The invention relates to luminescent compounds based on complexes of organic ligands with zinc, with potential application in electronics, biology and medicine and, in particular, in the design of organic light emitting diodes The invention also relates to the method of preparation of these compounds and applications thereof.

8-hydroxyquinoline (Hq) chelates of type Mq _n (where M is metal) are widely used in analytical chemistry. As of 1980s, extensive research has started regarding the usefulness of Hq chelates and their derivatives in the design of emission and conduction layers in the production of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). A true milestone in material chemistry that led to preparation of first stable electroluminescent diodes was the use of trichelate complex of 8-Hq with aluminum (Alq ₃ ). [C. W. Tang, S. A. VanSlyke Appl. Phys. Lett, 1987, 51, 913 and patents no. US 1985/4539507 and US 1988/4720432]. In recent years, extensive research was also conducted on electroluminescence properties of bischelate 8-Hq complexes of zinc (Znq ₂ ) [L. S. Sapochak, F. E. Benincasa, R. S. Schofield, J. L. Baker, K. K. C. Riccio, D. Fogarty, H. Kohlmann, K. F. Ferris, P. E. Burrows ! Am. Chem. Soc, 2002, 124, 6119]

In the structure of Alq ₃ , the aluminum atom is bound to three deprotonated hydroxyquinoline ligands. Thermal stability of Alq ₃ makes it possible to deposit the compound in thin layers without decomposition by vacuum planting at 350 °C. Quantum yield of Alq ₃ in solutions was 11% with maximum fluorescence at 532 nm. Znq ₂ is characterized by comparable quantum yield. [T. A. Hopkins, K. Meerholz, S. Shaheen, M. L. Anderson, A. Schmidt, B. Kippelen, A. B. Padias, H. K. Hall, Jr., N. Peyghambarian, N. R. Armstrong Chem. Mater., 1996, 8, 344]

Various attempts are made to obtain materials with predefined color of the emitted light. This is particularly important in the design of OLEDs of potential use e.g., in TV panels. Currently, extensive studies are conducted to obtain fluorescent systems with a wide range of colors, with blue and white emitters being probably the most attractive.

There is also a need to search for novel possibilities of fluorescent tagging, widely used in imaging and physicochemical examinations in biology and medicine. The area of applicability of fluorescent tags is very wide and diverse. They are used in studying and imaging of cell components: the membrane, cytoskeletal proteins, organelles: nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticula, Golgi apparata; tags are used to stain proteins for various purposes, including staining antibodies and enzymes, peptides, oligonucleotides and nucleic acids; fluorescent tags of suitable designs are used as chemical sensors for the measurement of concentrations of important intracellular substances, such as 0 ₂ , K ⁺ , H ⁺ and for the measurement of electric potentials of cellular membranes; tagged substances are used in both in vitro and in vivo studies, both in fixed materials and in living models. Tagged substances are used in many areas of biology and medicine, including genetics, biochemistry, e.g. in studying enzymatic activity, immunology, pathology, neurology, medical diagnostics, etc. In cellular function studies, tagging is used to study cell viability, cellular cycle, adhesion, apoptosis, substance cytotoxicity tests, etc. Numerous modern study techniques and technologies widely used in the above areas make use of compounds containing fluorescent tags, and the advances in the development of these techniques is determined by the advances in the development of tags, in particular in their sensitivity and stability. These techniques include: flow cytometry; biochips; DNA sequencing or nucleic acid synthesis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) used for studying intermodular interactions, including interbiomolecular interactions, where high intensity excitation radiation is also used and where the intensity of the luminescence of the tag following the capture of individual photons; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) -based biological sensors, which are widely used in cellular biology for studying signaling pathways and for imaging of biological processes using confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) - an imaging technique based on measuring the differences in the lifetimes of fluorescence used to study protein-protein interactions and limited by the low quantum yield of currently used fluorophores; or super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy used for do studying subcellular location of proteins (resolution of ca. 70 nm).

