiments, a method is provided for managing temperature and humidity conditions in a greenhouse or a growth cell using a liquid desiccant air conditioning system. The method incudes the steps of: dehumidifying a first air stream flowing through a liquid desiccant conditioner utilizing a liquid desiccant, the first air stream being drawn into the liquid desiccant conditioner from a space within the greenhouse or growth cell and exiting the liquid desiccant conditioner as supply air to the greenhouse or growth cell; receiving, in a liquid desiccant regenerator, the liquid desiccant used in the liquid desiccant conditioner, and humidifying a second air stream flowing through the liquid desiccant regenerator to concentrate the liquid desiccant and then returning the liquid desiccant to the conditioner; and cooling the second air stream humidified by the liquid desiccant regenerator and producing water therefrom using an air- to-air heat exchanger thermally coupled to the air stream exiting the liquid desiccant conditioner or an air stream drawn from the space within the greenhouse or growth cell; and circulating the second air stream between the liquid desiccant regenerator and the air-to-air heat exchanger within a closed enclosure.

[0011] A liquid desiccant air-conditioning system in accordance with one or more embodiments is disclosed for managing temperature and humidity conditions in a greenhouse or a growth cell. The system includes a liquid desiccant conditioner utilizing a liquid desiccant to dehumidify a first air stream flowing therethrough to be provided as supply air to the greenhouse or growth cell, the first air stream entering the liquid desiccant conditioner from a space within the greenhouse or growth cell. The system also includes a liquid desiccant regenerator receiving the liquid desiccant used in the liquid desiccant conditioner, and utilizing a second air stream flowing therethrough to concentrate the liquid desiccant, and then returning the liquid desiccant to the conditioner. The liquid desiccant regenerator heats and humidifies the second air stream. The second air stream enters the liquid desiccant regenerator from outside the greenhouse or growth cell and exits the liquid desiccant regenerator to be exhausted outside the greenhouse or growth cell. The system further includes an air-to-air heat exchanger thermally coupled to the first air stream exiting the liquid desiccant conditioner and the second air stream exiting the liquid desiccant regenerator for heating the first air stream before the first air stream is provided as the supply air to the greenhouse or growth cell and the second air stream is exhausted from the greenhouse or growth cell.

[0012] A liquid desiccant air-conditioning system in accordance with one or more embodiments is provided for managing temperature and humidity conditions in a greenhouse or a growth cell. The system includes a liquid desiccant conditioner utilizing a liquid desiccant to dehumidify a first air stream flowing therethrough to be provided as supply air to the greenhouse or growth cell. The first air stream enters the liquid desiccant conditioner from a space within the greenhouse or growth cell. A liquid desiccant regenerator receives the liquid desiccant used in the liquid desiccant conditioner, and utilizes a second air stream flowing therethrough to concentrate the liquid desiccant, and then returns the liquid desiccant to the conditioner, wherein the liquid desiccant regenerator heats and humidifies the second air stream, the second air stream provided to the liquid desiccant regenerator from outside the greenhouse or growth cell and exiting the liquid desiccant regenerator to be exhausted outside the greenhouse or growth cell. An air-to-air heat exchanger is thermally coupled to the second air stream prior to entering the liquid desiccant regenerator and the second air stream exiting the liquid desiccant regenerator for preheating the second air stream entering the liquid desiccant regenerator and post cooling the second air stream exiting the liquid desiccant regenerator.

[0013] A liquid desiccant air-conditioning system in accordance with one or more embodiments is provided for managing temperature and humidity conditions in a greenhouse or a growth cell. The system includes a liquid desiccant conditioner utilizing a liquid desiccant to dehumidify a first air stream flowing therethrough to be provided as supply air to the greenhouse or growth cell. The first air stream enters the liquid desiccant conditioner from a space within the greenhouse or growth cell. A liquid desiccant regenerator receives the liquid desiccant used in the liquid desiccant conditioner, and utilizes a second air stream flowing therethrough to concentrate the liquid desiccant, and then returns the liquid desiccant to the conditioner, wherein the liquid desiccant regenerator heats and humidifies the second air stream, the second air stream provided to the liquid desiccant regenerator from outside the greenhouse or growth cell and exits the liquid desiccant regenerator to be exhausted outside the greenhouse or growth cell. An air-to-air heat exchanger is thermally coupled to the first air stream prior to entering the liquid desiccant conditioner and the first air stream exiting the liquid desiccant conditioner for precooling the first air stream entering the liquid desiccant conditioner and post heating the first air stream exiting the liquid desiccant conditioner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0014] FIG. l is a simplified diagram illustrating a prior art liquid desiccant air- conditioning system.

