CROSS-REFERENCE

[01] This application claims the benefits of the U.S. Application No. 15/621 ,424, filed June 13, 2017, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[02] Intermodal containers are commonly used when shipping goods domestically and/or internationally. Such containers can be loaded onto cargo ships for transport across oceans or other bodies of water. For land transport, these containers can be placed onto a trailer and then hauled overland by truck. Such containers can also be loaded onto railroad flatcars for transport.

[03] Shipping containers can be loaded with boxes, crates, drums, reinforced bags, plastic wrapped bundles, cased goods, metal coils, specialty heavy paper rolls, plastic or metal containers mounted on pallets, and/or numerous other forms of cargo. Maritime and surface transportation regulations require that such loads be restrained from lateral shifting. In particular, a shipping container may experience significant movement as the container is carried by ocean vessel or by other conveyance. If cargo within the intermodal container is not restrained, it may shift and collide with a container wall or container doors. Because the mass of cargo in a container can be significant, such shifting and/or collisions can have catastrophic consequences for transport workers and for the public at large. For example, shifting cargo can be damaged when colliding with a container wall and/or be crushed by other shifting cargo. Damaged cargo can lead to release of product, which product may be toxic or otherwise be hazardous. As another example, shifting cargo might change the center of gravity of the shipping container itself and thereby cause significant problems for the ship, truck or other vehicle carrying the container.

[04] Load restraint strips can be used to secure cargo within a shipping container. Each strip may be flexible and have an adhesive coated end that is pressed into contact with an interior side wall of the container. The other ends of the strips may then be wrapped around cargo and tightened. The wrapped ends may be tightened using a tool and method such as are described in U.S. patent no. 6,981 ,827, which patent is incorporated by reference herein. A third adhesive-backed strip may then be applied over the tightened ends to secure those ends together. This procedure may be repeated numerous times inside a single shipping container.

[05] There are various known types of restraining strips. Such strips typically include a backing and some form of reinforcement. Examples of known strips are described in one or more of U.S. patent nos. 6,089,802, 6,227,779, 6,607,337, 6,896,459, 6,923,609, 7,01 8, 151 , 7,066,698, 7,290,969, 7,329,074, 8, 1 13,752, 8,128,324, 8,403,607, 8,403,608, 8,403,609, 8,408,852, 8,419,329, 8,979,449, and 9,090,194.

SUMMARY

[06] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the invention.

[07] In some embodiments, a load restraint strip may be configured for use in securing cargo within an inter-modal container or within another type of cargo container. The load restraint strip may have a base layer that comprises a stitchbond fabric. A separate reinforcement layer may comprise reinforcing strands or other type of material to increase tensile strength. An adhesive layer may be configured for attachment to a container wall and may include a release paper liner that may be peeled away prior to such attachment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[08] Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements.

[09] FIG. 1 A is partially schematic plan view showing an interior face of a load restraint strip according to at least some embodiments.

[10] FIG. 1 B is partially schematic plan view showing an exterior face of the load restraint strip of FIG. 1 A.

[1 1] FIG. 1 C is a partially schematic plan view showing the exterior face of the load restraint strip of FIG. 1 A after removal of a release paper liner.

[12] FIG. 2 is a partially schematic area cross-sectional view taken from the location indicated in FIG. 1 B.

[13] FIG. 3 is an enlargement of a part of a partially schematic area cross- sectional view from the location indicated in FIG. 2.

[14] FIG. 4 is a partially schematic area cross-sectional view taken from the location indicated in FIG. 1 B.

[15] FIG. 5 is an enlargement of a part of a partially schematic area cross- sectional view from the location indicated in FIG. 4.

[16] FIG. 6 is a partially schematic area cross-sectional view taken from the location indicated in FIG. 1 C.

[17] FIG. 7 is an enlargement of a part of a partially schematic area cross- sectional view from the location indicated in FIG. 6.

[18] FIG. 8A through 8E show use of load restraint strips according to some embodiments. [19] FIGS. 9A and 9B are rear views of cargo containers in which load restraint strips lacking stitchbond fabric base layers have been wrapped around cargo.

[20] FIGS. 9C and 9D are rear views of cargo containers in which load restraint strips having stitchbond fabric base layers have been wrapped around cargo.

