LOW POWER, LOW NOISE DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER

REFERENCE CIRCUIT

I. Claim of Priority under 35 U.S.C §119

[0001] The present Application for Patent claims priority to U.S. Provisional

Application No. 60/945,309 titled "Low Power, Low Noise DAC Reference Circuit for use in a Delta Sigma ADC" filed June 20, 2007 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/913,499 titled "DAC Reference Circuit for use in a Delta Sigma ADC" filed April 23, 2007, both assigned to the assignee hereof and expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

II. Field

[0002] The present application pertains generally to digital-to-analog converters (DAC) circuits, and more specifically, to low power, low noise digital-to-analog converter reference circuits.

III. Background

[0003] Digital-to-analog converter circuits are utilized in many modern communication systems. For example, different circuits such as Delta-sigma modulators and Pipeline analog-to-digital converters may include digital-to-analog converts (DAC or D-to-A) in the feedback path. DAC circuits may consume a large amount of power during operation to achieve high speed linear operation. As new multi-standard compliant requirements are set, such as in the third generation (3G) standard (e.g. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA2000), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)), the complexity, size and power consumption of the radio frequency (RF) and baseband devices have greatly increased. In order to process the RF and baseband signals in the digital domain there is a need to convert the incoming analog signals into digital signals as close as possible to the receiving antenna. However, in

order for the small desired signal to be distinguished from blockers and interferers, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a high dynamic range is required. [0004] In modern mobile communication devices power consumption is a concern because an increase in power consumption may cause a decrease in battery life of the mobile device. Noise performance is also a concern in modern mobile communication devices to ensure reliable quality communications. Therefore there is a need for a low power, low noise digital-to-analog converter reference circuit for use in a digital-to- analog converter circuits.

SUMMARY

[0005] In view of the above, the described features of the present invention generally relate to one or more improved systems, methods and/or apparatuses for data communication devices. In one embodiment, the present patent application comprises a method and apparatus to implement a low noise, low power consumption digital-to- analog converter reference circuit.

[0006] Further scope of the applicability of the present method and apparatus will become apparent from the following detailed description, claims, and drawings. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0007] The present patent application comprises a digital to analog converter reference circuit, comprising a capacitor connected to a current source, a positive terminal of said capacitor connected to a first switch, said first switch electrically connecting said positive terminal of said capacitor to a positive input terminal of a DAC circuit, a negative terminal of said capacitor connected to a second switch, said second switch electrically connecting said negative terminal of said capacitor to a negative input terminal of said DAC circuit.

[0008] In another example, the present patent application comprises a method for converting digital code to an analog signal, comprising charging a reservoir capacitor to a reference voltage level, transferring stored charge from said reservoir capacitor to

digital-to-analog converter (DAC) feedback capacitors, and transferring said stored charge from said DAC feedback capacitors to DAC output terminals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The features, objects, and advantages of the presently disclosed method and apparatus will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout and wherein:

[0010] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary delta-sigma modulator utilizing a digital-to-analog converter circuit 209 to provide feedback to the input of the delta-sigma analog-to- digital converter 11.

[0011] FIG. 2 shows an exemplary switched capacitor integrator, which may be the first stage in a delta sigma ADC circuit.

[0012] FIG. 3 shows a reference DAC circuit comprising a differential current source connected to a series resistive network.

[0013] FIG. 4 shows a reference DAC circuit comprising 2 OP-amps in feedback connected to a series resistive network.

[0014] FIG. 5 shows an improved method and apparatus for implementing a DAC reference circuit for use in a delta-sigma ADC comprising a "reservoir" capacitor C _blg .