The market of fluorescent tags is comprised of fluorescent proteins, small organic molecules and quantum dots, which have been introduced in recent years and which are still _* n the implementation stage [1, 2, 4, 5]. In addition, literature contains reports on attempted preparation of tags based on phosphorescent lanthanide complexes [10], carbon nanoparticles [9] and complexes of heavy metals [11]. The predominant and the most versatile group are small organic molecules. They belong to various classes of compounds, their molecular mass usually does not exceed 1000 Da, and their size allows them to be inscribed within a sphere of the diameter of 1-1.5 nm. Quantum dots (QDs), or semiconductor-based nanoparticles, have photoluminescent properties, and their diameter usually does not exceed 10 nm. An example of QDs are nanoparticles of cadmium selenide coated in a zinc sulphide layer: CdSe/ZnS QDs. Organic tags are small, but not resistant to photobleaching. Quantum dots are optically stable, but too large for many applications.

In the case of complexes based on Hq and its derivatives, the shift of maximum fluorescent emission may be achieved by introduction of a ligand with modified electronic properties, a change in the metal center or in the geometry of complex coordination zone. For example, maximum fluorescence for Alq' ₃ (i.e., a complex consisting of monoanions of 8- hydroxyquinoline substituted with -CH ₃ at C-4) is 515 nm and is shifted hypsochromatically by 17 nm compared to Alq ₃ .

On the other hand, the use of 8-hydroxyquinoline substituted with -CH ₃ at C-2 led to formation of a poorly stable oxoaluminum complex of the type [(q"AI) ₂ 0], with the maximum light emission at 490 nm. When a Hq'" proligand was used, an Al(q"') ₃ , compound was obtained with fluorescence spectrum peak at 440 nm. [C. H. Chen, J. Shi Coordin. Chem. Rev., 1998, 171, 161]

Fluorescent properties of complexes of the type Mq _n depend also on the nature of the central ion: i) chelate complexes with paramagnetic metal ions do not show any fluorescence (e.g., Cr, Ni complexes);

ii) quantum yield drops are usually observed along with the increase in the atomic number of metal ions;

iii) fluorescence maximum is shifted toward longer wavelengths along with the increasingly covalent character of the metal-ligand bond; for instance, Al, Ga, In chelates emit light at 532, 545 and 558 nm, respectively, while Mgq ₂ emits light of shorter wavelengths (500 nm) than that of its zinc analog Znq ₂ (557 nm).

[D. C. Bhatnagar, L. S. Forster Spectrochim. Acta, 1965, 21, 1803; R. Ballardini, G. Varani, M. Y. Indelli, F. Scandola Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 3858]

The shift in the emission bands is also dependent on the geometry of the molecule, as well as relative locations of molecules in the crystalline lattice and intermolecular interactions. For instance, differences in spectroscopic properties are observed for different polymorphic variants of Alq ₃ . [M. Colle, R. E. Dinnebier, W. Briitting Chem. Commun., 2002, 2908]

The described examples pertain mostly to mononuclear chelate compounds containing ligands of one type, which leads to small diversity in the molecular geometries and crystal packing and, thus, in their spectroscopic properties.

The aim of the invention was to obtain a novel class of fluorescent materials expanding the possibilities for the design of modern fluorescent systems. The subject matter of the invention are novel compounds of general formula (R') _x Zn _y (L) _z (A) _n (XR) _m , where L is a bi- or multifunctional organic neutral ligand or its deprotonated form, containing at least two heteroatoms selected from N, 0, S, wherein at least one of the functional groups of the ligand is selected from -OH, -SH, -NH ₂ , -NHR, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CONRH or their deprotonated equivalents; A is an inorganic anion, R' is C1-C10 alkyl, straight or branched, benzyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl or halogen, X is oxygen or sulfur, R is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl, x is a number from 0 to 6, y is a number from 1 to 12, z is a number from 1 to 12, n is a number from 0 to 6, m is a number from 0 to 6, wherein x≠0, n≠0 and m≠0 at the same time and if n and m = 0, then x≠ z.

Preferably, the inorganic anion A is an anion originating from an oxyacid, a binary acid, an acid anhydride, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium.

More preferably, the inorganic anion A is O ^2" , S ^2" , Se ^2" , Te ^2" , C0 ₃ ^2" , SO, ^2" , S0 ₃ ^2" , CS ₂ 0 ^2" , CS ₃ ^2~ , B0 ₃ ³ , N0 ₂ ^" , N0 ₃ \

Most preferably, the inorganic anion A isO ^2" , S ^2" , Se ^2" , C0 ₃ ^2" , CS ₂ 0 ^2" , B0 ₃ ³ , N0 ₃ ^" .