[21] FIG. 10 shows a load restraint strip according to some embodiments after affixation of an attachment region of that strip to a container wall.

[22] FIG. 1 1 is a block diagram showing steps in a method according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[23] As described in more detail herein, novel load restraint strips according to at least some embodiments include a backing layer that is formed from a stitchbond fabric. Load restraint strips incorporating a stitchbond fabric backing can offer advantages over previously-known load restraint strips. For example, a stitchbond fabric backing can be used to stiffen the load restraint strip. In some embodiments, and as compared to previously-known load restraint strips, this can provide a load restraint strip which is more likely to remain in a desired orientation during installation. For example, during installation of load restraint strips according to some embodiments, an installer may grip tails of two load restraint strips in a single location in preparation for use of a tightening tool. While gripping those two tails in that single location, unsecured portions of those tails are less likely to move out of position before the installer can place a tightening tool onto the tails.

[24] Although stitchbond fabric backing can make a load restraint strip stiffer, such material does not appreciably affect the tensile strength or tensile elastic modulus of the strip relative to strips using other types of backing material that might also increase strip stiffness. For example, certain types of cross-weave materials can be used as a backing or reinforcement layer in a load restraint strip. Such cross-weave materials may tend to stiffen a load restraint strip. Yet they also tend to significantly increase the tensile strength a load restraint strip. Surprisingly, this is not always desirable.

[25] In particular, and although it is somewhat counterintuitive, a load restraint strip can become less effective if tensile strength is increased too much. This is believed to be the result of a loss in tensile elasticity that normally accompanies a tensile strength increase. If a strip is insufficiently elastic, the adhesive attaching the strip to a container wall may pop off in response to a high G load. By using stitchbond fabric as a backing material and different type of material to provide tensile reinforcement, the tensile strength and tensile elasticity of a load restraint strip and the stiffness of the load restraint strip can be separately controlled.

[26] FIG. 1 A is partially schematic plan view showing an interior face 151 of a load restraint strip 1 00 according to at least some embodiments. FIG. 1 B is partially schematic plan view showing an exterior face 150 of load restraint strip 100. An exterior face of a load restraint strip is the face of the strip that includes the adhesive that contacts a container wall when the strip is attached to that wall. In general, and except for portions in an end of the strip that is wound with the end of another strip during tightening, the exterior face of a load restraint strip faces away from cargo when the strip is installed. An exterior face or side of an element of a load restraint strip is a side or face of that element that, when the strip is laid flat (as in FIGS. 1 A- 1 C), faces the same direction as the adhesive. An interior face of a load restraint strip is the face opposite the exterior face and that, except for portions in an end of the strip that is wound with the end of another strip during tightening, generally faces toward cargo when the strip is installed. An interior face or side of an element of a load restraint strip is a side or face of that element that, when the strip is laid flat, faces the same direction as the strip interior face.

[27] Wave-shaped notations are added to FIGS. 1 A through 1 C to schematically indicate portions of strip 100 have been omitted from the figures for convenience, but that are present in an actual strip. The notations do not represent actual interruptions in the structure of strip 100. Instead, each of the notations represents a portion of strip 100 that extends continuously and unbroken over an arbitrary length and that has structure identical to structure in the regions immediately adjacent to the notation.

[28] Also visible in FIG. 1 A is a band 1 15 of stitchbond fabric that forms a base layer of strip 1 00. As explained in more detail below, the stitchbond fabric of band 1 15 may comprise a non-woven mat through which knitted yarns penetrate. For convenience, a relatively coarse grid is used to schematically represent the stitchbond fabric of band 1 15 in FIG. 1 A. Although the material of band 1 15 may, in some embodiments, have a grid-like pattern formed therein, in actuality that grid may be substantially finer than is suggested by FIG. 1 A.

[29] As indicated in FIG. 1 A, strip 100 has a working portion 131 . In the embodiment of strip 100, working portion 131 extends the entire length of strip 100 from a first strip end 103 to a second strip end 104. In other embodiments, however, the working portion of a load restraint strip may be less than the entire length of that strip.