[0015] FIG. 6 shows exemplary switch control clock signals for switches Cl, CId, C2d,

C2_P, and C2_N. [0016] FIG. 7 shows the current flow from "reservoir" C _blg to capacitors C _dacp and

C _dacn during the charge sharing event in the beginning of phase 1. [0017] FIG. 8 shows the current flow from the current source Io to capacitors C _b ,

C _{dacp '} ^an d C _dacn during the remainder of phase 1 after the charge sharing event. [0018] FIG. 9 shows the "refilling" or recharging of "reservoir" capacitor C _blg by differential current source Io during phase 2; and the positive integration of the charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to the integrating OTA 601 circuit through switches

C2_P during phase 2.

[0019] FIG. 10 shows the "refilling" or recharging of "reservoir" capacitor C _blg by differential current source Io and the negative integration of the charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to the integrating OTA 601 circuit through switches C2_N during phase 2.

[0020] FIG. 11 shows a graph described the charging and discharging sequence of reservoir capacitor C _blg and capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn .

[0021] FIG. 12 shows a single ended current mirror configuration with an Io direct- current reference source. [0022] FIG. 13 shows differential current mirror configuration with an Io direct-current reference source. [0023] FIG. 14 shows a zero- VT NFET transistor source follower that is biased with very low bias current so its output impedance is large and it in effect acts as a current source. [0024] FIG. 15 shows improved method and apparatus for implementing a current source within a DAC reference circuit for use in a delta-sigma ADC comprising a slow feedback loop. [0025] FIG. 16 is a flow chart of a DAC reference circuit operation when the feedback value is +1. [0026] FIG. 17 is a means plus function flow chart of a DAC reference circuit operation when the feedback value is +1. [0027] FIG. 18 is a flow chart of a DAC reference circuit operation when the feedback value is -1. [0028] FIG. 19 is a means plus function flow chart of a DAC reference circuit operation when the feedback value is -1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.

[0030] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the present invention can be practiced. The term "exemplary" used throughout this description means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the present invention.

[0031] FIG. 1 shows a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter utilizing a DAC circuit in the feedback path. Digital-to-analog converter circuits may be used in delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters (ADC) to provide feedback to the input of the delta-sigma modulator. However, it is noted that one skilled in the art will realize that the improved methods and apparatuses for implementing a DAC reference circuit may be used in any DAC circuit.

[0032] A digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D-to-A) is used to convert a digital

(usually binary) code to an analog signal. The analog signal may take the form of a current, voltage or electric charge. A digital-to-analog converter circuit may use a reference circuit and an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) 601. DAC reference circuits may consume a large amount of power to provide complete and accurate charging of the DAC capacitors. Therefore, there is a need to implement a low noise, low power consumption digital-to-analog converter reference circuit.

[0033] The present embodiment provides various design techniques to implement a low noise, low power consumption digital-to-analog converter reference circuit.

[0034] FIG. 2 shows an exemplary switched capacitor integrator circuit, which may be the first stage in a delta sigma ADC circuit shown in FIG. 1.

[0035] FIG. 3 shows a reference DAC circuit comprising a differential current source connected to a series resistive network. It is noted that the OTA circuit 601 shown in FIG. 3 is a simplified representation of the complete integrator circuit 202 shown in FIG. 2. In multiple examples, the current source may be implemented with Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET) as shown in FIGs. 14-16. The current source supplies a direct current (DC) which flows through series resistors Rl and R2. The current multiplied by resistance through which it travels is the voltage drop across the resistor. Resistors Rl and R2 create the voltage difference between reference voltages Vrefp, Vrefmid, and Vrefn. For example, the settled reference voltage created across Rl is V _rφ - V _refmιd which may be expressed as:

V _refp - V _refmιd = {I ₀ - R\) Eq(I)

[0036] Likewise the reference voltage created across R2 is V _refmιd - V _refn which may be expressed as:

V _refmιd - V _refn = {I ₀ - R2) Eq(2)

Switches Cl, CId, C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are utilized to first apply charge to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn . Once feedback DAC capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn sufficiently charged switches Cl, CId, C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are utilized to provide the stored charge to an integrating capacitor by use of an OTA 601, which is modeled using the 1/gm resistor and the offset voltage source connected to the output of the UNIT DAC. As shown in FIG. 3, this integration can be positively applied to the integrating OTA 601 by closing switch C2_P and opening switch C2_N. Alternatively, this integration can be negatively applied to the integrating OTA 601 by closing switch C2 N and opening switch C2_P. Capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn may have the same capacitance value so that the capacitance measured at the UNIT DAC output terminal C _dac will be ¹ A of a single

feedback capacitor value. The circuit configuration shown in FIG. 3 implements a 2- level DAC.