[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art three-way heat exchanger block of a liquid desiccant air conditioning system.

[0016] FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram illustrating a prior art three-way heat exchanger panel assembly in the heat exchanger block. [0017] FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram illustrating another prior art liquid desiccant air conditioning system.

[0018] FIG. 5 is a Psychrometric charts showing air properties in summer

operation.

[0019] FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a liquid desiccant air- conditioning system in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 7 is a Psychrometric chart showing air properties in a winter operation.

[0021] FIGS. 8A and 8B are simplified block diagrams illustrating liquid desiccant air-conditioning systems with energy recovery for improved efficiency.

[0022] FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram illustrating another liquid desiccant air- conditioning system in accordance with one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary prior art liquid desiccant air conditioning system as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20120125020 and U.S. Patent Nos. 9243810 and 9631848 used in a cooling and dehumidifying mode of operation. (Liquid desiccant air conditioning systems can also operate in various other modes including cooling, heating, cooling and humidification, heating and dehumidification, and heating and

humidification modes.) A conditioner 101 comprises a set of 3-way heat exchange plate structures that are internally hollow. A cold heat transfer fluid is generated in a cold source 107 and introduced into the plates. A liquid desiccant solution at 114 is flowed onto the outer surface of the plates. The liquid desiccant runs over the outer surface of each of the plates behind a thin membrane, which is located between the air flow and the surface of the plates. Return air, outside air 103, or mixture thereof is blown between the set of conditioner plates. The liquid desiccant on the surface of the plates attracts the water vapor in the air flow and the cooling water (heat transfer fluid) inside the plates helps to inhibit the air temperature from rising. The treated air 104 is introduced into a building space.

[0024] The liquid desiccant is collected at the other end of the conditioner plates at 111 and is transported through a heat exchanger 113 to the liquid desiccant entry point 115 of the regenerator 102 where the liquid desiccant is distributed across similar plates in the regenerator. Return air, outside air 105, or a mixture thereof is blown across the regenerator plates and water vapor is transported from the liquid desiccant into the leaving air stream 106. An optional heat source 108 provides the driving force for the regeneration. A hot heat transfer fluid 110 from a heat source can be flowed inside the plates of the regenerator similar to the cold heat transfer fluid in the conditioner. Again, the re-concentrated liquid desiccant is collected at one end of the plates and returned via the heat exchanger to the conditioner. Since there is no need for either a collection pan or bath, the desiccant flow through the regenerator can be horizontal or vertical. Air and water is preferably in counterflow to each other. They can also be a horizontal or vertical flow. A variety of configurations are possible from all flows being vertical, to a combination of horizontal and vertical flows in crossflow, to all flows being horizontal in flat plate structures.

[0025] An optional heat pump 116 can be used to provide cooling and heating of the liquid desiccant. It is also possible to connect a heat pump between the cold source 107 and the hot source 108, which is thus pumping heat from the cooling fluids rather than the liquid desiccant. Cold sources could comprise an indirect evaporative cooler, a cooling tower, geothermal storage, cold water networks, black roof panel that cools down water during the night, and cold storage options like an ice box. Heat sources could include waste heat from power generation, solar heat, geothermal heat, heat storage, and hot water networks. Those skilled in the art will understand that a wide variety of other sources for heating and cooling are possible including, e.g., heat from refrigeration in stores to heat from compressors in industrial applications.

[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary prior art 3-way heat exchanger comprising a set of plate structures stacked in a block as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 9,308,490. A liquid desiccant enters the structure through ports 304 and is directed behind a series of membranes as described in FIG. 1. The liquid desiccant is collected and removed through ports 305. A cooling or heating fluid is provided through ports 306 and runs counter to the air stream 301 inside the hollow plate structures, again as described in FIG. 1 and in greater detail in FIG. 3. The cooling or heating fluids exit through ports 307. The treated air 302 is directed to a space in a building or is exhausted as the case may be. The figure illustrates a 3-way heat exchanger in which the air and heat transfer fluid are in a primarily vertical orientation.

