CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from and claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Serial No, 14/181 ,926, filed February 17, 201 , which is incorporated by reference herein.

This application is related to commonl assigned, copending United States Patent Application Serial No. 14/181 ,929, filed February 17. 2014, entitled "Electronic Circuit and Low Voltage Arc Flash System Including an Electromagnetic Trigger" ( ^" Attorney Docket No. J 3-ΡΌΑ- 1034).

BACKGROUND

Field

The disclosed concept pertains generally to arc flash mitigation and, more particularly, to low voltage arc flash switches.

Background Information

Arc flash mitigation is needed in low voltage power applications. Arc flash hazards are particularly dangerous when maintenance is performed on energized equipment (e.g., without limitation, motor-control centers (MCCs)). Often, service doors are opened during maintenance, which increases the likelihood of maintenance personnel getting injured if they make a mistake. Also, other dangerous arc flash situations can involve degraded insulation or animals creating shorts across energized conductors.

There is room for improvement, in low voltage arc flash switches.

SUMMARY

These needs and others are met by embodiments of the disc losed concept in which a sealed housing of a low voltage arc flash switch houses gas insulation and a number of gaps between a plurality of conductors, and a triggering mechanism causes a breakdown of the number of gaps.

In accordan ce with one aspect of the disclosed concept, a l ow voltage arc flash switch comprises: a sealed housing; gas insulation within the sealed housing; a plurality of conductors including a number of gaps therebetween withio the sealed housing; and a triggering mechanism structured to cause a breakdown of the number of gaps,

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A .mil understanding of the disclosed concept can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is an isometric view of system including a low voltage arc flash switch and a three-phase power bus in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed concept.

Figure 2 is a cross-sectional, view of the low voltage arc flash switch and the three-phase power bus along lines 2-2 of Figure L

Figure 3 is a top plan view of the low voltage arc flash switch and the three-phase power bus of Figure 1.

Figure 4 is a vertical elevation view of the elongated conductive cylinder and support of Figure 1.

Figure 5 is an end elevation vie of the elongated conductive c linder and s upport of Fi gure 4.

Figure 6 is a cross-sectional vie of one of the end caps of Figure 1.

Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of a. low voltage arc flash switch and a three-phase power bus in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept.

Figure 8 is a plot of current waveforms incl uding prospective current without, a low voltage arc flash switch and limited current, with the low voltage arc flash switch of Figure 7.

Figure 9 is an isometric view of a pair of the metal contacts of Figure

·-!

Figure 10 is a block diagram of an electronic circui t and a low voltage arc flash switch, in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept

Figures 1 1 A and 1 1 B are vertical elevation views of an electromagnetic trigger for the low voltage arc flash switch of Figure 1 in respective compressed and triggered positions. Figure 11C is a top plan view of a copper ribbon for the electromagnetic trkaer of Fiaure 1 1 A.

Figures 12A and 12B are vertical elevation views of electromagnetic triggers for the two gaps of the low voltage arc flash switch of Figure 1 in respective compressed and triggered positions.

Figures 13A and 13B are vertical elevation, views of an electromagnetic trigger for the low voltage arc flash switch of Figure 7 in respective compressed and triggered positions.

Figure 14 is a block diagram in schematic form of a single-phase open door trigger circuit for the electromagnetic trigger of Figure 12 A,

Figure 15 is a block diagram in schematic form of a three-phase open door trigger circuit for the electromagnetic trigger of Figure I2A.

Figure 1 is a block diagram in schematic form of a three-phase full-time protection trigger circuit for the electromagnetic trigger of Figure 12 A.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As employed herein, the term "number shall mean one or an integer greater than one (Le. , a plurality).

As employed herein, the statement that two or more parts are

"connected" or "coupled" together shall mean that the parts are joined together either directly or joined through one or more intermediate parts. Further, as employed herein, the statement that two or more parts are "attached" shall mean that the parts are joined together directly.

