COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/974,937 filed April 3, 2014.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the field of

compression ignition internal combustion engines.

2. Prior Art

Compression ignition engines are well known in the prior art. Such engines commonly known as diesel engines in which fuel (diesel or biodiesel) is injected into the combustion chamber after the heat of compression exceeds the self ignition temperature of the fuel, are to be distinguished from spark ignition engines wherein a fuel air mixture such as gasoline and air is compressed to below its self ignition temperature and then ignited. More recently, spark ignition of compressed natural gas (CNG) has been used in public transportation buses and the like. While such engine

operation has its advantages, the current low cost of CNG being one of them, it suffers from the low volumetric energy content of the CNG, limiting the range of the vehicle.

CNG has also been used in compression ignition engines, with the ignition of the CNG being initiated by an injection of diesel fuel. This works, but also has its own

disadvantages. At low power or idle, such engines run as diesel engines, at least in substantial part, thereby not taking full advantage of the low cost of CNG.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a schematic view of an engine in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 2a illustrates the combustion cycle of the engine of Figure 1 when operating on both gaseous fuel and liquid fuel in the same combustion cycle and in a 4-stroke mode of operation .

Figure 2b illustrates the operation of the compression cycles of the engine of Figure 1 when operating on both gaseous fuel and liquid fuel.

Figure 2c illustrates an operation of the compression cycles of the engine of Figure 1 when the engine is operating at peak power.

Figure 3a illustrates the combustion cycle of the engine of Figure 1 when operating on gaseous fuel only in a 4-stroke mode of operation.

Figure 3b illustrates the operation of the compression cycles of the engine of Figure 1 when operating on gaseous fuel only in accordance with Figure 3a.

Figure 3c illustrates an operation of the compression cycles of the engine of Figure 1 when the engine is operating for peak power on gaseous fuel only.

Figure 4 is a cross sectional view of an optional hydraulic pump P as shown in Figure 1 Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of another

embodiment of an engine which incorporates the present invention .

Figure 6 is a schematic illustration of a still further embodiment, similar to Figure 5, but with direct injection of the gaseous fuel into the combustion cylinder of the engine.

Figure 7 defines the nomenclature used in Figure 8 for the condition of the various valves and P for pulsing of the engine of Figure 5.

Figure 8 illustrates an exemplary operating cycle for an engine in accordance with Figure 5.

Figure 9 is a block diagram of an exemplary controller for the engines of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The engines described herein are internal combustion piston engines referred to as camless engines wherein engine valve operation is fully electronically controlled. Examples of electronically controlled hydraulic valve actuation systems include U.S. Patent Nos. 5,638,781, 5,713,316,

5,960,753, 5,970,956, 6,148,778, 6,173,685, 6,308,690,

6,360,728, 6,415,749, 6,557,506, 6,575,126, 6,739,293,

7,025,326, 7,032,574, 7,182,068, 7,341,028, 7,387,095,

7,568,633 7,730,858, 8,342,153 and 8,629,745, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0113906. These patents and patent application disclose electronically controlled

hydraulic valve actuation systems primarily intended for engine valves such as, but not limited to, conventional intake and exhaust valves, and include, among other things, methods and apparatus for control of engine valve acceleration and deceleration at the limits of engine valve travel as well as variable valve lift. However, it should be understood that other electronically controlled engine valve operating systems are also known, such as by way of example, solenoid operated and piezoelectric operated systems. Also, in the engines to be described, the fuel injectors are also fully electronically controlled, as are any other valves used in the engines. Examples of electronically controlled diesel (liquid fuel) injectors include U.S. Patent Nos. 5,460,329, 5,720,261, 5,829,396, 5,954,030, 6,012,644, 6,085,991,

6,161,770, 6,257,499, 7,032,574, 7,108,200, 7,182,068,

7,412,969, 7,568,632, 7,568,633, 7,694,891, 7,717,359,

8,196,844, 8,282,020, 8,342,153, 8,366,018, 8,579,207,

8,628,031 and 8,733,671, and U.S. Patent Application

Publication Nos. 2002/0017573, 2006/0192028, 2007/0007362, 2010/0012745, and 2014/0138454. These patents and patent applications disclose electronically controllable intensifier type fuel injectors having various configurations, and include direct needle control, variable intensification ratio, intensified fuel storage and various other features. Of course, many other electronically controlled injectors may be used as desired. The CNG injectors may be of relatively conventional design because their operating requirements are far less stringent, as no pulsing is desired, as shall be seen. Also it is to be understood that "diesel" fuel is used generally herein to indicate a liquid fuel, unless

specifically limited in its context to fuels that are

currently sold for use in currently available diesel engines.

