BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] Field of the Disclosure [0002] The present invention relates to a lubricant composition, in particular to a lubricant composition suitable for use in internal combustion engines, which promotes sustained improved fuel economy.

[0003] Description of the Background Art [0004] Lubricant compositions must provide crucial lubrication to engines, but these compositions must also provide additional benefits to the engines in which they are used. Such additional benefits include fuel economy, oxidation stability of the composition over time, control of deposit formation on internal engine surfaces and maintenance of the filterability of the composition. In addition, lubricant compositions must be formulated to meet stringent government testing standards before it may be used as a motor oil. Because of all of these requirements, formulating a lubricant composition that meets these requirements is quite difficult.

[0005] Various additives are included in a lubricant composition to achieve the above benefits. Improving any of these benefits while maintaining the others is challenging because a particular additive that may improve one benefit will often negatively affect at least one of the other required benefits of a lubricant composition. In view of the chemical interactions both among the additives and between the additives and the base stock used, developing a formulation for a lubricant composition that provides the above benefits is a difficult and complex task. [0006] Friction modifiers, which are among the additives used in lubricant compositions, are used to improve the composition's ability to reduce friction. Among the friction modifiers that can be used in a lubricant composition are borated friction modifiers. Documents disclosing conventional borated friction modifiers include US 4,522, 734A disclosing borated long-chain (C10-20) epoxides, EP 0036708A1 disclosing borated fatty acid esters of glycerol, US 5,759,965A disclosing borated alkoxylated fatty amines, US 2009/0005276A1 disclosing borated polyalkene succinimides, WO 2007005423A2 disclosing a reaction product of C8-20 fatty acids with dialkanolamines and boric acid, CA 1336830C disclosing borated hydroxyl ether amines and US 4,522,629A disclosing borated phosphonates. While these documents disclose borated friction modifiers, there still exists a need for lubricant compositions including borated friction modifiers, which better facilitate improvements in the necessary benefits described above.

[0007] Known lubricant compositions for use as motor oils are described in documents such as US 9, 193,934B2, US 9, 163, 196B2, US 2014/0045734A1 , US 9, 175,241 B2, US 2012/0283158A1 and US 2014/0107000A1 . These documents describe compositions that have been formulated for clarity and stability; however, they do not describe compositions that have been formulated to provide increased fuel economy that is sustained while the lubricant composition ages. Accordingly, there exists a need for improved lubricant compositions capable of providing increased fuel economy that is sustained over the period during which the composition is used, while meeting all of the requirements for the use of a lubricant composition in an engine. [0008] A major source of energy loss within internal combustion engines is the friction that occurs between lubricated parts that are in sliding contact with each-other during the combustion cycle. Critical engine parts that often contribute to these losses include piston ring on liner contact, cam lobe contacts and journal bearings. Friction modifiers are capable of changing the surface properties of the materials commonly used in engines. Although both inorganic (metal ash - containing) and organic (ash-free) friction modifiers exist, organic friction modifiers are preferred as they do not contribute to ash in the exhaust stream. It is well known that friction modifiers (especially organic friction modifiers) are quickly destroyed in high temperatures and oxidative environments such as those that are present in a combustion engine. It is therefore advantageous to develop formulations with Controlled Release Friction Modifiers that allow for low friction benefits to be retained hours, days, weeks and even months after the lubricant has been added to the engine. The use of a controlled release friction modifier can enable a vehicle to have better aged-oil fuel economy than fresh oil fuel economy. This is important for minimizing the carbon intensity of the lubricant over the entire lubricant drain interval. However, controlled release friction modifiers often are accompanied by solubility limitations of the friction modifier, poor deposit performance and poor filterability of the finished lubricant. Until now, this has prohibited the development of high- performing controlled release friction modified formulations.

[0009] Fuel economy, enabled by an engine oil lubricant, is a key specification for automotive lubricants. Traditionally, fuel economy favors lower viscosity engine oils and the use of friction modifying additives. Fuel economy, often measured in operating engine tests, is only one of many performance needs of a modern engine oil. Others include oxidation stability of the lubricant over time, deposit formation on internal engine surfaces and a variety of physical and chemical tests needed to ensure the oil will be suitable in an engine. Because there are many requirements, the chemistry used to formulate engine oils is complex. Often a particular additive that can improve one aspect of a lubricants performance works against the performance enabled by other additives. Current well known fuel economy additives include various oil-soluble compounds of molybdenum as well as NOCH (nitrogen, oxygen- containing chemistries). The highest performance lubricants usually entail the use of base oils that are highly paraffinic. Such base oils would include API Group IV PAO's, API Group Ill's such as gas-to-liquids base oils and potentially even highly saturated Group II base oils. Such oils are highly non-polar, and as a result have a limited solubility for polar additives. Most of the fuel economy additives are highly polar and as such are challenged to remain soluble in the lube oil. With limited solubility and availability of the additives, improvements in fuel economy are similarly limited. In addition, many of the additives degrade or are used up in service, with the result that fuel economy is more difficult to maintain for extended times. A key indicator of this would be tests such as the API/ILSAC Seq. VID or VIE, which measures the fuel economy of both fresh and aged oils against a reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] In view of the foregoing and other exemplary problems, drawbacks and disadvantages of the conventional methods and compositions, an exemplary feature of the present invention is to improve engine fuel economy by providing a controlled release friction modified lubricant formulation with sustained fuel economy.

[0011] Exemplary embodiments of the invention are directed to a lubricant composition that includes a controlled release friction modifier (CRFM), a highly paraffinic base stock selected from at least one Group III base stock, at least one Group IV polyalphaolefin (PAO) base stock, or combinations thereof, a dispersant, and a detergent. In certain embodiments, the CRFM comprises an ionic tetrahedral borate compound including a cation and a tetrahedral borate anion, wherein the tetrahedral borate anion comprises a boron atom having two bidentate di-oxo ligands of C-I 8 tartrimide.

[0012] In certain embodiments, the lubricant composition also includes at least one of a Group V co-base stock, an inorganic friction modifier, a viscosity modifier, and a cleanliness booster.

[0013] Exemplary lubricant compositions of the present invention can be used as engine lubricants that promote fuel economy in internal combustion engines. This fuel economy is not only sustained, but actually increases over the time the composition is utilized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus, do not limit the present invention, and wherein:

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates comparative aging profile results from engine test stand testing of a composition consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates comparative fuel economy change calculated from results of full chassis dynamometer testing of a composition consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] Aspects of the invention are disclosed in the following description and related drawings directed to specific embodiments of the invention. Alternate embodiments may be devised without departing from the scope of the invention. Additionally, well-known elements of the invention will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the invention.

[0018] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Likewise, the term "embodiments of the invention" does not require that all embodiments of the invention include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0019] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of embodiments of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises", "comprising,", "includes" and/or "including", when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0020] The present invention is directed to a lubricant composition suitable for use as an engine oil, the usage of which results in improved fuel economy throughout the time that the composition is used in an engine. In some embodiments, the lubricant composition comprises a controlled release friction modifier (CRFM). Additionally, in some embodiments, the lubricant composition further comprises a highly paraffinic base stock selected from at least one an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group III base stock, at least one API Group IV polyalphaolefin (PAO) base stock, or combinations thereof, a dispersant and a detergent. In some embodiments, the lubricant composition further comprises at least one of, a Group V co-base stock, an inorganic friction modifier, a viscosity modifier, a cleanliness booster, as well as other lubricant composition additives.

[0021] Controlled Release Friction Modifier (CRFM)

[0022] In accordance with certain exemplary aspects of the present invention, the lubricating composition includes a CRFM. The CRFM is a dispersant-stabilized, borated CRFM comprising an ionic tetrahedral borate compound including a tetrahedral borate anion having a boron atom with two bidentate di-oxo ligands both being a linear C18-tartrimide, a first dispersant comprising a conventional ammonium substituted polyisobutenyl succinimide compound having a polyisobutenyl number average molecular weight of 750 to 2,500, a second dispersant comprising an ammonium substituted polyisobutenyl succinimde compound having an N:CO ratio of 1 .8 and a polyisobutylenyl number average molecular weight of 750 to 2,500, wherein one or more of the first dispersant and the second dispersant are in cationic form. As used herein, the term "conventional ammonium substituted polyisobutenyl succinimide," refers to an ammonium substituted polyisobutenyl succinimide made by the chorine-assisted process. Such a process is well known in the art. One such process includes grafting maleic anhydride to polyisobutenyl in the presence of chorine followed by reaction with a poly(amine) to form the imide.