[0037] One skilled in the art will realize this circuit configuration can be extended to more DAC levels by connecting additional UNIT DACs in parallel which are controlled by different C2_P and C2_N clocks.

[0038] Switch control clock signals for switches Cl, CId, C2d, C2 P, and C2 N of

FIG. 3 are shown in FIG. 14 based on a digital feedback sequence of + 1, -1, -1 from the quantizer circuit 205. A high signal on the switch control signal chart indicates that the corresponding switch is in an electrically connected state, or as commonly referenced "closed". A low signal on the switch control signal chart indicates that the corresponding switch is in an electrically disconnected state, or as commonly referenced "open".

[0039] During phase 1 of the first sample period when the feedback is +1 is shown in

FIG. 14. During this phase switches Cl and CId are closed and switches C2d, C2 P, and C2_N are open. This switching configuration charges capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn . In phase 2 of the first sampling period when capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn are sufficiently charged, switches Cl and CId are opened and switches C2d and C2 P are closed. This switching configuration positively applies the charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and

C _dacn ^{to me} integrating OTA 601 circuit.

[0040] During phase 1 of the second sampling period when the feedback value is -1 is shown in FIG. 14. During this phase switches Cl and CId are closed and switches C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are open. This switching configuration charges capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn . In phase 2 of the second sampling period when capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn are sufficiently charged, switches Cl and CId are opened and switches C2d and C2_N are closed. This switching configuration negatively applies the charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to the integrating OTA 601 circuit. This sequence of switching is repeated in third sample period because the digital feedback signal during this period is also -1. [0041] A high dynamic range ADC may have large feedback capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to provide large amounts of charge quickly. Large feedback capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn

may cause a large resistor capacitor time constant and thus limiting the sampling rate of the ADC circuit. To decrease the resistor capacitor time constant, very low resistance value resistors may be used for Rl and R2. However, the use of low resistance values may cause the ADC circuit to suffer an increase in power consumption and degradation in noise performance. For example, if the resistance value is reduced by a factor of ten the current reference may be increased by a factor of ten to maintain the same reference voltage V _rφ . The relationship between resistance, current and power consumption may be expressed by:

Power = I ₀ ² R Eq(3)

Therefore, if the current is increased by ten percent to compensate for the ten percent reduction in resistance the overall power consumption would be increased by approximately 9 percent. Moreover, an increase in the reference current may cause the reference circuit to inject additional noise into the circuit and thus reducing the noise performance of the circuit.

[0042] FIG. 4 shows a reference DAC circuit comprising 2 voltage sources connected to a series resistive network. The voltage sources set the positive reference voltage V _rφ and the negative reference voltage V _refn using a voltage follower configuration.

Resistors Rl and R2 are connected in series between both reference voltage supplies. A DC current is induced through resistors Rl and R2, which may be express as: [0043]

The current multiplied by resistance voltage drop across the resistors Rl and R2 create the voltage difference between reference voltages Vrefp, Vrefmid, and Vrefn. For example, the reference voltage created across Rl is V _refp - V _refmιd which may be expressed as:

V _rφ - V _refmιd = (I ₀ - R\) Eq(5)

[0044] Likewise the reference voltage created across R2 is V _refmιd - V _refn which may be expressed as:

V _refmιd - V _rφ = (I ₀ - Rl) Eq(6)

Switches Cl, CId, C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are utilized to first apply charge to capacitors

