VASA JOHN E (US)
YATES DAVID LESLIE (US)
LEE CHANG-HYEON (US)
LOKE ARAVIND (US)
RAMACHANDRAN BALASUBRAMANIAN (US)
US20020163391A1 | ||||
US4580289A | ||||
US20020021762A1 | ||||
US5953640A |
CLAIMS
What is claimed is:
1. A local oscillator circuit for a direct conversion radio, comprising:
a voltage controlled oscillator constructed to output a signal at a first
frequency;
an input line constructed to receive the signal output by the voltage
controlled oscillator;
an output line operating at second frequency and connected to a radio
circuit, the second frequency being different than the first frequency; and
a frequency scaling circuit coupled between the input line and the output
line, the frequency scaling circuit being constructed to scale the first frequency to
the second frequency.
2. The local oscillator circuit according to claim 1, wherein the radio circuit is
constructed as a transmitter circuit.
3. The local oscillator circuit according to claim 1, wherein the radio circuit is
constructed as a receiver circuit.
4. The local oscillator circuit according to claim 1, wherein the scaling circuit
is constructed to apply a scaling factor of 3/2.
5. The local oscillator circuit according to claim 1, wherein the scaling circuit
is constructed to selectively apply either a scaling factor of 3/2 or a scaling factor
of 3/4.
6. λ scaling circuit for a radio circuit, the radio cirrα'' )\>n- £ c... * αύ? meted fcι>
operate on a carrier signal, comprising:
an input line arranged to be connected to a frequency source and to
receive an input signal at a first frequency;
a frequency scaling circuit connected to the input line, the frequency
scaling circuit scaling the frequency of the input signal by a scaling factor to
■generate an output signal operating at the carrier frequency; and
an output line arranged to be connected to the radio circuit, the output
line providing the output signal at the frequency of the carrier signal.
7. A method of providing a signal operating a carrier frequency, comprising:
generating a signal using a voltage controlled oscillator; the signal having
a frequency different than the carrier frequency;
scaling the signal by a scaling factor; and using the scaled signal as the carrier frequency.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the scaling factor is set at 3/2.
9. The method according to claim 7, further including the step of selecting a
scaling factor from a set of available scaling factors.
IG. TLe ^nethod according to claim 7, wherein the cnrr. ' cy frcqw ϊ- "*"_y ' s selected
for compliance with a wireless communications standard.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the wireless communications
standard is CDMA, WCDMA, CDMA2000, UMTS, GSM, K-PCS, J-CDMA, or
NMT450.
12. A transmitter for a radio system, comprising:
a baseband circuit section for providing a baseband signal;
a transmitter circuit coupled to the baseband circuit section, the
transmitter circuit constructed to modulate the baseband signal on to a carrier
signal;
a frequency source constructed to generate a frequency signal at a
frequency different from the frequency of the carrier signal; and a scaling circuit connected between the frequency source and the
transmitter circuit the scaling circuit scaling the frequency of the frequency
signal to generate the carrier signal.
13. The transmitter according to claim 12, wherein the scaling circuit
comprises a multiplication circuit.
14. The transmitter according to claim 13, wh^'-λ. its. -'caling v'iixuύ
comprises a division circuit.
15. A receiver for a radio system, comprising:
a baseband circuit section for receiving a baseband signal;
a receiver circuit coupled to the baseband circuit section, the receiver
circuit constructed to demodulate the baseband signal from a carrier signal;
a frequency source constructed to generate a frequency signal at a
frequency different from the frequency of the carrier signal; and
a scaling circuit connected between the frequency source and the receiver
circuit, the scaling circuit scaling the frequency of the frequency signal to
generate the carrier signal.
16. The receiver according to claim 15, wherein the scaling circuit comprises a
multiplication circuit.
17. The receiver according to claim 15, wherein the scaling circuit comprises a
division circuit.
18. A direct conversion radio, comprising:
d bdseband circuit section;
a radio frequency circuit coupled to the baseband section, the radio
frequency circuit constructed to operate at a carrier frequency;
a voltage controlled oscillator providing a frequency signal at a frequency
different than the carrier frequency; and
a scaling circuit constructed to scale the frequency signal to the carrier
frequency.
