LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to lubricating compositions. The present invention further relates to methods of preparing the lubricant compositions and methods of using the lubricating compositions, such as for high pressure metal-on-metal applications, for example, lubricating an engine.

Background of the Invention

[0002] Various lubricating compositions are known in the art. However, lubricants that have high boiling point, low freezing point, high viscosity index, good thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and/or high resistance to oxidation continue to be highly desired in the marketplace. Also desired are lubricating compositions that can have wide applications for different engines, machines, etc. and can perform well in different conditions.

[0003] There are different approaches described in the literature for improving the characteristics of a lubricant. Some of the approaches are directed to obtaining a base oil of special property for the lubricants. For example, U.S. Patent No. 7,141,157 describes a process for preparing Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating base oils; U.S. Patent No. 6,824,671 describes poly-alpha-olefms having superior Noack volatility at low pour points. Some of the approaches are directed to providing a special additive component to the lubricants, such as an antioxidant, an anti-friction agent, an anti-wear agent, or a viscosity enhancer, etc. For example, U.S. Patent. No. 8,093,190 describes an antioxidant combination of a hindered amine and a metal compound; U.S. Patent. No. 7,018,962 provides a viscosity index (VI) improver concentrate; U.S. Patent No. 5,723,419 discloses a composition with a chlorinated paraffin as an anti-friction agent; U.S. Patent No. 7,615,519 discloses a composition comprising a hydrocarbon soluble titanium compound.

[0004] However, each of the above identified approaches has its own limitations. Thus, one objective of the present invention is to develop novel lubricating compositions that are superior to and/or more versatile than some of the existing lubricants. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0005] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.

[0006] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition; and further comprising a second antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant or a phenol antioxidant. In embodiments, the second antioxidant is an amine antioxidant or a phenol antioxidant. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant and the second antioxidant is a phenol antioxidant.

[0007] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition; wherein the additive base oil is selected from the group consisting of a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, and a synthetic ester base oil. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition further comprises at least one additional additive base oil in an amount of 1-50% by weight of the additive composition.

[0008] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition, and further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier. [0009] In embodiments, the invention provides a method of preparing a lubricant additive composition (e.g., any of the lubricant additive composition described herein). In some embodiments, the method comprises (a) providing additive ingredients comprising a first additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant; and (b) mixing the additive ingredients. In some embodiments, the additive ingredients further comprise a second additive base oil. In some embodiments, the additive ingredients further comprise a second antioxidant. In some embodiments, the additive ingredients further comprise at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of a third additive base oil, an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.

[0010] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition comprises preheating some of the additive ingredients, e.g., to a temperature of about 70 °C. In some embodiments, the method further comprises premixing some of the additive ingredients. In some embodiments, the method comprises premixing at least two of the additive ingredients (e.g., a chlorinated paraffin and a first additive base oil). In some embodiments, the method further comprises premixing at least three of the additive ingredients (e.g., a second additive base oil, a first antioxidant, and a second antioxidant).

[0011] In some embodiments, the method further comprises premixing at least two or at least three of the additive ingredients with the at least one additional component. In some embodiments, the chlorinated paraffin, the first additive base oil, and the second additive base oil used for premixing at least two of the additive ingredients or premixing at least three of the additive ingredients is independently in an amount of from about 20% to about 100% of the total amount of the respective ingredient in the lubricant additive composition.

[0012] In embodiments, the invention provides an engine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition. In embodiments, the engine oil is formulated for an internal combustion engine.

[0013] In embodiments, the invention provides a transmission oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.

[0014] In embodiments, the invention provides a gear oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.

[0015] In embodiments, the invention provides a turbine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.

[0016] In embodiments, the invention provides a method of lubricating an engine comprising contacting the engine with an engine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition. In embodiments, the engine is an internal combustion engine.

[0017] In embodiments, the invention provides a method of enhancing fuel efficiency of an engine comprising providing to the engine an engine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition. In embodiments, the engine is an internal combustion engine.

[0018] In embodiments, the invention provides an engine oil comprising 5-25% by weight of an engine oil additive composition, wherein the additive composition comprises: (a) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 30-35% by weight of the additive composition; and (b) an additive base oil in an amount of 20-40% by weight of the additive composition; and wherein the engine oil is formulated for an engine selected from the group of a car engine, a motorcycle engine, a bus engine, a commercial vehicle engine, a boat engine, a jet engine, a helicopter engine, a truck engine, a marine diesel engine, a railroad diesel engine, an outboard motor engine, a generator engine, a tractor engine, a nondiesel railroad engine, an electric car engine, and an aviation piston engine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Lubricant Additive Composition

[0019] The inventors have discovered that a lubricant additive composition comprising an additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and one or more antioxidant(s) has unique advantages in reducing friction between two surfaces (e.g., two metal moving surfaces).

[0020] Thus, in embodiments, the invention provides various formulations of a lubricant additive composition. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises an additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition further comprises a second antioxidant. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises more than one additive base oil. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.

[0021] The lubricant additive compositions provided herein can be used as stand-alone lubricants or can be added to another lubricant composition (e.g., an engine oil, a transmission oil, a turbine oil, a gear oil, a grease, etc.).

[0022] The term "lubricant additive composition" therefore refers to a composition that can be used as a stand-alone lubricant, or as a composition that can have additional components added to it to form another lubricant composition. The term "additive base oil" therefore refers to the base oil that is added to form the lubricant additive composition. Once the lubricant additive composition is formed, however, additional components, such as additional base oil, can be added to the lubricant additive composition to form another lubricant composition.

[0023] Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term

"about" is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. "About" can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. As used herein, "about" a specific value also includes the specific value, for example, about 10% includes 10%. The numerical ranges or values in all of the tables herein are to be understood to be prefaced by the term "about".

Formulation A: Additive Base Oil, Chlorinated Paraffin, and Antioxidant

[0024] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant additive composition comprising an additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant. Suitable additive base oil and the weight percentage thereof are described herein. Suitable chlorinated paraffin and the weight percentage thereof are described herein. Suitable antioxidant(s) and the weight percentage thereof are also described herein.

[0025] In any of the embodiments described herein, the additive base oil can be in an amount of about 10%> to about 80%>, about 10%> to about 70%>, about 10%> to about 60%>, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 40%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 50%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 60%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 80%, more than 80% (e.g., about 80% to about 90%, about 90% to 95%o, or more than 95%>), or less than 10%> by weight of the lubricant additive composition. In any of the embodiments described herein, the additive base oil can also be in an amount of about 10%>, about 20%>, about 30%>, about 40%>, about 50%>, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 95% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.

[0026] In any of the embodiments described herein, the chlorinated paraffin can be in an amount of about 10%> to about 60%>, about 10%> to about 50%>, about 10%> to about 40%>, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 15% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%), about 15% to about 45%, about 15% to about 40%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 30%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 40%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 50%, about 50%) to about 60%, less than 10% (e.g., about 5% to about 10%, or less than about 5%), or more than 60% (e.g., about 60%> to about 70%>, about 70%> to about 80%>, about 80%o to about 90%), or more than about 90%>) by weight of the lubricant additive composition. In any of the embodiments described herein, the chlorinated paraffin can also be in an amount of about 10%>, about 20%>, about 30%>, about 40%>, about 50%>, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 95% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.

[0027] In any embodiments described herein, the first antioxidant can be in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.01% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1 % to about 1%, about 0.5%) to about 5%, about 0.5%> to about 4%, about 0.5%> to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 1%, or more than about 5% by weight of the lubricant additive composition. In any embodiments described herein, the first antioxidant can also be in an amount of about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.

[0028] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition. In embodiments, the chlorinated paraffin is in an amount of about 15% to about 45%) by weight of the additive composition. Suitable additive base oil, chlorinated paraffin and first antioxidant are described herein.

Additive Base Oil

[0029] Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include a mineral oil or a synthetic oil. Thus, in any embodiments described herein, the additive base oil can be a mineral oil or a synthetic oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a mineral oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a blend of more than one mineral oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a synthetic oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a blend of more than one synthetic oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a blend of a mineral oil and a synthetic oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a blend of more than one mineral oil and a synthetic oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a blend of a mineral oil and more than one synthetic oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a blend of more than one mineral oil and more than one synthetic oil.

[0030] Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, or a Group V base oil (e.g., a synthetic ester base oil). It is known in the art that base oil can be categorized into five general groups, i.e., Groups I-V, see e.g., Published Guidelines by American Petroleum Institution (the "API"): "Appendix E--API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils (September 2011)" (herein after "the API Guidelines"). The terms "a Group I base oil," "a Group II base oil," "a Group III base oil," "a Group IV base oil," and "a Group V base oil" herein refer to a base oil that falls within the category of Groups I-V base stock as defined in the API Guidelines, respectively. As used herein, the terms "base oil" and "base stock" are used interchangeably, unless otherwise differentiated.

[0031] According to the API Guidelines, each category of base stock has a specific characteristic chemical compositions (e.g., content of saturates, content of sulfur) and physical properties (e.g., viscosity index value). The lubricant industry extends the five basic categories in the API Guidelines and uses Group I ⁺ , Group II ⁺ , or Group III ⁺ base oil category to describe Group I base stocks that have a viscosity index of 103-108, Group II base stocks that have a viscosity index of 113-119; or Group III base stocks that have a viscosity index of at least 140, respectively.

[0032] In any of the embodiments described herein, the additive base oil can be selected from the group consisting of a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, and a synthetic ester base oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil can also be a Group I ⁺ , Group II ⁺ , or a Group III ⁺ base oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a Group III, a Group IV base oil, or a synthetic ester base oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a Group III base oil.

[0033] In embodiments, the additive base oil is a Group IV base oil. Group IV base oil includes poly-alpha-olefms ("PAO"). Thus, in embodiments, the additive base oil is a PAO base oil. PAOs with various viscosity are known, for example, low viscosity PAO, defined as having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of between 2-10 centistokes (cSt); medium viscosity PAO, defined as having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of between 10- 25 cSt; high viscosity PAO, defined as having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of between 25-100 cSt; and ultra-high viscosity PAO, defined as having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of between 150-1000 cSt. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a low viscosity PAO, a medium viscosity PAO, or a high viscosity PAO. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a low viscosity PAO. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a low viscosity PAO having a kinematic viscosity of about 2 to about 9, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 7, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 5, about 3 to about 10, about 3 to about 9, about 3 to about 8, about 3 to about 7, about 3 to about 6, about 3 to about 5, about 4 to about 10, about 4 to about 9, about 4 to about 8, about 4 to about 7, about 4 to about 6, about 4 to about 5, about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 9, about 5 to about 8, about 5 to about 7, or about 5 to about 6 at 100 °C. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a low viscosity PAO having a kinematic viscosity of about 2, about 3, about 4, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 at 100 °C.

Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive compositions of the invention also include a synthetic ester base oil. Thus, in any embodiments described herein, the additive base oil can also be a synthetic ester base oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a hindered ester, a dicarboxylic ester, or a polyester. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a polyester (e.g., a diester, or a triester). In embodiments, the polyester has unreacted hydroxyl groups. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a polyester, wherein the polyester can be formed by reacting a polyol with a carboxylic acid. In embodiments, the polyol is a polyol having at least 3 hydroxyl groups and 3 to 10 carbons. In embodiments, the polyol is a neopentyl polyol selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, monopentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, and tetrapenlaerythritol. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a polyester that can be formed by reacting trimethylopropane with a carboxylic acid. In embodiments, the carboxylic acid can be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, a carboxylic acid having 5 to 12 carbons, or a carboxylic acid having or more than 12 carbons (e.g., 14 carbons, 16 carbons, 18 carbons, 20 carbons, 22 carbons, or 24 carbons). In embodiments, the carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of palmitoleic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, oleic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, nonadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid, docosanoic acid, tricosanoic acid, and tetracosanoic acid. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a trimethylolpropane trioleate polyester base oil.

[0035] Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive compositions of the invention also include paraffmic base oil, naphthenic base oil, and aromatic base oil, which are known in the art. Thus, in any of the embodiments described herein, the additive base oil can also be a paraffmic base oil, a naphthenic base oil, or an aromatic base oil. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a paraffmic base oil (e.g., a heavy paraffmic base oil).

[0036] Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention can be described by their physical characteristics. Thus, in any of the embodiments described herein, the additive base oil can be characterized by having a certain (e.g., as described herein) viscosity index, a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C, an evaporated quantity by the NOACK volatility test, or any combination thereof. In embodiments, the additive base oil has a viscosity index of about 80 to about 180, about 80 to about 170, about 80 to about 160, about 80 to about 150, about 80 to about 140, about 80 to about 130, about 80 to about 120, about 80 to about 1 10, about 80 to about 100, about 80 to about 90, about 90 to about 180, about 90 to about 170, about 90 to about 160, about 90 to about 150, about 90 to about 140, about 90 to about 130, about 90 to about 120, about 90 to about 1 10, about 90 to about 100, about 100 to about 180, about 100 to about 170, about 100 to about 160, about 100 to about 150, about 100 to about 140, about 100 to about 130, about 100 to about 120, about 100 to about 1 10, about 1 10 to about 180, about 1 10 to about 170, about 1 10 to about 160, about 1 10 to about 150, about 1 10 to about 140, about 1 10 to about 130, about 1 10 to about 120, about 120 to about 180, about 120 to about 170, about 120 to about 160, about 120 to about 150, about 120 to about 140, about 120 to about 130, about 130 to about 180, about 130 to about 170, about 130 to about 160, about 130 to about 150, about 130 to about 140, about 140 to about 180, about 140 to about 170, about 140 to about 160, about 140 to about 150, about 150 to about 180, about 150 to about 170, about 150 to about 160, about 160 to about 180, about 160 to about 170, about 170 to about 180, or more than 180. In embodiments, the additive base oil has a viscosity index of about 120 to about 180.

[0037] In embodiments, the additive base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of about

2 2 2

8 to about 18 mm /s, about 8 to about 17 mm /s, about 8 to about 16 mm /s, about 8 to about 15 mm 2 /s, about 8 to about 14 mm 2 /s, about 8 to about 13 mm 2 /s, about 8 to about

12 mm 2 /s, about 8 to about 11 mm 2 /s, about 8 to about 10 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 20 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 18 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 17 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 16 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 15 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 14 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 13 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 12 mm" 7s, about 9 to about 11 mm 2 /s, about 9 to about 10 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 20 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 18 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 17 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 16 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 15 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 14 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 13 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 12 mm ² /s, about 10 to about 11 mm ² /s, about 11 to about 20 mm ² /s, about 11 to about 18 mm ² /s, about 11 to about 17 mm ² /s, about 11 to about 16 mm ² /s, about 11 to about 15 mm ² /s, about 11 to about 14 mm ² /s, about 11 to about 13 mm ² /s, about 11 to about 12 mm ² /s, about 12 to about 20 mm ² /s, about 12 to about 18 mm ² /s, about 12 to about 17 mm ² /s, about 12 to about 16 mm ² /s, about 12 to about 15 mm ² /s, about 12 to about 14 mm ² /s, about 12 to about 13 mm ² /s, about 13 to about 20 mm ² /s, about 13 to about 18 mm ² /s, about 13 to about 17 mm ² /s, about 13 to about 16 mm ² /s, about 13 to about 15 mm ² /s, about 13 to about 14 mm ² /s, about 14 to about 20 mm ² /s, about 14 to about 18 mm ² /s, about 14 to about 17 mm ² /s, about 14 to about 16 mm ² /s, about 14 to about 15 mm ² /s, about 15 to about 20 mm ² /s, about 15 to about 18 mm ² /s, about 15 to about 17 mm ² /s, about 15 to about 16 mm ² /s, about 16 to about 20 mm ² /s, about 16 to about 18 mm 2 /s, about 16 to about 17 mm 2 /s, or more than

20 mm /s.

[0038] In embodiments, the additive base oil has an evaporated quantity by the NOACK volatility test of about 20 wt % or less, about 19 wt % or less, about 18 wt % or less, about 17 wt % or less, about 16 wt % or less, about 15 wt % or less, about 14 wt % or less, about 13 wt % or less, about 12 wt % or less, about 11 wt % or less, about 10 wt % or less, about 9 wt % or less, about 8 wt % or less, about 7 wt % or less, or about 6 wt % or less. In embodiments, the additive base oil has an evaporated quantity by the NOACK volatility test of about 20 wt %, about 19 wt %, about 18 wt %, about 17 wt %, about 16 wt %, about 15 wt %, about 14 wt %, about 13 wt %, about 12 wt %, about 11 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 9 wt %, about 8 wt %, about 7 wt %, or about 6 wt %.

[0039] In embodiments, the additive base oil can be characterized by: (a) having a viscosity index of between about 80 and about 180; (b) a kinematic viscosity of between about 8 and about 20 mm /s at 100° C; (c) an evaporated quantity of about 15 wt % or less by the NOACK volatility test, or any combinations thereof. In embodiments, the additive base oil can be characterized by (a) having a viscosity index of between about 120 and about 180; (b) a kinematic viscosity of between about 9 and about 17 mm /s at 100° C; (c) an evaporated quantity by the NOACK volatility test of about 15 wt % or less, or any combinations thereof.

Chlorinated Paraffins

[0040] The lubricant additive compositions provided herein comprise chlorinated paraffins. The term "chlorinated paraffin" or "CP" refers to chlorinated straight-chain hydrocarbons, which typically are mixtures. Chlorinated paraffin can be classified according to the carbon-chain length and percentage of chlorination, with carbon-chain lengths generally ranging from C ₁₀ to C30 and chlorination from about 35% to greater than about 70% by weight. The three most common commercial chlorinated paraffins are: short-chain, medium-chain and long-chain chlorinated paraffins. Short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) includes CPs that have a carbon-chain length of C 10-13. Medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (MCCP) includes CPs that have a carbon-chain length of Ci3_ ₂ o. Non-limiting, exemplary medium-chain chlorinated paraffin can have a carbon-chain length of C ₁₃ to C ₁₇ , C ₁₄ to C ₁₇ , C ₁₄ to C19, or C ₁₄ to C ₂₀ . Long-chain chlorinated paraffin (LCCP) includes CPs that have a carbon-chain length of Ci ₇ _3o. Non-limiting, exemplary long-chain chlorinated paraffin can have a carbon-chain length of C ₁₇ to C30, C ₁₈ to C30, or C ₂ o to C30. Commercially available CP includes, without limitation, CP-50, CP-52, CP-56, CP-60, CP-63, and CP-70, etc.

[0041] Suitable CPs for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include

CPs with carbon-chain lengths from C ₁₀ to C30 and percentage of chlorination from about 35% to greater than about 70% by weight. In any embodiments described herein, the CP can have any carbon-chain lengths that fall within C ₁₀ to C30 {e.g., C ₁₀ to C ₁₃ , C ₁₃ to C ₁₇ , Ci4 to C ₁₇ , Ci4 to Ci , C ₁₇ to C30, Ci8 to C30, or C ₂₀ to C30, etc.). In embodiments, the CP is a short-chain CP, a medium-chain CP, a long-chain CP, or a mixture thereof. In embodiments, the CP is a short-chain CP. In embodiments, the CP is a medium-chain CP. In embodiments, the CP is a long-chain CP. In embodiments, the CP has a carbon- chain lengths of C ₁₀ to C ₁₃ , C ₁₄ to C ₁₇ , C ₁₄ to C ₁₇ , C ₁₄ to C19, C ₁₇ to C30, C ₁₈ to C30, or C ₂₀ to C30. In embodiments, the CP is a short-chain CP with a carbon-chain length of C ₁₀ to C ₁₃ . In embodiments, the CP is a medium-chain CP with a carbon-chain length of C ₁₄ to C ₁₇ . In embodiments, the CP is a long-chain CP with a carbon-chain length of C ₁₇ to C30, Ci8 to C30, or C20 to C30.

[0042] Suitable CP for use in the lubricant additive compositions of the invention can have a percentage of chlorination from about 35% to greater than about 70% by weight. In any of the embodiments described herein, the CP has a percentage of chlorination of about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 49%, about 50% to about 59%, about 60% to about 69%, or more than about 70% by weight. In any of the embodiments described herein, the CP can have a percentage of chlorination of about 50%, about 52%, about 54%, about 56%, about 58%, about 60%, about 62%, about 63%, about 65%, about 67%, about 70%), or about 72% by weight. In embodiments, the CP has a percentage of chlorination of about 50%>, about 52%, about 56%, about 60%, about 63%, or about 70% by weight.