Disclosed herein are liquid and gaseous multi-fuel compression ignition engines capable of operating on liquid fuels such as diesel, biodiesel, gasoline and ammonia in liquid form and other liquid fuels as desired, including jet fuels, kerosene and the like, as well as gaseous fuels including gaseous fuels that do not easily self ignite, such as natural gas and ammonia in a gaseous form, though other gaseous fuels may be used, such as propane, butane and the like. Obviously the choice of fuels to be used may be suggested or dictated by various circumstances, including cost and local availability.

The specific engine illustrated in Figure 1 is a six cylinder engine having three cylinders on the left devoted to compressing air and three cylinders on the right devoted as combustion cylinders. Each cylinder uses four valves, typically poppet valves, and either a liquid fuel injector as in the combustion cylinders or an optional hydraulic pump in the compression cylinders.

Addressing first the compression cylinders at the left of Figure 1, the three intake valves I are coupled to the intake manifold, with a compressed air valve A being coupled to the pressurized air manifold. At the center of the cylinder head where normally a fuel injector would be

located, is a hydraulic pump, an exemplary embodiment of which will be subsequently described. The intake manifold is coupled to an exhaust powered turbocharger T which drives an air compressor C through an optional intercooler to provide supercharged air to the intake manifold.

The combustion cylinders at the right of Figure 1 each have one air valve A for controllably receiving pressurized air from the pressurized air manifold, as well as two exhaust valves E for exhausting products of the combustion to the exhaust manifold. Each combustion cylinder also has a further valve G for receiving a gaseous fuel, and a liquid fuel injector L for injecting a liquid fuel when used. The valve G can be used as an air intake valve by simply separately shutting off the gas supply through an additional electronically controlled valve (not shown) . Finally, in the embodiment shown, each cylinder includes a sensor, typically a pressure sensor, represented by the small circle with an arrow therein to provide information regarding the operation of the engine to a controller (not shown) that controls the engine. Also the intake manifold, the exhaust manifold and the pressurized air manifold each contain a sensor, so that the entire engine is instrumented in this embodiment for full control of all aspects of the engine operation by the

controller .

Finally, it is essential that the operation of the various valves I, A, E and G, as well as the liquid fuel injector L, be electronically controlled so that a controller can control the operation of these various components, particularly the timing thereof, for proper operation of the engine, such as previously described.

Now referring to Figures 2a through 2c, operation using both a gaseous fuel and a liquid fuel in the same combustion cycle is illustrated. In these Figures, the combustion cycle begins with an intake stroke with the valve G opening (10) and at the same time a separate gaseous fuel valve F _g0 is opened, after which the gas valve F _g is closed, with any gaseous fuel left in the gaseous fuel manifold (Figure 1) being removed from that manifold and ingested into the engine until the valve G is closed (I _gC ) · Otherwise the compression and ignition proceeds with ignition occurring either based on the gaseous fuel that is in the combustion chamber or by ignition of the gaseous fuel as prompted by the ignition of a very small pilot liquid fuel pulse, with subsequent liquid fuel pulses being carried out as shown. In that regard, in an experimental engine, eight fuel pulses have been used, though lesser or even a greater quantity could be used if desired. Further, of course, while Figure 2a shows the pressure being substantially uniform during the pulsed injections, this is approximate only, as the pressure during these various injections might vary upward or downward, or both, and of course the amount of fuel injected for each pulse and the timing between pulses can also be varied, all of these various parameters being under control of the controller. For the operation of the combustion cylinder as shown in Figure 2a, two 2-stroke compression cycles may be used in the compression cylinders as illustrated in Figure 2b to add additional (pressurized) air to the combustion

cylinders at the beginning of the compression stroke of the combustion cylinders to increase the effective compression ratio of the combustion cylinders to assure compression ignition, with the compression ignition occurring at or near the top dead center piston position by cycle to cycle

adjustments in valve timing made by the controller. Bursts of power may be provided with compression being dispensed with for a short period of time, with the engine operating on pressurized air maintained in the air tank. In that regard, pressurized air may be stored in the air tank essentially free when the engine is used to power a vehicle by storing high pressure air in the air tank when using the engine for a brake .