[30] In some embodiments, multiple strips 100 may be joined together and wound on a roll. Lines of perforations may separate ends 1 04 and 1 03 of adjacent strips strip 100 on that roll. Strips 100 can be removed from the roll by tearing or cutting along the lines of perforations.

[31] FIG. 1 B shows exterior face 150 of load restraint strip 1 00 in a lined configuration. In particular, and as explained in further detail below, a release paper liner 101 is attached to cover an adhesive layer in an attachment region 132. FIG. 1 C is another partially schematic plan view showing an exterior face 150, but with release paper liner 1 01 removed to expose adhesive layer 106. Once exposed by removal of liner 101 , adhesive layer 1 06 can be pressed against an interior wall of a cargo container so as to secure attachment region 1 32 of strip 100 to that container wall. A tail 133 of strip 100 can then extend away from attachment region 132. That tail 133 may, after securing of attachment region 132, initially extend along the container wall. As described in more detail below, tail 133 may subsequently be wrapped around cargo and then tightened with, and secured to, a tail of another strip.

[32] In the embodiment of strip 100, adhesive layer 106 extends throughout attachment region 1 32. A first end 107 of adhesive layer 106 and of attachment region 132 is aligned with first end 103 of strip 100 and of working portion 131 . A second end 108 of adhesive layer 106 and of attachment region 132 is located between first end 103 and second end 1 04 of strip 100 and of working portion 131 . As indicated in FIG. 1 C, working portion 131 has a length Lw and a width Ww. Attachment region 132 has a length LA and width WA, with WA = Ww in the embodiment of strip 100. In some embodiments, Lw is between 9 and 14 feet (e.g., 12 feet), LA is between 2 and 6 feet (e.g., 5 feet) and Ww is between 10 and 20 inches (e.g., 16 inches). In some embodiments, Lw is between 9 and 14 feet (e.g., 12 feet) and LA is between 2 and 6 feet (e.g., 5 feet), but Ww may be substantially wider and between 24 and 50 inches (e.g., 32 inches, 36 inches, or 40 inches). In some embodiments WA may be less than Ww.

[33] As seen in FIGS. 1 B and 1 C, and as discussed more fully below, strip 100 includes a plurality of reinforcing strands 1 1 1 in a reinforcement layer 1 10. Strands 1 1 1 are indicated as black lines on exterior face 150. To avoid obscuring FIGS. 1 B and 1 C with unnecessary detail, the number of black lines is significantly less than the number of reinforcing strands that may be present in an actual strip 100. Moreover, strands 1 1 1 could be white, off-white or otherwise lightly colored, translucent or transparent. In some embodiments, and as shown in FIGS. 1 B and 1 C, reinforcement strands only extend in a direction parallel to the length Lw of load restraint strip 100.

[34] FIG. 2 is a partially schematic area cross-sectional view of strip 100 taken from the location indicated in FIG. 1 B. FIG. 3 is an enlargement of a part of that partially schematic area cross-sectional view from the location indicated in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 shows elements of attachment region 132 when load restraint strip 100 is in a lined configuration, i.e., with release paper liner 101 in place. In addition to adhesive layer 106 and reinforcement layer 1 1 0, strip 100 includes a base layer 1 14. Reinforcement layer 1 10 and base layer 1 14 extend throughout the entire length of working portion 131 of strip 100, whereas attachment layer 106 is confined to attachment region 132.

[35] Base layer 1 14 is formed by band 1 15 of stitchbond fabric. As is known in the textile arts, stitchbond fabric is created by mechanically bonding nonwoven material with stitches. Stitchbond fabric is also known as "stitch bond," "stich-bond," "stitchbonded," "stitch bonded," and "stitch-bonded" fabric. Although stitchbond fabric is created through a process that may be called stitchbonding (or "stitch bonding," etc.), a stitchbond fabric has a particular type of fabric structure that is distinct from fabric structures formed by other processes. In particular, a stitchbond fabric is a hybrid material in which a nonwoven fiber substrate material is reinforced and structurally defined by knitting stitches that penetrate that substrate. In some types of stitchbond fabric, the substrate may be a mat or web of nonwoven fibers, and the stitching may be separate yarns that penetrate that substrate, with those yarns knitted to create a pattern of nonwoven regions separated by stitching yarns. In other types of stitchbond fabric, the stitching may be created by fibers taken from the nonwoven mat.