The disclosed low voltage (i.e., less than 1000 VRMS) arc flash switch employs a triggering mechanism,, such as an electromagnetic trigger or fusible link, to trigger the device. The example triggering mechanism causes a breakdown of a gap between conductors in a sealed housing, which can optionally be pressurized. The switch includes suitably high melting point metal conductors enclosed in a sealed container structured to contain an arcing fault Upon detection of an uncontrolled external arcing fault, the example triggering mechanism is initiated which causes the external arcing fault to commutate into the sealed switch, thereby eliminating the external arcing fault and protecting personnel and equipment from arcing damage. Referring to Figures 1.-3, a low voltage power system 2 includes a low voltage arc flash switch 4 and a three-phase low voltage power bus 6. The low voltage arc flash switch 4 includes a sealed housing 8, gas insulation 10 (Figure 2) within the sealed housing 8, a plurality (e.g., without limitation; two; three; greater than three) of conductors 12 (figure 2) including a number (e.g., without limitation; one; two; greater than two) of gaps 14 (Figure 2) therebetween within the sealed housing 8, and a triaaerina mechanism 15 (shown in Figure 10 in connection with a single gap 138), structured to cause a breakdown of the number of gaps 14.

The example three-phase low voltage power bus 6 includes three low voltage power bus bars 1 , which are optionall supported by insu!ative (e.g., without limitation, GP03; red glass) support braces 1 8. The three low voltage power bus bare 1 carry a three-phase alternating current, low voltage, which is received by the three example conductors 12 shown in Figure 2.

As will be discussed, the example triggering mechanism 15 places an arcing fa lt across the three conductors 1 2 within the sealed housing 8, in order to eliminate an uncontrolled arcing fault (e.g.. without limitation, phase-to-phase; phase- to-ground) external to the sealed housing 8. For example, the triggering mechanism 1 5 is structured to cause the uncontrolled arcina fault external to the sealed housina 8 to commutate into the sealed housing 8, thereby eliminating the uncontrolled arcing fault.

For example and without limitation, a first voltage across each of the two example gaps 14 shown in Figure 2 is about 25 VRMS to about 1.20 VRMS. Before the uncontrolled arcing fault, a second voltage between two phases of the example three-phase alternating current low voltage is any suitable low voltage (e.g., without limitation, typically about 208 VR S to about 690 VRMS; any suitable low voltage less than 1000 VRMS or less than 1 500 Voc). Fault currents from the arcing fault across the three example conductors 1 2 are conducted within the sealed housing 8 for up to about 30 line cycles. Since the low voltage arc flash switch 4 is a sealed unit, no exhaust gas escapes from the sealed housing 8 responsive to the uncontrolled arcing fault commutated into the sealed housing 8, The uncontrolled arcing fault is advantageously commutated in under 3 ins. Hence, the arcing fault is commutated into the sealed container 8 across all three example phases, thereby eliminating the arc flash hazard in under 3 HIS. Fault currents can be contained for up to about 30 cycles. This results n a significant current limiting {e.g., about a 20% to 40% reduction) thereby protecting upstream equipment from thermal and mechanical stress.

As a non imiting example, the example conductors 12 are made of tungsten. The gas insulation 10 is a number (e.g., one gas; a mixture of gasses) of gasses selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, sulfur hexafiuoride, helium, and air. The gas insulation 10 has a nominal quiescent pressure within the sealed housing 8 of between 10 ^" ' Torr and 10 ⁴ Torr, where one atmosphere is equal to 760 Torr (101325 Pa.),

As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the example sealed housing 8 includes an elongated conductive cylinder 20 having a first end 22, an intermediate portion 24 and an opposite second end 26. A first conductive end cap 28 (Figure 3) is coupled to the first end 22, and a second conductive end cap 30 (Figure 3) is coupled to the opposite second end 26, The cylinder 20 and the end caps 28,30 can be made, for example and without limitation, of stainless steel. The end caps 28,30 are preferably brazed, welded or threaded to the respective ends 22,26 of the elongated conducti ve cylinder 20.

A first one (e.g., without limitation, phase A) of the three conductors 12 passes through the first conductive end cap 28 and is structured to be electrically and mechanical !y coupled to a first bus bar 32 energized by a first phase of the three- phase alternating current low voltage. A second one (e.g., without limitation, phase B) of the three conductors .12 passes through the intermediate portion 24 of the elongated conductive cylinder 20 and is structured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to a second bus bar 34 energized, by a second phase of the three-phase alternating current low voltage. A third one (e.g., without limitation, phase C) of the three conductors 12 passes through the second conductive end cap 30 and is

structured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to a third bus ba 36 energized by a third phase of the three-phase alternating current low voltage.