19. The direct conversion radio according to claim 18, wherein the baseband
circuit section, the radio frequency circuit, the voltage controlled oscillator, and
the scaling circuit are constructed on a single integrated circuit chip. |
LOCAL OSCILLATOR FOR A DIRECT CONVERSION TRANSCEIVER
BACKGROUND [0001] The field of the present invention is electronic circuits for
generating a frequency signal. More particularly, the invention relates to an
electronic circuit and process for generating a local oscillator signal for a radio.
[0002] Wireless communication systems generally transmit a modulated
"" •J f,- f ;qucncy (RF) signal, that is converted to a baseband signal in a m-eiv^t
A conventional receiver does this conversion in a two-stage process. In a first
stage, the RF signal is down converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal,
and then in a second stage, the IF signal is further down converted to the
baseband frequency. In a similar manner, a conventional radio transmitter
generates the modulated radio frequency (RF) signal in a two-stage process. In a
first stage, the baseband signal is up converted to an intermediate frequency (IF),
and then in a second stage, the IF signal is further up converted on to the carrier
signal. This two stage process enables simplified filtering and processing, but
the two-stage architecture consumes valuable space and power in wireless
devices. Accordingly, a newer single-stage architecture is being deployed. This
single-stage architecture converts directly between the RF signal directly and the
baseband signal, and is typically referred to as a direct conversion radio. The
direct conversions process may be applied to the receiver section, the transmitter
section, or both the receiver and the transmitter.
[0003] As an alternative, some of the benefits of the direct conversion
structure may be realized using a low IF architecture, while retaining some of the
simplified filtering and processing of the IF structure. A low IF radio uses an
intermediate frequency that is much lower than the IF of a conventional radio. In
this way, some of the difficulties of implementing the direct conversion radio are
avoided, but the low IF also does not enable the full benefit of direct conversion.
To simplify discussion, it will be understood that direct conversion also includes
such Io w-IF systems.
[0004] In operation, a direct or low IF radio uses a voltage controlled
oscillator to generate a signal operating at the desired carrier frequency. For
example, if a radio is operating on a CDMA standard, then a carrier frequency of
824 MHz may be needed. In such a case, the voltage controlled oscillator is set to
output a 824 MHz signal to the radio circuit. The radio circuit receives the 824
MHz signal, and uses it as the reference carrier signal. There are numerous
telecommunications standards, with each standard defining specific transmitter
and receiver carrier frequencies. If the radio is operating as a transmitter, then a
baseband signal is modulated on to the carrier signal, and the modulated signal
is transmitted via an antenna. If the radio is operating as a receiver, then the
carrier signal is removed, and the demodulated baseband signal processed in the
baseband circuit of the radio.
[0005] When implementing a low IF or direct conversion transmitter, a
voltage controlled oscillator generates a local oscillator signal. Typically, the
local oscillator signal operates between about 400 MHz and 2.2GHz, depending
on the particular telecommunications standard being used. This local oscillator
signal is then used as the carrier frequency for the radio. A baseband portion of
the radio proviαes a baseband signal, which operates at a much lower frequency
than the carrier signal, generally in the range of a few hundred kilohertz. This
baseband signal is then modulated on to the carrier signal. Since the carrier
frequency is so much faster than the baseband signal, the frequency of the
modulated signal is very close to the frequency of the frequency of the carrier
signal itself. The modulated signal is amplified and transmitted from the radio
via an antenna or other radiating device.
[0006] However, the transmitted signal is radiated at a relatively high
power, and, as discussed above, is operating at a frequency close to the
frequency of the carrier signal in the radio circuitry. Even though the radio may
be well shielded, it is likely that the transmitted signal still couples to and
interferes with the radio circuitry. For example, the transmitted signal may affect
the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). If the transmitted signal couples back to
the VCO, then the VCO may become unstable, resulting in frequency shifts and
phase noise. These effects, commonly referred to as "VCO pulling" cause an
undesirable frequency jitter and a distortion in the output signal. The effects of
VCO pulling may be reduced by positioning the VCO farther from the antenna,
or by increasing the amount of shielding around the VCO. Unfortunately, as
wireless devices become smaller, and radios are offered as single-chip devices, it
becomes more difficult to adequately decouple the VCO from the transmitted
signal.
[Out)?] ihe v CO pulling problem results from the transmitted signal
coupling back to the VCO circuit. In a similar manner, another problem exists
when the VCO signal couples to the radio circuit. This problem, often referred to
as "carrier feedthrough" exists when the VCO signal couples to the transmitter
circuitry. In such a case, the stray VCO signal is amplified and transmitted from
the wireless device. Accordingly, even when no baseband signal is being
transmitted, the wireless device is still transmitting the VCO signal, which
wastes device power and may substantially reduce capacity in some
telecommunication architectures such as CDMA. For these reasons, some
telecommunications standards have strict limits on the level of allowable carrier
feedthrough.