Preferably, the multifunctional ligand L consists of a neutral organic compound or its deprotonated equivalent containing at least one Lewis base center and at least one functional group selected from -OH, - SH, -NH ₂ , -NHR, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CONRH or their deprotonated equivalents.

More preferably, the multifunctional ligand L consists of an organic compound containing at least one Lewis base center and at least one functional group selected from -O ^" , - S ^" , -NH ^" , -NR ^" , -COO ^" , -CONH ^" , -CONR ^" .

Preferably, the multifunctional ligand L consists of an organic compound in which the Lewis base center is separated from the -OH, -SH, -NH ₂ , -NHR, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CONRH group by a saturated or unsaturated carbon chain of 1-3 carbon atoms.

More preferably, the multifunctional ligand L consists of an organic compound in which the Lewis base center is separated from the -O ^" , -S ^" , -NH ^" , -NR ^" , -COO ^" , -CONH ^" , -CONR ^" group by a saturated or unsaturated carbon chain of 1-3 carbon atoms.

Preferably, the ligand L is the organic compound of formula 1 or of formula 2 or of formula 3 or of formula 4 or of formula 5 or of formula 6 or of formula 7 or of formula 8 or of formula 9 or of formula 10 or of formula 11 or of formula 12 or of formula 13:

Formula 1

Formula 2

Formula 3

Formula 4

Formula 7

Formula 8

Formula 10

Formula 12

Formula 13

wherein Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, RIO, Rll are heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen or carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, straight or branched C1-C10 alkyl (possibly substituted), phenyl (possibly substituted) benzyl (possibly substituted), ether group (possibly substituted), ketone group (possibly substituted), halogen, -OH, - SH, -NH ₂ , -NHR, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CONRH, -0 ^" , -S ^" , -NH ^" , -NR ^" , -COO , -CONH , -CONR wherein Rl is preferably a carbon atom attached to one of the groups: -OH, - SH, -NH ₂ , -NHR, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CONRH, more preferably a carbon atom attached to one of the groups: -0 ^" , - S ^" , -NH ^" , -NR ^~ , -COO ^" , -CONH ^" , -CONR ^" .

The invention also relates to the method for preparation of compounds of general formula (R') _x Zn _Y (L) _z (A) _n (XR) _m , where the precursor R' _x Zn _y (L) _z (X _k R) _m , where L is a bi- or multifunctional organic neutral ligand or its deprotonated form, containing at least two heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, wherein at least one of the functional groups of the ligand is selected from -OH, -SH, -NH ₂ , -NHR, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CONRH or their deprotonated equivalents; X is oxygen or sulfur, R' is C1-C10 alkyl, straight or branched, benzyl, phenyl cyclohexyl or halogen, R is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl, x is a number from 0 to 6, y is a number from 1 to 12, z is a number from 1 to 12, m is a number from 0 to 6, k is 1 or 2, is subjected to reaction with oxygen or water or elemental sulfur or selenium, or tellurium, or oxyacids or binary acids, or acid anhydrides and/or inorganic acid salts in a solvent or to thermal transformation.

The method of the invention allows for using anhydrous organic solvents, organic solvents containing water as well as inorganic solvents, preferably water.

Preferably, the organic solvent is toluene, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, methylene chloride, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile as well as an alcohols, phenol or acids in which the precursor is well soluble or a mixture of these compounds.

Reactions with oxygen may be conducted with oxygen, atmospheric air or mixtures of both as oxidating agents.

Preferably, an acid anhydride is used in the reaction.

Preferably, the acid anhydrides used include C0 ₂ , S0 ₂ , CS ₂ , B ₂ 0 ₃ , NO, N0 ₂ .

Preferably, inorganic acid salts are used in the reaction.

Preferably, the inorganic salts used include the salts of carbonic acid, sulfuric (IV) acid sulfuric (VI) acid, thiocarbonic acid, boric acid, nitric (III) acid, nitric (V) acid, hydrosulphuric acid, hydroselenic acid, hydrotelluric acid.

Preferably, oxyacids used include carbonic acid, sulfuric (IV) acid sulfuric (VI) acid, thiocarbonic acid, boric acid, nitric (III) acid, nitric (V) acid.