As shown in Figure 6, each of the example end caps 28,30 includes an outer conductive end cap portion 38 electrically and mechanically coupled to a corresponding one of the ends 22,26 of the elongated conductive cylinder 20, and an inner insulator member 40 carrying an inner conductive portion 42 (Figure 2) (e.g.. without limitation, made of copper; steel) of a corresponding one of the first and third ones (e.g.. without limitation, phases A and C) of the three conductors 12. A number (e.g., without limitation, two are shown in Figure 6} of axial O-ring seals 44 seal a first surface 46 of the inner insulator member 40 to a first surface 48 of the outer conductive end cap portion 38. A compression O-ring seal 50 (e.g., without

limitation, made of Viton* synthetic rubber) seals a second sur face 52 of the inner insulator member 40 to a second surface 54 of the outer conductive end cap portion 38. The example seals 44,50 seal the outer conductive end cap portion 38 to the inner insulator member 40.

As shown in Figure 2, an insulative disk 56 (e.g., without limitation, made of alumina; acor*" glass-ceramic material; silicon carbide) wi thin the sealed housing 8 encloses the inner conductive portion 42 of the corresponding first and third conductors 12 and the inner insulator member 40 within the outer conductive end cap portion 38 and away from the two example gaps 14 within the sealed housing 8. Each of the first and third conductors 12 includes an angled conductive bracket 58 (e.g., without limitation, made of copper) having a first portion 60 electrically coupled to a corresponding one of the first and third conductors 12 and a second portion 62 structured to be electrically coupled to a corresponding one of the first and third bus bars 32,36. Each of the conductive end caps 28,30 further includes an insulative disk 64 (e.g., without limitation, made of a G10 glass reinforced epoxy) outside of the sealed housing 8 enclosing the inner conductive portion 42 of the corresponding one of the first and third conductors 1:2 and the inner insula tor member 40 within the outer conductive end cap portion 38 and. away from exterior surface 66 of the conductive end cap portion 38.

The insulaiive disk 56 advantageously protects the inner conductive- portion 42 and the other insulative disk 64. The insulaiive disk 64 advantageously provides insulation for a suitable over surface distance (e.g., between the B-A phases or between the B-C phases since phase B is electrically connected to the elongated conductive cylinder 20 and the end caps 28,30). A number of nuts 68 (e.g.. without limitation, made of brass; two are shown) are threaded on an outer conductive portion 70 (e.g. , without limitation, made of copper) of each of the first and third conductors 12 to secure the insulati ve disk 64 to a corresponding one of the first and second conductive end caps 28,30. This compresses the compression O-ring seal 50 (Figure 6), and secures the ang!ed conductive bracket 58 to the corresponding one of the first and third conductors 12. Although an inner nut 68 is shown for locking purposes and cinching the compression O-ring sea! 50, only the outer nut 68 is needed. The outer second nut 68 allows the switch 4 to be bolted to the bracket 58 (phase A or phase C) if the spacing between the inner first nut 68 and the outer second nut 68 needs to be adjusted.

Each of the first and third conductors 12 incl udes an inner conductive electrode 72 (shown in Figure 5 with the B-phase conductor) (e.g., without limitation, made of tungsten; steel; copper; copper-chrome) within the sealed housing 8 and the external conductor or outer conductive portion 70 (Figures 1 -3) (e.g., without limitation, made of copper) outside of the sealed housing 8. The inner conductive electrode 72 is brazed to the inner conduc ti ve portion 42 which is part of the ex ternal conductor 70, As a further non-limiting example, the inner conductive electrode 72 is advantageously made of tungsten, in order to provide a suitably high melting point, to reduce vapor pressure from relati vely low erosion of the tungsten, and to slow

pressure build up within the sealed housing 8. In the example of Figure 2, the inner conducti ve electrode 72 of the second one of the three conductors 12 is normal to both of the inner conductive electrodes 72 of the second and third ones of the three conductors 12.