Antioxidants

[0043] Antioxidants can achieve a stable lubricant additive composition. In any of the embodiments described herein, the lubricant additive composition comprises one or more antioxidant(s) (e.g., a first antioxidant, a second antioxidant, or both) that can improve stability of the lubricant additive composition against oxidative degradation, e.g., with improved oxidative stability.

[0044] Various antioxidants are known in the art. Suitable antioxidants for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include antioxidants (e.g., those known in the art) that can improve oxidative stability of the lubricant additive composition. Thus, exemplary antioxidants include the antioxidants that are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,750,184, 7,538,076, and 7,928,045, which are each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Suitable antioxidants for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include various amine antioxidants, phenol antioxidants, phosphite antioxidants, ascorbic acid, and tocopherols, etc. In embodiments, antioxidants suitable for the lubricant additive compositions of the invention include amine antioxidants and phenol antioxidants.

[0045] In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises a first antioxidant, wherein the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant or a phenol antioxidant.

[0046] In embodiments, the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is an aliphatic amine or an aromatic amine. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is an aromatic amine. Aromatic amines known in the art are compounds that have an amino group, including both free amino (e.g., NH ₂ ) and substituted amino group

(e.g., NR 1 R2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylcycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylcycloalkylalkyl, arylheterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylheterocycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, arylcycloalkyl, heteroarylcycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylheterocycloalkyl, heteroarylheterocycloalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, arylcycloalkenyl, heteroarylcycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, arylheterocycloalkenyl, heteroarylheterocycloalkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkynyl, aryl, cycloalkylaryl, heterocycloalkylaryl, cycloalkenylaryl, heterocycloalkenylaryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylheteroaryl, heterocycloalkylheteroaryl, cycloalkenylheteroaryl, or heterocycloalkenylheteroaryl), directly attached to an aromatic ring, such as a monocyclic aromatic ring (e.g. , a phenyl ring, or a monocyclic heteraromatic ring such as a thiophene ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a furan ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyridazine ring, or a triazine ring, etc.) or a polycyclic aromatic ring (e.g., a bicyclic aromatic ring such as a naphthalene ring, or a bicyclic heteroaromatic ring such as an indole ring, a benzofuran ring, a benzoimidazole ring, or a benzothiophene ring, etc., or a tricyclic aromatic ring such as a carbazole).

In embodiments, the first antioxidant is an aromatic amine, wherein the amino group is attached to two aromatic rings, such as two monocyclic aromatic rings (e.g. , as described herein) that are the same or different, two polycyclic aromatic rings (e.g., as described herein) that are the same or different, or one monocyclic aromatic ring (e.g. , as described herein) and one polycyclic aromatic ring (e.g., as described herein). In embodiments, the first antioxidant is a diphenyl amine. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is an aromatic amine having the amino group attached to one monocyclic aromatic ring (e.g., a phenyl ring) and one polycyclic aromatic ring (e.g., a naphthalene ring). In embodiments, the first antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of Ν,Ν'- diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(l ,4- dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis( 1 -ethyl-3 -methylpentyl)-p- phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(l -methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'dicyclohexyl-p- phenylenediamine, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-di(naphth-2-yl)-p- phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(l ,3-dimethylbutyl)- N'-phenyl-p-phenylenedi amine, N-(l -methylheptyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N- cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-(p-toluenesulfonamido)-diphenylamine, N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, diphenylamine, styrenated diphenyl amine (CAS No. 68442-68-2), N-allyldiphenylamine, 4- isopropoxydiphenylamine, di(4-methoxyphenyl)amine, 2,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1 ,2- di[(2-methylphenyl)amino] -ethane, 1 ,2-di(phenylamino)propane, (o-tolyl)biguanide, di[4- ( ,3'-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine, tert-octylated N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine, phenyl-1- naphthylamine ρ,ρ'-dioctyldiphenyl amine , mixture of mono- and di-alkylated tert- butyl/tert-octyl-diphenylamines, mixture of mono- and di-alkylated nonyldiphenylamines, mixture of mono- and di-alkylated dodecyldiphenylamines, mixture of mono- and di- alkylated isopropyl/isohexyl-diphenylamines, mixtures of mono- and di-alkylated tert- butyldiphenylamines, 2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-4H-l ,4-benzothiazine, phenothiazine, mixture of mono- and di-alkylated tert-butyl/tert-octyl-phenothiazines, mixtures of mono- and di-alkylated tert-octylphenothiazines, N-allylphenothiazine, and Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'- tetraphenyl- 1 ,4-diaminobut-2-ene.

In embodiments, the first antioxidant is a phenol antioxidant. Phenol antioxidants are known in the art and encompass any phenolic compound, i.e., having a free OH group attached to a phenyl ring. As used herein, the term "phenolic compounds" also include compounds where the OH is attached to a phenyl ring, wherein the phenyl ring is part of a fused ring structure, e.g., the phenyl ring is part of a benzothiophene ring, a naphthalene ring, an indole ring, an benzofuran ring, or the like. Preferred phenolic antioxidants are hindered phenols {e.g., with at least one of the two ortho-positions of the phenolic OH substituted, e.g., with an alkyl group such as a methyl, ethyl, propyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, or tert-butyl group) or dimeric phenols.

Thus, in embodiments, the first antioxidant is a hindered phenol. In embodiments, the hindered phenol is selected from the group consisting of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol, 2-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert- butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4- methylphenol, 2-(a-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4- methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, 2,6- dinonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(l '-methyl -undec-l'-yl)-phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6- ( 1 '-methylheptadec- 1 '-yl)-phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(l '-methyltridec- 1 '-yl)-phenol, 2,4- dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4- dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol, 2,6-didodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol and mixtures thereof.

[0050] In embodiments, the first antioxidant is a dimeric phenol. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is dimeric hindered phenol. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is a dimeric phenol selected from the group consisting of 2,2'-methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert- butyl phenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis (4-ethyl-6-tert-butyl phenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis [4- methyl-6-( a-methylcyclohexyl) phenol], 2,2'-methylene-bis (4-methyl-6- cyclohexylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis (6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis (4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidene- bis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis[6-( a-methylbenzyl)-4- nonylphenol], 2,2'-methylene-bis[6-( a, a-dimethyl-benzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 4,4'- methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-methylene-bis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 1 , 1 -bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2- hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol, 1 , 1 ,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2- methylphenyl)butane, 1 , 1 -bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-3-n- dodecylmercaptobutane, ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3'-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)- butyrate] , bis(3 -tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5 -methylphenyl)dicyclopentadiene, bis [2-(3 '-tert- butyl-2'-hydroxy-5 '-methylbenzyl)-6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate, 1 , 1 -bis(3 ,5 - dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 2,2-bis(3 ,5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, 2,2-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-n-dodecylme rcaptobutane, 1,1,5,5- tetra(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)pentane.

[0051] The inventors have discovered that a lubricant additive composition of

Formulation A containing an additive base oil, chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant, is superior to conventional lubricant compositions. Non- limiting examples of Formulation A are shown in Tables la-d. Table la. Examples of Formulation A ¹

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent (2%), and a pour point depressant (0.2%). The CP in Formulation A has a percentage of chlorination of between 60% to 72%o by weight.

Table lb. Examples of Formulation A ¹

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent, and a pour point depressant. ² The CP in Formulation A has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table lc. Examples of Formulation A ¹

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent, and a pour point depressant. ² The CP in Formulation A has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table Id. Examples of Formulation A ¹

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent, and a pour point depressant. The CP in Formulation A has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Formulation B: Additive Base Oil, Chlorinated Paraffin, and Two Antioxidants

[0052] The present inventors have also discovered that for some applications, it is advantageous to include two antioxidants in the lubricant additive composition.

[0053] Thus, in any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the lubricant additive composition has a second antioxidant. In embodiments, the second antioxidant is in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.01%> to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.5%) to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 1%, or more than about 5% by weight of the lubricant additive composition. In any embodiments described herein, the second antioxidant can also be in an amount of about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%), about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.

[0054] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition; and (d) a second antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition. In embodiments, the chlorinated paraffin is in an amount of about 15%) to about 45%) by weight of the additive composition. Suitable additive base oils, chlorinated paraffins, first antioxidants, and second antioxidants are described herein.

[0055] Suitable second antioxidants for use in the lubricant additive compositions of the invention include any antioxidant that is suitable for use as the first antioxidant as described herein. In embodiments, the first antioxidant and the second antioxidant function differently. For example, in embodiments, the first antioxidant is more effective in protecting the lubricant additive composition against oxidative degradation at lower temperature (e.g., at room temperature), whereas the second antioxidant is more effective in protecting the lubricant additive composition against oxidative degradation at higher temperature (e.g., at above 100 °C, above 200 °C, above 300 °C, above 400 °C, above 500 °C, etc.). [0056] Therefore, in any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the second antioxidant can be the same type or a different type of antioxidant as the first antioxidant. Preferably, the second antioxidant is an amine antioxidant or a phenol antioxidant. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant and the second antioxidant is a phenol antioxidant, or vice versa.

[0057] The present inventors have also discovered that in embodiments where the lubricant additive composition comprising both a first antioxidant and a second antioxidant, the weight ratio of the first antioxidant and the second antioxidant can influence the overall stability of the lubricant additive composition. The present inventors have also discovered that for the present invention, the weight ratio of the first antioxidant and the second antioxidant can be from about 1 :500 to about 500: 1.

[0058] Thus, in any of the embodiments described herein, the lubricant additive composition comprises a weight ratio of the first antioxidant to the second antioxidant of about 1:500 to about 500:1, about 1:250 to about 250:1, about 1:200 to about 200:1, about 1:150 to about 150:1, about 1:100 to about 100:1, about 1:50 to about 50:1, about 1:25 to about 25:1, about 1:10 to about 10:1, about 1:5 to about 5:1, about 1:3 to about 3:1, about 1:2 to about 2:1, or about 1:1. In embodiments wherein the lubricant additive composition comprises both an amine antioxidant and a phenol antioxidant, a weight ratio of the phenol antioxidant to the amine antioxidant can be about 1:500 to about 500:1, about 1:250 to about 250:1, about 1:200 to about 200:1, about 1:150 to about 150:1, about 1:100 to about 100:1, about 1:50 to about 50:1, about 1:25 to about 25:1, about 1:10 to about 10:1, about 1:5 to about 5:1, about 1:3 to about 3:1, about 1:2 to about 2:1, or about 1:1. In embodiments, the weight ratio of the phenol antioxidant to the amine antioxidant is about 1:1 to about 50:1, or about 15:1 to about 25:1.