[36] There are numerous types of stitchbond fabrics. A Maliwatt stitchbond fabric comprises a mat of nonwoven batting that is knitted together by a stitching yarn that penetrates the batting. A Malivlies stitchbond fabric is similar to Maliwatt, but a separate stitching yarn is not used. Instead, fibers taken from the batting are used to form stitches in the batting. Other types of stitchbond fabrics include, without limitation, Kunit, Multiknit, Malipol, Voltex, and Malimo fabrics.

[37] As represented schematically in FIG. 3, band 1 15 comprises a mat 181 of nonwoven fiber batting. Knitting yarn lengths 182 penetrate mat 181 and form stitches 1 83. For simplicity, the stitches 183 in panel 1 15 are represented in FIGS. 3, 5, and 7 as portions of two different yarn lengths lying adjacent one another. However, those stitches would also include loops of those yarn lengths mechanically linking those yarn lengths to each other. Various types of stitches may be used, and the density and arrangement of stitches may vary in different embodiments. In some embodiments, the material of band 1 15 may be a Maliwatt fabric formed from a mat of carded 1 .5 denier per fiber polyester fibers and having stitching yarns running in a machine direction, with the fabric having a basis weight of between 65 grams per square meter (gsm) and 300 gsm. Table 1 lists properties of one type of stitchbond fabric that may be used, in some embodiments, for the material of band 1 15.

TABLE 1 - Exemplary Stitchbond Fabric Properties

Property Example Value

basis weight (in ounces/yard ² ) 4.6

thickness (mils) 25

grab tensile strength, 82

machine direction (lbs)

grab tensile strength, 80

cross direction (lbs)

elongation, 16

machine direction (%)

elongation, 8

cross direction (%)

modulus (lbs) 64

[38] The basis weight in Table 1 represents measurements according to the method described by ASTM standard D3776. The thickness in Table 1 represents measurements according to the method described by ASTM standard D1777. The grab tensile strengths in Table 1 represents measurements according to the method described by ASTM standard D5034. In some embodiments, a stitchbond fabric used as the material of band 1 1 5 may have values for one or more of the properties in Table 1 that are approximately as shown in Table 1 , e.g., within a range of +/- 5% of a value shown in Table 1 . For example, a stitchbond fabric used as the material of band 1 15 in some embodiments may have a basis weight of between 4.4 ounces/yard ² and 4.8 ounces/yard ² , and/or a thickness of between 24 mils and 26 mils, and/or a machine direction grab tensile strength of between 78 lbs and 86 lbs, and/or a cross direction grab tensile strength of between 76 lbs and 84 lbs, and/or a machine direction elongation of between 15% and 17%, and/or a cross direction elongation of between 7.6% and 8.4%, and/or a modulus of between 61 lbs and 67 lbs.

[39] In some embodiments, a stitchbond fabric used as the material of band 1 15 may comprise one or more agents that have been applied to the fabric by immersion or other technique. In some embodiments, a stitchbond fabric may comprise an adhesive primer agent. In some embodiments, a stitchbond fabric may comprise a static reduction agent. In some embodiments, a stitchbond fabric may comprise a sizing agent such as starch. In some embodiments, a stitchbond fabric may include a combination of some or all of these agents.

[40] Reinforcement layer 1 10 is fixed relative to base layer 1 14. In particular, reinforcement strands 1 1 1 are bonded to an exterior side of band 1 15 by a laminating adhesive 1 18. In the embodiment of strip 100, strands 1 1 1 are parallel to one another and to the length Lw direction of working portion 131 , and there are no strands 1 1 1 oriented in other directions. In some embodiments, each of strands 1 1 1 comprises one or more polymer fibers and has a denier (i.e., a linear mass density in grams per 9000 meters) of between about 1400 and about 1650. In some embodiments, strands 1 1 1 may have a denier between about 1450 and about 1600. In certain embodiments, the denier of strands 1 1 1 may be between about 1479 and about 1547, with target denier of about 1513. In some embodiments, reinforcement layer 1 10 includes between about 100 reinforcing strands 1 1 1 and about 320 reinforcing strands 1 1 1 in a load restraint strip having a width Ww of 16 inches, resulting in a strand distribution density (in a direction across width Ww and perpendicular to length Lw) of between 6.25 and 20 strands per inch. In some embodiments, a load restraint strip (regardless of width Ww) may have a strand distribution density (in a direction across width Ww and perpendicular to length Lw) of between 5 and 25 strands per inch. Exemplary materials for strands 1 1 1 include polyester. Table 2 shows exemplary properties for polyester strands 1 1 1 in some embodiments.