Continuing to refer to Figure 2, an external conductive (e.g., without limitation, made of copper) support and mounting member 74 is brazed to an exterior surface 75 of the elongated conductive (e.g., without limitation, made of stainless steel) cylinder 20. The second one of the three conduc tors 12 is preferably made of tungsten and is brazed to the elongated conductive cylinder 20 at locations 21 and to the external conductive support and mounting member 74 at locations 73 as best shown in Figure 5.

The external conductive support and mounting member 74 includes a generally planar conductive surface 76 having a first width W 1 structured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to the second bus bar 34, which is an elongated rectangular conductive bus bar having a larger second width W2. The second bus bar 34 is energized by the second phase of the three-phase alternating current low voltage. The generally planar conducti e surface 76 includes a recess 78 having a third width W3, which is smaller than the first widt WL structured to receive an msuiaiive planar barrier 80 (e.g., without limitation, fish paper) therein. The structure of the msulati ve planar barrier SO and the resulting current flow helps to retain the arcs in the gaps 14 for the A-B phases and the B-C phases. The larger second width W2 of the second bus bar 34 allows for a reverse current loop. Current flows from the mating conductive surfaces and travels laterally (with respect to Figure 2) towards the center of member 74. Current continues to flow vertically (with respect to Figure 2) through the center electrode 72 across the arc formed in the gap between eiectrodes 72 and conductors 12 and laterally (wit respect to Figure 2) through conductors 12. This creates a magnetic field which tends to keep the arc in the gap formed between conductors 12 and electrode 72 and also tends to drive the arc upward (with respect to Figure 2).

Referring again to Figures 4 and 5, an interior of the example stainless steel elongated conductive cylinder 20 is covered with a suitable thermal ceramic spray 83, which protects the conductive cylinder 20 from arcing therein. Also, as shown in Figure 5, an internal portion of the example second tungsten conductor 12 can also be covered with the thermal ceramic spra 83, leaving a suitable portion (shown hatched) uncovered, which forms the inner conductive electrode 72.

As shown in Figure 3, the elongated conductive cylinder 20 optionally has a number of U-clamps 82 (e.g., without limitation, made of steel) structured to electricall and mechanically couple to the second bus bar 34. These advantageously stiffen and avoid mechanical stresses, suc as bending, of the bus bar 34.

Figure 7 shows another low voltage arc flash switch 84, which is somewhat similar to the low voltage arc flash switch 4 of Figures 1-3, and a three- phase power bus 86 (having phases A,B,C). For example and without limitation, in Figure 7, one vertical (with respect to Figure 7) rod 88 and two horizontal (with respect to Figure 7) rods 90,92 are made of copper and. two sets 94,96 of example tungsten contacts 98 are provided. It is believed that this configuration increases the current (e.g., without limitation, from 35 kA to 65 kA with respect to the

configuration of Figure 1 ) and increases the time duration of arcing (e.g., without limitation, 3 to 30 cycles) while maintaining the integrity of elonga ted conductive cylinder 100 (e.g., without limitation, made of stainless steel).

Preferably, in this example, a different electrode geometry is employed. The addition of the example tungsten contacts 98 formed by the example tungsten contact disks 102 (shown in figure 9) provides a relatively larger surface area to reduce arc erosion and. more importantly, preferably employs known vacuum interrupter contact technolog to rotate the arc to further minimize arc erosion of the contacts 98 as well as distribute thermal loading on the elongated conductive cylinder 100. This changes the magnetic fields and the current path. As shown in Figure 7, the current path is directed axial ly along the horizontal rods 90, 1 ,92 disposed in the center of the elongated conductive cylinder 100 to the center 99 of the tungsten contacts 98 (Figure 9). From that point, the current moves outward on a contact pedal 1 4 (Figure 9) and returns on the adjacent contact pedal 106 (Figure 9), thereby forming a reverse loop that creates a circumferential force on the arc at each of the two gaps 108,110 to rota te the arc around the periphery of each of the contacts 98. Optionally, a ferrous steel disk (not shown) can be employed behind each tungsten contac t 98 for increasing the magnetic force on the arc. The two sets 94,96 of four tungsten contacts 98 are structured to form the reverse current loop.

Figure 8 shows a plot of current waveforms including the prospective current without the low voltage arc flash switch 84 (Figure 7) and the resulting cui'rent-limiting (CL) effect with the low voltage arc flash switch 84. Current-limiting is desired to reduce system stress (e.g., mechanical and thermal) and maintain arc current for a suitable number of cycles with the example gaps 108,1 10 (f igure ?) and corresponding materials, as disclosed.

Figure 9 shows two of the tungsten contacts 98 including the pedals

104, 106, These contacts 98 are general ly disk-shaped with a plurality of generall y L- shaped arms 1 12 forming the contact pedals 104,106 and being structured to rotate an arc at each of the two gaps 108,1 10 (Figure 7).

Referring again to Figure 7, a .first one of the three conductors 1 14 is T-shaped and includes a first portion 1 16 normal to both a second one and a third one of the three conductors 1 14, and a second portion 1 18 in-line with both the second one and the third one of the three conductors 1 14, The second portion 1 18 includes a first contact 120 at a .first end 122 thereof and a second contact 124 at a« opposite second end 126 thereof. The second one of the three conductors 1 14 includes a third contact 128 facing the first contact 120 and forming the first gap 108, The third one of the three conductors 1 1.4 includes a fourth contact 130 facing the second contact 124 and forming the second gap 110. Preferably, the contacts 120,124, 128,130 are made of tungsten, and the three conductors 1 14 are otherwise made of copper or steel.

As shown in Figure 10, another low voltage arc flash switch 134 includes two conductors 136, and one gap 138 therebetween. The two conductors 136 are structured to receive a single phase alternating current low voltage. Otherwise, the low voltage arc flash switch 134 can be somewhat similar to the low voltage arc- flash switch 4 of Figure 1.

The electronic circuit 140 can be on board or at or near the low voltage arc flash switches 4,84, 34. Optical and current sensors 142,144 detect an external arc flash 146 and trigger the electronic circuit 140 to close the Sow voltage arc flash switch 4,84, 134.

As an alternati ve to the thermal ceramic spray 83 of Figures 4 and 5, the interior of the example stainless steel elongated conductive cylinder 20 of Figure 1 can be formed by a graphite tube or a ceramic tube that acts as an arc shield and protects the conductive cylinder 20 from arcing therein, such as f om a direct arc blast from contacts formed by the conductors 12 (Figure 2) at the gaps 1 (Figure 2).

In Figrsre 1 , the electronic circuit 140 includes the number of sensors 142,144 that detect the arc flash 1 6 from an uncontrolled arcing fault, and a trigger circ uit 148 thai triggers a number of triggering mechanisms 15 and causes a breakdown of the number of gaps 138 within the low voltage arc flash switch 134. A low voltage arc flash system 150 includes the low voltage arc flash switch 134, and th electronic circuit 140. The electronic circuit 140 can be disposed on, at or near the low voltage arc flash switch 1 4. The number of sensors 142,144 can be a plurality of sensors including a number of optical sensors 142 and a number of current sensors 144, as will be discussed, below, in connection with Figures 14-16.

As will be described, below, in connection with Figures 1 lA-1 1 C,

12A-12B and 13A-13B, the example number of triggering mechanisms 15 can be expandable electromagnetic triggers as will be described. Figures 1 1 A and I 1 B are vertical elevation views of an expandable electromagnetic trigger 152 for the low voltage arc flash switch 4 of Figure 1 in

respective compressed and triggered positions. A suitable conductor, such as an example copper ribbon or foil 154 (Figure 1 1C), is accelerated across a gap 156 in order to breakdown that gap providing a switching action on the order of 800 microseconds. This provides fast and reliable triggering for the low voltage arc flash switch 4. In this example, copper ribbon and copper foil behave in a like manner in terms of electromagnetic repulsion, although a copper ribbon may not be a wide as a copper foil,

Figure 11C shows the example copper ribbon or foil 154. As a non- limiting example, the copper ribbon or foil 154 has a width, of about 0.1 inch (about 0.254 cm), thickness of about 0,003 inch (about 0,00762 cm) and a height of about 0.325 inch (about 0.8255 cm). In this example, the copper ribbon or foil 154 has an accordion shape, which can extend further than a single looped conductor. The

current/voltage from the trigger circuit 148 (Figure 10) causes the copper ribbon or foil 154 to move from the compressed state (Figure 1 1 A) to the triggered state (Figure 1 1 B) as a result of electromagnetic repulsion. For example, folding the copper ribbon or foil 154 back on itself creates a "reverse" loop which causes the plural conductor folds to repel one another when a suitable current pulse is applied. The dimensions of the copper ribbon/foil 154 are preferably selected to achieve sufficiently small mass and stiffness, and sufficiently large current carrying cross sectional area, in order to achieve full displacement across the gaps 156, 158 in a sufficiently short time prior to exceeding the thermal capability of the ribbon/ foil (resulting in melting of the ribbonfbil),

In the example of Figures 1 1 A-l IB, number of gaps 138 (Figure 10) are two gaps 156,158. As sho wn in Figure 1 1 A, there are a first plurality of folds 160 disposed withi the first gap 156 and a second plurality of folds 162 disposed within the second gap 158. Each of the first plurality of folds 160 and the second plurality of folds 162 has a compressed position (Figure I 1A) before the ribbon or foil 1.54 is triggered by the trigger circuit 148, Also, each of the first -plurality of folds 160 and the second plurality of folds 162 has a triggered position (Figure 1 IB) after the conductive ribbon or foil 154 is triggered by the trigger circuit 148. The triggered position (Figure 1 1 B) causes the first plurality of folds 160 to expand and breakdown the first gap 156, and the second plurality of folds 162 to expand and breakdown the second gap 158, These breakdowns preferably occur in about 800 microseconds after the trigger circuit 148 triggers the example electromagnetic trigger 152. For example and without limitation, each one of both of: (a) the first plurality of folds 160 and (b) the second plurality of folds 162 can include twelve folds and forms an accordion shape,

T he trigger circuit 1 8 outputs a current pulse to the example conductive ribbon or foil 154. Current flowing through each of the first plurality of folds 160 and the second plurality of folds 162 causes the first plurality of folds 160 to

electroniagnetically repel each other and causes the second plurality of folds 162 to electroniagnetically repel each other, thereby causing the conducti ve ribbon or foil 154 to move from the compressed position (Figure 1 1 A) to the triggered position (Figure 1 I B).

Referring to Figures 12A and Ϊ2Β, electromagnetic triggers 164, 166 for the two gaps 14 of the low voltage arc flash switch 4 of Figure 1 are shown in respective compressed and triggered positions. These gaps 14 are formed by a first electrode or contact 12 separated from a second electrode or contact 12. It will be appreciated that these electromagnetic triggers 1 4.1 6 and the electromagnetic trigger 152 of Figures 1 1 A-i IB can also function for the lo voltage arc flash switch 84 of Figure 7. A triggering mechanism, such as the electromagnetic triggers 1 4, 1 6, includes, for each of the number of gaps 14, a U-shaped foil or ribbon conductor 168 including a first end 170, a first elongated portion 172, a IJ-bend 174, a second elongated portion 176, an arcuate bend 78 and a second end I SO. As shown in Figure 12 A, the second end I SO is electrically connected to a. first electrode 182 and the first elongated portion 172 is parallel to the second elongated portion 176 and separated therefrom by a .first insulator 184. The second elongated portion 1 76 is parallel to the first electrode 182 and separated therefrom by a second insulato 186. The triggering mechanism has a compressed position (Figure 12 A) before the triggering mechanism is triggered by the trigger circuit 148 (Figure 1.2A), and has a triggered position (Figure 12B) after the triggering mechanism is triggered by the trigger circuit 148. The first end 170 and the first elongated portion 172 are distal from the second electrode 188 in the compressed position (Figure 12A , and the first elongated portion 172 electrically engages the second electrode 188 in the triggered position (Figure 12B).

In this example, die U-shaped foil or ribbon conductor 168 is made of copper and has a thickness of about 0.003 inch (about 0.00762 cm). The trigger circuit 148 outputs a current pulse to the U-shaped foil or ribbon conductor 168. Current flows in opposite directions through the first electrode 182 and the first elongated porti n 172 and through the first elongated portion 172 and the second elongated portion 176 causes the first electrode 182 to electromagiieiically repel the first elongated portion 172 and causes the first elongated portion 172 to

electrornagnetically repel the second elongated portion 176, This causes the gaps 14 to breakdown. The electrodes 182,188 are made from, for example and without limitati on, tungsten, copper, copper-chrome, or steel. The dimensions of the copper ribbon/foil 168 are preferably selected to achieve sufficiently small mass and stiffness, and sufficiently large current carrying cross sectional area, in order to achieve full displacement across the gaps 14 in a sufficiently short time, in another case, the ribbon may break during current flow but momentum will carry the ribbon across the gap 1 .

Figures 13. A and 13B sho another electromagnetic trigger 192 for the low voltage arc flash switch 84 of Figure 7 in respective compressed and triggered positions. In this example, there are four trigger conductors 1 4 (Figure Ϊ3Β), with two trigger conductors 1 6,1 8 for each of the two conductive foils or ribbons 200,202, respectively. Here, the foils or ribbons 200,202 are completed insulated from the B-phase conductor 204, thereby ensuring that the trigger current passes through the ribbons 200,202 in parallel. Also, there is one folded piece of conductive ribbon as opposed to multiple folds. This is easy to construct and is fester than the relativel larger electromagnetic trigger 152 of Figures 1 1A-H B, which has more folds. The example electromagnetic trigger 192 has relati ely less moving mass and a notch 205 provides a definite break point.

Each of the gaps .108,1 0 is formed by a first electrode 1.20, 124 separated from a second electrode 128,130. A triggering mechanism 218 includes, for each of the gaps 108,110, the foil or ribbon conductor 200,202 including a first end 220 electrically connected to the first electrode 120.124, an elongated portion 222 and a free second end 224, with the notch 205 formed in the elongated portion 222 proximate the free second end 224. The elongated portion 222 is parallel to the first electrode 120,124 and separated therefrom by an insulator 226 in a non-triggered position (Figure 13A). The triggering mechanism 238 has a first position (Figure 13 A) parallel to the first electrode 120, 124 before the triggering mechanism 218 is triggered by a trigger circuit 21 ;. such as the trigger circuit 148 of Figure 10, The triggering mechanism 218 has a triggered position ( Figure 13B) after the triggering mechanism 218 is triggered by the trigger circuit 21 . The foil or ribbon conductor 200,202 is distal .from the second electrode 128 J 30 in the non-triggered position. The elongated portion 222 electrically engages the second electrode 128 J 30 in the triggered position.

Hie trigger circuit 219 outputs a current pulse to or from the tree second end 224 and from or to, respectively, the first electrode 120,124, Current flowing in opposite directions through the elongated portion 222 and the first electrode 120.124 causes the first electrode to electromagnetically repel the elongated -portion 222, break the elongated portion 222 at the notch 205, and cause the elongated portion 222 to electrically engage the second electrode 128,130 in die triggered position.

n this example where there are the two gaps 108,1 0, the triggering mechanism 218 includes, for each of the two gaps, a triggering member 228. The trigger circuit 219 outputs a current pulse in parallel to the trigger member 228 for each of the two gaps 108,1 10.

As shown in Figure 14, for example, the sensor 142 of Figure 10 is a current sensor 230. The trigger circuit 148 (Figure 10) and the trigger circuit 219 (Figures 13A-13B) can include a full-wave bridge 232 including an output 234 and an input 236 electrically connected, to the current sensor 230, a capacitor 238 electrically connected to the output 234 of the current sensor 236, and an electronic circuit 240 structured to respond to a predetermined voltage across the capacito 238 and output a current pulse through the corresponding electromagnetic trigger 164,1 6 (Figures 12 A- 12.8 } or triggering mechanism 218 (Figure 13 A).

The example trigger circuit 219 is a single-phase ope door trigger circuit for the electromagnetic triggers 164, 166 of Figures 12A- 12B. As a non-limiting example, the current sensor 230 is structured to charge the capacitor 238 at a charge rate of about 2 kV/ ^' ms for a current corresponding to a suitable arc flash event. The example predetermined voltage is about 2 kV; and the capacitor 238 Is charged to the predetermined voltage in about 1 ms. The triggering mechanism is structured to breakdown the number of gaps 14 in about 0.4 ms responsive to the current pulse therethrough. A relay contact 242 is electrically connected between the current sensor 230 and the input 236 of the full-wave bridge 232. The relay contact 242 is normally closed when a switchgear door 244 is open. The current sensor 230 in this example is a single current transformer (CT) structured to sense current flowing in a single phase of switchgear 246. The example single current transformer 230 can include, for example and without limitation, a 0.012 inch (0.03048 cm) laminated M4 silicon, steel C-core #27, having 300 turns of #16AWG with a 0,002 inch (0.00508 cm) air gap (not shown).

The example 2 kV/ms charge rate is based on the need to quickly charge the capacitor 238 and the electronic circuit 240 in order to fire the electromagnetic triggers 164, 166. The faster the triggering members 1 4, 1 6 can activate, the more effective the low voltage arc flash switch 4 of Figure 1 becomes. The arc flash will be extinguished faster if the capacitor 238 can charge as fast as possible. The capacitor 238 is charged to about 2 kV in about 1 ms, which establishes the above charge rate. After the 1 ms charge time, the trigger current pulse will start and move the electromagnetic triggers 1 4, 1 6 in about 0.4 ms to activate the low voltage arc flash switch 4, As a result, the arc fault will then be commutated into the low voltage arc flash switch 4 in about 1.4 ms for this example. There will be some additional commutation time as well. This example trigger circuit 219 does not sense arc flash light but becomes active when the example switchgear door 244 is open.

Referring to Figures I S and 16, other trigger circuits 248 and 250, respectively, are shown. Here, current transformers 252, connected in a WYE

configuration, sense over-currents, include three outputs 254,256,258 and are structured to sense currents flowing in three phases of switchgear (not shown). Also, the input of a full-wave bridge 260 is three discrete inputs 262,264,266 each of whic is electrically connected to a corresponding one of the three outputs 254,256,258 of the WYE current transformer 252.

The trigger circuit 248 o Figure 15 is a three-phase open door trigger circuit for the electromagnetic triggers 164,166 of Figure 12A, This trigger circuit 248 is acti vely sensing current only when any switchgear door (not shown, but see the switchgear door 244 of Figure 14) is open. Achieving a sufficient capacitor charge earlier (because of a faster charging rate) allows the electromagiietic triggers 164,166 to be activated earlier, and stops the arc flash event earlier. Thus, the arc flash energy is reduced by achieving a faster charging rate, in this example, each of three relay contacts 268,270,272 is electrically connected between the corresponding one of the three outputs 254,256,258 of the WYE connected current transformer 252 and a corresponding one of the three discrete inputs 262,264,266 of the full-wave bridge 260. The three relay contacts 268,270,272 are normally closed when the switchgear door is open. Otherwise, the capacitor 238 ^' and the electronic circuit 240 ^' can be similar to the respective capacitor 238 and electronic circuit 240 of Figure 14.

Figure 16 shows the trigger circuit 250, which is a three-phase full-time protection trigger circui t for the electromagnetic triggers 1.64,.! 66 of Figure 12A. Here, the WYE connected current transformer 252 saturates above 10 kA and the capacitor charge rate is about 2 kV/ms. This trigger circuit 250 does employ arc flash light. The WYE connected current transformer 252 needs to saturate, because if there is no arc flash, but there is a fault current, then, further charging of the capacitor 278 with every half-cycle is not desired. As such, current transformer saturation limits the charging voltage. Here, the sensors 144 of Figure It) include a light sensor 280. The electronic circuit 282 is structured to respond to predetermined voltage (e.g., without

limitation, about 2 kV) across the capacitor 278 and output the current pulse through a triggering mechanism, such as the example expandable electromagnetic triggers 1 4,1 6, responsive to arc flash light sensed by the light sensor 280 when there is also the predetermined, voltage across the capacitor 278,

While specific embodiments of the disclosed concept have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements

disclosed are meant to be .illustrati ve only and not limiting as to the scope of the disclosed concept which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended and an and all equivalents thereof