[0008] Just as with the direct conversion transmitter, the direct conversion
receiver also suffers from implementation difficulties. When implementing a
low IF or a direct conversion receiver, there is typically some amount of offset
(referred to as "DC offset") that appears on the downconverted baseband signal.
The DC offset may occur due to due to self-mixing that can occur between the
local oscillator (LO) signal from the VCO and the received radio frequency (RF)
signal. Correction for DC offset is typically performed on the baseband amplifier
located in the receiver. Many techniques have been proposed to minimize DC-
offset. For example, it is possible to minimize DC offset using digital calibration
techniques in the analog-to-digital converter (A/ D) located in the receiver.
, » !
used to subtract the estimated offset of the variable gain amplifier from the
received signal.
[0009] Unfortunately, one or all of these techniques can only be applied to
a system in which the receiver does not continuously operate, such as in a TDMA
communication system, and even then add an undesirable level of complexity.
In a CDMA system, these techniques will not be effective because the receiver
works continuously with no interruption. Furthermore, DC-offset correction
using so called "auto-zeroing" techniques during start-up is not practical in a
CDMA system because of dynamic offsets. In a CDMA system the only option
that shows promise is the implementation of a so called "servo-loop" like
architecture around the variable gain amplifier.
[0010] In a servo-loop architecture, the high pass cut-off frequency is
dependent upon the gain characteristics of the variable gain amplifier and the
amplifiers in the servo-loop. Because the transconductance of the variable gain
amplifier varies significantly with the applied gain control signal (usually above
50 dB of range), the cut-off frequency varies by more than 50 dB, which places
the cut-off frequency at a point at which data carried in the received signal will
likely be lost. It is possible to adjust the high pass cut-off frequency by varying
the gain of the amplifiers in the servo-loop inversely proportional to the
transconductance amplification of the VGA. Since the transconductance
;rn ± >. ;•» ,vβ r 'ι of the VGA varies proportionally to the exponential of ιh. < < ~, >-...:•!
voltage, the amplification of the amplifiers in the servo-loop must vary with the
inverse of the exponential of the control voltage. Unfortunately, such a servo-
loop increases significantly the complexity, power consumption and the area on
the device occupied by the architecture.
[0011] Therefore, it would be desirable to reduce the effects VCO pulling
and carrier feedthrough in a direct conversion transmitter. Further, it would be
desirable to reduce the effects of DC offset in a direct conversion receiver.
SUMMARY
[0012] Briefly, the present invention provides a local oscillator circuit for
generating a local frequency signal. The local oscillator circuit may cooperate
with a radio circuit for providing wireless reception or transmission. The radio
circuit performs modulation or demodulation processes with reference to a
defined or determined carrier signal frequency. The local oscillator circuit has a
voltage controlled oscillator that generates a VCO signal at frequency different
than the carrier frequency. A frequency scaling circuit applies a scaling factor to
the VCO signal, with the scaled signal generated at the frequency of the defined
carrier frequency.
[0013] Advantageously, the local oscillator circuit operates the VCO at a
frequency different from the carrier frequency. By operating at different
irequencies, the local oscillator circuit substantially reduces VCO puiiing or
carrier feedthrough effects when the radio is operating as a transmitter, and
reduces the effects of LO mixing and DC offset when the radio is operating as a
receiver.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The invention can be better understood with reference to the
following figures. The components within the figures are not necessarily to scale,
emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the
invention. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate
corresponding parts throughout the different views. It will also be understood
that certain components and details may not appear in the figures to assist in ■
more clearly describing the invention.
[0015] Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a direct conversion radio in accordance
with the present invention;
[0016] Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a direct conversion transmitter in
accordance with the present invention;
[0017] Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a local oscillator circuit in accordance
with the present invention;
[0018] Fig. 4 is a is flow diagram of a method of providing a carrier
frequency in accordance with the present invention;
[0019] Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a local oscillator circuit in accordance
with the present invention; and
[0020] Fig. 6 is a block diagram of a direct conversion receiver in
accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] Referring now to Fig. 1, a direct conversion radio 10 is illustrated.