TABLE 2 - Exemplary Polyester Strand Properties

Property Target Min. Max.

Value Value

liner density (denier, i.e. g/9000 1513 1479

m)

break load (pounds) 26.6 24.6 28.7

elongation at break (%) 10.3 8.8 1 1 .8

elongation at 1 0 lb. load (%) 3.4 2.9 3.9

shrinkage, free (%) 8.4 4.8 12.0

[41] The ranges in Table 2 are solely for purposes of example. Embodiments include load restraint strips in which reinforcing strands have one or more properties significantly outside a range indicated in Table 2. Embodiments also include load restraint strips in which a reinforcement layer comprises reinforcement strands formed from glass, polypropylene, carbon, or some other material. In at least some embodiments, reinforcing layer 1 10 has a greater tensile strength, in a direction parallel to length Lw, than backing layer 1 14.

[42] In at least some embodiments, laminating adhesive 1 18 is a transparent ethylene vinyl acetate water based copolymer adhesive having a viscosity between about 2900 centipoise (cps) and about 3200 cps. Embodiments include load restraint strips in which a laminating adhesive has a viscosity significantly outside this range and/or comprises a different type of adhesive. As indicated above, adhesive 1 18 is used to bond reinforcing fibers 1 1 1 to an exterior side of band 1 15. In some other embodiments, reinforcing fibers may also or alternatively be bonded to an interior side of a base layer material. [43] Adhesive layer 106 is fixed relative to reinforcement layer 1 10 and relative to base layer 1 14. Unlike reinforcement layer 1 10 and base layer 1 14, however, and as seen in FIG. 1 C, adhesive layer 106 is confined to attachment portion 132. In the embodiment of load restraint strip 100, adhesive layer 1 06 comprises a first adhesive sublayer 121 , a second adhesive sublayer 1 19 and a substrate sublayer 120. Substrate sublayer 120 at least partially separates adhesive sublayers 121 and 1 19. In some embodiments, however, substrate 1 20 may include holes or other perforations permitting direct contact between adhesive sublayers 121 and 1 1 9 in certain regions. Release paper liner 101 is affixed to the exterior side of adhesive sublayer 121 when strip 100 is in a lined configuration. Liner 1 01 can be formed from, e.g., a paper product that is treated to resist the adhesive of layer 1 21 . Such products include paper that has been coated or otherwise impregnated with wax, silicone or other non-stick material.

[44] In at least some embodiments, adhesive sublayers 1 21 and 1 19 contain the same type of adhesive. In at least some such embodiments, adhesive sublayers 121 and 1 1 9 contain an acrylic adhesive having a shear strength of between about 50 psi and about 1 00 psi. Embodiments include load restraint strips in which an adhesive layer adhesive has properties significantly outside this range and/or comprises a different type of adhesive. In some embodiments adhesive layer 106 has a thickness of approximately 3 mils (with 1 mil = .001 inch), although embodiments include load restraint strips with adhesive layers having a substantially different thickness.

[45] Substrate sublayer 120 may comprise a film of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or other polymer and may have a thickness of between about 0.5 mils and about 1 .0 mils. When a substrate sublayer is present, it may make little or no contribution to the load restraining strength of strip 100 and may simply serve as a carrier for adhesive sublayers 1 21 and 1 19. In particular, adhesive layer 1 06 may initially take the form of a double-sided adhesive tape having substrate sublayer 1 20 sandwiched by adhesive sublayers 1 19 and 121 . Liner 1 01 may be attached to one side of that tape. A portion of that double sided tape can be cut from a larger roll and applied to a portion of a partially-completed strip 1 00 during the manufacturing process. A substrate sublayer may not be present in some embodiments. In some such embodiments lacking an adhesive layer substrate, a layer of acrylic adhesive substantially similar to sublayer 121 can be applied to a partially-completed strip 100 using transfer tape.