Now referring to Figures 3a through 3c, operation of the engine on a single or conceivably a mixture of gaseous fuels may be seen. In Figure 3a, the notation is the same as that used in Figure 2a, with compression and ignition occurring much like a conventional compression ignition engine, though with using the air from the pressurized manifold, which in turn is supplied by the 2-stroke compression cycles of Figure 3b. As before, the air from the compression cylinders effectively increases the compression ratio (and temperature attained) to assure self ignition of gaseous fuels such as compressed natural gas (CNG) . Again, the engine may be operated on a temporary basis using air previously stored in the air tank (Figure 1) by dispensing with the compression cycles as shown in Figure 3c.

In Figure 4, the hydraulic pump P (see Figure 1) may be seen. The pump includes a pump piston 22 which is coupled to the top of the piston 24 in a respective compression cylinder and is controlled electronically through a double solenoid valve 26 receiving hydraulic fluid, preferably engine oil, through port 28 and delivering high pressure hydraulic fluid through ports 30. The pump piston 22 reciprocates with the respective compression cylinder piston 24 so as to act as a positive displacement pump. High pressure hydraulic fluid may be stored in a hydraulic accumulator (not shown) for use in valve and injector powering and for hydraulically powering any other device needing such hydraulic power, with any excess pumping capacity capability being reduced by

temporarily coupling the input port 28 to the output ports 30 through appropriate valving, with flow back from the

hydraulic accumulator being prevented by a check valve in that line. Such a hydraulic pump may be used to provide actuation fluid to the hydraulically actuated valves and liquid fuel injectors L, and depending on the size of the hydraulic accumulator, the double solenoid valve 26 may be operated in an opposite sense with pressure from the

hydraulic accumulator being used to push the respective piston 22 down at the appropriate time to recover energy from the hydraulic accumulator, again for short bursts of power. Such storage of hydraulic energy can again be free if done when using engine braking. In the descriptions herein it should be noted that valve actuation timing as illustrated in the various Figures is approximate and highly schematic only, and in fact, in any embodiment would be varied for such purposes as to maximize performance for power or efficiency, or even maximum engine braking, depending upon the needs of the engine output at any particular time. Further, particularly while operating on a fuel that is difficult to obtain compression ignition, additional compression cycles for each corresponding

combustion cycle may be used to obtain higher compression temperatures, or alternatively, intake air could be heated with exhaust heat to obtain the required precompression temperature to reach ignition temperatures by the end of a compression stroke in the respective combustion cylinder. The actual temperatures achieved can be accurately controlled by the controller since the controller has full control over valve openings and closings, which allows the controller to increase or decrease (within reasonable limits) the amount of air, and thus its pressure and temperature, coupled to the respective combustion cylinder so that ignition is achieved either at or near top dead center, or at least if a liquid fuel is being used, at the time of initial injection of the liquid fuel. While particularly for gaseous fuels that are premixed in the combustion chamber prior to ignition, it is important that the timing of compression ignition be

carefully controlled so that the compression ignition occurs, but not before the piston in the respective combustion cylinder nearly reaches or just passes its top dead center position. However it should also be noted that the timing of ignition in terms of crankshaft angle can be sensed by the respective sensor or otherwise and iterative adjustments made in the operating parameters of the engine to maintain

compression ignition at the proper time in spite of changes in conditions, such as in engine temperatures or

environmental conditions.

Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of another

embodiment of an engine which incorporates the present invention. As shown therein, the exemplary engine is a four cylinder engine, though may have more or fewer cylinders, as desired, as the configuration of each cylinder is the same. In particular, as shown in Figure 1, each cylinder has a pair of intake valves I, a pair of exhaust valves E, and a diesel injector D. The intake valves I are coupled to an Intake Manifold which also includes a compressed natural gas (CNG) injector G, which might comprise a single injector for each pair of intake valves I, or alternatively, which might be used in duplicate for each cylinder with each natural gas injector serving an individual intake valve, by way of example. Also included is a conventional Exhaust Manifold. An optional turbocharger is also shown. Thus, in embodiments in accordance with Figure 5, a premix of natural gas and air may be provided to the engine, and/or diesel fuel may be injected at the appropriate time during the operation of the engine. Alternatively, the gaseous fuel injector may be disposed to directly inject the gaseous fuel into the

combustion chamber, much like the liquid fuel injector, as illustrated in Figure 6. In this embodiment, when operating using both the liquid fuel and the gaseous fuel in the same combustion event, either or both fuels simultaneously may be used to initiate compression ignition, and either or both fuels may be used at various stages of the combustion event. When operated on only one of the fuels, the operating cycle basically replicates that of a conventional diesel engine (preferably with pulsing of the liquid fuel) . The various valves and injectors of the engine of Figure 5, as hereinbefore discussed, are also identified in Figure 7, and defines the nomenclature used in Figure 8 for the condition of the various valves and P for pulsing.