C _dacp and C _dacn . Once capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn sufficiently charged switches Cl,

CId, C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are utilized to provide the stored charge to an integrating capacitor by use of an OTA 601, which is modeled using the 1/gm resistor and the offset voltage connected to the output of the UNIT DAC. As shown in FIG. 4, this integration can be positively applied to the integrating OTA 601 by closing switch C2 P and opening switch C2_N. Alternatively, this integration can be negatively applied to the integrating OTA 601 by closing switch C2 N and opening switch C2 P. Capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn may both have the same capacitance value so that the capacitance measured at the UNIT DAC output terminal C _dac will be ¹ A of a single feedback capacitor value.

[0045] This circuit configuration implements a 2-level DAC. One skilled in the art will realize this circuit configuration can be extended to more DAC levels by connecting more UNIT DACs in parallel which are controlled by different C2 P and C2 N clocks.

[0046] Switch control clock signals for switches Cl, CId, C2d, C2 P, and C2 N of

FIG. 4 are shown in FIG. 14 based on a digital feedback sequence of [+1, -1, -1] from the quantizer circuit 205 shown in FIG. 1. A high signal on the switch control signal chart indicates that the corresponding switch is in an electrically connected state, or as commonly referenced "closed". A low signal on the switch control signal chart indicates that the corresponding switch is in an electrically disconnected state, or as commonly referenced "open".

[0047] During phase 1 of the first sample period when the feedback is +1 is shown in

FIG. 14. During this phase switches Cl and CId are closed and switches C2d, C2 P, and C2_N are open. This switching configuration charges capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn .

In phase 2 of the first sampling period when capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn are sufficiently charged, switches Cl and CId are opened and switches C2d and C2 P are closed. This

switching configuration positively applies the charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to the integrating OTA 601 circuit.

[0048] During phase 1 of the second sampling period when the feedback value is -1 is shown in FIG. 14. During this phase switches Cl and CId are closed and switches C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are open. This switching configuration charges capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn . In phase 2 of the second sampling period when capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn &XQ sufficiently charged, switches Cl and CId are opened and switches C2d and C2_N are closed. This switching configuration negatively applies the charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to the integrating OTA 601 circuit. This sequence of switching is repeated in third sample period because the digital feedback signal during this period is also -1.

[0049] FIG. 5 discloses an improved method and apparatus for implementing a DAC reference circuit for use in a delta-sigma ADC comprising a "reservoir capacitor" C _blg .

C _blg is herein referred to as a "reservoir capacitor" because this capacitor acts as a reservoir of electrical charge. The reservoir capacitor is charged so to be able to provide a large amount of charge during short duration when desired. This event is herein referred to as the "charge sharing". In the present patent application, charge sharing is used to provide charge to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn from the reservoir capacitor C _blg .

This improved method and apparatus may provide the advantage of reducing both power consumption and the noisefloor compared to the resistive solution shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, because the series resistive network is replaced with the reservoir capacitor C _b .

[0050] The reservoir capacitor C _blg may be larger than feedback capacitors to ensure it can store enough electric charge to supply the electric charge required to charge both capacitors C _dacp &nάC _dacn without suffering a significant drop in voltage across C _blg . The capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn combine in series to form the UNIT DAC output capacitance value C _dac . The reservoir capacitor C _blg is continuously charged to a desired voltage level by differential DC current source Io. To ensure the average voltage across the

reservoir capacitor C _blg is maintained at the desired value slow feedback circuits 606 and 607, based on reference voltages V _rφ &naV _refn , may be used to adjust differential current source Io. The reference voltage may be calculated as follows:

V(nT ^~ ) = Voltage across Cbig just before charge sharing event

V(nT ⁺ ) = Voltage across Cbig just after charge sharing event

V(nT + y ) = Voltage across Cbig after clock phasel but before clock phase2

V(nT + T ^~ ) = Voltage across Cbig just before charge sharing event at the next cycle