[0027] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates operation of an exemplary prior art membrane plate assembly or structure as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 9,631,848. The air stream 251 flows counter to a cooling fluid stream 254. Membranes 252 contain a liquid desiccant 253 that is falling along the wall 255 that contains the heat transfer fluid 254. Water vapor 256 entrained in the air stream is able to transfer through the membrane 252 and is absorbed into the liquid desiccant 253. The heat of condensation of water 258 that is released during the absorption is conducted through the wall 255 into the heat transfer fluid 254. Sensible heat 257 from the air stream is also conducted through the membrane 252, liquid desiccant 253 and wall 255 into the heat transfer fluid 254.

[0028] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic representation of another prior art liquid desiccant air conditioner system operating in a cooling mode, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 10323867. Similar liquid air conditioning systems are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20120125020 and U.S. Patent Nos. 9243810 and 9631848. A three-way heat and mass exchanger conditioner 503 (which is similar to the conditioner 101 of FIG. 1) receives an air stream 501 from the outside (“OA”). Fan 502 pulls the air 501 through the conditioner 503 wherein the air is cooled and dehumidified. The resulting cool, dry air 504 (“SA”) is supplied to a space for occupant comfort. The three-way conditioner 503 receives a concentrated desiccant 527 in the manner explained under FIGS. 1-3. It is preferable to use a membrane on the three-way conditioner 503 to contain the desiccant and inhibit it from being distributed into the air stream 504. The diluted desiccant 528, which contains the captured water vapor is transported to a heat and mass exchanger regenerator 522. Furthermore, chilled water 509 is provided by pump 508, which enters the conditioner module 503 where it picks up heat from the air as well as latent heat released by the capture of water vapor in the desiccant 527. The warmer water 506 is brought to the heat exchanger 507 on the chiller system 530. The liquid desiccant 528 leaves the conditioner 503 and is moved through the optional heat exchanger 526 to the regenerator 522 by pump 525. The chiller system 530 comprises a water to refrigerant evaporator heat exchanger 507, which cools the circulating cooling fluid 506. The liquid, cold refrigerant 517 evaporates in the heat exchanger 507 thereby absorbing the thermal energy from the cooling fluid 506. The gaseous refrigerant 510 is now re-compressed by compressor 511. The compressor 511 ejects hot refrigerant gas 513, which is liquefied in the condenser heat exchanger 515. The liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser 514 then enters expansion valve 516, where it rapidly cools and exits at a lower pressure. The condenser heat exchanger 515 now releases heat to another cooling fluid loop 519 which brings hot heat transfer fluid 518 to the regenerator 522. Circulating pump 520 brings the heat transfer fluid back to the condenser 515. The three-way regenerator 522 thus receives a dilute liquid desiccant 528 and hot heat transfer fluid 518. A fan 524 brings outside air 521 (“OA”) through the regenerator 522. The outside air picks up heat and moisture from the heat transfer fluid 518 and desiccant 528 which results in hot humid exhaust air (“EA”) 523. The compressor 511 receives electrical power 512. The fans 502 and 524 receive electrical power 505 and 529, respectively. Pumps 508, 520, and 525 have relatively low power consumption.

[0029] Various embodiments disclosed herein relate to use of liquid desiccant air- conditioning systems in greenhouses and growth cells.

[0030] Greenhouses process recirculated air to maintain warm and humid conditions (e.g., 30 C/80% RH). Liquid desiccant air conditioning systems have the ability to manage heat and humidity independently and can significantly improve greenhouse control over growth cycles with sharply increasing humidification loads as plants mature. Greenhouses tend to have a large sensible load from lights.

[0031] Liquid desiccant air conditioning systems work most efficiently at moderate concentrations of liquid desiccant (e.g., 15-25%), which fits well with the target RH (relative humidity) of about 70-80% in greenhouses, including the latent and sensible loads.

[0032] Using regenerator air to maintain warm temperatures in the greenhouse can further improve efficiency. A heat exchanger can be used to preheat/postcool regenerator air during cold periods. One heat exchanger can be used to do both using a set of dampers.

[0033] Greenhouses and growth cells operate at high temperatures and high humidities, typically 30C and an RH of 80%. Cooling loads in greenhouses include significant solar heat, but in growth cells, the heat supply is nearly completely from artificial lights. The plants humidify and cool air. Air is refreshed to allow people to operate inside. Greenhouses have high sensible loads from sunlight and heating through low insulated walls. In the winter, the solar loads are reduced and partially replaced with artificial lighting, while heat losses through the walls require significant added heat. In-building growth cells rely 100% on artificial light, but they do have rest periods, which can be during the day while low cost night rates are used for powering the lights. Using heat pipes and plate heat exchangers for precooling and then reheating return air reduces the temperature at which dehumidification takes place and thus the liquid desiccant concentration required for effective dehumidification. This allows the regenerator to maintain the concentration at a much lower temperature. Thus, the chiller can operate at lower temperatures with lower lift.