An exemplary operating cycle for an engine in accordance with Figure 5 may be seen in Figure 8. This Figure, like Figure 5, is also quite schematic, though is illustrative of the concepts of the present invention. In particular, when the piston is at or near top dead center Tl, the intake valve is opened (10), and sometime before the piston reaches the bottom dead center position Bl or even at the top dead center position Tl, the CNG injector is activated or opened (GO) and then later, before or when the piston reaches the bottom dead center position Bl, the CNG injector is shut off or closed (GC) to provide thoroughly mixed CNG and air in the

respective cylinder. Then at the bottom dead center position Bl, the intake valve is closed (IC) and compression occurs with compression ignition of the CNG air mixture occurring approximately at the top dead center position T2. In an actual operating engine, it has been found that the desired compression ignition of CNG has been reliably achieved with a compression ratio of approximately 22:1, not much above the compression ratio of conventional diesel engines. Of course, the time of compression ignition may be adjusted, by way of example, by controlling the time that the intake valve is closed (IC) during the intake stroke. Since all of the valves, including the diesel injector and CNG injector, are electronically controlled, adjustments can be made in the intake valve timing to advance or retract the occurrence of compression ignition, as required, to obtain compression ignition at or near the top dead center position T2. For idling or light loads on the engine, operation on CNG only is highly practical. The combustion process just described is generally referred to as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and can be used up to a certain proportion of CNG, above which temperatures may exceed the temperature above which NO _x is created. Thus for higher power outputs of the engine, in the embodiment being described, diesel fuel is injected later during the combustion (power) stroke while combustion chamber pressure and temperature are still relatively high, and of course, combustion chamber temperature is above the diesel ignition temperatures to supplement the power output of the respective cylinder.

It will be noted in Figure 8 that the diesel injector is pulsed (DP) , the pulsing starting some crankshaft angle past the top dead center position. This is intentional, and improves the engine performance. In particular, the pressure energy conversion to mechanical energy is substantially zero at or very near top dead center, as there is a significant crankshaft angle at and near the top dead center position for which the piston position changes very little. To the extent the pressure remains until the piston is moving more, that energy will be more efficiently recovered. However heat transfer to the combustion chamber walls and increases in friction due to the very high loads on the piston and

crankshaft cause a substantial loss of energy at and around the top dead center piston position after ignition.

Consequently in accordance with the present invention, the start of the diesel injection is delayed until there is a more favorable crankshaft angle for conversion of pressure energy to mechanical energy. The timing of the start of the pulsed injections will vary with engine operating conditions, such as load, etc., but can be adjusted cycle to cycle to operate at the most efficient or most power output, or even somewhere between these two conditions depending on the engine operating requirements.

With respect to the pulsing of the diesel injector, it has been found that a boundary layer tends to build up around the injected fuel, which boundary layer will contain a stoichiometric or near stoichiometric fuel/air ratio that on ignition can very locally reach NO _x generating temperatures. By pulsing the injections, each pulse of fuel initiates its own boundary layer, rather than building on the boundary layer of the previously injected fuel. This results in much reduced boundary layer thicknesses, allowing better

conduction of heat generated in the stoichiometric or near stoichiometric fuel/air ratio region of the boundary layer to be conducted either to the cooler fuel rich regions of the fuel spray or the adjacent cooler combustion chamber

contents. Accordingly the pulsing is ideal for maintaining the desired combustion chamber temperatures and pressures, and does so throughout a larger crankshaft angle for better conversion of the energy in the combustion chamber contents to mechanical energy, while at the same time substantially eliminating the generation of any NO _x , whether by overall or local combustion chamber temperatures, while more completely using the available oxygen in the combustion chamber. In operating engines, 8 to 12 pulses per combustion cycle have been used.