Preferably, the binary acids used include H ₂ S, H ₂ Se, H ₂ Te.

Preferably, elemental sulfur, selenium or tellurium is used in the reaction.

Preferably, the reaction is conducted in the temperature range of -70-200°C, more preferably -70-100°C and in the pressure range of 0.1-100 bar, more preferably 1-100 bar, and most preferably 1-20 bar.

Preferably, thermal transformation is conducted in the temperature range of 60-700°C, more preferably 60-400°C. The invention also relates to the use of compounds of general formula (R') _x Zn _y (L) _z (A) _n (X ) _m for manufacture of emission and conduction layers for use in organic electroluminescent diode production technology as well as in other devices making use of luminophores.

Compounds of the invention may also be used as fluorescent tags in cellular and tisst e imaging.

The method of the invention allows for convenient preparation of novel classes of fluorescent materials characterized by the presence of at least two types of ligands, various nuclearity and various quantitative metal-ligand ratios, which in turn affects relative locations of ligands, geometry of complexes and thus the packing of the molecules in the crystal lattice. Such changes lead to significant changes towards more desirable spectroscopic properties of the obtained materials, allowing for rational design of novel fluorescent systems. For example, peak fluorescence of the complex is located at 490 nm and is blue-shifted by 60 nm compared to classic chelates of aluminum and zinc. In addition, a 6-fold increase in quantum yield (11% to 64%) is observed for Zn ₁₀ qi2(CO ₃ ) ₄ compared to classic compounds. The new method extends the possibilities for preparing fluorescent compounds with predefined crystallographic structures and unique spectroscopic properties.

Compounds according to the invention will find their use in the imaging of cells and tissues in biology and medicine, particularly as fluorescent tags. This application makes use of their capability to register the emission of light with very high intensity, sometimes down to a single emitted photon. Such level of sensitivity is unattainable in case of light absorption-based spectroscopic techniques. Compounds of the invention used as fluorescent tags are significantly smaller than quantum dots and, at the same time, much more resistant to photobleaching than organic dyes.

Before or upon use, compounds of the invention used for the imaging of cells and tissues will be tethered, either covalently or by physical interactions, to molecules originating from cells, their synthetic copies or analogs, in particular to proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, polysaccharides, hormones, amino acids or with other molecules, in particular drugs or toxins, where said tethering of the compounds of the invention will be performed with a view to the proven or suspected interaction of these compounds with one of the aforementioned molecules, i.e. molecules originating from cells, their synthetic copies or analogs, in particular to proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, polysaccharides, hormones, amino acids. As part of this application, compounds of the invention will also be used in qualitative or quantitative analysis of chemical substances in tissues or cells performed in vitro or in vivo, either in living models or in fixed materials. Finally, the compounds of the invention will be used due to their ability to accumulate in tissues, cells or cell fragments.

The comparison of the known parameters of the compound according to the invention of the formula [Zn(C0 ₃ )]4[Znq ₂ ]6, such as its size, quantum yield, Stokes shift, and optical stability with the parameters of fluorescent tags currently available in , the market, listed in Table 1 suggests that the compound according to the invention has a significant advantage over the tags of current art and that it may significantly expand the area of applicability of fluorescent tags.

The subject matter of the invention is presented in more detail in the following examples. Example 1

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula [(Znq ₂ )2( ^t BuZnOH) ₂ ]

10 μί. of water (0.56 mmol H ₂ 0) was added to 5 mL of a solution containing 0.15 g (0.56 mmol) of ieri-butylzinc derivative of ( ^f BuZnq) ₃ in tetrahydrofuran. The reaction was carried out for 12 hours at room temperature. Crystallization yielded monocrystals suitable for x-ray structural studies. The x-ray structural studies showed that the product of the reaction was the [(Znq ₂ ) ₂ ( ^f BuZnOH) ₂ ] adduct of structural formula presented below.

Example 2

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula [(Znq ₂ ) ₂ (EtZnOH) ₂ ]

10 μί. of water (0.56 mmol H ₂ 0) was added to 5 mL of a solution containing 0.135 g (0.56 mmol) of ethylzinc derivative of (EtZnq) ₂ in tetrahydrofuran. The reaction was carried out for 4 hours at room temperature. The x-ray structural and spectral studies showed that the product of the reaction was the [(Znq ₂ ) ₂ (EtZnOH) ₂ ] adduct of structural formula presented below.