[0034] Urban agriculture uses closed growth cells with only LED lighting to grow a variety of crops. Humidity loads differ over the growth cycle, but optimal conditions tend to be stable at about 30C and 80% RH. The ability of liquid desiccant air conditioning systems to efficiently manage these different loads effectively while maintaining a constant supply is significantly enhanced by adding the ability to post cool or post heat conditioned air with regenerator or unconditioned air.

[0035] With a damper, a single heat exchanger can support the liquid desiccant air conditioning system during dehumidification and either sensible cooling or sensible heating. Referring to FIG. 5, during the hot and humid outside air conditions 601 for the regenerator, regeneration requires higher temperature at 602. At the RH of 602, conditioning can be done from the return air condition 603 to condition 604, which is warm and dry. Supply air 604 is humidified 612 and heated 613 because of the typical conditions in a greenhouse/growth cell humidification results when plants desorb large amounts of water to pump nutrients from the roots to the plant and heating results from radiation in a greenhouse or lights in a growth cell.

[0036] Typically, liquid desiccant at 30% or higher requires air with an RH of less than 40% to regenerate 630. While liquid desiccant at 20% can be regenerated at an RH of about 60% at 631.

[0037] However, typically compressor performance benefits from dehumidifying and cooling air at the lower concentration 605. The main driver for that is that the regenerator can fully reconcentrate the liquid desiccant at 606. The disadvantage is that the greenhouse air is dry and cool, while plants tend to prefer dry and warm conditions for optimal growth. The heat exchanger 610/611 can be used to heat up the cool air from the conditioner with the hot air from the regenerator.

[0038] As a result total lift of the system is only 620 rather than 621 with the higher concentration.

[0039] FIG. 6 shows a liquid desiccant air conditioning system for a greenhouse (or growth cell) 700 that includes a heat exchanger 701, which takes the supply air 702 from the conditioner 703 and warms the supply air 702 up with the regeneration air 704 from regenerator 705 before returning it to the space 706 in the greenhouse 700 to be air conditioned. Regenerator exhaust air is expelled from the greenhouse at 707. Return air 708 from the space 706 is provided to the conditioner 703, and the outside air 709 is used by the regenerator 705 to concentrate the liquid desiccant. The water (i.e., heat transfer fluid) and desiccant circuits in and between conditioner 703 and regenerator 705 are not shown. These can be as described in prior art, e.g., in FIG. 4.

[0040] As depicted in FIG. 7, one advantage of the liquid desiccant air conditioning systems is that they can dehumidify at low concentrations of liquid desiccant while maintaining high temperatures and controlling RH levels. By managing the flow of regenerator air through the heat exchanger with the processed conditioner air, temperature and RH can be managed in a narrow bandwidth.

[0041] In winter conditions, outside air can be cold with a High RH, the high humidity loads will need to be removed, while significant heat needs to be added.

[0042] There are two possible approaches. One is to use highly concentrated liquid desiccant that dehumidifies and warms the air. This requires significant additional heat to regenerate the liquid desiccant with the cold outside air. Part of that can be recovered through an extra heat exchanger for the regenerator.

[0043] Alternatively, the heat exchanger can be used to precool and then reheat the process air. Using a heat pump, the air can be further cooled to reach the target DP at 80% RH and a cooler temperature. This allows the regenerator to regenerate with just the condenser heat of the heatpump. However, additional waste heat or gas heat is then needed to post heat the process air. Determining which is the lower cost solution depends not only on starting conditions and loads in the greenhouse/growth cell and the outside air conditions esp. HR, but also on the availability and quality of waste heat, the cost of components, and the effectiveness of the liquid desiccant heat exchanger.

[0044] Detailed thermodynamic models can be used to evaluate alternative strategies and optimize control conditions.