The direct conversion radio 10 may be constructed to comply with a wireless
standard, such as CDMA, WCDMA, UMTS, CDMA 2000, GSM, or other wireless
standard. It will be appreciated that other wireless standards exist, and that
existing standards may be revised and modified over time. Also, the general
construction of a direct conversion radio is well-known, so will not be discussed
HI detail herein.
[0022] The direct conversion radio 10 comprises baseband circuitry 12 for
operating on an informational signal. This informational signal may be, for
example, a voice signal, a video signal, a text signal, or other informational or
data signal. The baseband circuitry 12 couples to radio frequency circuit 14. The
radio circuitry 14 may include transmitter circuitry, receive circuitry, or both. In
one example, the radio circuitry 14 is included as part of a wireless mobile
device. In this way, the radio circuitry 14 includes both transmitter circuitry and
receiver circuitry. The radio circuitry 14 couples to an RF (radio frequency)
radiator in the form of antenna 16. The antenna 16 is used to receive or transmit
modulated radio. frequency signals. These modulated signals have a baseband
informational signal modulated onto an RF carrier. The frequency of the RF
carrier and the frequency content of the baseband signal are generally defined in
the relevant communication standard. For example, a direct conversion radio
compliant with a CDMA standard may have a carrier signal in the range of 824
MHz to 849 MHz, while the baseband signal may be provided at around 600
KHz. In another example, a wideband CDMA signal may transmit at 1920-1980
MHz, and receive at 2110-2170 MHz. It will be understood that other frequency
ranges are used in compliance with other telecommunication standards.
[0023] The direct conversion radio 10 has a frequency source, generally in
the form of a voltage controlled oscillator 21, for providing a stable and accurate
frequency signal. The voltage controlled oscillator 21 provides iis
relevant communication standard. The signal generated by the voltage
controlled oscillator 21 is received into frequency sealer 19. The frequency sealer
19 has scaling circuitry for scaling the frequency of the received signal to the
desired carrier frequency. For example, if the direct conversion radio 10 requires
a carrier frequency of 1850 MHz, the VCO 21 may generate a signal having a
frequency of 1233 MHz. The frequency sealer 19 may then apply a scaling factor
of 3/2. In this way, the 1233 MHz signal is first multiplied by 3 and then divided
by 2 to generate a signal at 1849.5 MHz. It will be appreciated that other VCO
frequencies may be used, provided the scaling iactor is adjusted accordingly.
[0024] The frequency sealer 19 is a relatively simple circuit, generally
comprising multiplication and division circuitry, and may be readily
incorporated into the radio circuitry 14. In this way, fewer components and
traces are operating at or near the carrier frequency, thereby reducing VCO
pulling and carrier feed-through effects. Advantageously, the voltage controlled
oscillator 21 is operating at a frequency different than the desired carrier
frequency. In this way, the amplified and transmitted modulated signal may be
readily restricted from distorting or otherwise affecting the voltage controlled
oscillator 21. In a similar manner, stray VCO signals that are received by the
radio circuitry 14 may be more easily filtered or removed as these stray signals
[0025] Referring now to Fig. 2, a direct conversion transmitter 50 is
illustrated. The direct conversion transmitter 50 has baseband circuitry 52 that
converts an informational signal to a baseband signal. The information signal
may be, for example, a voice signal, a video signal, a text signal, or an audio
signal. The baseband signal is received into transmitter circuitry 54, where the
baseband signal is modulated onto an RF carrier signal. The modulated RF signal
is then transmitted using antenna 56. The RF carrier signal is derived from a
frequency signal generated by the voltage controlled oscillator 61. The voltage
controlled oscillator 61 provides a stable and accurate frequency signal at a
frequency different than the desired RF carrier frequency. The signal from the
voltage controlled oscillator is received into a frequency sealer 59, where the
frequency of the signal is scaled to the desired carrier frequency. In one example,
the frequency sealer implements a scaling factor of 3 /2. In this way, the carrier
frequency is generated by multiplying the VCO signal by 3, and dividing the
resulting signal by 2. Since the RF carrier operates at a frequency that is 3/2
different than the VCO signal, the VCO may be operated without significant
interference or pulling due to the transmitted signal. In a similar manner, any
VCO signal that leaks through to the transmitter circuit is readily filtered,
reducing any effects from carrier feedthrough. It will be appreciated that other
VCO frequencies and scaling factors may be used.
l ϋu2ϋj Referring now to Fig. 3 a local oscillator circuit 75 is illustrated.