After the pulsing of the diesel injector ceases, the remainder of the combustion stroke or power stroke

(combustion event) will be conventional, with the exhaust valve opening (EO) at or near the bottom dead center position B2 and closing at the top dead center position T3, which is the top dead center position Tl for the next cycle, at which the intake valve opens (10) . As schematically shown in Figure 8, the pulsing of the diesel injectors begins at sometime after ignition when the spike in combustion chamber pressure and temperature has peaked and started to decline. The duration of each pulse and the repetition rate of the pulses may vary with engine operating conditions, even within each pulse sequence. Also while the pulsing of the injection is illustrated as

maintaining combustion chamber pressure during the pulsing, this is schematic only, as the pressure may decrease (or conceivably increase) during the pulsing. The start of pulsing will vary with engine operating conditions, and may extend out to crankshaft angles wherein the connecting rod and crank arm are at ninety degrees to each other, or even beyond .

In Figure 8, the pulsing of the injector is illustrated as starting at a temperature just below the temperature at which self ignition of the CNG occurs. Again this is schematic only, but is an option when using diesel fuel because of its relatively low self ignition temperature compared to CNG. However it should be recognized that the present invention is not limited to the use of what is commonly referred to a diesel fuel as the liquid fuel, as substantially any liquid fuel may be used as desired. Thus any liquid fuel may be used in place of diesel fuel in the foregoing description. If the liquid fuel should happen to have a self ignition temperature above the self ignition temperature of CNG, then the injection (pulsed or not) should start before the combustion chamber temperature decreases to the liquid fuel's self ignition temperature. One such liquid fuel is ammonia (NH ₃ ) , which has a self ignition temperature well above the self ignition temperature of CNG. If ammonia is used as the liquid fuel, its injection would start sometime between the peak temperature and pressure caused by the self ignition of the CNG, and the self ignition temperature of the ammonia. In the case of using a fuel like diesel that exhibits a time delay before self igniting due to the time delay of the injected fuel reaching the self

ignition temperature or other causes, the first pulse may be provided as a pilot injection, with the next train of pulses following after the appropriate time delay.

In many applications, such as transportation, a

vehicle's engine is frequently operating at a low load or at idle, in which case the HCCI operation using low cost CNG only will provide adequate power without any use of the liquid fuel injection. At the other end of the spectrum, the limited vehicle range caused by relative low energy content of CNG on a volumetric basis is countered using the present invention by operating the engine as a conventional diesel engine with no CNG use when required, as the achievable compression ratios attainable in the engines used with the present invention are well above the self ignition

temperatures of diesel fuel, including biodiesel fuels.

Normal operation at substantial loads would use both for ignition and diesel for power enhancement.

Thus the limited range of CNG powered vehicles may be extended to the range of an engine operating on diesel fuel. Also of course, one may use less than the maximum CNG

possible before initiating the use of the liquid fuel, so long as the temperature existing in the combustion chamber is high enough to ignite the liquid fuel when first introduced. For cold starting of engines in accordance with the present invention, one could preheat the intake air for compression ignition of the CNG if required, or start the engine on diesel fuel using a standard diesel cycle, and then switch to CNG as the fuel for compression ignition. The engines themselves could also be free piston engines, such as those of U.S. Patent No. 8,596,230.

In embodiments of the present invention, any pilot injection of the liquid fuel such as diesel or biodiesel fuel may be at or near the top dead center position of the piston as described, or may be at any time during the compression stroke of the piston of the combustion cylinder, or even during the intake stroke of that piston. Such a pilot injection provides a very lean premix of liquid fuel and air at least during the latter portion of the compression stroke of the combustion cylinder that will ignite before the piston reaches top dead center. This, together with the remaining part of the compression stroke, will provide adequate

combustion cylinder temperature to ignite substantially any gaseous fuel that is injected at or after the top dead center piston position is reached. While such pre-ignition during the compression stroke increases the mechanical energy required to complete the compression stroke, the additional energy is substantially less than that that would have been required to compress intake air from a relatively low

pressure and temperature to a temperature corresponding to that achieved by such a pilot injection.

Now referring to Figure 9, a block diagram of an

exemplary controller for the engines of the present invention may be seen. The controller may receive a power setting input, as well as inputs regarding environmental and engine operating conditions (temperatures, pressures, engine RPM, etc.) and combustion chamber pressure signals, and typically together with various lookup tables within the controller, provide controls for the engine (and air) valves, the

injectors and the gas valves. The controller may be

programmed to make corrections in compression ratios, fuel injections, etc. to provide the power commanded by the power setting, to provide the compression ignition at the desired time, to provide a balance between cylinders and to provide the most efficient engine operation when possible, and to provide maximum power when required.

Thus the present invention has a number of aspects, which aspects may be practiced alone or in various

combinations or sub-combinations, as desired. While certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed and described herein for purposes of illustration and not for purposes of limitation, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.