[46] In other embodiments, sublayers 121 and 1 19 may comprise different types of adhesives. As explained in more detail below, adhesive sublayer 121 is adhered to a shipping container wall when strip 100 is installed. Many applications require that the adhesive bond between sublayer 121 and a container wall be nonpermanent. When a container reaches its destination and strip 100 is removed, it is desirable that little or no adhesive residue remain on the container wall. For this and other reasons, it is often desirable for sublayer 121 to be a high shear strength pressure- sensitive acrylic adhesive that can accommodate a large temperature gradient. Because adhesive sublayer 1 19 does not contact a container wall, however, adhesive residue is not a concern for this layer. Accordingly, sublayer 1 19 can comprise other types of adhesives having different properties than the adhesive used for sublayer 121 . For example, the adhesive of sublayer 1 19 could be selected to have higher shear and peel strengths than the adhesive of sublayer 1 21 so as to ensure that substrate sublayer 120 does not separate from strip 100 when strip 100 is removed from a container wall. In some such embodiments, the sublayer 1 1 9 adhesive could be a rubber based type of adhesive or could be an acrylic adhesive with a different formulation than the adhesive of sublayer 121 .

[47] FIG. 4 is another partially schematic area cross-sectional view of strip 100 taken from another location indicated in FIG. 1 B. FIG. 5 is an enlargement of a part of that partially schematic area cross-sectional view from the location indicated in FIG. 4. As seen in FIG. 5, the structure of strip 100 in tail 133 is similar to the structure within region 132, but with adhesive layer 1 06 and liner 101 absent. [48] FIG. 6 is a partially schematic area cross-sectional view of strip 100 taken from the location indicated in FIG. 1 C. FIG. 7 is an enlargement of a part of that partially schematic area cross-sectional view from the location indicated in FIG. 6. FIG. 7 is similar to FIG. 3, but shows the structure in attachment region 132 after liner 101 has been peeled away. In at least some embodiments, multiple strips 100 in a lined condition are connected end to end and wound into a roll. Individual strips may be unwound from the roll and separated (e.g., along perforations between strips). The release paper liner may then be removed prior to attachment of the attachment region to a container wall.

[49] FIGS. 8A through 8E show use of load restraint strips according to some embodiments. To avoid confusing these figures with unnecessary detail, the grid representing band 1 15 (see FIG. 1 A) and the lines representing strands 1 1 1 (see FIGS. 1 B and 1 C) are omitted in FIGS. 8A through 8E, 9C, 9D, and 10. FIG. 8A shows a shipping container 200 in which portions of a top 201 and right side wall 202 have been cut away. Also shown in FIG. 8A are a first load restraint strip 1 00(1 ) and a second load restraint strip 100(2). Each of strips 100(1 ) and 100(2) has a structure similar to that of strip 100 described above in connection with FIGS. 1 A-7. Strips 100(1 ) and 1 00(2) have widths Ww (e.g., 36 inches or more) that are wider than widths of previously-known load restraint strips.

[50] Strip 1 00(1 ) has been attached to an inner surface of left side wall 203 of container 200. In particular, a release paper liner similar to liner 100 (FIGS. 1 B and 3) has been removed from attachment region 132(1 ) to expose an adhesive layer similar to adhesive layer 106 (FIGS. 1 C and 7). That adhesive layer was then pressed against the inside of wall 203 so as to conform and adhere to the corrugated inner surface of wall 203. In a similar manner, strip a release paper liner of strip 100(2) was removed to expose adhesive layer 106(2). Adhesive layer 106(2) was then pressed against the inside of wall 202 so as to conform and adhere to the corrugated inner surface of wall 202. Although adhered attachment region 132(2) of strip 1 00(2) is shown in FIGS. 8A through 8E, the adhered-to inner surface of wall 202 is omitted.