The local oscillator circuit 75 may be advantageously used in association with a
wireless radio system. For example, the local oscillator circuit 75 may provide a
local oscillator signal for modulating or demodulating in an associated radio
circuit. The local oscillator circuit 75 includes a voltage controlled oscillator 76.
The voltage controlled oscillator 76 provides a stable and accurate frequency
signal to an input line 77. The design and construction of a voltage controlled
oscillator is well known so will not be discussed in detail. The output from the
voltage controlled oscillator 76 is received into a frequency scaling circuit 79.
The frequency scaling circuit applies a scaling factor to the signal received from
the voltage controlled oscillator 76.
[0027] The scaling factor is selected such that the frequency of the voltage
controlled oscillator signal multiplied by the scaling factor equals the frequency
of the desired carrier frequency. The scaling factor is selected so that the
frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator is sufficiently different from the
carrier frequency so that VCO pulling and carrier feed through effects may be
substantially reduced through filtering or other processes. Also, the scaling
factor is selected to avoid significant harmonics near the carrier frequency.
However, the scaling factor should also be selected such that the signal from the
VCO has sufficient resolution and accuracy as required by the relevant
communication standard. In one example, the scaling factor is set to 3/2. A 3/2
.Ta 1 IVj; factor has <ι sufficient frequency difference between tVe VCC slgivu n.pιά
the carrier frequency such that the effects of VCO pulling and carrier feed
through may be easily reduced. Also, no substantial harmonics are produced
near the frequency of the carrier. Further, the VCO signal is generated at a
frequency that provides sufficient resolution and accuracy to support most
communication standards. For example, a CDMA system may require a carrier
in the range of 1850 to 1910 MHz. Using a 3/2 scaling factor, the VCO would
operate from 1233 to 1273 MHz. Since the VCO is still operating in excess of 1.2
GHz, it provides a stable and accurate frequency signal with sufficient resolution
to support the required carrier signals and channel separations.
[0028] - In one example, the frequency scaling circuit 79 is implemented as
a multiplier 82 placed in series with a divider 83. Such multiplier 82 and divider
83 circuits may be efficiently and easily constructed. In the example of applying
a 3/2 scaling factor, the frequency of the VCO signal at input 77 is first
multiplied by 3 by multiplier 82, and then divided 2 by divider 83. The signal is
then output on output line 81 for use as a carrier signal. It will be appreciated
that the division may be performed before the multiplication, and that other
scaling algorithms may be used.
[0029] Table 85 illustrates five common telecommunication standards in
current use. For each standard, the common name of the band 86 is shown, with
the frequency range 89 defined for the carrier frequency. For each band, a
possible v " CO frequency 87 is identified, along with an associated scaling ractor
88. The scaling factor 88 is applied to the VCO frequency 87 to generate an
output carrier signal 89 in the identified ranges. For example, the US PCS band
requires an output carrier signal 89 in the range from 1850 to 1910 MHz. If a
scaling factor 88 is selected to be 3/2, then the VCO 87 is set in the range of 1233
to 1273 MHz. Other bands, such as cellular CDMA, J-CMDA, K-PCS, and
NMT450 are also illustrated. It will be appreciated that other bands may be
used, and that other scaling factors and VCO frequencies may be substituted.
[0030] Referring now to Fig. 4, a method of providing a carrier frequency
is illustrated. Method 100 has a frequency signal provided by a VCO as shown
in block 102. The VCO frequency is scaled by a scaling ratio as shown in block
104, with the output sent to the radio as illustrated in block 106. The output
signal 108 may be provided as a carrier signal to a transmitter 115 or receiver 117
operation within the radio. The VCO frequency and the scaling ratios may be set
by a control system 110. The control system 110 may be part of the radio system
106 and in one example may be included on a single integrated circuit with the
radio system. The scaling ratio 104 may be implemented by a multiplication 111
and a division 113. It will be appreciated that other scaling algorithms may be
used.
[0031] In determining the scaling ratio 104, three factors are generally
considered. First, the scaling factor should provide a sufficient difference in
frequency between the VCO frequency and the carrier frequency such that the
effects from VCO pulling and carrier feedthrough may be readily reduced.