[0023] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary embodiment, the CRFM includes a reaction product of a trivalent boron compound, such as boric acid, with a tartaric acid and a linear C18 amine under conditions suitable to form an ionic tetrahedral borate compound. The ionic tetrahedral borate compound is combined with a first dispersant comprising a conventional ammonium substituted polyisobutenyl succinimide compound having a polyisobutenyl number average molecular weight of 750 to 2,500, a second dispersant comprising an ammonium substituted polyisobutenyl succinimde compound having an N:CO ratio of 1 .8 and a polyisobutylenyl number average molecular weight of 750 to 2,500, wherein one or more of the first dispersant and the second dispersant are converted to a cationic form.

[0024] The above described ionic tetrahedral borate compound can serve as a friction modifier, in a lubricating composition. [0025] In one embodiment, the structure of the tetrahedral borate ion of the tetrahedral borate compound may be represented by the structure shown in Formula I:

Formula I

where R3 and R4 form a 5 membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring substituted with a linear C18 group.

[0026] The cations in Formula I include one or more of a first ammonium cation including a conventional polyisobutylene succinimide with number average molecular weight of the polyisobutylene substituent of at least 750, and can be up to 2500, and a second ammonium cation is including a polyisobutylene succinimide with number average molecular weight of the polyisobutylene substituent of at least 750, and can be up to 2,500, having an N:CO ratio of 1 .8. Such succinimides can be formed, for example, from high vinylidene polyisobutylene and maleic anhydride.

[0027] Total base number (TBN) is the quantity of acid, expressed in terms of the equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (meq KOH), that is required to neutralize all basic constituents present in 1 gram of a sample of the lubricating oil. The TBN may be determined according to ASTM Standard D2896-1 1 , "Standard Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration" (201 1 ), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003 DOI: 10.1520/D2896-1 1 (hereinafter, "D2896").

[0028] Specific examples of such amine and ammonium compounds include polyisobutylene derived succinimide dispersants wherein the polyisobutylene may be 1000 Mn and the succinimide amine is a polyethylenepolyamine (Mn 1700 g/mol).

[0029] A useful molar ratio of the tartaric acid, the trivalent boron compound, and counter ion charge used in forming the combination and/or reaction product is 2: 1 : 1 .

[0030] In an embodiment the linear C18 tartrimide compound is derived from tartaric acid. The tartaric acid used for preparing the tartrates of the invention can be commercially available, and it is likely to exist in one or more isomeric forms such as d-tartaric acid, l-tartaric acid, dj-tartaric acid, or mesotartaric acid, often depending on the source (natural) or method of synthesis (from maleic acid). For example a racemic mixture of d-tartaric acid and l-tartaric acid is obtained from a catalyzed oxidation of maleic acid with hydrogen peroxide (with tungstic acid catalyst). These derivatives can also be prepared from functional equivalents to the diacid readily apparent to those skilled in the art, such as esters, acid chlorides, or anhydrides. The suitable amines will have the formula RNH2 wherein R represents a hydrocarbyl group, typically of 6 to 26. Exemplary primary amines include n-hexylamine, n- octylamine (caprylylamine), n-decylamine, n-dodecylamine (laurylamine), n- tetradecylamine (myristylamine), n-pentadecylamine, n-hexadecylamine (palmitylamine), n-octadecylamine (stearylamine), and oleylamine. [0031] Suitable trivalent boron compounds include borate esters of the general form B(OR)3 where each R is 2-propylheptyl. In an embodiment, the counter ion is a basic component, such as a dispersant. The source of the counter ion may be an aminic dispersant. For solubilization in mineral oil, particular examples include polyisobutenyl succinimide and polyamine dispersants with a N:CO ratio of 1.8 and with a TBN of at least 50.

[0032] In an embodiment, the ionic borate compound is the reaction product of a tartrimide, a borate ester, and a basic component, such as two dispersants, to form a "boro-tartrimide" friction modifier. The ionic boron compound described herein is used to improve friction.

[0033] A problem with conventional friction modifiers, as noted above, is that the friction modifier is not sufficiently soluble, which leads to an insufficient amount of friction modifier being available during consumption of the lubricating oil and sludge (i.e., deposits) may form. The CRFM in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention maintains sufficient friction modifier at the surface to provide lower friction lubricating oils while improving overall fuel economy. That is, the CRFM described herein raises the amount of friction modifier by using a tetra-valent boron chemistry to complex the friction modifier. This results in a much larger amount of friction modifier in the lubricating oil with resulting improvements to fuel economy. Also, it is known that ash can damage the particulate filter of an engine. High ash compositions (i.e., compositions with high amounts of detergent) are not desirable. The present CRFM is preferably a low ash CRFM. [0034] In accordance with certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the CRFM is an ashless, dispersant-stabilized, borated friction modifier. Additionally, the lubricating oil composition may include an amount of CRFM in a range of 2 wt% to 8 wt%, and more preferably in a range of 3 wt% to 5 wt%, of the total lubricating oil composition. In certain specific preferred embodiments, the CRM is provided in an amount of 3.96 wt%.

[0035] Base Stocks

[0036] In certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the lubricating composition includes API Group III base oils and/or API Group IV polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oils as base stock. In certain exemplary embodiments, the lubricant composition also includes API Group V base oil as a co-base stock.

[0037] A wide range of lubricating base oils is known in the art. Lubricating base oils are both natural oils and synthetic oils. Natural and synthetic oils (or mixtures thereof) can be used unrefined, refined, or rerefined (the latter is also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil). Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used without added purification. These include shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification steps to improve at least one lubricating oil property. One skilled in the art is familiar with many purification processes. These processes include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, and percolation. Rerefined oils are obtained by processes analogous to refined oils but using an oil that has been previously used as feed stock.

[0038] Diverse groups of lubricant base stocks are known in the art. Groups I, II, III, IV and V are broad categories of base oil stocks developed and defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API Publication 1509) to create guidelines for lubricant base oils. Group I base stocks have a viscosity index of between about 80 to 120 and contain greater than about 0.03% sulfur and less than about 90% saturates. Group II base stocks have a viscosity index of between about 80 to 120, and contain less than or equal to about 0.03% sulfur and greater than or equal to about 90% saturates. Group III stocks have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120 and contain less than or equal to about 0.03% sulfur and greater than about 90% saturates. Group IV includes polyalphaolefins (PAO). Group V base stock includes base stocks not included in Groups l-IV. Table 1 below summarizes properties of each of these five groups.

[0039] Table 1

[0040] Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (castor oil and lard oil, for example), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils possessing favorable thermal oxidative stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as to their crude source; for example, as to whether they are paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful. Natural oils vary also as to the method used for their production and purification; for example, their distillation range and whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted.

[0041] Group I I and/or Group III hydroprocessed or hydrocracked base stocks, as well as synthetic oils such as polyalphaolefins, alkyl aromatics and synthetic esters, i.e. Group IV and Group V oils are also well known base stock oils.

[0042] Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers, for example). Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks, the Group IV API base stocks, are a commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil. By way of example, PAOs derived from C8, C10, C12, C14 olefins or mixtures thereof may be utilized. See U.S. Patents 4,956, 122; 4,827,064; and 4,827,073, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Group IV oils, that is, the PAO base stocks have viscosity indices preferably greater than 130, more preferably greater than 135, still more preferably greater than 140.

[0043] The number average molecular weights of the PAOs, which are known materials and generally available on a major commercial scale from suppliers such as ExxonMobil Chem ical Company, Chevron Phillips Chem ical Company, BP, and others, typically vary from about 250 to about 3,000, although PAO's may be made in viscosities up to about 1 50 cSt (1 00°C). The PAOs are typically comprised of relatively low molecular weight hydrogenated polymers or oligomers of alphaolefins which include, but are not lim ited to, C2 to about C32 alphaolefins with the C8 to about C16 alphaolefins, such as 1 -octene, 1 -decene, 1 -dodecene and the like, being preferred. The preferred polyalphaolefins are poly-1 -octene, poly-1 -decene and poly-1 -dodecene and m ixtures thereof and m ixed olefin-derived polyolefins. However, the dimers of higher olefins in the range of C14 to C 1 8 may be used to provide low viscosity base stocks of acceptably low volatility. Depending on the viscosity grade and the starting oligomer, the PAOs may be predominantly trimers and tetramers of the starting olefins, with m inor amounts of the higher oligomers, having a viscosity range of 1 .5 to 12 cSt. PAO fluids of particular use may include 3.0 cSt, 3.4 cSt, and/or 3.6 cSt and combinations thereof. Mixtures of PAO fluids having a viscosity range of 1 .5 to approximately 1 50 cSt or more may be used if desired.