Q

V(nT ⁺ ) = V(nT ) — (Charge sharing equation in begining of clock phasel)

V{nT + yλ = V{nT ⁺ ) H (Slow charge of both caps during clock phasel)

^BIG ⁺ ^DAC 2

V{nT + T ^~ ) = V(nT + ^T λ + —2 (Slow charge of Cbig during clock phase2)

^BIG 2

V(nT + T ^~ ) = V(nT ^~ ) (This must be true for steady state solution)

We now have 4 equations with 4 unknowns. V(nT + yλ is the voltage level sampled by C _DAC . Solving the set of equantions for V(nT + yC) yields :

Vref = V{nT + y,λ = where F _s = \C is the sample rate

- S ^DAC When switches Cl, CId, C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are opened the reservoir capacitor C _b is charged to the reference voltage, which may be express as:

V _Cbιg = V _rφ - V _rφ Eq(7)

When C _b is charged to the desired reference voltage level, the switches may be used to transfer the charge stored in reservoir capacitor C _blg to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn . It is noted that reservoir capacitor C _blg is continuously charged before, during and after the charge sharing event. Once capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn are sufficiently charged, switches Cl, CId, C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are utilized to provide the stored charge to an integrating capacitor by use of an OTA 601, which is modeled using the 1/gm resistor in series with an offset voltage source connected to the output of the UNIT DAC. As shown in FIG. 5, this integration can be positively applied to the integrating OTA 601 by closing switch C2_P and opening switch C2_N. Alternatively, this integration can

be negatively applied to the integrating OTA 601 by closing switch C2 N and opening switch C2 P. This circuit configuration implements a 2-level DAC. One skilled in the art will realize this circuit configuration may be extended to additional DAC levels by connecting more UNIT DACs in parallel which are controlled by different C2 P and C2_N clocks. [0052] Capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn may both have the same capacitance value so that the capacitance measured at the UNIT DAC output terminal, C _dac , will be ¹ A of a single feedback capacitor value. Therefore, if capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn are selected to be the same capacitance value the relationship between C _dacp , C _dacn and C _dac may be expressed as:

^dac ^{~ ~} Z *~ ^/ dacp ^{~ ~} Z *~ ^/ dacn ^^ ^ dac ^~ ^ dacp ^~ ^ dacn -^0.1°)

[0053] FIG. 6 shows the switch control clock signals for switches Cl, CId, C2d, C2 P, and C2 N shown in FIG. 5 based on a exemplary digital feedback sequence of [+1, -1, - 1] from the quantizer circuit 205 shown in FIG. 1. A high signal on the switch control signal diagram indicates that the corresponding switch is in an electrically connected state, or as commonly referred to as "closed". A low signal on the switch control signal diagram indicates that the corresponding switch is in an electrically disconnected state, or as commonly referred to as "open".

[0054] FIG. 7 shows the direction of charge flow during phase 1 when the feedback value is +1. During phase 1 switches Cl and CId are closed and switches C2d, C2_P, and C2 N are open. This switching configuration provides charge to flow from reservoir capacitor C _blg to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn . This switching configuration also provides charge to flow from the current source Io to capacitors C _dacp andC _dacn . The charge flow from reservoir capacitor C _blg to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn during the beginning of this phase is highlighted in FIG. 7. During the beginning of phase 1, during the charge sharing event, a large amount of charge is transferred from C _blg over a short duration and applied to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn . This provides quick charging

of C _dacp and C _dacn without the use of any external power source which may reduce the noisefloor due to the use of an entirely passive circuit.

[0055] FIG. 8 shows the charge flow during phase 1 after the charge sharing even is completed. The charge flow from the current source Io to capacitors C _blg , C _dacp and

C _dacn during the remainder of this phase. During the remainder of phase 1, after the charge sharing event, a small current is provided to slowly refill the charge in C _b as well as provide additional charge to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn .

[0056] FIG. 9 shows the charge flow during phase 2 of the first sampling period when the feedback value is +1. In phase 2 of the first sampling period after the charge sharing event when capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn have been charged, switches Cl and CId are opened, switches C2d and C2_P are closed and switches C2_N remain open. Two circuit operations are performed during this switching phase. First the "reservoir" capacitor C _b is further "refilled" or recharged by the differential current source Io.

Second, the charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn is positively applied to the integrating OTA 601 circuit through switches C2 P. The "refilling" or recharging of reservoir capacitor C _blg by differential current source Io during phase 2 is shown in

FIG. 9. FIG 9 also shows the positive application of charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to the integrating OTA 601 circuit through switches C2 P during phase 2. Throughout the duration of phase 2 capacitor C _blg is slowly refilled by differential current source Io at a rate of Io/ C _blg . Meanwhile during phase 2 capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn ^are positively discharged into the integrating OTA 601 circuit connected to the Unit DAC output through switch C2 P.

[0057] During phase 1 of the second sampling period when the feedback value is -1, switches Cl and CId are closed and switches C2d, C2_P, and C2_N are open. This switching configuration provides charge to flow from C _blg to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn which provides the charge flow as shown in FIG. 7. During the beginning of phase 1, the current sharing event, a large current is provided from C _b over a short duration and applied to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn . During the remainder of phase 1, after the current

sharing event, a small current is provided to slowly refill the charge in C _blg as well as provide charge to capacitors C _dacp andC _dacn as shown in FIG. 8.

[0058] FIG. 10 shows charge flow during phase 2 during the second sampling period when the feedback value is -1. In phase 2 of the second sampling period shown in FIG. 6, after capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn have been charged, switches Cl and CId are opened, switches C2d and C2_N are closed and switches C2_P remain open. Two circuit operations are performed during this switching phase. First the reservoir capacitor C _blg is refilled by the differential current source Io. Second, the charge stored in capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn is negatively applied to the integrating OTA 601 circuit through switches controlled by signal C2_N. The "refilling" or recharging of reservoir capacitor C _blg by differential current source Io during phase 2 is shown in FIG. 10. FIG 10 also shows the negative application of charge stored in the capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to the integrating OTA 601 circuit connected to the Unit DAC output through switches C2_N2. Throughout the duration of phase 2, capacitor C _blg is slowly refilled by the differential current source Io at a rate of Io/ C _b . Meanwhile, during phase 2 capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn are negatively discharged into the integrating OTA 601 circuit connected to the Unit DAC output through switch C2 N. [0059] The third period with a -1 feedback value shown in FIG. 6 will result in the same switching sequence described above regarding the second sampling period with a -1 feedback value. [0060] FIG. 11 shows the waveforms of the voltage created across capacitors C _blg and C _dac during the switch sequence described above. The voltage across reservoir capacitor C _blg is refilled at a rate of lol C _blg . Once switch Cl is closed the charge sharing event begins and a portion of the charge stored in C _blg is transferred to capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn , which combine in series to form C _dac . When the charge sharing event ends and capacitors C _d and C _dacn maintain their charged state and C _b begins to refill at a rate of Io/C. Then when switch C2 closes the charge stored in

capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn is discharged into the integrating OTA 601 output circuit and reservoir capacitor C _blg continues to refill with additional charge.

[0061] FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram of a design of a single ended MOSFET current mirror circuit to implement the Io current source shown in FIG. 5. A DC reference current, Io, is provided to the current mirror input. The DC reference current may be created using a bandgap voltage circuit in conjunction with a voltage to current converter circuit. This single ended current mirror configuration may be utilized to provide a single ended current flow.

[0062] FIG. 13 shows a schematic diagram of a design of a differential MOSFET current mirror circuit to implement the Io current source shown in FIG. 5. A DC reference current, Io, is provided to the current mirror inputs. The DC reference currents may be created using a bandgap voltage circuit in conjunction with a voltage to current converter circuit. This single ended current mirror configuration may be utilized to provide a single ended current flow. This differential current mirror configuration may provide current symmetry. Achieving current symmetry provides improved noise immunity such as improved immunity from common mode noise being converted to differential noise.