[0045] FIGS. 8A and 8B are simplified block diagrams illustrating liquid desiccant air-conditioning systems with energy recovery for improved efficiency. In FIG. 8A, the air stream 720 in the regenerator 705 is preheated and post cooled. Outside air flows into a heat exchanger 701, which preheats the air stream 720 with the air stream exiting the

regenerator 705 before it is exhausted. In FIG. 8B, the air stream 722 in the conditioner 703 is precooled and post heated during the winter season. The air stream 722 flows through a heat exchanger 701, which precools the air stream with the airstream exiting the conditioner 703. The water (i.e., heat transfer fluid) and desiccant circuits in and between conditioner 703 and regenerator 705 are not shown. These can be as described in prior art, e.g., in FIG. 4.

[0046] FIG. 9 illustrates a liquid desiccant air conditioning system in accordance with one or more embodiments used in a greenhouse (or growth cell) 801. The greenhouse 801 has a conditioner 802 that take air from a space 803 in the greenhouse 801 and returns it to the greenhouse space after dehumidifying it to a DP of 45-60F. The optimal humidity level is crop dependent, with some crops preferring higher absolute humidity levels and others requiring dryer conditions. For example, tomatoes grow best at RH levels as high as 70% and

temperatures above 75F. For other crops, the RH level should not exceed 50-60% for optimal quality. RH levels are a combination of DB temperature and absolute humidity levels. Optimal temperatures even differ by time of day, with temperature during dark periods being lower than when light is present to allow the plant to grow.

[0047] Maintaining the concentration of the liquid desiccant 804 used in the conditioner 802 is needed to maintain the RH of the air stream 830 coming out of the conditioner 802. The liquid desiccant 804 is diluted in the conditioner 802 as humidity as absorbed in the liquid desiccant 804. The regenerator 805 is used to reconcentrate the liquid desiccant 804 before returning it to the conditioner 802. Waste heat 806 is used to heat up the air flowing through the regenerator 805 to a temperature of 40 to 60C (110-150F). The waste heat 806 can come from various sources such as, e.g., solar power or a power generator 807, which results in C02 production 809. Cooling the generator 807 increases power production 808.

[0048] The air stream 831 flowing through regenerator 805 is enclosed in a space 810 and circulated by fan 811 to an air-to-air heat exchanger 812 that uses greenhouse air to cool the air to a DP equal to the DB condition in the greenhouse 801. This produces water 820, which can either be used to water soil in the greenhouse 801 or to drive a cooling tower 821 that provide cooling water 822 to the conditioner 802. A small chiller 823 can be used to accurately control cooling water conditions and thus DP depending on plant conditions and the quality and the amount of waste heat availability at any point during the day or year. [0049] As noted above, the air-to-air heat exchanger 812 that uses greenhouse air to cool the air in the regenerator space 810. The greenhouse air can be provided to the air-to-air heat exchanger 812 in different ways. In one embodiment, the air stream 830 coming out of the conditioner 802 is flowed through the heat exchanger 812 and then returned to the greenhouse space 803. In another embodiment, the air stream 830 coming out of the conditioner 802 flows directly to the greenhouse space 803 as indicated at 840. Air from the greenhouse space 803 is directly provided to the heat exchanger 812 as indicated at 832. In yet another embodiment, some of the air stream 830 coming out of the conditioner 802 is provided to the air space 803 and some of the air stream 830 coming out of the conditioner 802 is flowed through the heat exchanger 812.

[0050] This results in a closed system that does not require extra heat from either the sun or lamps to compensate for the cooling linked to the evaporation by the plants. It also minimizes water usage for use by the plant and the cooling tower. It uses the heat needed to drive the lights through cogeneration and/or to produce the C02 that combined with water is used by the plant to build carbohydrate molecules. This minimizes energy and water usage by greenhouses, which has become a major concern during the growth of high intensity and highly productive enclosed in-building agriculture. One advantage of enclosed agro systems is a smaller physical foot print as production per m2 can increase 10 to 100 fold. Use of liquid desiccant systems in accordance with various embodiments can significantly reduce the energy foot print. Keeping the greenhouse closed also reduces risk of contamination of the crop as well as environmental concerns like odor from the growing process.

[0051] Having thus described several illustrative embodiments, it is to be

appreciated that various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to form a part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. While some examples presented herein involve specific combinations of

functions or structural elements, it should be understood that those functions and elements may be combined in other ways according to the present disclosure to accomplish the same or different objectives. In particular, acts, elements, and features discussed in connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from similar or other roles in other embodiments. Additionally, elements and components described herein may be further divided into additional components or joined together to form fewer components for performing the same functions. Accordingly, the foregoing description and attached drawings are by way of example only and are not intended to be limiting.