[0044] The PAO fluids may be conveniently made by the polymerization of an alphaolefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel- Crafts catalysts including, for example, alum inum trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate. For example the methods disclosed by U. S. Patent Nos. 4, 149, 1 78 or 3,382,291 may be conveniently used herein. Other descriptions of PAO synthesis are found in the following U . S. Patent Nos. 3,742,082; 3, 769,363; 3,876,720; 4,239,930; 4,367,352; 4,41 3, 1 56; 4,434,408; 4,91 0,355; 4,956, 122; and 5,068,487. The dimers of the C14 to C1 8 olefins are described in U. S. Patent No. 4,21 8,330.

[0045] Other useful lubricant oil base stocks include wax isomerate base stocks and base oils, comprising hydroisomerized waxy stocks (e.g. waxy stocks such as gas oils, slack waxes, fuels hydrocracker bottoms, etc. ), hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch waxes, Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base stocks and base oils, and other wax isomerate hydroisomerized base stocks and base oils, or m ixtures thereof. Fischer-Tropsch waxes, the high boiling point residues of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, are highly paraffinic hydrocarbons with very low sulfur content. The hydroprocessing used for the production of such base stocks may use an amorphous hydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, such as one of the specialized lube hydrocracking (LHDC) catalysts or a crystalline hydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, preferably a zeolitic catalyst. For example, one useful catalyst is ZSM-48 as described in U. S. Patent No. 5,075,269, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Processes for making hydrocracked/hydroisomerized distillates and hydrocracked/hydroisomerized waxes are described, for example, in U. S. Patent Nos. 2,81 7,693; 4, 975, 1 77; 4, 921 ,594 and 4,897, 1 78 as well as in British Patent Nos. 1 ,429,494; 1 ,350,257; 1 ,440,230 and 1 ,390,359. Each of the aforementioned patents is incorporated herein in their entirety. Particularly favorable processes are described in European Patent Application Nos. 464546 and 464547, also incorporated herein by reference. Processes using Fischer- Tropsch wax feeds are described in U. S. Patent Nos. 4, 594, 1 72 and 4,943,672, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0046] Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils, and other wax-derived hydroisomerized (wax isomerate) base oils be advantageously used in the instant disclosure, and may have useful kinematic viscosities at 1 00°C of about 3 cSt to about 50 cSt, preferably about 3 cSt to about 30 cSt, more preferably about 3.5 cSt to about 25 cSt, as exemplified by GTL 4 with kinematic viscosity of about 4.0 cSt at 1 00°C and a viscosity index of about 141 . These Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils, and other wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils may have useful pour points of about -20°C or lower, and under some conditions may have advantageous pour points of about -25°C or lower, with useful pour points of about -30°C to about -40°C or lower. Useful compositions of Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils, and wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils are recited in U. S. Patent Nos. 6,080,301 ; 6,090, 989, and 6, 165,949 for example, and are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

[0047] The hydrocarbyl aromatics can be used as a base oil or base oil component and can be any hydrocarbyl molecule that contains at least about 5% of its weight derived from an aromatic moiety such as a benzenoid moiety or naphthenoid moiety, or their derivatives. These hydrocarbyl aromatics include alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes, alkyl diphenyl oxides, alkyl naphthols, alkyl diphenyl sulfides, alkylated bis-phenol A, alkylated thiodiphenol, and the like. The aromatic can be mono-alkylated, dialkylated, polyalkylated, and the like. The aromatic can be mono- or poly-functionalized. The hydrocarbyl groups can also be comprised of m ixtures of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl, cycloalkyl groups, cycloalkenyl groups and other related hydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl groups can range from about C6 up to about C60 with a range of about C8 to about C20 often being preferred. A m ixture of hydrocarbyl groups is often preferred, and up to about three such substituents may be present. The hydrocarbyl group can optionally contain sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containing substituents. The aromatic group can also be derived from natural (petroleum) sources, provided at least about 5% of the molecule is comprised of an above-type aromatic moiety. Viscosities at 1 00oC of approximately 3 cSt to about 50 cSt are preferred, with viscosities of approximately 3.4 cSt to about 20 cSt often being more preferred for the hydrocarbyl aromatic component. In an embodiment, an alkyl naphthalene where the alkyl group is primarily comprised of 1 -hexadecene is used. Other alkylates of aromatics can be advantageously used. Naphthalene or methyl naphthalene, for example, can be alkylated with olefins such as octene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene or higher, m ixtures of similar olefins, and the like. Useful concentrations of hydrocarbyl aromatic in a lubricant oil composition can be about 2% to about 25%, preferably about 4% to about 20%, and more preferably about 4% to about 1 5%, depending on the application.

[0048] Alkylated aromatics such as the hydrocarbyl aromatics of the present disclosure may be produced by well-known Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Olah, G. A. (ed.), Inter-science Publishers, New York, 1963. For example, an aromatic compound, such as benzene or naphthalene, is alkylated by an olefin, alkyl halide or alcohol in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Vol. 2, part 1 , chapters 14, 17, and 18, See Olah, G. A. (ed.), Inter-science Publishers, New York, 1964. Many homogeneous or heterogeneous, solid catalysts are known to one skilled in the art. The choice of catalyst depends on the reactivity of the starting materials and product quality requirements. For example, strong acids such as AICI3, BF3, or HF may be used. In some cases, milder catalysts such as FeCI3 or SnCI4 are preferred. Newer alkylation technology uses zeolites or solid super acids.

[0049] Esters comprise a useful base stock. Additive solvency and seal compatibility characteristics may be secured by the use of esters such as the esters of dibasic acids with monoalkanols and the polyol esters of mono- carboxylic acids. Esters of the former type include, for example, the esters of dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc. , with a variety of alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, etc. Specific examples of these types of esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, etc.

[0050] Particularly useful synthetic esters are those which are obtained by reacting one or more polyhydric alcohols, preferably the hindered polyols (such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g. , neopentyl glycol, trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl-2- propyl-1 ,3-propanediol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol) with alkanoic acids containing at least about 4 carbon atoms, preferably C5 to C30 acids such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, or mixtures of any of these materials.

[0051] Suitable synthetic ester components include the esters of trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol ethane, pentaerythritol and/or dipentaerythritol with one or more monocarboxylic acids containing from about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. These esters are widely available commercially, for example, the Mobil P-41 and P-51 esters of ExxonMobil Chemical Company.

[0052] Also useful are esters derived from renewable material such as coconut, palm, rapeseed, soy, sunflower and the like. These esters may be monoesters, di-esters, polyol esters, complex esters, or mixtures thereof. These esters are widely available commercially, for example, the Mobil P-51 ester of ExxonMobil Chemical Company.

[0053] Other useful fluids of lubricating viscosity include non-conventional or unconventional base stocks that have been processed, preferably catalytically, or synthesized to provide high performance lubrication characteristics.

[0054] Non-conventional or unconventional base stocks/base oils include one or more of a mixture of base stock(s) derived from one or more Gas-to- Liquids (GTL) materials, as well as isomerate/isodewaxate base stock(s) derived from natural wax or waxy feeds, mineral and or non-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as slack waxes, natural waxes, and waxy stocks such as gas oils, waxy fuels hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, or other mineral, mineral oil, or even non-petroleum oil derived waxy materials such as waxy materials received from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures of such base stocks.

[0055] GTL materials are materials that are derived via one or more synthesis, combination, transformation, rearrangement, and/or degradation/deconstructive processes from gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, propyne, butane, butylenes, and butynes. GTL base stocks and/or base oils are GTL materials of lubricating viscosity that are generally derived from hydrocarbons; for example, waxy synthesized hydrocarbons, that are themselves derived from simpler gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks. GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) include oils boiling in the lube oil boiling range (1 ) separated/fractionated from synthesized GTL materials such as, for example, by distillation and subsequently subjected to a final wax processing step which involves either or both of a catalytic dewaxing process, or a solvent dewaxing process, to produce lube oils of reduced/low pour point; (2) synthesized wax isomerates, comprising, for example, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed synthesized wax or waxy hydrocarbons; (3) hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) material (i.e. , hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, waxes and possible analogous oxygenates); preferably hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat and/or solvent dewaxing dewaxed F-T waxy hydrocarbons, or hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat (or solvent) dewaxing dewaxed, F-T waxes, or mixtures thereof.