Example 3

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula [('Bu Zn^m-OHMeq

0.1 mL of 0.5M solution of water in THF (0.05 mmol H ₂ 0) was added to 5 mL of a solution containing 0.150 g (0.5 mmol) of iert-butylzinc derivative of 5,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline ('BuZnMeq^ in tetrahydrofuran. The reaction was carried out for 4 hours at room temperature. Crystallization yielded monocrystals suitable for x-ray structural studies. The x-ray structural studies showed that the product of the reaction was the [('Bu^Zn^^OHMeq^] adduct of structural formula presented below

Example 4

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula

The monocrystals of the [(ZnMeq ₂ ) ₂ ( ^t BuZnOH) ₂ ] adducts were heated at 200°C for 60 min. After this time, crystalline powder was obtained and characterized using an x-ray powder diffractometer. The spectrum of the tested compound corresponds to the reference spectrum of the adduct of structural formula presented in Example 3.

Example 5

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula

The monocrystals of the [(ZnMeq ₂ ) ₂ ( ^t BuOOZnMeq) ₂ ] adducts were heated at 200°C for 30 min. After this time, crystalline powder was obtained and characterized using an x-ray powder diffractometer. The spectrum of the tested compound corresponds to the reference spectrum of the [('Bu Zn^m-OJlMeqJJ adduct of structural formula presented in Example 3.

Example 6

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula [('Pr^Zn^^OHMeqJJ

0.1 mL of 0.5M solution of water in THF (0.05 mmol H ₂ 0) was added to 5 mL of a solution containing 0.135 g (0.5 mmol) of isopropyl derivative of 5,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline ('PrZnMeq) ₃ in tetrahydrofuran. The reaction was carried out for 4 hours at room temperature. The x-ray structural and spectral studies showed that the product of the reaction was the adduct of structural formula presented below. _.

Example 7

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula [(Et) ₂ Zn ₄ (OEt) ₂ (Bq) ₄ ]

2 mL of the solution containing 0.1 g of the ethylzinc derivative of 10-hydroxybenzoquinoline ( ^f BuZnBq) ₃ in tetrahydrofuran was submitted to reaction with oxygen at -70°C for 5 minutes. Crystallization yielded monocrystals suitable for x-ray structural studies. The x-ray structural studies showed that the oxidation product was the [(Et) ₂ Zn ₄ (OEt) ₂ (Bq) ₄ ] adduct of structural formula presented below.

Example 8

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula {[Zn(BTZ) ₂ ] ( ^l BuZnBTZ) ₂ }

An equimolar amount of water was added to 5 mL of the solution containing 0.1 g of tert- butylzinc derivative of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (BTZ) in toluene at -78°C. The reaction mixture was left to reach the room temperature, after which the reaction was conducted for 4 hours . Crystallization yielded monocrystals suitable for x-ray structural studies. The x-ray structural studies showed that the product of the reaction was the {[Zn(BTZ) ₂ ] ('BuZnBTZ) ₂ } adduct of structural formula presented below.

Example 9

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula Zn ₁₀ q ₁₂ (CO ₃ )4

5 mL of the solution containing 0,1 g of the precursor [(Znq ₂ )2( ^t BuZnOH) ₂ ] in tetrahydrofuran was submitted to reaction with carbon dioxide at 0°C under 1 atm. Crystallization yielded monocrystals suitable for x-ray structural studies. The x-ray structural studies showed that ti e product of the reaction was the Zn ₁₀ qi2(CO ₃ ) adduct of structural formula presented below.

Example 10

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula Zn ₁₀ qi2(CO ₃ ) ₄

5 mL of the solution containing 0,1 g of the precursor [(Znq ₂ )2( ^t BuZnOH) ₂ ] in tetrahydrofuran was submitted to reaction with carbon dioxide at 25°C under 70 atm for 2 h. The product was obtained as a crystalline powder characterized using an x-ray powder diffractometer. The x-ray diffraction studies showed that the product of the reaction was the Zn ₁₀ qi2(CO ₃ ) ₄ adduct of structural formula presented in Example 9.