[51] Also visible in FIG. 8A are tails 133(1 ) and 133(2) of strips 100(1 ) and 100(2). Because of the stitchbond fabric of the backing layers in strips 100(1 ) and 1 00(2), tails 1 33(1 ) and 133(2) sag much less than would be the case if conventional backing materials has been used. In at least some embodiments, and as seen in FIG. 8A, tails of load restraint strips may be sufficiently stiff so as to extend in a cantilevered fashion from attachment regions after those attachment regions are affixed to container walls, and prior to wrapping and securing of those tails to one another. This simplifies handling by personnel installing strips 100(1 ) and 100(2). For example, and because tails 1 33(1 ) and 133(2) are stiffer, it is easier for a single worker to hold both tails when wrapping those portions around cargo and when affixing a tightening tool.

[52] This simplified handling also facilitates use of restraint strips having larger widths Ww. In general, and for two load restraint strips that are otherwise of identical construction, a wider load restraint strip will have a greater cargo restraining capacity than a narrower load restraint strip. Using wider strips can potentially reduce the total number of strips needed, thereby reducing material and labor costs associated with securing cargo for shipment. However, wider strips can be more cumbersome to handle than narrower strips if conventional backing materials are used. When trying to affix a tightening tool, for example, it may be difficult for a single worker to keep tails of conventionally-backed strips aligned. If ungripped portions of those tails are easily moved, and as further discussed below, it may be more difficult to attach a tightening tool. Stiffer tails are more likely to remain in place while a worker attaches a tightening tool.

[53] FIG. 8B shows container 200 after cargo units 21 0 have been loaded. Subsequently, and as shown in FIG. 8C, tails 133(1 ) and 133(2) are wrapped around the rear of cargo units 210. As shown in FIG. 8D, a tightening tool 170 may then be placed over those tails. Tool 170 includes a pair of tines 171 that define a slot. Only one of tines 171 is visible in FIG. 8D. Tines 171 of tool 170 may be slid over the overlapped ends of tails 133(1 ) and 133(2) so as to hold those overlapped ends in the slot between tines 171 . As seen in FIG. 8D, tails 133(1 ) and 133(2) may be displaced lightly to the rear of cargo units 210 at this point so as to leave sufficient slack for tightening. After placement of tool 170, handle 172 is held stationary and handle 173 is rotated in the direction indicated. This rotates tines 171 and draws tails 1 33(1 ) and 133(2) together, thereby tightening strips 100(1 ) and 100(2) around cargo units 21 0. A connecting patch is then affixed over ends of tails 133(1 ) and 133(2) while they are tightened, and tool 170 is then removed. FIG. 8E shows ends 133(1 ) and 133(2) with connecting patch 21 1 affixed.

[54] Although FIGS. 8A through 8E show an embodiment in which wider strips are used, a stitchbond fabric base may also provide advantages with narrower strips. FIG. 9A is a rear view of a cargo container 200a. Load restraint strips 10(1 ) and 10(2) have widths similar to the widths of strips 100(1 ) and 100(2) in FIGS. 8A through 8E, but have conventional non-stiff backing materials. In preparation for placement of a tightening tool over the ends of the tails of strips 10(1 ) and 10(2), an installer may grip the ends in the location indicated by the arrow. Because the backing layers of strips 10(1 ) and 1 0(2) lack the stiffness of stitchbond fabric, and as seen in FIG. 9A, other portions of the tails can easily be easily disturbed by a breeze or other disturbance.

[55] FIG. 9B is a rear view of a cargo container 200b. Load restraint strips 10(3) and 10(4) have relatively narrow widths similar to widths of previously-known load restraint strips. Moreover, strips 10(3) and 10(4) have conventional non-stiff backing materials. In preparation for placement of a tightening tool over the ends of the tails of strips 10(3) and 1 0(4), an installer may grip the ends in the location indicated by the arrow. As with the wider strips shown in FIG. 9A, portions of the tails that the installer is not holding can be easily disturbed.

[56] When a situation such as is shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B occurs, the installer must reposition the strips before the tightening tool can be put into place. If only a few sets of strips are being installed, the need to reposition may be minor inconvenience. However, when many containers must be loaded, isolated inconveniences can accumulate and result in significantly increased loading time and labor costs.