[0059] Non-limiting examples of Formulation B are shown in Tables 2a-2d. For illustration purposes, Tables 2a-2d only include Examples with additive base oil being a mixture of a Group III and a Group IV base oil. However, other non-limiting additive base oils can also be used in any of the examples in Tables 2a-2d, e.g., a Group II, a Group III, a Group IV, a polyester, a mixture of a Group II and a Group IV, a mixture of a Group II and a polyester, a mixture of a Group III and a polyester, a mixture of a Group III, IV, and a polyester, or a mixture of a Group II, IV, and a polyester. Table 2a. Examples of Formulation B

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to antifoaming agent (e.g., 500 ppm) and pour point depressant (e.g., 0.2%>). The CP Formulation B has a percentage of chlorination of between 60% to 72% by weight.

Table 2b. Examples of Formulation B ¹

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to antifoaming agent (e.g., 500 ppm) and pour point depressant (e.g., 0.2%>). ² The CP Formulation B has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table 2c. Examples of Formulation B ¹

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to antifoaming agent (e.g., 500 ppm) and pour point depressant (e.g., 0.2%>). ² The CP Formulation B has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table 2d. Examples of Formulation B ¹

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to antifoaming agent (e.g., 500 ppm) and pour point depressant (e.g., 0.2%>). ² The CP Formulation B has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Formulation C: More than one Additive Base Oil, CP, and Antioxidant(s)

[0060] A given base oil can have its own unique properties. The inventors have also found that instead of using a single base oil as the additive base oil, it is advantageous in certain applications for the lubricant additive composition to include a mixture of base oils having different properties.

[0061] Thus, in embodiments, the invention also provides a lubricant additive composition comprising a chlorinated paraffin and at least two different kinds of additive base oil (e.g., a mixture of Group III and Group IV base oil, a mixture of a Group II and Group IV base oil, a mixture of a Group II and an ester base oil, a mixture of a Group III and an ester base oil, a mixture of Group IV and an ester base oil, a mixture of Group II, Group IV, and an ester base oil, or a Group III, Group IV, and an ester base oil). Suitable chlorinated paraffins and the weight percentages thereof are described herein, e.g., short- chained chlorinated paraffin, medium-chain chlorinated paraffin, or long-chain chlorinated paraffin. Suitable additive base oil and the weight percentage thereof are also described herein. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition also comprises a first antioxidant (e.g., as described herein). In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprising a first antioxidant further comprises a second antioxidant, wherein suitable first antioxidants and second antioxidants, and the weight percentages thereof are described herein. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition has at least one antioxidant.

[0062] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) more than one (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) additive base oils independently in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; and (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition also comprises a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition. In embodiments, the chlorinated paraffin is in an amount of about 15% to about 45% by weight of the additive composition.

[0063] In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises two or more different kinds of additive base oil, with one additive base oil in an amount of about 10% to about 80%) by weight of the additive composition, and the other additive base oil(s) in an amount of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the additive composition. Other suitable weight percentages of the additive base oils are described herein. [0064] In any of the embodiments described herein, the total weight percentages of the additive base oil can be about 10% to about 80%, about 10%> to about 70%>, about 10%> to about 60%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 40%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 50%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 60%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 80%, or about 80% to about 90% of the lubricant additive composition. In any of the embodiments described herein, the total weight percentages of the additive base oil can also be in an amount of about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.

[0065] Various combinations of additive base oil can be used in the present invention. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises two different kinds of additive base oil, wherein one of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II ⁺ , Group III, Group III ⁺ , or Group IV base oil, and the other of the additive base oil is a Group V base oil, such as a synthetic ester base oil (e.g., a polyester base oil, or other ester base oil described herein). In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises two different kinds of additive base oils, wherein each of the two additive base oils is independently a Group I, Group II, Group II ⁺ , Group III, Group III ⁺ , Group IV or a Group V base oil. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises two different kinds of additive base oil, wherein one of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II ⁺ , Group III, Group III ⁺ , or Group IV base oil, and the other of the additive base oil is a Group IV base oil, such as a low-viscosity PAO, a medium-viscosity PAO or a high- viscosity PAO. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises three different kinds of additive base oil, wherein two of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II ⁺ , Group III, Group III ⁺ , or Group IV base oil, and the other of the additive base oil is a Group V base oil, such as a synthetic ester base oil (e.g., a polyester base oil, or other ester base oil described herein). In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises three different kinds of additive base oil, wherein each of the three additive base oil is independently a Group I, Group II, Group II ⁺ , Group III, Group III , Group IV or a Group V base oil. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises three different kinds of additive base oil, wherein two of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II ⁺ , Group III, Group III ⁺ , or Group IV base oil, and the other of the additive base oil is a Group IV base oil, such as a low- viscosity PAO, a medium-viscosity PAO or a high-viscosity PAO. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition comprises at least one additive base oil selected from the group consisting of Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, and a polyester base oil. Other combinations of additive base oil (e.g. , as described herein) can also be used in the present invention.

6] Non-limiting examples of lubricant additive composition of the present invention are shown in Tables 3 and 4a-d.

Table 3. Examples of Formulation C

The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent (2%>), and a pour point depressant (0.2%>). The CP in Formulation C has a percentage of chlorination of between 60% to 72% by weight. Table 4a. Additional Examples of Formulation C

The remaining mass are minor components , which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%). The CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 60% to 72% by weight. ³ The remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent (1%), and a pour point depressant (0.2%>). Table 4b. Additional Examples of Formulation C

The remaining mass are minor components , which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%). The CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table 4c. Additional Examples of Formulation C

The remaining mass are minor components , which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%). The CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table 4d. Additional Examples of Formulation C

The remaining mass are minor components , which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%). The CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Other Ingredients That May Be Present in the Lubricant Additive Composition

[0067] It is conventional in the industry to add certain ingredients in a lubricant, such as an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, or a friction modifier.

[0068] Thus, in any of the embodiments described herein (e.g., any of the embodiments according to Formulation A, B, or C), the lubricant additive composition comprises at least one additional component (e.g., in addition to the additive base oil, CP and antioxidant(s)) selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier. In embodiments, the at least one additional component is in an amount of about 100 ppm to about 10% by weight of the additive composition.

[0069] Suitable anti-wear agents, detergents, dispersants, diluents, demulsifiers, antifoam agents, corrosion/rust inhibitors, extreme pressure agents, seal well agents, pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, or friction modifiers for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention can be any of those used in the industry. Non- limiting examples include those described below and those described in "Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing," Edited by Totten, G. E., ASTM manual series; MNL 37, published in 2003.

[0070] Non-limiting anti-wear agents that can be used in the present invention include zinc dithiophosphate, metallic (e.g. , Mo, Pb and Sb) salts of dithiophosphoric acid, metallic (e.g. , Mo, Pb and Sb) salts of dithiocarbamic acid, metallic (e.g., Pb) salts of naphthenic acid, metallic (e.g. , Pb) salts of fatty acids, boron compounds, phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid esters and phosphoric acid amines. Of these, phosphoric acid esters and metallic salts of dithiophosphoric acid are preferably used. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZnDDP) are especially preferred.

[0071] Non-limiting detergents that can be used in the present invention include metal - containing detergents, such as alkali (e.g. , Li and Na) or alkaline earth metal (e.g. , Mg, Ca, and Ba, etc.) sulfonate, phenate, salicylate or phosphonate. Examples of suitable metal-containing detergents include, but are not limited to, neutral or overbased salts of a sodium sulfonate, a sodium carboxylate, a sodium salicylate, a sodium phenate, a sulfurized sodium phenate, a lithium sulfonate, a lithium carboxylate, a lithium salicylate, a lithium phenate, a sulfurized lithium phenate, a calcium sulfonate, a calcium carboxylate, a calcium salicylate, a calcium phenate, a sulfurized calcium phenate, a magnesium sulfonate, a magnesium carboxylate, a magnesium salicylate, a magnesium phenate, a sulfurized magnesium phenate, a potassium sulfonate, a potassium carboxylate, a potassium salicylate, a potassium phenate, a sulfurized potassium phenate, a zinc sulfonate, a zinc carboxylate, a zinc salicylate, a zinc phenate, and a sulfurized zinc phenate. Some of other known detergents suitable for use in the present invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,833,952, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Preferred detergents are overbased alkali (e.g., Li and Na) or alkaline earth metal (e.g., Mg, Ca, and Ba, etc.) sulfonate, phenate, salicylate or phosphonate, with a total base number (TBN) of greater than about 50, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, or about 450.

[0072] Non-limiting dispersants that can be used in the present invention include ashless dispersants, such as those based on polyalkenyl succinimide, polyalkenyl succinamide, benzyl amine, succinic acid ester, and succinic acid-amide, or those containing boron. Some of known ashless dispersants suitable for use in the present invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,902,133, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0073] Non-limiting antifoam agents that can be used in the present invention include silicone containing compounds (e.g., polysiloxanes, e.g., poly dimethyl siloxane), poly(methyl)acrylates, and polyacrylates.

[0074] Non-limiting demulsifiers that can be used in the present invention include polyethylene oxide derivatives and salts of carboxylic acid and sulfonic acids.

[0075] Non-limiting extreme pressure agents that can be used in the present invention include sulphurized fat, polymer esters, polysulfides (e.g., ditertiary dodecyl polysulfide, e.g., TPS™ 20, TPS™32), chlorinated paraffins, and molybdenum containing compounds.

[0076] Non-limiting pour point depressants that can be used in the present invention include ethylene -vinyl acetate copolymers, polymethacrylates, and polyalkyl styrenes. Preferred pour point depressants include alkyl polymethacrylates.

[0077] Non-limiting rust inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include fatty acids, alkenyl succinic acid half esters, fatty acid soaps, alkyl sulfonates, esters of fatty acids and polyalcohols, aliphatic amines, oxidized paraffin compounds and alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers.