Example 11

Preparation of a fluorescent compound of formula Zn ₁₀ qi2(CO ₃ ) ₄

0.042 g (0.4 mmol) of Na ₂ C0 ₃ .was added to 5 mL of a solution containing 0.355 g (1 mmol) Znq ₂ precursor in toluene. The reaction was carried out at 25°C for 24 h. Crystallization yielded monocrystals suitable for x-ray structural studies. The x-ray diffraction studies showed that the product of the reaction was the Zn ₁₀ q ₁₂ (CO ₃ ) adduct of structural formula presented in Example 9.

Spectroscopic properties of Zn ₁₀ qi ₂ (CO ₃ ) ₄ obtained according to Examples 9., 10 and 11 are presented in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Fig. 1 shows the increase in fluorescence intensity as measured in the course of transformations of the [(Znq ₂ )2( ^f BuZnOH) ₂ ] precursor in the presence of carbon dioxide, while Fig. 2 shows the fluorescence spectra of Zni ₀ qi2(CO ₃ ) (solid line) and quinine sulphate as the reference compound (dashed line) in toluene. Quantum yield of Zn ₁₀ qi2(CO ₃ ) ₄ is 64% (Examples 9., 10 and 11).

Table 2 presents crystallography data of [('Bu^Zn^-OHMeqW, [('Bu Zn^-OHMeqW, [(Et) ₂ Zn ₄ (OEt)2(Bq) ₄ ], {[Zn(BTZ) ₂ ] ('BuZnBTZ and Zn ₁₀ q ₁₂ (CO ₃ )4.

Example 12

Cell staining

Zn ₁₀ qi ₂ (CO ₃ ) ₄ , solubilized in water using appropriate double- and triple-block polymers, such as polyethylene-polypropylene glycol and poloxameres, was used for staining of a line of human fibroblasts. Microscopic specimens were prepared following three hours of incubation of cells in a phosphate buffer solution containing Zn ₁₀ qi ₂ (CO ₃ ) . Microscopic analysis revealed efficient migration of the fluorophore into the cytoplasm, resulting in cell staining. No drop of fluorescence intensity over time was observed during irradiation with excitation wavelengths. Polymer-coated molecules dissolved in water had the average size of ca. 5 nm. Fig. 3 shows a fluorescence microscopy image of stained fibroblasts, while Fig. 4 shows an image of the control sample, i.e. cells treated with polymer alone.

Example 13

Thin layers of [RZn(q)] ₃ (1 ₃ ), (2) and [Zn(q) ₂ ] ₂ [RZn(OH)] ₂ (3) were obtained. The compounds have different spectroscopic properties. Maximum luminescence bands cover a wide range of 470 nm to 555 nm (Fig. 5), which makes it possible to obtain emission layers generating blue, green, or yellow light.

Table 1

Parameter Fluorescent organic Quantum dots (QDs) [Zn(C0 ₃ )] ₄ [Znq ₂ ] ₆ dyes

Absorption Band spectrum with Continuous spectrum, Band spectrum with spectrum half-width ranging with intensities half-width ranging from 20 to over 100 increasing towards from 80 to 200 nm nm. shorter wavelengths which makes excitation

(UV), which makes possible over a wide excitation of QDs range of the spectrum. possible over a wide

range of the spectrum.

Emission spectrum Asymmetric bands Symmetric bands with Symmetric bands with with half-widths of half-widths of 30-90 nm half-widths of 50-200 30-100 nm nm

Stokes shift Usually below 50 nm Below 50 nm upon Above 100 nm, which excitation with visible makes the emitted wavelengths. light have a different color than the excitation light.

Quantum yield 0.5-1.0 0.1-0.5 Above 0,5

(QY)

Size Ca. 0.5- 10 nm 10-60 nm, 1.5-5 nm,

(hydrodynamic radius) (hydrodynamic radius)

Optical stability Insufficient for Orders of magnitude Very high optical methods making use higher than in case of stability allowing to of high-intensity light organic tags. Blinking conduct tests lasting or near-infrared tags occurs. many hours. No Application in long- photobleaching or lasting tests is blinking.

impossible.

Photobleaching

occurs. Table 2. Crystallography data of [('BuhZrvlm-OKMeqJJ, [(Et) ₂ Zn ₄ (OEt) ₂ (Bq)4l, {[Zn(BTZ) ₂ ] (<ΒυΖηΒΤΖ) ₂ } and Zn ₁₀ q ₁₂ (CO ₃ ) ₄ .

[( ^ι Βυ) ₂ Ζη ₄ (μ ₄ -0)(Μθ _ς ) ₄ ] [( ^, Βυ) ₂ Ζ ^η ₄ (μ4-0)(Μ6ς) ₄ ]

Example 1 Example 3

molecular formula ^Η ₄₂ Ν ₄ 0 ₆ Ζη ₄ C ₅₂ H5 ₈ N ₄ 0 ₅ Zn ₄

M _r 984.30 1080.50

crystallographic system Triclinic triclinic

space group P -l (no. 2) P -l (no. 2)

temperature [K] 100 (2) 100 (2)

a [A] 11.3576(7) 13.4530(13)

MA] 11.7735(6) 13.7190(15)

c [A] 12.1176(7) 18.322(2)

a I'] 96.619(3) 97.862(5)

e n 106.962(3) 96.991(7)

Y ll 109.971(3) 98.680(7)

unit cell volume [A ³ ] 1414.43(14) 3276.2(6)

Number of molecules per unit

cell

calculated density

1.156 1.095

[g cm ^"3 ]

radiation applied μ(Μο-Κα) λ = 0.71073

Angular range 2i? [°] 2.92-21.26 2.04-22.72

Number of counted reflexes 12035 14564

Number of data / parameters 3138 / 262 8074 / 586

GOOF fit index 1.062 1.064

Divergence coefficients R for Rl = 0.0671 Rl = 0.0595

1>2σ(1) wR2 = 0.1493 wR2 = 0.1509

Divergence coefficients R for Rl = 0.0926 Rl = 0.0762

all reflexes wR2 = 0.1620 wR2 = 0.1608 [(Et) ₂ Zn ₄ (OEt) ₂ (Bq) ₄ ] {[Zn(BTZ) ₂ ] ( ^l BuZnBTZ) ₂ }

Example ? Example s molecular formula C ₆₀ H ₅₂ N ₄ O ₆ Zn ₄ C6oH5oN ₄ 0 S ₄ Zn ₃

Mr 1186.54 1215.39

crystallographic system Monoclinic monoclinic

space group P 2Jc (no. 14) P 2 (no. 4)

temperature [K] 100 (2) 100 (2)

a [A] 12.7490(7) 11.4520(5)

b [A] 11.1180(6) 14.4330(9)

c [A] 23.9520(12) 18.2980(10)

α [Ί 90.00 90.00

β [Ί 102.192(3) 100.66(3)

ν Π 90.00 90.00

3318.5(3)

unit cell volume [A3] 2972.3(3)

Number of molecules per

2 2

unit cell

calculated density

1.187 1.358

[g cm ^"3 ]

radiation applied μ(Μο-Κα) λ = 0.71073

Angular range 2i? [°] 2.03-24.71 1.81-23.81

Number of counted reflexes 8150 8848

Number of data /

4848 / 334 7848 / 677

parameters

GOOF fit index 1.113 1.080

Divergence coefficients R for Rl = 0.0520 Rl = 0.0782

1>2σ(1) wR2 = 0.1310 wR2 = 0.1552

Divergence coefficients R for Rl = 0.0662 Rl = 0.1022

all reflexes wR2 = 0.1385 wR2 = 0.1686

Example 9, 10 and 1 1 molecular formula ll2H72Ni ₂ O24Zn ₁₀ M _r 2623.52 crystallographic system Trigonal space group R -3 (no. 148) temperature [K] 100 (2)

o [A] 22.3630(19)

MA] 22.3630(19) c [A] 54.763(3)

« Π 90.00

e n 90.00

v [°] 120

unit cell volume [A ³ ] 23718(3)

Number of molecules per unit

6)

cell

calculated density

1.102

[g em ^"3 ]

radiation applied μ(Μο-Κα) λ = 0.71073 Angular range 2d ["] 2.14-23.23

Number of counted reflexes 7487

Number of data / parameters 6679 / 475

GOOF fit index 1.027

Divergence coefficients R for Rl = 0.0542 />2σ(/) wR2 = 0.1398

Divergence coefficients R for Rl = 0.0797 all reflexes wR2 = 0.1535