[57] FIGS. 9C and 9D shows how load restraint strips according to at least some embodiments help reduce the problems shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. FIG. 9C is a rear view of cargo container 200 just prior to placement of tool 1 70 on tails 133(1 ) and 1 33(2) of strips 100(1 ) and 100(2). An installer may grip tails 133(1 ) and 133(2) in the location shown by the arrow. Because of the stiffness of tails 133(1 ) and 133(2), and during normal breezes or other disturbances, the remaining portions of tails 133(1 ) and 133(2) are more likely to remain in position for placement of tool 170.

[58] FIG. 9D is a rear view of cargo container 200, but with load restraint strips 100(1 ) and 100(2) replaced by load restraint strips 100(3) and 100(4). Strips 100(3) and 100(4) have widths of approximately 12 inches and are narrower than strips 100(1 ) and 100(2). Otherwise, the structure of strips 100(3) and 100(4) is similar to that of strips 100, 100(1 ), and 1 00(2). In particular, strips 1 00(3) and 100(4) include stitchbond fabric backings.

[59] In FIG. 9D, attachment regions of load restraint strips 100(3) and 100(4) have been affixed to the walls of container 200, and tails 133(3) and 133(4) of strips 100(3) and 100(4) wrapped around the rear of cargo units 210 in preparation for placement of a tightening tool. An installer is holding tails 133(3) and 133(4) in the location indicated by the arrow. Because of the stiffness of tails 133(3) and 133(4), and during normal breezes or other disturbances, the remaining portions of tails 133(3) and 133(4) are more likely to remain in position for placement of a tightening tool.

[60] Although the stitchbond fabric backing of load restraint strips according to various embodiments increases the stiffness of those strips, those strips remain pliable and can be tightened with conventional tightening tools using hand force of a single installer. In some embodiments, the stiffness provided by a stitchbond fabric backing may cause a load restraint strip to retain a curl when the strip is unrolled from a roll of strips. If desired, this curl can be eliminated using hand force or by using a tension bar on the back side of the strip during unrolling. In some embodiments, however, the residual curl in an unrolled strip may advantageously used.

[61] When conventional load restraint strips are attached to a container wall, the tail must often be temporarily taped to the wall. Otherwise, the tail may be snagged and/or damaged during cargo loading. As shown in FIG. 10, however, residual curl can avoid the need to temporarily tape a tail to a wall. In FIG. 10, the attachment region 1 32(5) of a load restraint strip 1 00(5) has been attached to the inner side of wall 203. Load restraint strip 100(5) has a structure similar to that of load restraint strips 100(3) and 100(4). Because of residual curl in tail 133(5) that remained when load restraint strip 100(5) was removed from a roll, tail 133(5) remains off of the floor of container 200.

[62] FIG. 1 1 is a block diagram showing steps in a method according to some embodiments. In step 301 , a first attachment region of a first exterior face of a first load restraint strip is attached to a first interior wall of a cargo container. The first load restraint strip comprises a stitchbond fabric first base layer, a first reinforcement layer fixed to the first base layer, and an exposed first adhesive layer in the first attachment region. One example of step 301 is attachment of strip 100(1 ) to the interior side of wall 203, as discussed above in connection with FIG. 8A.

[63] In step 302, a second attachment region of a second exterior face of a second load restraint strip is attached to a second interior wall of a cargo container. The second load restraint strip comprises a stitchbond fabric second base layer, a second reinforcement layer fixed to the second base layer, and an exposed second adhesive layer in the second attachment region. One example of step 302 is attachment of strip 100(2) to the interior side of wall 202, as also discussed above in connection with FIG. 8A.

[64] In step 303, and after the affixing of the first attachment region to the first interior wall and the affixing of the second attachment region to the second interior wall, tails of the first and second load restraint strips are wrapped around cargo located in the cargo container. An example of step 303 is the wrapping of tails 133(1 ) and 133(2) around cargo units 21 0, as discussed above in connection with FIGS. 8C and 8D.

[65] In step 304, ends of the wrapped tails of the load restraint strips are secured to each other. An example of step 304 is the affixation of connecting patch 21 1 , as discussed above in connection with FIG. 8E.

[66] The foregoing description of embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit embodiments to the precise form explicitly described or mentioned herein. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. The embodiments discussed herein were chosen and described in order to explain the principles and the nature of various embodiments and their practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use these and other embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Any and all permutations of features from above-described embodiments are within the scope of the invention.