[0056] GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) derived from GTL materials, especially, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat and/or solvent dewaxed wax or waxy feed, preferably F-T material derived base stock(s) and/or base oil(s), are characterized typically as having kinematic viscosities at 100°C of from about 2 mm2/s to about 50 mm2/s (ASTM D445). They are further characterized typically as having pour points of -5°C to about -40°C or lower (ASTM D97). They are also characterized typically as having viscosity indices of about 80 to about 140 or greater (ASTM D2270).

[0057] In addition, the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) are typically highly paraffinic (>90% saturates), and may contain mixtures of monocycloparaffins and multicycloparaffins in combination with non-cyclic isoparaffins. The ratio of the naphthenic (i.e. , cycloparaffin) content in such combinations varies with the catalyst and temperature used. Further, GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) typically have very low sulfur and nitrogen content, generally containing less than about 10 ppm, and more typically less than about 5 ppm of each of these elements. The sulfur and nitrogen content of GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) obtained from F-T material, especially F-T wax, is essentially nil. In addition, the absence of phosphorous and aromatics make this materially especially suitable for the formulation of low SAP products.

[0058] The term GTL base stock and/or base oil and/or wax isomerate base stock and/or base oil is to be understood as embracing individual fractions of such materials of wide viscosity range as recovered in the production process, mixtures of two or more of such fractions, as well as mixtures of one or two or more low viscosity fractions with one, two or more higher viscosity fractions to produce a blend wherein the blend exhibits a target kinematic viscosity.

[0059] The GTL material, from which the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) is/are derived is preferably an F-T material (i.e. , hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, wax).

[0060] Base oils for use in the formulated lubricating oils useful in the present disclosure are any of the variety of oils corresponding to API Group I, Group II, Group II I, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group I II, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, more preferably the Group III to Group V base oils due to their exceptional volatility, stability, viscometric and cleanliness features. Minor quantities of Group I stock, such as the amount used to dilute additives for blending into formulated lube oil products, can be tolerated but should be kept to a minimum, i.e. amounts only associated with their use as diluent/carrier oil for additives used on an "as-received" basis. Even in regard to the Group I I stocks, it is preferred that the Group I I stock be in the higher quality range associated with that stock, i.e. a Group I I stock having a viscosity index in the range 100 < VI < 120.

[0061] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the lubricant composition includes Group III base stocks. The utilized Group II I base stocks are not particularly limited. Any base stocks which corresponds to API Group I II can be used. Additionally, a single Group III base stock can be used, or multiple Group I II base stocks can be used in combination.

[0062] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the Group I II base stock is present as 10-90 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition. The Group III base stock is preferably present as 30-70 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition, and more preferably, the Group III base stock is present as 10-64.21 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[0063] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the lubricating composition includes Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks. PAOs, which are Group IV API base stocks, are a commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil. The PAOs of the present invention are not particularly limited. Any PAOs can be used. A single PAO can be used, or multiple PAOs can be used in combination.

[0064] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the PAOs are present as up to 60 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition. The PAOs are preferably present as 5-50 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition, and more preferably, the PAOs are present as 10-31 .92 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[0065] In certain embodiments of the present invention, a Group V co-base stock is included in the lubricant composition. For example, utilized Group V co- base stocks may include esters, alkylated naphthalenes or mixtures thereof.

[0066] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the Group V co- base stock is present as 0-15 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition. The Group V co-base stock is preferably present as 0-10 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition, and more preferably, the Group V co-base stock is present as 5 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[0067] Additives

[0068] In addition to the CRFM and any utilized base stocks, certain embodiments of the present invention may additionally contain one or more of commonly used lubricating oil performance additives, which include but are not limited to detergents, antiwear additives, dispersants, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, cleanliness boosters and others. For a review of many commonly used additives, see Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, FL; ISBN 0-89573-177-0. Reference is also made to "Lubricant Additives" by M. W. Ranney, published by Noyes Data Corporation of Parkridge, NJ (1973); see also U.S. Patent No. 7,704,930, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. These additives are commonly delivered with varying amounts of diluent oil, that may range from 5 wt% to 50 wt%.

[0069] The additives useful in this disclosure do not have to be soluble in the lubricant composition. Insoluble additives such as zinc stearate in oil can be dispersed in the lubricant composition of this disclosure.

[0070] It is noted that many of the additives are shipped from the additive manufacturer as a concentrate, containing one or more additives together, with a certain amount of base oil diluents.

[0071] The types and quantities of performance additives used in combination with the instant disclosure in lubricant compositions are not limited by the examples shown herein as illustrations.

[0072] Dispersants

[0073] In some embodiments of the present invention, one or more dispersants may be included in the lubricant composition. During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts are produced. Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thus diminishing their deposition on metal surfaces. Dispersants may be ashless or ash-forming in nature. Preferably, the dispersant is ashless. So called ashless dispersants are organic materials that form substantially no ash upon combustion. For example, non-metal-containing or borated metal-free dispersants are considered ashless. In contrast, metal- containing detergents discussed above form ash upon combustion.

[0074] Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. The polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms.

[0075] A particularly useful class of dispersants are the (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivatives, typically produced by the reaction of a long chain hydrocarbyl substituted succinic compound, usually a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyam ino compound. The long chain hydrocarbyl group constituting the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil, is normally a polyisobutylene group. Many examples of this type of dispersant are well known commercially and in the literature. Exemplary U. S. patents describing such dispersants are U . S. Patent Nos. 3, 1 72,892; 3,2145, 707; 3,21 9,666; 3,316, 1 77; 3,341 ,542; 3,444, 1 70; 3,454,607; 3,541 ,012; 3,630, 904; 3,632,51 1 ; 3,787,374 and 4,234,435. Other types of dispersant are described in U . S. Patent Nos. 3,036,003; 3,200, 1 07; 3,254,025; 3,275,554; 3,438, 757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,41 3,347; 3,697,574; 3,725,277; 3, 725,480; 3,726, 882; 4,454,059; 3,329,658; 3,449,250; 3,51 9,565; 3,666,730; 3,687, 849; 3,702,300; 4, 1 00, 082; 5, 705,458. A further description of dispersants may be found, for example, in European Patent Application No. 471 071 , to which reference is made for this purpose.

[0076] Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants. In particular, succinim ide, succinate esters, or succinate ester am ides prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one equivalent of an alkylene amine are particularly useful.

[0077] Succinim ides are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and am ines. Molar ratios can vary depending on the polyam ine. For example, the molar ratio of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride to TEPA can vary from about 1 : 1 to about 5: 1 . Representative examples are shown in U . S. Patent Nos. 3,087,936; 3, 1 72, 892; 3,21 9,666; 3,272,746; 3, 322,670; and 3,652,616, 3,948,800; and Canada Patent No. 1 ,094,044.

[0078] Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols. Molar ratios can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant.

[0079] Succinate ester am ides are formed by condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alkanol am ines. For example, suitable alkanol am ines include ethoxylated polyalkylpolyam ines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyam ines and polyalkenylpolyam ines such as polyethylene polyam ines. One example is propoxylated hexamethylenediam ine. Representative examples are shown in U. S. Patent No. 4,426, 305. [0080] The molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides used in the preceding paragraphs will typically range between 800 and 2,500 or more. The above products can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid. The above products can also be post reacted with boron compounds such as boric acid, borate esters or highly borated dispersants, to form borated dispersants generally having from about 0. 1 to about 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product.

[0081] Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde, and am ines. See U. S. Patent No. 4,767,551 , which is incorporated herein by reference. Process aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction m ixture. Molecular weights of the alkylphenols range from 800 to 2, 500. Representative examples are shown in U. S. Patent Nos. 3,697,574; 3, 703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751 , 365; 3,756,953; 3,798, 165; and 3, 803,039.

[0082] Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannich condensation products useful in this disclosure can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics or H NR2 group-containing reactants.

[0083] Hydrocarbyl substituted am ine ashless dispersant additives are well known to one skilled in the art; see, for example, U. S. Patent Nos. 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,565,804; 3,755,433, 3,822,209, and 5, 084, 1 97.

[0084] Preferred dispersants include borated and non-borated succinimides, including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis- succinimides, and/or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a Mn of from about 500 to about 5000, or from about 1000 to about 3000, or about 1000 to about 2000, or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups, often with high terminal vinylic groups. Other preferred dispersants include succinic acid-esters and amides, alkylphenol-polyamine- coupled Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives, and other related components.

[0085] Polymethacrylate or polyacrylate derivatives are another class of dispersants. These dispersants are typically prepared by reacting a nitrogen containing monomer and a methacrylic or acrylic acid esters containing 5 -25 carbon atoms in the ester group. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 2, 100, 993, and 6,323, 164. Polymethacrylate and polyacrylate dispersants are normally used as multifunctional viscosity modifiers. The lower molecular weight versions can be used as lubricant dispersants or fuel detergents.

[0086] Illustrative preferred dispersants useful in this disclosure include those derived from polyalkenyl-substituted mono- or dicarboxyhc acid, anhydride or ester, which dispersant has a polyalkenyl moiety with a number average molecular weight of at least 900 and from greater than 1 .3 to 1 .7, preferably from greater than 1 .3 to 1 .6, most preferably from greater than 1 .3 to 1 .5, functional groups (mono- or dicarboxyhc acid producing moieties) per polyalkenyl moiety (a medium functionality dispersant). Functionality (F) can be determ ined according to the following formula:

F = (SAP x Mn)/((1 12,200 x A. I. )-(SAP x 98)) wherein SAP is the saponification number (i.e. , the number of m illigrams of KOH consumed in the complete neutralization of the acid groups in one gram of the succinic-containing reaction product, as determ ined according to ASTM D94); Mn is the number average molecular weight of the starting olefin polymer; and A. I . is the percent active ingredient of the succinic-containing reaction product (the remainder being unreacted olefin polymer, succinic anhydride and diluent).

[0087] The polyalkenyl moiety of the dispersant may have a number average molecular weight of at least 900, suitably at least 1 500, preferably between 1 800 and 3000, such as between 2000 and 2800, more preferably from about 21 00 to 2500, and most preferably from about 2200 to about 2400. The molecular weight of a dispersant is generally expressed in terms of the molecular weight of the polyalkenyl moiety. This is because the precise molecular weight range of the dispersant depends on numerous parameters including the type of polymer used to derive the dispersant, the number of functional groups, and the type of nucleophilic group employed.

[0088] Polymer molecular weight, specifically Mn, can be determ ined by various known techniques. One convenient method is gel permeation chromatography (GPC), which additionally provides molecular weight distribution information (see W. W. Yau, J. J . Kirkland and D. D. Bly, "Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography", John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1 979). Another useful method for determ ining molecular weight, particularly for lower molecular weight polymers, is vapor pressure osmometry (e.g. , ASTM D3592).

[0089] The polyalkenyl moiety in a dispersant preferably has a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD), also referred to as polydispersity, as determ ined by the ratio of weight average molecular weight (Mw) to number average molecular weight (Mn). Polymers having a Mw/Mn of less than 2.2, preferably less than 2.0, are most desirable. Suitable polymers have a polydispersity of from about 1 .5 to 2.1 , preferably from about 1 .6 to about 1 .8.

[0090] Suitable polyalkenes employed in the formation of the dispersants include homopolymers, interpolymers or lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. One fam ily of such polymers comprise polymers of ethylene and/or at least one C3 to C2 alpha-olefin having the formula H2C = CH R1 wherein R1 is a straight or branched chain alkyl radical comprising 1 to 26 carbon atoms and wherein the polymer contains carbon-to-carbon unsaturation, and a high degree of term inal ethenylidene unsaturation. Preferably, such polymers comprise interpolymers of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin of the above formula, wherein R1 is alkyl of from 1 to 1 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably is alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably still of from 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

[0091] Another useful class of polymers is polymers prepared by cationic polymerization of monomers such as isobutene and styrene. Common polymers from this class include polyisobutenes obtained by polymerization of a C4 refinery stream having a butene content of 35 to 75% by wt. , and an isobutene content of 30 to 60% by wt. A preferred source of monomer for making poly-n- butenes is petroleum feedstreams such as Raffinate I I. These feedstocks are disclosed in the art such as in U . S. Pat. No. 4,952, 739. A preferred embodiment utilizes polyisobutylene prepared from a pure isobutylene stream or a Raffinate I stream to prepare reactive isobutylene polymers with terminal vinylidene olefins. Polyisobutene polymers that may be employed are generally based on a polymer chain of from 1 500 to 3000.

[0092] The dispersant(s) are preferably non-polymeric (e.g. , mono- or bis- succinimides). Such dispersants can be prepared by conventional processes such as disclosed in U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0020950, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0093] The dispersant(s) can be borated by conventional means, as generally disclosed in U. S. Patent Nos. 3,087,936, 3,254, 025 and 5,430, 1 05.

[0094] In some embodiments of the present invention, utilized dispersants may include, for example, succinim ide, polyolefin am ide alkeneam ine, ethylene capped succinim ide, borated polyisobutylsuccinim ide-polyam ine or m ixtures thereof.

[0095] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the dispersants are present as 1 -12 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition. The dispersants are preferably present as 2-8 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition, and more preferably, the dispersants are present as 4.44-5.4 wt% of total weight of the lubricant composition.

[0096] As used herein, the dispersant concentrations are given on an "as delivered" basis. Typically, the active dispersant is delivered with a process oil. The "as delivered" dispersant typically contains from about 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, or from about 40 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, of active dispersant in the "as delivered" dispersant product.

[0097] Detergents

[0098] In certain embodiments of the present invention, detergents may be included in the lubricant composition. Illustrative detergents useful in this disclosure include, for example, alkali metal detergents, alkaline earth metal detergents, or mixtures of one or more alkali metal detergents and one or more alkaline earth metal detergents. A typical detergent is an anionic material that contains a long chain hydrophobic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic hydrophilic portion of the molecule. The anionic portion of the detergent is typically derived from an organic acid such as a sulfur acid, carboxylic acid (e.g. , salicylic acid), phosphorous acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof. The counterion is typically an alkaline earth or alkali metal. The detergent can be overbased as described herein.

[0099] The detergent is preferably a metal salt of an organic or inorganic acid, a metal salt of a phenol, or mixtures thereof. The metal is preferably selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and mixtures thereof. The organic or inorganic acid is selected from an aliphatic organic or inorganic acid, a cycloaliphatic organic or inorganic acid, an aromatic organic or inorganic acid, and mixtures thereof.

[00100] The metal is preferably selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the metal is selected from calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and mixtures thereof.

[00101] The organic acid or inorganic acid is preferably selected from a sulfur acid, a carboxylic acid, a phosphorus acid, and mixtures thereof.

[00102] Preferably, the metal salt of an organic or inorganic acid or the metal salt of a phenol comprises calcium phenate, calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, magnesium phenate, magnesium sulfonate, magnesium salicylate, an overbased detergent, and mixtures thereof.

[00103] Salts that contain a substantially stochiometric amount of the metal are described as neutral salts and have a total base number (TBN, as measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80. Many compositions are overbased, containing large amounts of a metal base that is achieved by reacting an excess of a metal compound (a metal hydroxide or oxide, for example) with an acidic gas (such as carbon dioxide). Useful detergents can be neutral, mildly overbased, or highly overbased. These detergents can be used in mixtures of neutral, overbased, highly overbased calcium salicylate, sulfonates, phenates and/or magnesium salicylate, sulfonates, phenates. The TBN ranges can vary from low, medium to high TBN products, including as low as 0 to as high as 600. Mixtures of low, medium, high TBN can be used, along with mixtures of calcium and magnesium metal based detergents, and including sulfonates, phenates, salicylates, and carboxylates. A detergent mixture with a metal ratio of 1 , in conjunction of a detergent with a metal ratio of 2, and as high as a detergent with a metal ratio of 5, can be used. Borated detergents can also be used.

[00104] Alkaline earth phenates are another useful class of detergent. These detergents can be made by reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide (CaO, Ca(OH)2, BaO, Ba(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2, for example) with an alkyl phenol or sulfurized alkylphenol. Useful alkyl groups include straight chain or branched C1 -C30 alkyl groups, preferably, C4-C20 or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable phenols include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecyl phenol, and the like. It should be noted that starting alkylphenols may contain more than one alkyl substituent that are each independently straight chain or branched and can be used from 0.5 to 6 weight percent. When a non-sulfurized alkylphenol is used, the sulfurized product may be obtained by methods well known in the art. These methods include heating a mixture of alkylphenol and sulfurizing agent (including elemental sulfur, sulfur halides such as sulfur dichloride, and the like) and then reacting the sulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metal base.

[00105] In accordance with this disclosure, metal salts of carboxylic acids are preferred detergents. These carboxylic acid detergents may be prepared by reacting a basic metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid and removing free water from the reaction product. These compounds may be overbased to produce the desired TBN level. Detergents made from salicylic acid are one preferred class of detergents derived from carboxylic acids. Useful salicylates include long chain alkyl salicylates. One useful family of compositions is of the formula

where R is an alkyl group having 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and M is an alkaline earth metal. Preferred R groups are alkyl chains of at least C1 1 , preferably C13 or greater. R may be optionally substituted with substituents that do not interfere with the detergent's function. M is preferably, calcium, magnesium, or barium. More preferably, M is calcium.

[00106] Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared from phenols by the Kolbe reaction (see U.S. Patent No. 3,595,791 ). The metal salts of the hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared by double decomposition of a metal salt in a polar solvent such as water or alcohol.

[00107] Alkaline earth metal phosphates are also used as detergents and are known in the art.

[00108] Detergents may be simple detergents or what is known as hybrid or complex detergents. The latter detergents can provide the properties of two detergents without the need to blend separate materials. See U. S. Patent No. 6,034,039.

[00109] In some embodiments of the present invention, utilized detergents may include, for example, highly overbased calcium salicylate, low base calcium salicylate, overbased magnesium sulfonate, neutral calcium sulfonate or mixtures thereof.

[00110] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the detergents are present as 1 -8 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition. The detergents are preferably present as 1 -5 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition, and more preferably, the detergents are present as 2.03-3.83 wt% of total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00111] As used herein, the detergent concentrations are given on an "as delivered" basis. Typically, the active detergent is delivered with a process oil. The "as delivered" detergent typically contains from about 20 weight percent to about 100 weight percent, or from about 40 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, of active detergent in the "as delivered" detergent product.

[00112] Friction Modifiers

[00113] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the lubricant composition may include additional friction modifiers. Illustrative friction modifiers may include, for example, organometallic compounds or materials, or mixtures thereof. Illustrative organometallic friction modifiers useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure include, for example, molybdenum amine, molybdenum diamine, an organotungstenate, a molybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum am ine complexes, molybdenum carboxylates, and the like, and m ixtures thereof. Sim ilar tungsten based compounds may be preferable.

[001 14] Other illustrative friction modifiers useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure include, for example, alkoxylated fatty acid esters, alkanolam ides, polyol fatty acid esters, borated glycerol fatty acid esters, fatty alcohol ethers, and mixtures thereof.

[001 15] Illustrative alkoxylated fatty acid esters include, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate, fatty acid polyglycol ester, and the like. These can include polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxybutylene stearate, polyoxyethylene isosterate, polyoxypropylene isostearate, polyoxyethylene palm itate, and the like.

[001 16] Illustrative alkanolamides include, for example, lauric acid diethylalkanolam ide, palm ic acid diethylalkanolam ide, and the like. These can include oleic acid diethyalkanolam ide, stearic acid diethylalkanolam ide, oleic acid diethylalkanolam ide, polyethoxylated hydrocarbylam ides, polypropoxylated hydrocarbylam ides, and the like.

[001 17] Illustrative polyol fatty acid esters include, for example, glycerol mono-oleate, saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, glycerol mono- stearate, and the like. These can include polyol esters, hydroxyl-containing polyol esters, and the like.

[001 18] Illustrative borated glycerol fatty acid esters include, for example, borated glycerol mono-oleate, borated saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, borated glycerol mono-sterate, and the like. In addition to glycerol polyols, these can include trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitan, and the like. These esters can be polyol monocarboxylate esters, polyol dicarboxylate esters, and on occasion polyoltricarboxylate esters. Preferred can be the glycerol mono-oleates, glycerol dioleates, glycerol trioleates, glycerol monostearates, glycerol distearates, and glycerol tristearates and the corresponding glycerol monopalmitates, glycerol dipalmitates, and glycerol tripalmitates, and the respective isostearates, linoleates, and the like. On occasion the glycerol esters can be preferred as well as mixtures containing any of these. Ethoxylated, propoxylated, butoxylated fatty acid esters of polyols, especially using glycerol as underlying polyol can be preferred.

[00119] Illustrative fatty alcohol ethers include, for example, stearyl ether, myristyl ether, and the like. Alcohols, including those that have carbon numbers from C3 to C50, can be ethoxylated, propoxylated, or butoxylated to form the corresponding fatty alkyl ethers. The underlying alcohol portion can preferably be stearyl, myristyl, C1 1 - C13 hydrocarbon, oleyl, isosteryl, and the like.

[00120] The lubricating oils of this disclosure exhibit desired properties, e.g. , wear control, in the presence or absence of a friction modifier.

[00121] Concentrations of molybdenum-containing materials are often described in terms of Mo metal concentration. Advantageous concentrations of Mo may range from 25 ppm to 700 ppm or more, and often with a preferred range of 50-200 ppm. Friction modifiers of all types may be used alone or in mixtures with the materials of this disclosure. Often mixtures of two or more friction modifiers, or mixtures of friction modifier(s) with alternate surface active material(s), are also desirable.

[00122] In certain embodiments of the present invention, friction modifiers, in addition to the amount of CRFM, may be present as 0-1 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition. The friction modifiers, in addition to the amount of CRFM, are preferably present as 0-0.6 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition, and more preferably, the friction modifiers, in addition to the amount of CRFM, are present as 0.2-0.4 wt% of total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00123] Viscosity Modifiers

[00124] In some embodiments of the present invention, viscosity modifiers, also known as viscosity index improvers (VI improvers), and viscosity improvers, can be included in the lubricant composition.

[00125] Viscosity modifiers provide lubricants with high and low temperature operability. These additives impart shear stability at elevated temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures.

[00126] Suitable viscosity modifiers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters and viscosity modifier dispersants that function as both a viscosity modifier and a dispersant. Typical molecular weights of these polymers are between about 10,000 to 1 ,500,000, more typically about 20,000 to 1 ,200,000, and even more typically between about 50,000 and 1 ,000,000.

[00127] Examples of suitable viscosity modifiers are linear or star-shaped polymers and copolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefins, or alkylated styrenes. Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity modifier. Another suitable viscosity modifier is polymethacrylate (copolymers of various chain length alkyl methacrylates, for example), some formulations of which also serve as pour point depressants. Other suitable viscosity modifiers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates (copolymers of various chain length acrylates, for example). Specific examples include styrene-isoprene or styrene- butadiene based polymers of 50,000 to 200,000 molecular weight.

[00128] Olefin copolymers are commercially available from Chevron Oronite Company LLC under the trade designation "PARATONE®" (such as "PARATONE® 8921 " and "PARATONE® 8941 "); from Afton Chemical Corporation under the trade designation "HiTEC®" (such as "HiTEC® 5850B"; and from The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designation "Lubrizol® 7067C". Hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g. , under the trade designation "SV200" and "SV600". Hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymers are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g. , under the trade designation "SV 50".

[00129] The polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers can be linear polymers which are available from Evnoik Industries under the trade designation "Viscoplex®" (e.g. , Viscoplex 6-954) or star polymers which are available from Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designation Asteric™ (e.g. , Lubrizol 87708 and Lubrizol 87725).

[00130] Illustrative vinyl aromatic-containing polymers useful in this disclosure may be derived predominantly from vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer. Illustrative vinyl aromatic-containing copolymers useful in this disclosure may be represented by the following general formula:

A-B wherein A is a polymeric block derived predominantly from vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer, and B is a polymeric block derived predominantly from conjugated diene monomer.

[00131] In certain embodiments of the present invention, viscosity modifiers may be present as 1 -12 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition. The viscosity modifiers are preferably present as 3-8 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition, and more preferably, the viscosity modifiers are present as 5.6-6.4 wt% of total weight of the lubricant composition. Viscosity modifiers are typically added as concentrates, in large amounts of diluent oil.

[00132] As used herein, the viscosity modifier concentrations are given on an "as delivered" basis. Typically, the active polymer is delivered with a diluent oil. The "as delivered" viscosity modifier typically contains from 20 weight percent to 75 weight percent of an active polymer for polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers, or from 8 weight percent to 20 weight percent of an active polymer for olefin copolymers, hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers, or hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymers, in the "as delivered" polymer concentrate.