[0063] FIG. 14 discloses an improved method and apparatus for implementing a current source within a DAC reference circuit. A very low (or so called "zero") VT n-type field effect transistor (NFET) source follower MO may be used to provide current flow. A "Zero-Vt" NFET is available in many CMOS processing technologies and has a different channel implant diffusion such that a much lower gate voltage (VT) is required to turn on the device (and hence form the channel) as compared to a standard NFET. This lower VT requirement may provide additional head room for the voltage across reservoir capacitor C _blg .

[0064] The voltage V _ref may be generated using a bandgap voltage circuit. The source follower transistor MO may be biased with very low current so that its output impedance (1/gm) remains reasonably high so that it will still act as a current source. To match the impedance of both terminals of another similar type zero- VT NFET, Ml may be used and sized such that the gds of Ml matches the gm of MO, where gm is the

transconductance of transistor MO and gds is the drain-source conductance of transistor Ml.

[0065] FIG. 15 shows a schematic diagram of a design of the reference circuit described in FIG. 14 with the addition of a slow feedback loop. A differential difference amplifier (DDA) may be used to drive the difference between the actual and desired reference current to a minimal value. A DDA amplifier may use both inverting and non-inverting inputs with a gain of one to produce an output equal to the difference between the inputs. The DDA measures both the voltage present across the terminals of C _blg as well as V _ref and V _ss . An additional compensation capacitor C _comp may be connected from the output of the DDA to V _ss to provide additional lowpass filtering of unwanted noise signals present at the output node of the DDA which is connected to the gate of "zero" VT NFET source follower MO.

[0066] FIG. 16 shows a flow diagram for the DAC reference circuit operation in the presence of a +1 feedback value. First the reservoir capacitor is charged to a reference voltage level and connected to DAC feedback capacitors (blocks 510 & 520). The charge stored in the reservoir capacitor is then transferred to the DAC feedback capacitors (block 530). The reservoir capacitor is disconnected from the DAC feedback capacitors once the charge has been transferred to the DAC feedback capacitors from the reservoir capacitor (block 540). The DAC feedback capacitors are then positively connected to the DAC output terminals (block 550). The charge stored in the DAC feedback capacitors are then positively transferred to the DAC output terminals (block 560).

[0067] FIG. 17 shows a means plus function flow diagram for the DAC reference circuit operation in the presence of a +1 feedback value.

[0068] FIG. 18 shows a flow diagram for the DAC reference circuit operation in the presence of a -1 feedback value. First the reservoir capacitor is charged to a reference voltage level and connected to DAC feedback capacitors (blocks 810 & 820). The charge stored in the reservoir capacitor is then transferred to the DAC feedback capacitors (block 830). The reservoir capacitor is disconnected from the DAC feedback capacitors once the charge has been transferred to the DAC feedback capacitors from the reservoir capacitor (block 840). The DAC feedback capacitors are then negatively

connected to the DAC output terminals (block 850). The charge stored in the DAC feedback capacitors are then negatively transferred to the DAC output terminals (block 860).

[0069] FIG. 19 shows a means plus function diagram for the DAC reference circuit operation in the presence of a -1 feedback value.

[0070] Many benefits are realized by use of the above mentioned improved methods and apparatuses for providing a DAC reference circuit. For example, a high dynamic range DAC may require large feedback capacitors C _dacp and C _dacn to provide large amounts of charge quickly. Use of a resistive DAC reference circuit, as shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, will result in a large resistor capacitor time constant when large feedback capacitors are used. However, use of a reservoir capacitor C _blg , as described in the present application, effectively reduces the resistor capacitor time constant limitation of the DAC circuit by minimizing the use of resistive elements. It is noted that larger switches may be utilized to provide a smaller "on resistance" of the switch to further improve the time constant limitation without suffering any penalty in power consumption. Thus, the improved DAC reference circuit of the present application may provide a higher dynamic range DAC circuit without suffering a resistor capacitor time constant penalty.