Second, the scaling factor should be selected so that substantial harmonics of the
VCO frequency are not generated near the carrier frequency. And third, the
scaling factor should be selected so that the VCO frequency has sufficient
resolution and accuracy to support the relevant communication standard. Also,
scaling factors closer to 1 require less power to implement. For example, a
scaling factor of 3 requires more power to implement than a scaling factor of
3/2, and in a similar manner, a scaling factor of 0.3 requires more power to
implement than a scaling factor of 3/4. Therefore, in a wireless environment,
such as a mobile wireless environment, where power considerations - are
important, scaling factors should be selected as close to 1 as appropriate in light
of the factors identified above. In one specific example, a scaling factor of 3/2
has been found effective for the US PCS CDMA band. The selection of 3/2
enables sufficient difference in frequency to allow undesirable effects to be easily
removed, avoids substantial harmonics at the carrier frequency, provides
sufficient resolution to provide required carrier and channel frequencies, and
may be implemented using relatively low powered circuitry. It will be
appreciated, however, that other application requirements may dictate or allow
the use of other scaling factors.
[0032] Referring now to Fig. 5, a local oscillator circuit for a CDMA system
io iIluoii.ciC£vi. The local oscillator circuit 125 is intended io create a carrier
frequency according to present CDMA telecommunications standards. It will be
appreciated that future versions of the CMDA standard may require other carrier
frequency ranges, and that other VCO frequencies and scaling factors may be
applied to achieve those new frequencies. Local oscillator circuit 127 has a
voltage controlled oscillator generating a frequency onto an input line 127. The
input frequency is received into a frequency scaling circuit 129. The frequency
scaling circuit applies a scaling factor to generate a carrier frequency on output
line 131. As illustrated in table 140, the scaling factor 142 may be selected to
generate carriers in different CDMA bands. A first scaling factor 142 of 3/2 is
implemented by first multiplying by three 132 and then dividing by two 133. In
this way, when the VCO frequency 141 is set at 1233 MHz, the output frequency
143 is 1849.5 MHz for implementing the carrier frequency at 1850 MHz. In a
similar manner, when the VCO frequency 141 is set to 1273 MHz, the output
carrier frequency is at 1909.5 MHz, which implements the 1910 MHz carrier
frequency. The 3/2 scaling factor thereby enables the VCO to generate carrier
frequencies in the range of 1850 MHz to 1910 MHz to implement a first CDMA
band.
[0033] To implement a second CDMA band, which extends from 824 MHz
to 849 MHz, the scaling factor 142 is selectively set to 3/4. Accordingly, the VCO
signal is first multiplied by three 132 and then divided by four 134. When the
v CvJ frequency 141 is set to 1098 MHz then the carrier frequency is output at
823.5 MHz, which implements the 824 MHz carrier frequency requirement. In a
similar manner, when the VCO frequency 141 is set to 1132 MHz, then the
frequency carrier output 143 is at 849 MHz. A controller (not shown) may be
used to select between a scaling factor of 3/2 and 3/4. This enables a single local
oscillator circuit 125 to implement a dual band CDMA radio circuit.
[0034] Referring now to Fig. 6, a direct conversion receiver 150 is
illustrated. The direct conversion receiver 150 has an antenna 156 for receiving a
modulated RF signal. The modulated RF signal is received into receiver circuitry
154, where a baseband signal is demodulated from a carrier signal. The
baseband signal is received into baseband circuitry 152, where the signal is
further processed for use by the wireless device. In the demodulation process,
the receiver circuitry 154 uses a locally generated signal at the same frequency as
the carrier signal. This local signal is derived from a frequency signal generated
by the voltage controlled oscillator 161. The voltage controlled oscillator 161
provides a stable and accurate frequency signal at a frequency different than the
received RF carrier frequency. The signal from the voltage controlled oscillator is
received into a frequency sealer 159, where the frequency of the signal is scaled
to the received carrier frequency. In one example, the frequency sealer
implements a scaling factor of 3 /2. In this way, the local signal frequency is
generated by multiplying the VCO signal by 3, and dividing the resulting signal
' ~ y 1. / oca if si- the signal generated by the VCO is different ^ >λ- <". 'h- e frequency ot
the carrier, any undesirable mixing effect between the voltage controlled
oscillator signal and the carrier signal is substantially reduced. In this way,
undesirable DC offset effects are reduced. It will be appreciated that other VCO
frequencies and scaling factors may be used.
[0035] While particular preferred and alternative embodiments of the
present intention have been disclosed, it will be appreciated that many various
modifications and extensions of the above described technology may be
implemented using the teaching of this invention. All such modifications and
extensions are intended to be included within the true spirit and scope of the
appended claims.
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