[0078] Non-limiting viscosity index improvers that can be used in the present invention include polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyisobutylene, polyolefm, polyolefin copolymers (e.g., ethylene-propylene copolymers), polyalkyl styrene (e.g. , polystyrene and poly-alpha-methylstyrene), phenolic condensates, naphthalic condensates, and styrene-butadiene copolymers. Preferred viscosity index improvers include alkyl poly(methyl)acrylates. Specific examples of poly(meth)acrylates include those having 1 - 20 alkyl groups (e.g. , polymethylmethacrylate, polyethyl(meth)acrylate, polypropyl(meth)acrylate, polybutyl(meth)acrylate, polypentyl(meth)acrylate, polyhexyl(meth)acrylate, polyheptyl(meth)acrylate, polyoctyl(meth)acrylate, polydecyl(meth)acrylate, polylauryl(meth)acrylate, polytridecyl(meth)acrylate, polytetradecyl(meth)acrylate, polyhexadecyl(meth)acrylate, and polyoctadecyl- (meth)acrylate); and those having 21 -24 alkyl groups such as (meth)acrylates of higher alcohols.

[0079] Non-limiting friction modifiers that can be used in the present invention include organomolybdenum compounds, fatty acids, higher alcohols, fatty acid esters, oils and greases, (partial) esters of polyalcohols, sorbitan esters, amines, amides, sulfided esters, phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid esters and phosphoric acid ester amines.

[0080] It is to be noted, however, that it is known in the art that one additive can have multifunctions in a given lubricant composition. Thus, the description and/or categorization of a certain agent (e.g., ZnDDP) above is by no means to limit the agent's function in the present invention. In addition, an additive, although labeled as a different category, if it can perform any function in a lubricant composition as described above (e.g., as an anti-wear agent, a viscosity improver, etc.), is nonetheless within the scope of the present disclosure.

Processes for Preparing an Lubricant Additive Composition

[0081] In embodiments, the invention provides a method of preparing a lubricant additive composition (e.g., any of the lubricant additive compositions described herein). In some embodiments, the method comprises (a) providing additive ingredients comprising a first additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant; and (b) mixing the additive ingredients in a first container. The inventors have found that the selection of additive ingredients (including the amount thereof), preheating and premixing can be factors affecting the method of preparation. The inventors have also found that the characteristics of the process intermediates can affect the characteristics of the final lubricant additive composition.

[0082] The term "additive ingredients" used herein refers to the ingredients that can be used for preparing a lubricant additive composition described herein (e.g., according to any of Tables la to 7). Suitable amounts of each of the additive ingredients for preparing a lubricant additive composition can be, for example, any amount described herein for the respective ingredient (e.g., according to any of Tables la to 7). The term "providing additive ingredients" used herein refers to providing each of the additive ingredients separately or providing a premixed mixture of multiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) different additive ingredients. In some embodiments, each of the additive ingredients (e.g., the first additive base oil, the chlorinated paraffin, or the first antioxidant) is provided in separate containers. Suitable containers are those known in the art that are used to contain the additive ingredients. In some embodiments, suitable containers include those that can be adapted to heating. For example, a suitable container for an additive ingredient (e.g., a first additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin) includes those that can be heated such that the additive ingredient (e.g., the first additive base oil, the chlorinated paraffin) within the container can reach a temperature of about 40 °C, about 50 °C, about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, about 90 °C, about 100 °C, about 110 °C, about 120 °C, about 130 °C, or about 140 °C, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, a suitable container includes a tote. In some embodiments, a suitable container includes a drum.

[0083] Suitable first additive base oils include any of the additive base oils described herein (e.g., a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, or a synthetic ester base oil). In some embodiments, the first additive base oil is a heavy paraffmic base oil. In some embodiments, the first additive base oil is a poly-a- olefin base oil. In some embodiments, the first additive base oil is a polyester base oil (e.g., a polyol ester such as trimethylolpropane trioleate).

[0084] Suitable chlorinated paraffins include any of the chlorinated paraffins described herein (e.g., a short-chain chlorinated paraffin, a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin, a long-chain chlorinated paraffin, a combination thereof, etc.). In some embodiments, the chlorinated paraffin is a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin having about 14 to about 17 carbons. Suitable first antioxidants include any of the antioxidants described herein (e.g., an aromatic amine antioxidant, a phenol antioxidant, etc.).

Preheating

[0085] The inventors have discovered that preheating additive ingredients is helpful for preparing the lubricant additive compositions described herein.

[0086] In embodiments, the invention provides a method of preparing a lubricant additive composition (e.g., as described herein), wherein the method comprises preheating an additive ingredient. As used herein, "preheating" an ingredient (or ingredients) in a process refers to heating the ingredient(s) before using the ingredient(s) for a subsequent step (e.g., mixing with another ingredient(s)) in the process. In some embodiments, some of the additive ingredients are premixed before the preheating. In some embodiments, some of the additive ingredients are preheated separately.

[0087] In any of the embodiments described herein, where a method of preparing a lubricant additive composition comprises preheating an additive ingredient, the additive ingredient can be preheated to a temperature of about 40 °C to about 110 °C, e.g., about 40 °C to about 100 °C, about 40 °C to about 90 °C, about 40 °C to about 80 °C, about 40 °C to about 70 °C, about 40 °C to about 60 °C, about 40 °C to about 50 °C, about 50 °C to about 110 °C, about 50 °C to about 100 °C, about 50 °C to about 90 °C, about 50 °C to about 80 °C, about 50 °C to about 70 °C, about 50 °C to about 60 °C, about 60 °C to about 110 °C, about 60 °C to about 100 °C, about 60 °C to about 90 °C, about 60 °C to about 80 °C, about 60 °C to about 70 °C, about 70 °C to about 110 °C, about 70 °C to about 100 °C, about 70 °C to about 90 °C, about 70 °C to about 80 °C, about 80 °C to about 110 °C, about 80 °C to about 100 °C, about 80 °C to about 90 °C, about 90 °C to about 110 °C, about 90 °C to about 100 °C, or about 100 °C to about 110 °C. In some embodiments, the additive ingredient can be heated to a temperature of about 40 °C, about 50 °C, about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, about 90 °C, about 100 °C, about 110 °C, about 120 °C, or about 130 °C. In some embodiments, the additive ingredient can be heated to a temperature of less than about 40 °C (e.g., about 35 °C, about 30 °C), or above 130 °C (e.g., 140 °C, 150 °C). [0088] In some embodiments, the additive ingredients comprise a chlorinated paraffin

(e.g., a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin such as CP63), wherein the chlorinated paraffin is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 80 °C). In some embodiments, the chlorinated paraffin is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, or about 80 °C.

[0089] In some embodiments, the additive ingredients comprise a first additive base oil

(e.g., any additive base oil described herein such as a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20- C38), a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil), wherein the first additive base oil is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C). In some embodiments, the first additive base oil is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, or about 90 °C.

[0090] In some embodiments, the additive ingredients comprise a second additive base oil (e.g., any additive base oil described herein such as a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38), a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil), wherein the second additive base oil is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C). In some embodiments, the second additive base oil is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80, or about 90 °C.

[0091] In some embodiments, the additive ingredients comprise a third additive base oil

(e.g., any additive base oil described herein such as a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20- C38), a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil), wherein the third additive base oil is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C). In some embodiments, the third additive base oil is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, or about 90 °C.

[0092] In some embodiments, the additive ingredients further comprise at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier, wherein each of the at least one additional components, or a premix of the at least one additional components, can be preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C). In some embodiments, each of the at least one additional components, or a premix of the at least one additional components, is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, or about 90 °C. Exemplary suitable anti-wear agents, detergents, dispersants, diluents, demulsifiers, antifoam agents, corrosion/rust inhibitors, extreme pressure agents, pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, and friction modifiers are described herein.

Mixing and Premixing

[0093] The inventors have found that the sequence for mixing additive ingredients can be helpful for preparing an additive composition (e.g., as described herein). In some embodiments, premixing some of the additive ingredients can be helpful for preparing the additive composition.

[0094] As used herein, "premixing" (or premix) an ingredient (or ingredients) in a process refers to mixing the ingredient(s) before using the ingredient(s) for a subsequent step (e.g., mixing with another ingredient(s)) in the process. In some embodiments, premixing occurs with external heat. In some embodiments, premixing occurs without external heat.

[0095] In any of the embodiments described herein, wherein the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition comprises mixing or premixing additive ingredients, the mixing or premixing can include, e.g., stirring the additive ingredients for a period of time. In some embodiments, the mixing or premixing comprises stirring the additive ingredients at a speed of from about 50 rpm to about 2,000 rpm. Suitable means for stirring are those known in the art.

[0096] In any of the embodiments described herein, the mixing or premixing can include mixing or premixing the respective ingredients for about 15 minutes to about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the mixing or premixing time is about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, the mixing or premixing time is about 1 hour, about 1.5 hours, about 2 hours, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, the mixing or premixing time is over 2 hours (e.g., 2.5 hours, 3 hours, or 4 hours, or any range of values thereof).

[0097] In some embodiments, the respective ingredients are mixed or premixed until a homogeneous or substantially homogenous mixture forms. In other embodiments, the respective ingredients are mixed or premixed until the ingredients are combined. For example, the mixing or premixing can be carried out for a period of time, upon which a test (e.g., by visual inspection) is performed to determine whether, e.g., the ingredients are combined or a homogenous or substantially homogenous mixture is formed. If, for example, a homogeneous or substantially homogenous mixture is desired, the mixing or premixing can be carried out for a period of time and if a homogenous or substantially homogenous mixture is formed, the mixing or premixing time can be regarded as sufficient; if not, the mixing or premixing time can be increased by an additional period of time (e.g., by about 15 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, or more than 1 hour) and the mixing or premixing continued until a further test (e.g., by visual inspection) indicates that a homogenous or substantially homogenous mixture is formed.

Premixing chlorinated paraffin and additive base oil

[0098] In any of the embodiments described herein, the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition can include premixing at least two of the additive ingredients. In some embodiments, the method comprises premixing a chlorinated paraffin (e.g., a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin having 14 to 17 carbons) and a first additive base oil (e.g., a heavy paraffinic base oil, a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil). In some embodiments, the method comprises premixing a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin and a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38). In some embodiments, the method comprises premixing a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin and a polyester base oil. In some embodiments, the polyester base oil is a trimethylolpropane polyester. In some embodiments, the polyester base oil is a trimethylolpropane trioleate. In some embodiments, the at least two additive ingredients can include a second additive base oil (e.g., a heavy paraffinic base oil, a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil). In some embodiments, the second additive base oil is a polyester base oil (e.g., a trimethylolpropane polyester such as a trimethylolpropane trioleate). Thus, in some embodiments, the method comprises premixing a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin, a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38), and a polyester base oil (e.g., trimethylolpropane trioleate).

[0099] In any of the embodiments described herein, the premixing of the at least two additive ingredients occurs without external heat. In some embodiments, each of the at least two additive ingredients is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 50 °C, about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C). In some embodiments, the premixing of the at least two additive ingredients occurs in an open container. In some embodiments, the premixing of the at least two additive ingredients occurs in a heat- resistant container. In some embodiments, the premixing of the at least two additive ingredients occurs in a tote or a drum.

[0100] In any of the embodiments described herein, the amounts of each of the at least two additive ingredients used in the premixing, e.g. , a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin, a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38), or a polyester base oil, can be independently from about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 65%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 35%, about 35% to about 100%, about 35% to about 90%, about 35% to about 80%, about 35% to about 65%, about 35% to about 50%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 65%, about 65% to about 100%, about 65% to about 90%, about 65% to about 80%, about 80% to about 100%, or about 80% to about 90% of the total amount of the respective ingredient in a given additive composition. In some embodiments, the amount of each of the at least two additive ingredients used in the premixing can be about 20%>, about 25%, about 30%>, about 35%, about 40%>, about 45%, about 50%), about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%), or any range of values thereof, of the total amount of the respective ingredient in a given additive composition. In some embodiments, the amount of each of the at least two additive ingredients used in the premixing can be less than about 20% (e.g., about 15%, about 10%, or about 5%) of the total amount of the respective ingredient in a given additive composition. Exemplary suitable total amounts of the respective ingredients in a given additive composition are described herein (e.g., as described in Table la to Table 7).

Premixing additive base oil and antioxidants

[0101] In any of the embodiments described herein, the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition can further include premixing at least three of the additive ingredients. In some embodiments, the at least three additive ingredients include a second additive base oil, a first antioxidant, and a second antioxidant. In some embodiments, the at least three additive ingredients consist essentially of a second additive base oil, a first antioxidant, and a second antioxidant. In some embodiments, the second additive base oil is a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38), a poly-a-olefm base oil, or a polyester base oil. In some embodiments, the second additive base oil is a trimethylolpropane trioleate. In some embodiments, the second additive base oil is a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38). Exemplary suitable first antioxidants, second antioxidants, and the amounts thereof are described herein (e.g., as described in Table la to Table 7). In some embodiments, the premixing of the at least three additive ingredients occurs at a temperature of about 70 °C, about 75 °C, about 80 °C, about 85 °C, about 90 °C, about 95 °C, about 100 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 120 °C, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, the additive base oil is preheated to about 70 °C, about 75 °C, about 80 °C, about 85 °C, about 90 °C, about 95 °C, about 100 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 120 °C, or any range of values thereof, before the premixing. In some embodiments, the premixing occurs with external heat applied. Suitable containers for the premixing include those known in the industry, for example, a tote or a drum.

[0102] The inventors have also found that premixing additive base oil, antioxidants, and chlorinated paraffin can be helpful. Thus, in some embodiments, the at least three additive ingredients comprising the second additive base oil, the first antioxidant, and the second antioxidant further comprises a first additive base oil and a chlorinated paraffin. In some embodiments, the at least three additive ingredients consist essentially of the second additive base oil, the first antioxidant, the second antioxidant, the first additive base oil and the chlorinated paraffin. Suitable first additive base oil, chlorinated paraffin, and amount thereof include those described herein. In some embodiments, the chlorinated paraffin is a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin. In some embodiments, the amount of chlorinated paraffin used is in an amount of about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 60%, about 60% to about 100%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 100%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 80%, about 80% to about 100%, about 80% to about 90%, or about 90% to about 100% of total chlorinated paraffin in the additive composition. In some embodiments, the amount of chlorinated paraffin is in an amount of about 50%, about 60%), about 70%), about 80%>, about 90%>, about 100%, or any range of values thereof, of total chlorinated paraffin in the additive composition.

[0103] In any of the embodiments described herein, the at least three additive ingredients can be blended under a condition described herein. The blending can occur with or without external heat. In some embodiments, each of the at least three additive ingredients are preheated to a temperature as described herein. [0104] In any of the embodiments described herein, the at least three additive ingredients can be mixed with at least one component selected from a group consisting of a third additive base oil, an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier. In some embodiments, the premixed at least three additive ingredients can be further mixed with at least one component. In some embodiments, premixing the at least three additive ingredients comprises mixing at least one component with other additive ingredients. In some embodiments, the at least one component is preheated to a temperature as described herein before the mixing or premixing.

Process Intermediates

[0105] The inventors have found that process intermediates of a certain quality can be useful for preparing a lubricant additive composition.

[0106] As used herein, process intermediates refer to any mixed or premixed material that leads to a final lubricant additive composition in a respective process, e.g., process intermediates refer to a premixed at least three additive ingredients, or an intermediate obtained from mixing the premixed at least three additive ingredients with the at least one component. These process intermediates are by themselves new products and can be used as a standalone lubricant, an additive to another lubricant, or as an intermediate for preparing other lubricant additive compositions.

[0107] In some embodiments, the invention provides a first intermediate prepared by mixing a premixed at least three additive ingredients {e.g., as described in any of the embodiments above) with at least one additional component selected from a group consisting of a third additive base oil, an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier. In some embodiments, the invention provides a second intermediate prepared by premixing at least three additive ingredients {e.g., as described in any of the embodiments herein). In some embodiments, the invention provides a third intermediate prepared by premixing at least two additive ingredients {e.g., as described in any of the embodiments herein).

[0108] In some embodiments, the first intermediate is a homogenous or substantially homogenous liquid. In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a viscosity index in the range of about 100 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 110 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 130 cSt, or about 130 cSt to about 140 cSt. In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a viscosity index of less than about 100 cSt (e.g., about 90 cSt, about 80 cSt, or about 70 cSt). In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a viscosity index of greater than 140 cSt (e.g., about 150 cSt, about 160 cSt, or about 170 cSt). In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a viscosity in the range of about 180 cSt to about 240 cSt, about 180 cSt to about 220 cSt, about 180 cSt to about 200 cSt, about 200 cSt to about 240 cSt, about 200 cSt to about 220 cSt, or about 220 cSt to about 240 cSt at about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a viscosity below 180 cSt (e.g., about 170 cSt, about 160 cSt, about 150 cSt, or about 140 cSt) at about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a viscosity above 240 cSt (e.g., about 250 cSt, about 260 cSt, about 270 cSt, or about 280 cSt) at about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a specific gravity of about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.8, about 2, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a specific gravity of about 0.8 to about 1.2. In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a specific gravity of about 1.

[0109] The first intermediate that has suitable characteristics (e.g., as described herein) can be mixed with the third intermediate to form a final lubricant additive composition. Exemplary suitable mixing times and conditions are those described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the mixing occurs without external heat. In some embodiments, the mixing time is about 1 hour.

Characteristics of final lubricant additive composition

[0110] In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition is a homogenous or substantially homogenous liquid. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity index in the range of about 100 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 110 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 130 cSt, or about 130 cSt to about 140 cSt. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity index of about 100 cSt, about 1 10 cSt, about 120 cSt, about 130 cSt, or about 140 cSt. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity index of less than 100 cSt (e.g., about 90 cSt, about 80 cSt, or about 70 cSt). In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity index of greater than 140 cSt (e.g., about 150 cSt, about 160 cSt, or about 170 cSt).

[0111] In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity in the range of about 100 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 1 10 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 130 cSt, or about 130 cSt to about 140 cSt at about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity of about 100 cSt, about 1 10 cSt, about 120 cSt, about 130 cSt, or about 140 cSt at about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity below 100 cSt (e.g., about 90 cSt, about 80 cSt, or about 70 cSt) at about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity above 140 cSt (e.g., about 150, about 160, or about 170) at about 40 °C.

[0112] In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity in the range of about 8 cSt to about 16 cSt, about 8 cSt to about 14 cSt, about 8 cSt to about 12 cSt, about 10 cSt to about 16 cSt, about 10 cSt to about 14 cSt, or about 10 cSt to about 12 cSt at about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity of about 10 cSt, about 1 1 cSt, about 12 cSt, about 13 cSt, about 14 cSt, about 15 cSt, or about 16 cSt at about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity below 8 cSt (e.g., about 7 cSt or about 6 cSt) at about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity above 14 cSt (e.g., about 15 cSt, about 16 cSt, or about 17 cSt) at about 100 °C.

[0113] In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a specific gravity of about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1 , about 1.1 , about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.8, about 2, or any ranges of values thereof or described herein. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a specific gravity of about 0.8 to about 1.2. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a specific gravity of about 1.

[0114] In any of the embodiments described herein, the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition can be used for production in small scale (e.g., less than 10 gallons lubricant additive composition output), medium scale (e.g., about 50 gallons lubricant additive composition output), or large scale (e.g. , about 650 gallons lubricant additive composition output). Suitable equipment for the small scale, medium scale, or large scale production includes those known in the art.

[0115] In some embodiments, the method is for production of lubricant additive composition with various output. In some embodiments, the lubricant additive composition output is about 1 gallon, about 3 gallons, about 5 gallons, about 7 gallons, about 9 gallons, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, the lubricant additive composition output is less than about 1 gallon (e.g., 0.1 gallon, 0.3 gallon, 0.5 gallon, 0.7 gallon, 0.9 gallon, or any range of values thereof). In some embodiments, the lubricant additive composition output is about 10 gallons, about 30 gallons, about 50 gallons, about 70 gallons, about 90 gallons, about 1 10 gallons, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, the lubricant additive composition output is about 200 gallons, about 400 gallons, about 600 gallons, about 800 gallons, about 1000 gallons, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, the lubricant additive composition output is over 1000 gallons (e.g., about 1500 gallons, about 2000 gallons).

Applications of the Lubricant Additive Composition

[0116] The inventors have discovered that the lubricant additive composition as described herein can be useful in various applications either as a stand-alone lubricant or as an additive to another lubricant composition.

[0117] The lubricant additive composition is especially useful in applications where lubrication is beneficial between two moving metal surfaces. Thus, in embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein, wherein the lubricant is formulated for lubricating an object with two moving metal surfaces (e.g. , a machine, an engine, etc.). In addition, the lubricant additive composition is particularly useful in lubricating two moving surfaces (e.g., metal-to -metal) where high pressure is involved. [0118] In embodiments, the invention provides an engine oil composition comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein. In embodiments, the invention provides lubricant composition other than an engine oil comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein.