[0071] A decrease in power consumption is another benefit which may be realized from utilizing the improved methods and apparatuses for providing a DAC reference circuit as described in the present application. For example, DAC reference circuits utilizing resistor networks, as shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, may require the use of resistors with small resistance values in order to provide the desired reference voltage to the Unit DAC input. The use of resistors with small resistance values may result in high supply current resulting from applying a fix supply voltage across the small resistance circuit. However, the current consumption may be decreased by use of a reservoir capacitor as described in the present application. The improved DAC reference circuit utilizing a reservoir capacitor limits the supply current used by only collecting the charge necessary to supply the DAC feedback capacitors. Thus, reducing power consumption toward the minimum amount of power required to charge the DAC feedback capacitors.

[0072] Inherent low pass filtering is another benefit which may be realized from utilizing the improved methods and apparatuses for providing a DAC reference circuit as described in the present application. The reservoir capacitor as described in the present application inherently acts as a low pass filter connected to the positive and negative inputs of the Unit DAC circuit. This configuration may provide the added benefit of filtering out noise signals present at the input of the Unit DAC circuit. There are many noise signals present in an integrated circuit which can be reduced by low pass filtering. For example, there may be power supply noise, ground plane noise, substrate noise, switching noise from nearby circuitry, etc. The inherent low pass filtering characteristic of the disclosed reservoir capacitor may improve overall DAC performance by filtering out and thus reducing the impact of these noise sources.

[0073] The ability to achieve high dynamic range DAC without the need for high speed active circuits is another benefit which may be realized from utilizing the improved methods and apparatuses for providing a DAC reference circuit as described in the present application. High speed active circuits may degrade DAC noise performance by injecting additional noise into the DAC circuit. However, use of the improved methods and apparatuses disclosed in the present application may remove the need to use high speed active circuits thus improving the overall noise performance of the DAC circuit.

[0074] Reduction of 1/f noise or "pink noise" is another benefit which may be realized from utilizing the improved methods and apparatuses for providing a DAC reference circuit as described in the present application. 1/f noise or "pink noise" may be reduced due to the reduction in DC current utilized by the DAC reference circuit. Current sources may be implemented using MOSFET transistors which exhibit 1/f noise proportional to the DC operating current passing through the MOSFET transistor. Thus, the decrease in supply current utilized by the improved DAC reference circuit disclosed in the present application may also result in a reduction of the 1/f noise created in the MOSFET transistors which are utilized to create the current sources within the DAC circuit. This reduction in 1/f noise may result in lower circuit noise and thus improved noise performance of the DAC circuit.

[0075] The low power, low noise digital-to-analog converter reference circuit described herein may be implemented on an IC, and RF IC (RFIC), a mixed-signal IC, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a printed circuit board (PCB), an

electronics device, etc. The programmable gain circuit may also be fabricated with various IC process technologies such as complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), N-channel MOS (N-MOS), P-channel MOS (P-MOS), bipolar junction transistor (BJT), bipolar-CMOS (BiCMOS), silicon germanium (SiGe), gallium arsenide (GaAs), etc.

[0076] An apparatus implementing the low power, low noise digital-to-analog converter reference circuit described herein may be a stand-alone device or may be part of a larger device. A device may be (i) a stand alone IC, (ii) a set of one or more ICs that may include memory ICs for storing data and/or instruction, (iii) an RFIC such as an RF receiver (RFR) or an RF transmitter/receiver (RTR), (iv) an ASIC such as a mobile station modem (MSM), (v) a module that may be embedded within other devices, (vi) a receiver, cellular phone, wireless device, handset, or mobile unit, (vii) etc.

[0077] The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[0078] WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: