CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims benefit to provisional patent application serial no. 61 /862,634, filed 6 August 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1 . Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a switch; and more particularly to a switch designed for applications related to a low water cutoff. 2. Brief Description of Related Art

Figure 1 A shows an existing low water cutoff switch, e.g., having an integral brass base 7 made from solid brass. The existing low water cutoff switch is a general purpose liquid flow switch sold under the model no. FS250, e.g., by the assignee of the instant patent application. See an Instruction Manual (MM-625C), entitled "Series FS-250 General Purpose Liquid Flow Switch," which is hereby incorporated by reference.

In Figure 1 A, the existing low water cutoff switch includes the following labeled parts/components:

a plastic cover 1 ;

a micro switch 2;

a switch bracket 3;

a NPT plug;

a grub screw 5; a pivot 6;

the brass base 7;

a paddle arm 8;

a paddle 9,

an actuating cam 10; and

an O-ring 1 1 .

The existing low water cutoff switch is characterized as follows:

- Basic Function:

To transfer oscillatory motion (because of liquid flow in the pipe where the switch is mounted) into vertical motion, which would actuate the micro switch 2 through the actuating cam 10 and ON/OFF signaling would be further passed on from the low cutoff switch to a given system for taking any further necessary action.

- Existing Problem:

Yielding of pivot mechanism can leadl to failure, and

Development of condensation, e.g., when flow switches are used in chiller applications.

Figure 1 B shows part of the existing low water cutoff switch in Figure 1 A, e.g., showing how the O rings 1 1 may be configured in part of the existing low water cutoff switch in relation to the pivot 6. Figure 1 C shows the integral brass base that forms part of the existing low water cutoff switch in Figure 1 A.

In effect, and by way of example, in the existing design the major base component is made of solid brass. When such a configuration is used in chiller application, it can result in condensation build-up in the existing low water cutoff switch, because of a heat transfer through conduction and convection, which over period of time has a tendency to make the flow switch un-operational.

There is a need to provide a better low cut-off switch that does not have such problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to some embodiments, the present invention takes the form of a new and unique low water cut-off switch assembly featuring a two-part base assembly having a lower base part and an upper base part.

The lower base part may be made from a metallic material, configured to be adapted on piping having a fluid flow, and also configured with a central orifice to receive a paddle arm that pivots on an axis in response to the fluid flow in the piping.

The upper base part may be made from a non-metallic material, configured with a corresponding central orifice to receive the paddle arm, and configured with a channel to receive a pivot arm to mount and allow the paddle arm to pivot on the axis in order to actuate an ON/OFF switch in response to the fluid flow.

The non-metallic material of the upper base part is configured with a substantially lower coefficient of heat transfer (i.e., thermal conductivity) than the metallic material of the lower base part, so as to substantially reduce (or minimize) condensation build-up in the low water cut-off switch, e.g., when the low water cut-off switch is used in applications exposed to temperatures below freezing, including chiller applications.

In effect, the present invention is based upon the use of a combination of metal and non-metal parts for reducing condensation in a flow control switch. With the new design, by using a non-metal base part in combination with a brass insert a major chunk of metal in the overall low water cut-off switch is being reduced, and since the non-metal base part is a bad conductor of heat, e.g., compared to what a corresponding part/component made of metal material would be (like that in the prior art switch (see Figure 1 )), the non-metal base part does not allow the transfer of cold temperature / negative heat, and hence there is a substantial reduction in

condensation in the overall low water cut-off switch which helps in increasing the operational life of switch.

The present invention may include one or more of the following features:

The lower base part may be made from brass.

The upper base part may be made from Delrin.

The upper base part may be injection molded onto the lower base part and coupled together so as to form one base piece.

The lower base part may be configured with a coupling rim, and the upper base part may be configured with a coupling channel to receive the coupling rim when the upper base part is injection molded onto the lower base part.

The two-part base assembly may be configured in some combination that includes the lower base part being made from brass or stainless steel and the upper base part being made from Delrin or Nylon.

The lower base part may be machined, cast or forged when made.

The upper base part may be coupled to the lower base part using bolts, screws or mechanical fasteners.

The upper base part and the lower base part may be coupled together with an O-ring in between to prevent leakage.

By way of example, advantage of the new low water cutoff switch design may include: - Reduced condensation due to less conductivity of Delrin as compared to brass;

- Reduced material cost and machining operation time;

- Lesser weight; and

- Ease of assembly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The drawing includes the following Figures, not necessarily drawn to scale: Figure 1 includes Figures 1 A to 1 C, where Figure 1 A is a cross-sectional view of an existing low water cutoff switch, e.g., having an integral brass base; where Figure 1 B is an enlarged view of part of the cross-sectional view in Figure 1 A, e.g., showing the "O" rings configured in part of the existing low water cutoff switch in relation to a pivot; and where Figure 1 C shows a perspective view of the integral brass base that forms part of the existing low water cutoff switch in Figure 1 A.

Figure 2 includes Figures 2A and 2B, where Figure 2A is a cross-sectional view of a new low water cutoff switch, e.g., having a two part base assembly, according to some embodiments of the present invention; and where Figure 2B is an enlarged view of part of the cross-sectional view in Figure 2A, e.g., showing the "O" rings configured in part of the new low water cutoff switch in relation to a pivot.

Figure 3 includes Figure 3A to 3D showing the two part base assembly that forms part of the new low water cutoff switch, according to some embodiments of the present invention, where Figure 3A shows a perspective view of the two part base assembly; where Figure 3B shows an exploded view of the two part base assembly, e.g., having upper and lower base parts separated; where Figure 3C shows a one half cross-sectional view of the new two part base assembly, e.g., having upper and lower base parts coupled together; and where Figure 3D shows a perspective view of a lower brass base that forms part of the two part base assembly.

Figure 4 includes Figure 4A(1 ) to 4D showing various options for the two part base assembly that forms part of the new low water cutoff switch, according to some embodiments of the present invention, where Figure 4A(1 ) shows an exploded view of the two part base assembly, e.g., having upper and lower base parts separated, and Figure 4A(2) shows an enlarged view of one part of the two part base assembly, e.g., for an option having a fastener coupling together upper and lower base parts; where Figure 4B(1 ) shows a perspective view of an upper part of the two part base assembly, and Figure 4B(2) shows a perspective view of a lower part of the two part base assembly, e.g., for an option having the upper part and the lower part coupled together using a permanent adhesive; where Figure 4C(1 ) shows a one half cross- sectional view of the two part base assembly, and Figure 4C(2) shows an enlarged view of one part of the two part base assembly, e.g., for an option having an "O" ring between the upper and lower base parts; and Figure 4D shows a one half cross- sectional of the two part base assembly.

In the Figures, similar parts are labeled with similar reference numerals.

Moreover, not every part is labelled with a reference numeral and lead line in every Figure, so as to reduce clutter in the drawing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Figure 2: Low Water Cutoff Switch

Figure 2 shows a new low water cutoff switch 100, e.g., having a two part base assembly generally understood to be indicated as 1 02, according to some embodiments of the present invention. See also Figures 3-4. The two-part base assembly 102 may be configured having an upper base part 107 and a lower base part 1 1 7.

The lower base part 1 1 7 may be made from a metallic material, configured to be adapted on piping (not shown) having a fluid flow, and also configured with a central orifice 1 17a to receive a paddle arm 108 that pivots on an axis in response to the fluid flow in the piping.

The upper base 107 part may be made from a non-metallic material, configured with a corresponding central orifice 1 07a to receive the paddle arm 1 08, and configured with a channel 107b to receive a pivot or pivot arm 106 to mount and allow the paddle arm 108 to pivot on the axis in order to actuate an ON/OFF switch (e.g. the micro switch 2) in response to the fluid flow. The paddle arm 108 may be understood to be pivoting on the axis, e.g., along the longitudinal axis of the pivot 106.

The non-metallic material of the upper base part 107 has a substantially lower coefficient of heat transfer (i.e., thermal conductivity) than the metallic material of the lower base part 1 17, so as to substantially reduce (or minimize) condensation buildup in the low water cut-off switch, e.g., especially when the low water cut-off switch is used in applications exposed to temperatures below freezing, including chiller applications.

In Figure 2, the new low water cutoff switch includes the following labeled parts/components:

the plastic cover 1 (see Figure 1 A);

the micro switch 2 (see Figure 1 A);

the switch bracket 3 (see Figure 1 A);

the NPT plug 4 (see Figure 1 A); a pivot pin 1 05;

the pivot 106;

a circumferential channel 106a;

the upper base part 107, e.g. made from Delrin;

the lower base part 1 17, e.g., made from solid brass;

the paddle arm 108;

a paddle 9,

an actuating cam 10;

an O-ring 1 1 (see Figure 1 A); and

an O-ring 1 1 1 .

The lower base part 1 1 7 may be made from brass, as well as other suitable metallic material either now known or later developed in the future. The upper base part 107 may be made from Delrin, as well as other suitable non-metallic material either now known or later developed in the future. By way of example, embodiments are envisioned in which the two-part base assembly 102 may be configured in some combination that includes the lower base part 1 17 being made from brass or stainless steel and the upper base part 1 07 being made from Delrin or Nylon.

The upper base part 107 may be injection molded onto the lower base part 1 17 and coupled together so as to form one integrated or combined base piece.

The lower base part 1 1 7 may be configured with a coupling rim 1 1 7b, and the upper base part 107 may be configured with a coupling channel 107c to receive the coupling rim 1 17b when the upper base part 107 is injection molded onto the lower base part 1 1 7. The lower base part 1 1 7 may be machined, cast or forged when made. The upper base part 107 may be coupled to the lower base part 1 17 using bolts, screws or mechanical fasteners 120 (Figure 4A(2)) that are passed through suitable openings or cavities 107d in the upper base part 1 07 and received by suitable openings or cavities 1 1 7c the lower base part 1 17, e.g., consistent with that shown in Figures 3A to 3C and 4A to 4C.

The upper base part 107 and the lower base part 1 1 7 may be coupled together with an O-ring 122 in between to prevent leakage.

In effect, when compared to the existing design in Figure 1 , the basic idea of the present invention includes using one or more of the following new features:

- Insert the pivot pin 105 through the pivot 106 in order to provide more strength to the mechanism (when compared to the grub screw 5 (Figure 1 ) which is not inserted through the pivot 6),

- Increase the diameter of pivot pin 105 (when compared to the grub screw 5 (Figure 1 )), and

- Use a metal/non-metal base combination to minimize the condensation, e.g., in freezer type applications.

Figure 3: The Two Part Base Assembly 102

Figure 3 shows the two part base assembly 102 that forms part of the new low water cutoff switch, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

In Figure 3, the basic idea of the design according to the present invention may be summarized, as follows:

The brass base 7 (Figure 1 A) has effectively been split into two different parts, including the upper base part 107, e.g., which may be made of a non-metallic material such as Delrin, and the lower base part 1 17, e.g., which may be made of a metallic material such as solid brass. By way of example, when the brass base 7 in Figure 1 A and the two part base assembly 102 are compared, the brass base 7 has effectively been split into two different halves, including the upper base part 107 and the lower base part 1 17. In operation, when the low water cutoff switch is arranged in relation to the piping (not shown), the lower base part 1 17 is generally understood to be the part immersed within the piping and subject to the adverse conditions caused by the liquids flowing in the piping, e.g., including conditions related to caustic chemicals flowing in the piping.

The bottom brass part 1 17 may be machined, and then upper base part may be formed from Delrin by injecting it over and above the lower brass part 1 17, so that the two parts/pieces become solid and act as one integrated piece.

The design of the combine brass base part/component and Delrin base part/component may be made such that they would provide a locking effect during the switch's operation under pressure.

The scope of the invention is intended to include using various other combination of materials for the metal and non-metal combination, e.g., including but not limited to, at least the following:

Stainless steel with Delrin, or

Stainless steel with Nylon GF, or

Brass with Nylon GF, etc.

Other alternate designs are also envisioned which can be made using this approach for low water cutoff application within the scope and spirit of the present invention. Figure 4 (Alternative Designs)

Figure 4 includes shows various other alternatives/options/examples for the two part base assembly 1 02 that forms part of the new low water cutoff switch, according to some embodiments of the present invention

For example, Figure 4A shows a two part base assembly 1 02, e.g., for an option having a fastener 1 20 coupling together the upper and lower base parts 107, 1 17.

Further, Figure 4B shows the two part base assembly, e.g., for an option having the upper base part 107 and the lower base part coupled together using a permanent adhesive (not shown). A person skilled in the art would appreciate and understand that adhesives are known in the art for coupling a non-metallic part to a metallic part, including Delrin and brass, and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type or kind thereof either now known or later developed in the future. The adhesive may include a glue, epoxy, etc. that is either now known or later deveoped in the future.

Furthermore, Figure 4C shows the two part base assembly 102, e.g., for an option having an O-ring 1 22 arranged between the metal and non-metal base parts so as to avoid probable leakage.

In each option, the upper non-metallic base part 1 07 may be machined from bar stock or made using an injection mold process. The lower metallic base part 1 17 may be machined, cast or forged. The upper non-metallic base part 107 and the lower metallic base part 1 17 may be joined using bolts, screws, mechanical fasteners like element 120, etc., as well as the adhesive. Heat Transfer Coefficient

The heat transfer coefficient in thermodynamics and in mechanics is understood to be a proportionality coefficient between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i.e., the temperature difference, Δ7):

q" : heat flux, W/m ² i.e., thermal power per unit area, q = dQ/dA h : heat transfer coefficient, W/(m ^2» K)

Δ7 ^" : difference in temperature between the solid surface and surrounding fluid area, K

It is used in calculating the heat transfer, typically by convection or phase transition between a fluid and a solid.

Table of Thermal Conductivity Values (k) By way of example, the table below lists thermal conductivity values (k) for a variety of materials, in units of W/rrVC.

Material k Material k

Aluminum (s) 237 Sand (s) 0.06

Brass (s) 1 10 Cellulose (s) 0.039

Copper (s) 398 Glass wool (s) 0.040

Gold (s) 315 Cotton wool (s) 0.029

Cast Iron (s) 55 Sheep's wool (s) 0.038

Lead (s) 35.2 Cellulose (s) 0.039

Silver (s) 427 Expanded Polystyrene (s) 0.03

Zinc (s) 1 13 Wood (s) 0.13

Polyethylene (HDPE) (s) 0.5 Acetone (I) 0.16

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (s) 0.19 Water (I) 0.58 Dense Brick (s) 1 .6 Air (g) 0.024 Concrete (Low Density) (s) 0.2 Argon (g) 0.016 Concrete (High Density) (s) 1 .5 Helium (g) 0.142 Ice (s) 2.18 Oxygen (g) 0.024

Porcelain (s) 1 .05 Nitrogen (g) 0.024

According to ASTM data, the thermal conductivity valve of Delrin is in a range of 0.28 (Delrin D900P) to 0.36 (Delrin D1700P) in units of W/m/ , and depends on the type of Delrin used in the particlar application.

The Assembly Drawings in the Provisional Application The provisional application to which this application claimed benefit contains two assembly drawings, one for an embodiment having a brass base for a round pivot, and another for an embodiment having a brass base for an A/F pivot. These two assembly drawings are incorporated into the present application by reference, for the purpose of showing specific embodiments and corresponding detailed dimensions for the aforementioned embodiments, although the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular dimension of any particular part, or any particular dimensional relationship between any partciular combination of parts. In particular, the two assembly drawings contain detailed dimensions for making the upper base part made from the non-metallic material. By way of example, the embodiment having the brass base for the round pivot has an opening with a diameter of 0.313 and an inner circumferential channel with a diameter of 0.421 , while the embodiment having the brass base for the A/F pivot has a corresponding opening with a diameter of 0.251 and an inner circumferential channel with a diameter of 0.359. In the assembly drawings, see the sub-drawings labeled "Detail A" and "Detail B." All the other dimensions for all the other parts/components in the two embodiments are the same.

The Scope of the Invention

It should be understood that, unless stated otherwise herein, any of the features, characteristics, alternatives or modifications described regarding a particular embodiment herein may also be applied, used, or incorporated with any other embodiment described herein. Also, the drawings herein are not drawn to scale.

Although the invention has been described and illustrated with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, the foregoing and various other additions and omissions may be made therein and thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.