Engine Oil

Engine Oil Composition

[0119] In embodiments, the invention provides an engine oil composition comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition is in an amount of about 3% to about 30%, about 5% to about 30%>, about 5%o to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%>, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 8% to about 25%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8%) to about 12%, about 6% to about 20%, about 6% to about 15%, about 6% to about 12%, or about 6% to about 10% by weight of total weight of the engine oil. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition is in an amount of about 3%, about 5%, about 6%), about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 1 1%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 18%, about 20%, about 25%, or about 30% by weight of total weight of the engine oil. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition is in an amount of about 6% to about 15%, about 6% to about 12%, or about 6% to about 10% by weight of the total weight of the engine oil. In other embodiments, the lubricant additive composition is in an amount of about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 1 1%, or about 12% by weight of total weight of the engine oil.

[0120] The engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition also comprises an engine base oil. In any of the engine oils described herein, the engine base oil can include a non-synthetic oil (e.g., a mineral oil), a synthetic oil, a blend of synthetic oils, a blend of a synthetic oil and a non-synthetic oil, or any combinations thereof, as the engine base oil. In any of the engine oils described herein, the engine base oil can also include a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the engine base oil can also include a Group I ⁺ base oil, a Group II ⁺ base oil, or a Group III ⁺ base oil. Other suitable engine base oils are those described as suitable for use as the additive base oil. [0121] The engine oil according to any of the embodiments described herein can include an engine base oil in an amount of about 70% to about 98%, about 75% to about 95%, about 80% to about 95%, about 85% to about 95%, about 88% to about 95%, or about 88% to about 92% by weight of total weight of the engine oil. In any of the embodiments described herein, the engine base oil can also be in an amount of about 80%>, about 82%, about 84%, about 86%, about 88%, about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, or about 96% by weight of total weight of the engine oil. Suitable engine base oils are those described herein.

[0122] In any of the embodiments described herein, the engine oil can also include one or more additional components (i.e., in addition to the engine base oil and the lubricant additive composition) selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier. In embodiments, the one or more additional components include an anti-wear agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, or a mixture thereof. Suitable agents that can be used as the additional components are those described herein. In embodiments, the total amount of the one or more additional components is about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 5%), about 1%) to about 5%, or about 1% to about 3% by weight of total weight of the engine oil. In embodiments, the total amount of the one or more additional components is about 0.1%), about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of total weight of the engine oil.

Engines

[0123] The present inventors have discovered that the engine oils described herein can be formulated for use in various different engines.

[0124] In embodiments, the engine oils described herein can be formulated for an internal combustion engine. In embodiments, the internal combustion engine is a spark-ignited internal combustion engine, a compression-ignited internal combustion engine, a glow plug-ignited internal combustion engine, a two-stroke engine (e.g., lawn mowers, leaf blowers, or snowmobiles, etc.), a four-stroke engine, a six-stroke engine, jet propulsion engine, or a rotary engine (e.g., pistonless rotary engines). [0125] In embodiments, the engine oils described herein can be formulated for a vehicle engine. In embodiments, the engine oils described herein can be formulated for an off- road engine (e.g., ATVs, Gator, etc.). In embodiments, the engine oils described herein can be formulated for an engine selected from the group consisting of a car engine, a motorcycle engine, a bus engine, a commercial vehicle engine, a boat engine, outboard motor engine, generator engine, tractor engine, nondiesel railroad engine, a jet engine, a helicopter engine, a truck engine, a marine diesel engine, a railroad diesel engine, electric vehicle engine and an aviation piston engine. In embodiments, the engine oils described herein can be formulated for a car engine. In embodiments, the car engine can be a gasoline car engine, a hybrid car engine, a biodiesel car engine, a hybrid diesel car engine, a compressed natural gas car engine, a liquid petroleum gas car engine, a diesel car engine, or any alternative fuel car engine.

[0126] In embodiments, the engine oils described herein can be formulated for a diesel engine. Suitable diesel engines can be an industrial diesel engine, or a stationary diesel engine (e.g., engines that power water irrigation). Suitable diesel engines can also be a car diesel engine, a truck diesel engine, a tractor diesel engine, a commercial vehicle diesel engine, a marine diesel engine, a generator diesel engine, or a railroad diesel engine.

[0127] In embodiments, the engine oils described herein can be formulated for a turbine engine.

[0128] In embodiments, the invention also provides an engine oil formulated for an engine selected from the group of a car engine, a motorcycle engine, a bus engine, a commercial vehicle engine, a boat engine, a jet engine, a helicopter engine, a truck engine, a marine diesel engine, a railroad diesel engine, an outboard motor engine, a generator engine, a tractor engine, a nondiesel railroad engine, an electric car engine, and an aviation piston engine, wherein the engine oil comprises about 5% to about 25% of an engine oil additive composition, wherein the additive composition comprises (a) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of about 30% to about 35% by weight of the additive composition; and (b) an additive base oil in an amount of about 20% to about 40% by weight of the additive composition. Suitable chlorinated paraffin and additive base oil are those described herein. In embodiments, the additive composition further comprises one or more antioxidants in an amount of about 0.05% to about 10% by weight of the additive composition. Suitable antioxidant(s) are those described herein. In embodiments, the additive composition further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier. Suitable agents that can be used as the at least one additional component are those described herein. In embodiments, the engine oil is formulated for a car engine. In embodiments, the car engine is a gasoline car engine, a hybrid car engine, a biodiesel car engine, a hybrid diesel car engine, an electric engine, or a diesel car engine, or any alternative fuel car engine.

Engine Oil Characteristics

[0129] Engine oils with different characteristics can have different applications. In some aspects of the present invention, the present inventors have discovered that engine oils having certain characteristics are particularly desired.

[0130] Thus, in any of the embodiments described herein, the engine oil can be characterized by having one or more of the following characteristics: (a) a viscosity index of between 120 and 180; (b) a flash point of at least 200° C; (c) a pour point of less than - 25 °C; (d) a kinematic viscosity of between 9 and 17 at 100 °C; and(e) an SAE API grade of XW-Y, where the X is an integer from and including 0 to 25, and Y is an integer from and including 10 to 60. The term "SAE API grade" refers to a grade determined according to standards of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the American Petroleum Institute (API).

[0131] When the engine oils described herein are formulated for an engine that needs to be functioning properly at different temperatures, a multi-grade engine oil is especially preferred. Thus, in any of the embodiments described herein, the engine oil can be a multi-grade engine oil. In embodiments, the engine oil can be characterized as having an SAE API grade of XW-Y, where the X is an integer from and including 0 to 25, and Y is an integer from and including 10 to 60. In embodiments, the engine oil can be characterized as having an SAE API grade of OW-10, OW-20, 0W-30, OW-40, 5W-10, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W-40, 5W-50, 1 OW-20, 10W-30, 1 OW-40 10W-50, 10W-60, 15W-20, 15W-30, 15W-40, 15W-50, 15W-60, 20W-30, 20W-40, 20W-50, 20W-60, 25W-30, 25W-40, 25W-50, 25W-60, or 25W-60. In any of the embodiments described herein, the multi-grade engine oil can be formulated for a vehicle engine (e.g., a car engine, a motorcycle engine, a bus engine, a truck engine, a commercial vehicle engine, etc.). Method of Use

[0132] In embodiments, the invention also provides a method of lubricating an engine comprising contacting the engine with any of the engine oils described herein. Suitable engines for the method include those described herein, e.g., an internal combustion engine, a turbine engine, etc.

[0133] The present inventors have also discovered that fuel efficiencies of engines can be enhanced when lubricated with an engine oil of the present invention. For example, users of the engine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition of the invention have experienced on average about 2% up to about 19% better fuel efficiency for a passenger car, a bus or a truck. Furthermore, the inventors have also discovered that the engine oil of the present invention have longer use life. Users (vehicle drivers) of the engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition of the invention have found that oil changes can be done less frequently. Additionally, the inventors have found that the engine oil of the present invention is less likely to be consumed {e.g. , burned off) by an engine. Thus, users (truck drivers) of the engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition of the invention have found that frequent engine oil addition (due to "smoking engine" or oil burn off) is not necessary.

[0134] Thus, in embodiments, the invention also provides a method of enhancing fuel efficiency of an engine comprising providing to the engine an engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition described herein. In embodiments, the fuel efficiency is improved by about 2% to about 5%, about 5% to about 10%, or about 10% to about 15%, or about 15% to about 19% over the fuel efficiency of the engine that is not lubricated with the engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition described herein. In embodiments, the engine is a car engine. In embodiments, the car engine is a gasoline car engine, a hybrid car engine, a biodiesel car engine, a hybrid diesel car engine, a compressed natural gas car engine, a liquid petroleum gas car engine, an electric car engine, a diesel car engine, or any alternative fuel car engine.

Other Applications

[0135] As described above, the lubricant additive composition described herein is not limited to be used in an engine oil or for lubricating an engine. In various embodiments, the invention also provides a transmission fluid, a gear oil, a grease, a machine oil, a turbine oil, any non-soluble industrial lubrication, or a hydraulic fluid comprising any of the lubricant additive compositions described herein. Suitable amounts of the lubricant additive compositions that can be added to the transmission fluid, the gear oil, the grease, the machine oil, the turbine oil, non-soluble industrial lubrication, or the hydraulic fluid varies, and can be in an amount of, e.g., about 1% to about 30%, or about 5%> to about 25%o by weight of total weight of the transmission fluid, the gear oil, the grease, the machine oil, the turbine oil, the non-soluble industrial lubrication, or the hydraulic fluid.

[0136] In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant comprising any of the lubricant additive compositions described herein, wherein the lubricant is formulated for use in machining applications or heavy industry applications. In embodiments, the invention provides a lubricant comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein, wherein the lubricant is formulated for use in a consumer electronic {e.g., a razor), ball bearings, drill press, lathe, an assembly line {e.g., a food assembly line), or a medical device.

EXAMPLES

[0137] All ingredients for use in the Examples described below are commercially available. Physical properties of the lubricant additive composition or the engine oil, such as total base number, density, viscosity, NOACK volatility, flash point, pour point, viscosity index, and kinematic viscosity, can be readily tested by standard procedures known to those skilled in the art.