[00133] Cleanliness Boosters

[00134] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the lubricant composition includes cleanliness boosters. The cleanliness boosters of the present invention are not particularly lim ited. Any cleanliness boosters can be used. A single cleanliness booster can be used, or multiple cleanliness boosters can be used in combination. Cleanliness boosters refer to a broad class of commercially available components used to reduce hard carbonaceous deposits that form on the piston land and groove surfaces of diesel engines due to degradation of the base oil and oil additives under extremely high temperatures. Keeping an engine free of deposits is highly desirable as the deposits in an engine reduce effective heat transfer, contribute to friction, and change the highly engineered clearances of a modern engine which can result is wear. Cleanliness is difficult to achieve in a modern engine oil formulation due to limits placed on ash containing componentry (e.g. , overbased detergents) which are used to prevent formation of deposits. These ash limits are in place to reduce blockage of diesel particulate filters and limit the amount of an overbased detergent that may be used in a given engine oil formulation. One method of overcoming this limit is through the use of ashless cleanliness boosters. Some of these materials which are commercially available include alkyl phenol ether polymers, polyisobutylene polymers and ashless detergent chemistries. These materials are typically used in a formulation in a range from 0.5- 2.0 wt% and provide a modest but consistent improvement in cleanliness, in particular in the VW PV1452 TDi-2 Deposit Test (CEC L-078-99)which is used in multiple ACEA and OEM claims. This cleanliness boost can range from 1 -5 piston deposit merits in the VW PV1452 test depending on depending on specific chemistry selected, formulation, and treat rate. According to certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, the cleanliness booster may include alkyl phenol ether polymer (DB2), polyisobutylene or a combination thereof.

[00135] In certain embodiments of the present invention, cleanliness boosters may be present as 0.5-3 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition. The cleanliness boosters are preferably present as 0.5-1 .5 wt% of the total weight of the lubricant composition, and more preferably, the cleanliness boosters are present as 1 wt% of total weight of the lubricant composition. [00136] Antiwear

[00137] In some embodiments of the present invention, antiwear additives may be included in the lubricant composition. Illustrative antiwear additives useful in this disclosure include, for example, metal salts of a carboxylic acid. The metal is selected from a transition metal and m ixtures thereof. The carboxylic acid is selected from an aliphatic carboxylic acid, a cycloaliphatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic carboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof.

[00138] The metal is preferably selected from a Group 1 0, 1 1 and 12 metal, and m ixtures thereof. The carboxylic acid is preferably an aliphatic, saturated, unbranched carboxylic acid having from about 8 to about 26 carbon atoms, and m ixtures thereof.

[00139] The metal is preferably selected from nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), cadium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and m ixtures thereof.

[00140] The carboxylic acid is preferably selected from caprylic acid (C8), pelargonic acid (C9), capric acid (C1 0), undecylic acid (C 1 1 ), lauric acid (C1 2), tridecylic acid (C 1 3), myristic acid (C14), pentadecylic acid (C 1 5), palmitic acid (C16), margaric acid (C1 7), stearic acid (C1 8), nonadecylic acid (C 1 9), arachidic acid (C20), heneicosylic acid (C21 ), behenic acid (C22), tricosylic acid (C23), lignoceric acid (C24), pentacosylic acid (C25), cerotic acid (C26), and m ixtures thereof.

[00141] Preferably, the metal salt of a carboxylic acid comprises zinc stearate, silver stearate, palladium stearate, zinc palm itate, silver palm itate, palladium palm itate, and m ixtures thereof.

[00142] The metal salt of a carboxylic acid is present in the engine oil formulations of this disclosure in an amount of from about 0.01 weight percent to about 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil.

[00143] Low phosphorus engine oil formulations are included in this disclosure. For such formulations, the phosphorus content is typically less than about 0.12 weight percent preferably less than about 0.1 0 weight percent and most preferably less than about 0.085 weight percent.

[00144] A metal alkylthiophosphate and more particularly a metal dialkyl dithio phosphate in which the metal constituent is zinc, or zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP) can be a useful component of the lubricating oils of this disclosure. ZDDP can be derived from primary alcohols, secondary alcohols or m ixtures thereof. ZDDP compounds generally are of the formula

Zn[SP(S)(OR1 )(OR2)]2 where R1 and R2 are C1 -C1 8 alkyl groups, preferably C2-C 12 alkyl groups. These alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched. Alcohols used in the ZDDP can be 2-propanol, butanol, secondary butanol, pentanols, hexanols such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, 2-ethyl hexanol, alkylated phenols, and the like. Mixtures of secondary alcohols or of primary and secondary alcohol can be preferred. Alkyl aryl groups may also be used.

[00145] Preferable zinc dithiophosphates which are commercially available include secondary zinc dithiophosphates such as those available from for example, The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations "LZ 677A", "LZ 1 095" and "LZ 1 371 ", from for example Chevron Oronite under the trade designation "OLOA 262" and from for example Afton Chem ical under the trade designation "H ITEC 7169".

[00146] Low phosphorus engine oil formulations are included in this disclosure. For such formulations, the phosphorus content is typically less than about 0.12 weight percent preferably less than about 0.1 0 weight percent and most preferably less than about 0.085 weight percent. [00147] Antioxidants

[00148] In some embodiments of the present invention, antioxidants may be included in the lubricant composition. Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of base oils during service. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the lubricant. One skilled in the art knows a wide variety of oxidation inhibitors that are useful in lubricating oil compositions. See, Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, op cite, and U.S. Patent Nos. 4,798,684 and 5,084, 197, for example.

[00149] Useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. These phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the ones which contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include the hindered phenols substituted with C6+ alkyl groups and the alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols. Examples of phenolic materials of this type 2-t-butyl- 4-heptyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2,6-di-t- butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol. Other useful hindered mono- phenolic antioxidants may include for example hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic proprionic ester derivatives. Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in combination with the instant disclosure. Examples of ortho-coupled phenols include: 2,2'-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); 2,2'-bis(4- octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); and 2,2'-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol). Para-coupled bisphenols include for example 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and 4,4'- methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol).

[00150] Effective amounts of one or more catalytic antioxidants may also be used. The catalytic antioxidants comprise an effective amount of a) one or more oil soluble polymetal organic compounds; and, effective amounts of b) one or more substituted N, N'-diaryl-o-phenylenediam ine compounds or c) one or more hindered phenol compounds; or a combination of both b) and c). Catalytic antioxidants are more fully described in U. S. Patent No. 8, 048,833, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[00151] Non-phenolic oxidation inhibitors which may be used include aromatic am ine antioxidants and these may be used either as such or in combination with phenolics. Typical examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include: alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic am ines such as aromatic monoam ines of the formula R8R9R1 0N where R8 is an aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic group, R9 is an aromatic or a substituted aromatic group, and R1 0 is H , alkyl, aryl or R1 1 S(0)XR12 where R1 1 is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, R12 is a higher alkyl group, or an alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1 or 2. The aliphatic group R8 may contain from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and preferably contains from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms. The aliphatic group is a saturated aliphatic group. Preferably, both R8 and R9 are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a fused ring aromatic group such as naphthyl. Aromatic groups R8 and R9 may be joined together with other groups such as S.

[00152] Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of at least about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic groups will not contain more than about 14 carbon atoms. The general types of amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenyl phenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Particular examples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present disclosure include: p,p'-dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; phenyl-alphanaphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.

[00153] Sulfurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof also are useful antioxidants.

[00154] Pour Point Depressants (PPDs)

[00155] In some embodiments of the present invention, conventional pour point depressants, also known as lube oil flow improvers, may be included in the lubricant composition. These pour point depressants may be added to lubricating compositions of the present disclosure to lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylam ides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and allyl vinyl ethers. U . S. Patent Nos. 1 ,81 5,022; 2,01 5,748; 2, 1 91 ,498; 2,387, 501 ; 2,655, 479; 2,666,746; 2,721 ,877; 2,721 ,878; and 3,250,71 5 describe useful pour point depressants and/or the preparation thereof. [00156] Seal Compatibility Agents

[00157] In certain embodiments of the present invention, seal compatibility agents may be included in the lubricant composition. Seal compatibility agents help to swell elastomeric seals by causing a chem ical reaction in the fluid or physical change in the elastomer. Suitable seal compatibility agents for lubricating oils include organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (butylbenzyl phthalate, for example), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride.