Example 1

General Process for Preparing Lubricant Additive Composition

[0138] The lubricant additive composition described herein can be readily prepared by mixing the additive base oil, the chlorinated paraffin, the antioxidant(s), and any other ingredients. After which, the mixture is blended for about 1 to 2 hours, or more if necessary, to provide the lubricant additive composition. Heat can be applied during the mixing stage or the blending stage. In some examples, the mixture was mixed at about 60° C to 70° C. [0139] In cases where solid components are used, it is preferred to pre-mix the solid components with a liquid component (e.g., an additive base oil) first to dissolve or homogenize the solid components before mixing with the rest of the ingredients. Heat is generally applied in the pre-mixing stage. In some examples, the pre-mixing was carried out at about 100° C to 110° C.

[0140] Tables 5 to 7 describes lubricant additive composition that can be prepared using the general process described above. All weight percentages in the tables can have a deviation of about ± 10%.

Table 5 Lubricant Additive Compositions with CP-70 (short-chain)

The components for the formulations of Table 5 are as follows: base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil; base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil; base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefin base oil; antioxidant 1 is phenyl 1-napthalene amine; antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol); anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate; anti-friction agent is ZnDDP; VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers. All formulations according to Table 5 include about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent. Table 6 Lubricant Additive Compositions with CP-63 (Medium-chain)

The components for the formulations of Table 6 are as follows: base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil; base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil; base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefm base oil; antioxidant 1 is ρ,ρ'-dioctyldipheylamine; antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol); anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate; anti-friction agent is ZnDDP; VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers. ² All formulations according to Table 6 includes about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent.

Table 6 (cont.) Lubricant Additive Compositions with CP-63 (Medium-chain)

The components for the formulations in Table 6 are as follows: base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil; base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil; base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefm base oil; antioxidant 1 is ρ,ρ'-dioctyldipheylamine; antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol); anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate; anti-friction agent is ZnDDP; VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers. ² All formulations according to Table 6 includes about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent. Formulation 6-18 also includes alkyl methylacrylates copolymers as a pour point depressor (0.1%).

Table 6 (cont.) Lubricant Additive Compositions with CP-63 (Medium-chain)

The components for the formulations of Table 6 are as follows: base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil; base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil; base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefm base oil; antioxidant 1 is ρ,ρ'-dioctyldipheylamine; antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol); anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate; anti-friction agent is ZnDDP; VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers. ² All formulations according to Table 6 includes about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent. Antioxidant 1 in formulation 6-20 is styrenated diphenyl amine. ⁴ Antioxidant 2 in formulation 6-21 is 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol). ⁵ The anti-wear agent in formulation 6-22 is overbased calcium phenate. ⁶ Formulation 6-23 also includes alkyl methylacrylates copolymers as a pour point depressor (0.4%). ⁷ Formulation 6-26 also includes alkyl methylacrylates copolymers as a pour point depressor (0.4%).

Table 7. Lubricant Additive Compositions with other CPs

The components for the formulations of Table 7 are as follows: base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil; base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil; base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefm base oil; antioxidant 1 is ρ,ρ'-dioctyldipheylamine; antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol); anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate; anti-friction agent is ZnDDP; VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers. ² All formulations according to Table 7 includes about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent. The CP in formula 7-1 is CP-60. ⁴ The CP in formula 7-2 is CP-56 and antioxidant 1 in formulation 7-2 is styrenated diphenyl amine. ⁵ The CP in formula 7-3 is CP-52 and antioxidant 2 in formulation 7-3 is 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol). ⁶ The CP in formulation 7-4 is CP-50 and the anti-wear agent in formulation 7-4 is overbased calcium phenate. ⁷ The CP in formulation 7-5 is CP-60; and formulation 7-5 also includes alkyl

8-11

methylacrylates copolymers as a pour point depressor (0.4%). ^" The CP in formulations 7-6 to 7-11 are also CP-60.

Example 2

General Process for Preparing An Engine Oil Composition

[0141] Engine oil described herein can be readily prepared by first mixing the lubricant additive composition, such as those disclosed in Example 1 , an engine base oil, and any additional component(s). After which, the mixture is blended for about 1 to 2 hours, or more if necessary, to provide the engine oil. Heat can be applied during the mixing stage or the blending stage. In some examples, the blending was carried out at about 60° C to 70° C.

[0142] Any of the lubricant additive composition described in Example 1 can be blended with an engine base oil (e.g., a Group II base oil) in a ratio of 1 :9 (lubricant additive composition : engine base oil) by weight. In some examples, additional components such as a viscosity index enhancer (e.g., Lubrizol 7075) in the amount of less than 5 wt% can be added to the mixture. In some examples, commercially available engine stock oil (i.e., premixed engine base oil with an additive package) can be used in lieu of the engine base oil. For example, an engine oil can be prepared by blending about 8% by weight of the lubricant additive composition described in Example 1 and about 92% by weight of a commercially available engine stock oil comprising a Group II base oil. In some examples, about 2% by weight of Lubrizol 7075 can also be added.

Example 3

Preparation of a Lubricant Additive Composition (200 Liter Scale)

Preheating

[0143] Each of the following components was loaded into an oven and heated to 70 °C: medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (CP-63, Cereclor™, 65 kg), heavy paraffinic base oil (Yubase 8, 60 kg), trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO, CA3685 from Chemical Associates, 53.2 kg), overbased calcium sulfonate (C-300R, 0.2 kg), alkyl methylacrylates copolymer and mineral oil (A-8016 from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., 0.8 kg), alkyl methylacrylates copolymer and mineral oil (A-8019 from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., 2 kg), ZnDDP (Hitec 7197, 0.6 kg), and polyalphaolefin (SpectraSyn™ 6, 14 kg). Tote 1

[0144] Once TMPTO reached 70 °C, it was removed from the oven and 29.3 kg were poured into tote one. A tote heater was installed on tote one and the temperature was raised to 85 °C. The tote heater was removed. CP-63 (43.9 kg) and Yubase 8 (14.3 kg) were added to tote one. Additionally, ρ,ρ'-dioctyldiphenylamine (RC-7001, from RheinChemie, 0.2 kg) and 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (RC-7115, from PvheinChemie, 4 kg) were added to tote one. An agitator was installed on the tote. The components in tote one were blended for one hour. Following this blending, additional components were added to tote one in the following amounts; C-300R (0.2 kg), A-8016 (0.8 kg), A-8019 (2 kg), ZnDDP (0.6 kg), and SpectraSyn™ 6 (14 kg). With these additional components, the materials were blended for an additional 30 minutes.

[0145] At this point a visual test was conducted: the material was not cloudy, dark in color, there were no large particles floating in the material, and the materials were not separated. A specific gravity test was done subsequently. A viscosity test at 40 °C was also done, and the viscosity was shown to be 213 cSt (+/-10%).

Tote 2

[0146] During the testing of components in tote one, separate components were being mixed in tote two. This began with the removal of CP-63 and Yubase 8 from the oven. The remaining TMPTO (23.9 kg), CP-63 (21.1 kg), and Yubase 8 (45.7 kg) were poured into tote two. The components in tote two were blended for 30 minutes and then pumped into blending tank one.

Blending Tank 1

[0147] With all the components now in blending tank one, they were mixed for one hour to produce the final lubricant additive composition.

[0148] The final lubricant additive composition has the following characteristics: (1) passed a visual test, e.g.,, not cloudy, not dark in color, no large particles floating in the material, and the materials not separated; (2) specific gravity is at 1 (+/- 10%); (3) viscosity at 40 °C is 118.6 cSt (+/- 10%); (4) viscosity at 100 °C is 12.9 cSt (+/- 10%); and viscosity Index is 100 cSt (+/- 10%). Example 4

Preparation of a Lubricant Additive Composition (650 Gallon Scale)

Preheating

[0149] Each of the following components is loaded into an oven and heated to 70 °C: medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (CP-63, Cereclor™, 799.5 kg), heavy paraffinic base oil (Yubase 8, 738.075 kg), trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO, CA3685 from Chemical Associates, 654.42 kg), overbased calcium sulfonate (C-300R, 2.47 kg), alkyl methylacrylates copolymer and mineral oil (A-8016 from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., 9.815 kg), alkyl methylacrylates copolymer and mineral oil (A-8019 from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., 24.7 kg), ZnDDP (Hitec 7197, 7.41 kg), and polyalphaolefm (SpectraSyn™ 6, 172.25 kg).

Tote 1

[0150] Once TMPTO reached 70 °C, it is removed from the oven and 360 kg are poured into tote one. A tote heater is installed on tote one and the temperature is raised to 85 °C. The tote heater is removed. CP-63 (540 kg) and Yubase 8 (176 kg) are added to tote one. Additionally, ρ,ρ'-dioctyldiphenylamine (RC-7001, from RheinChemie, 2.47 kg) and 2,2'- methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (RC-7115, from RheinChemie, 49.205 kg) are added to tote one. An agitator is installed on the tote. The components in tote one are blended for one hour. Following this blending, additional components are added to tote one in the following amounts; C-300R (2.47 kg), A-8016 (9.815 kg), A-8019 (24.7 kg), ZnDDP (7.41 kg), and SpectraSyn™ 6 (172.25 kg). With these additional components, the materials are blended for an additional 30 minutes.

[0151] At this point a visual test is conducted: failure of this test would be if the material is cloudy, dark in color, large particles floating in the material, and/or if the materials have separated. If the materials pass the visual test, a specific gravity test is done. On completion of specific gravity test, a viscosity test at 40 °C is done. Test results should fall within +/-10% of 213 cSt. Tote 2

[0152] During the testing of components in tote one, separate components are being mixed in tote two. This begins with the removal of CP-63 and Yubase 8 from the oven. The remaining TMPTO (294.42 kg), CP-63 (259.5 kg), and Yubase 8 (562.075 kg) are poured into tote two. The components in tote two are blended for 30 minutes and then pumped into blending tank one.

Blending Tank 1

[0153] With all the components now in blending tank one, they are mixed for one hour to produce the final lubricant additive composition.

[0154] The final lubricant additive composition has the following characteristics: (1) passed a visual test, failure of this test would be if the material is cloudy, dark in color, large particles floating in the material, or if the materials have separated; (2) specific gravity is at 1 (+/- 10%); (3) viscosity at 40 °C is 118.6 cSt (+/- 10%); (4) viscosity at 100 °C is 12.9 cSt (+/- 10%); and viscosity Index is 100 cSt (+/- 10%).