[00158] Antifoam Agents

[00159] In certain embodiments of the present invention, antifoam agents may be included in the lubricant composition. These agents retard the formation of stable foams. Silicones and organic polymers are typical anti-foam agents. For example, polysiloxanes, such as silicon oil or polydimethyl siloxane, provide antifoam properties.

[00160] Inhibitors and Antirust Additives

[00161] In certain embodiments of the present invention, antirust additives may be included in the lubricant composition. Antirust additives (or corrosion inhibitors) are additives that protect lubricated metal surfaces against chemical attack by water or other contaminants. A wide variety of these are commercially available.

[00162] One type of antirust additive is a polar compound that wets the metal surface preferentially, protecting it with a film of oil. Another type of antirust additive absorbs water by incorporating it in a water-in-oil emulsion so that only the oil touches the metal surface. Yet another type of antirust additive chemically adheres to the metal to produce a non-reactive surface. Examples of suitable additives include zinc dithiophosphates, metal phenolates, basic metal sulfonates, fatty acids and amines.

[00163] Examples

[00164] The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate the disclosure.

[00165] Example I

[00166] A lubricant composition consistent with an embodiment of the present invention was prepared and labeled as composition 1 B. See Table 2 below for a listing of the components of composition 1 B. For comparison, composition 1 A was prepared, and a listing of the components for composition 1 A is also listed in Table 2 below. Composition 1 A is a similar composition that lacks a CRFM. Accordingly, composition 1 A lacks the complex chemical interactions between the blend of additives and the CRFM which support the sustained fuel economy of the lubricant composition of the present invention.

[00167] Table 2

1A

[00168] Composition 1 A and 1 B were tested on a highly instrumented Ford EcoBoost® GTDI 2.0L 4-cylinder engine mounted on an engine test stand. This test engine was a 4 valve-per-cylinder, dual overhead camshaft engine with continuous dual variable valve tim ing. The lubrication system of the engine was altered by adding an external oil cooler at the oil filter outlet. The oil cooler was externally fed with conditioned and temperature controlled water that was used to maintain the oil temperature. An external coolant conditioner was used in place of a water pump to maintain constant consistent operating conditions. An inline torque meter was used to calculate brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Fuel temperature and pressure were strictly controlled, and a coriolis fuel flow meter was used to measure fuel flow into the engine.

[00169] The BSFC of the engine was measured using an inline torque meter as a function of time at five steady state operating points spanning different engine speeds and break mean effective pressures (BMEP). These steady state operating points corresponded to 1 500 RPM and 3.0 bar BMEP, 2000 RPM and 2.0 bar BMEP, 2000 RPM and 5.0 bar BMEP, 3000 RPM and 3.0 Bar BMEP, and 4000 RPM and 5.0 bar BMEP. Each measurement of BSFC was repeated independently at least three times to establish statistical confidence.

[00170] Mileage accumulation was performed on the engine by continually repeating the following one hour test cycle: 3 m inutes at 2000 RPM and 2bar (45 mph in 4th gear), 1 m inute ramp time, 20 m inutes at 1 700 RPM and 7.5 bar (65 mph in 6th gear), 1 m inute ramp time, 20 m inutes at 1 900 RPM and 8.5 bar (75 mph in 6th gear), 1 m inute ramp time, 1 0 m inutes at 1 800 RPM and 8.1 bar (70mph in 6th gear), 1 m inute ramp time, and 3 m inutes at 2000 RPM and 2 bar (45 mph in 4th gear). BSFC was measured on fresh oil and after every 2500 m iles of oil aging through 1 0, 000 m iles. The testing was preformed on both composition 1 A and composition 1 B. The obtained results for these tests were analyzed and compared.

[00171] Table 3 below lists the calculated percent reduction in BMEP after 1 0,000 m iles for composition 1 A and composition 1 B at the various steady state operating points.

[00172] Table 3

% Reduction in BMEP After 10000 Miles

[00173] Both compositions 1 A and 1 B show improved fuel consumption after 1 0,000 m iles at the high speed steady state operating point of 4000 RPM and 5.0 bar BMEP. This is due to a drop in viscosity of the oil due to fuel dilution and shear of the viscosity modifier. Such a result would be expected, since engines at high speed operate in the hydrodynam ic regime of lubrication where surface contact is m inimal and friction modifiers are ineffective. However, only composition 1 B shows significant improvement at low speed, where boundary and m ixed regimes of lubrication occur. In these lubrication regimes, friction modifiers can be very effective at reducing energy loss and therefore reducing the amount of fuel consumed for a given engine output. This effect is particularly evident at the steady state load condition of 2000 RPM and 2.0 bar BMEP. [00174] The following discussion is made with reference to Fig. 1 , which illustrates the aging profile of compositions 1 A and 1 B for the 2000 RPM and 2.0 bar BMEP steady state operating point from 0 through 1 0,000 m iles. The results in Fig. 1 demonstrate the fuel efficiency changes that result from the activation of the CRFM in an exemplary composition of the present invention, the composition containing a low-ash dispersant-stabilized borated controlled release friction modifier. At the steady state load condition of 2000 RPM and 2.0 bar BMEP after 1 0,000 m iles of aging, composition 1 B shows a reduction of fuel consumption of 1 .81 % compared to its fresh oil value. At this same load condition, comparative composition 1 A showed only a reduction of fuel consumption of 0.1 9% compared to its fresh oil value. In other words, composition 1 B, which is consistent which an embodiment of the present invention, under the conditions described above, demonstrated a reduction of fuel consumption that was over nine times the amount of reduction seen in the comparative composition. Accordingly, a composition of an embodiment of the present invention shows significant and sustained fuel efficiency improvements over a comparative composition.

[00175] Example I I

[00176] A lubricant composition consistent with an embodiment of the present invention was prepared and labeled as composition 2B. See Table 4 below for a listing of the components of composition 2B. For comparison, composition 2A was prepared, and a listing of the components for composition 2A also listed in Table 4. Composition 2A is a sim ilar composition that lacks a CRFM. Accordingly, composition 2A lacks the complex chemical interactions between the blend of additives and the CRFM, which support the sustained fuel economy of the lubricant composition of the present invention.

[00177] Table 4

[00178] This testing was performed to demonstrate that the fuel economy benefits shown in the instrumented engine test stand running steady state operating points could be observed in a full chassis dynamometer running the EPA FTP-75 test and the EPA H ighway Fuel Economy Test. Compositions 2A and 2B were tested by making aged oil fuel economy measurements on two equivalent 2016 model year Toyota Camrys with 3.5L V-6 port fuel injected engines and automatic transm issions. These two cars were purchased new and were run for 200 m iles before their use in the testing procedure. Each car received triplicate checkout em issions measurements over the requirements of EPA Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75) and EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET) using 87 octane regular unleaded gasoline to ensure the cars chosen were matched with sim ilar performance. All fuel economy measurements were performed on the same Horiba 48-inch single roll chassis dynamometer. The tested compositions were aged by removing the cars from the measurement dynamometer and placing them on a m ileage accumulation dynamometer, where the HwFET drive cycle was run continuously with an average speed of approximately 48 m iles per hour. Then, the cars were put back on the measurement dynamometer after every 5000 m ile aging cycle, were FTP-75 and HwFET measurements were performed to establish vehicle fuel economy. Each set of FTP-75 and HwFET measurements was repeated at least 3 times to establish confidence. Minimal lubricant sampling was performed for oil analysis and no oil top-up was conducted to maintain a steady volume. The results of this testing were then collected and analyzed.

[00179] The following discussion is made with reference to Fig. 2, which illustrates the fuel economy change calculated for compositions 2A and 2B over the course of a 15,000 mile aging cycle. Comparative composition 2B shows a decrease in fuel economy of approximately 0.2 mpg over 15000 miles. On the other hand, composition 2B, which is consistent with an embodiment of the present invention, surprisingly shows an increase in fuel economy of approximately 0.2 mpg over 15000 miles, as measured by these test protocols. This result is unexpected because an aged oil composition is generally expected to be less able to deliver fuel economy than a new oil composition, which contains a full load of friction modifier. Friction modifier is well known to be consumed early on in oil aging. However, the dispersant stabilized borated controlled release friction modifier of the present invention is capable of maintaining a stable supply of friction modifier while the oil is aging. As both oils have equivalent viscosity and are in equivalent cars, the 0.4 mpg improvement of composition 2B over comparative composition 2A is caused by the the low-ash dispersant stabilized borated controlled release friction modifier and its complex chemical interaction with the components of the composition.

[00180] The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are to be included within the scope of the following claims.