MACROMOLECULAR CORROSION (Mcln) INHIBITORS:

STRUCTURES, METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/465,666, filed on March 1, 2017. The entire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under IIP-1632258 from the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates newly developed multifunctional environmentally friendly macromolecular corrosion inhibitors utilize mainly the renewable and biobased raw material source. Most of the current corrosion inhibitors used in the industrial applications are not necessarily environmentally friendly and are based on petroleum based chemicals involving organic and inorganic species.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to multifunctional macromolecular corrosion inhibitors and to fluid compositions containing minor amounts thereof. Multifunctional properties of this inhibitor include but not limited to rust inhibition, copper corrosion inhibition, and water and oil separating (demulsifier) capabilities. Fluids include but not limited to lubricants, biolubricants, bio-oils, bio-based oils, synthetic lubricants, fuels, bio-fuel, greases, bio- greases, aviation fuels, kerosene, gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, adhesives, and paints etc.

Corrosion in general terms is the degradation of a material caused by an aggressive environment such as water, air (oxygen), chemicals (acids, bases), organic liquids, oil, and gas, etc. Materials subject to corrosion include metals and their alloys, plastics, paints and coatings, concrete, or composites. Corrosion is a major concern in the durability of these materials, impacting safety, causing environmental damage, and incurring enormous repair and replacement costs. This is a major national concern. According to one United States federal government study in 2002, the total estimated cost of corrosion is a staggering $276 billion (approximately 3.1% of GDP) (Report FHWA-RD-01-156). If indirect costs are included, this increases to 6% of GDP ($552 billion), because of loss of productivity, delays, material failures, etc. It does not appear that newer studies exist. The direct effects of metal corrosion are (a) loss of mechanical strength and structural failure, (b) perforation of fluid transmission pipes, storage tanks, and ships, leading to leakage of harmful fluids into the environment, (c) contamination of fluid due to leaching of metal species from vessels' inner surfaces, (d) mechanical damage causing failure of structures, engines, pumps, and valves, and (e) events hazardous to human life due to excessive structural failure. Corrosion inhibitors play a key role in mitigating some of these corrosion issues. Corrosion inhibitors are typically added or treated (0.001% to 5%) to the corroding materials (metals, lubricants, fuels, plastics, oils and gas, adhesives, greases, paints and coating materials, cement, water reservoir, etc.) to protect against the corrosion from the surrounding environments like fluid, water, oxygen, moisture, weather, temperature, or their combinations, etc. Environmental risks associated with corrosion inhibitors are forcing to seek more environmentally friendly products. Some products are also increasingly subject to restrictions by government agencies in the USA and other countries. These harmful substances can enter the environment directly when formulated fluids like lubricants come in contact with water, soil, or air, via leakage or spillage from industrial equipment, ships, automobiles, engines, earth-moving equipment, drilling, metal working fluids, hydropower plants, hydraulics and turbines (wind, water, steam, aviation), transformers, chain saw, gears, elevators, wire and ropes, two-stroke engines, etc. Corrosion inhibitors are added to fluids based on petroleum, synthetic and/or bio-oils, bio-based oils like lubricants, greases, adhesives, and fuels; and paints and coating materials. Thus, there is need to replace harmful compounds with environmentally-friendly and sustainable corrosion inhibitors without sacrificing performance. The present invention is a new material composition technology, Macromolecular Corrosion Inhibitors (Mcln), described herein. Mcln is envisioned as a disruptive technology that adds value to the supply chains of multiple market sectors.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is essentially directed to macromolecular corrosion inhibitors that are

(a) the composition of polymers which are the reaction products of the starting materials comprising a substituted phenol and an aldehyde that is esterified further with an alkyl acid through oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride or alkyl acids and using catalysts, if required to accelerate the esterification process,

(b) the composition of polymers which are the reaction products of the starting materials comprising a substituted phenol and an aldehyde and are further reacted with an alkenyl succinic anhydride to form a half ester products having free carboxylic acid groups in the repeating units,

(c) the composition of polymers which are the reaction products of the starting materials comprising a substituted phenol and an aldehyde and are further reacted with alkylene oxides ( e.g. propylene oxide) to form phenol-derived alcohols in the repeating units,

(d) the composition of polymers that are the reaction products of the starting materials of a substituted phenol and an aldehyde which are esterified further with oleic acid and then reacted with a maleic anhydride to form succinic anhydride adduct, and finally reacted with an alkyl alcohol to form a half ester product having free carboxylic acid groups in the repeating units,

(e) the composition of reaction products derived from a maleic anhydride and an oleate which are the condensation products of oleic acid and alkyl alcohol that are further reacted with alkyl alcohol to form a half ester product having free carboxylic acid groups,

(f) the composition of reaction products derived from a maleic anhydride and a substituted phenol-oleate further reacted with an alkyl alcohol to form a half ester product having free carboxylic acid groups. Substituted phenol-oleate is the condensation product of oleic acid and a substituted phenol,

(g) the composition of reaction products of the starting materials comprising a substituted phenol and an alkylene oxides (e.g. propylene oxide) is further reacted with an alkenyl succinic anhydride to form a half ester product having free carboxylic acid groups, or

(h) the composition of polymers which are the reaction products of the starting materials comprising a substituted phenol and an aldehyde and are further reacted with alkylene oxides ( e.g. propylene oxide) to form phenol-derived alcohols in the repeating units, is further reacted with an alkenyl succinic anhydride to form a half ester product having free carboxylic acid groups,

(i) the composition of polymers that are the reaction products of a substituted phenol and an aldehyde which are reacted with an alkylene oxide (e.g. propylene oxide) and then esterified further with an oleic acid and then reacted with a maleic anhydride to form succinic anhydride adduct, and finally reacted with an alkyl alcohol to form a half ester product having free carboxylic acid groups in the repeating units.

The present invention pertains to a compound represented by structural formula I and IA:

Structural Formula I

wherein:

110

each Ri is H, independently an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkyl group, an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted 115 alkoxy carbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R' ")(R' "COOH) wherein each R' ' '

independently C ₁ -C ₁₀ linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or - H ₂ or an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic non- aromatic ring;

i = 0, 1, 2, 3;

j = 0 or l;

120 n is an integer from 1 to 1000, or an integer from 1 to 100, or an integer from

1 to 50, or an integer from 1 to 25, or an integer from 1 to 15, or preferably an integer from 1 to 10;

when n = 1, then j = 0;

when n > 1 then j = 1 ; 125 each R ₂ and R ₃ is independently H, a C1-C8 linear or branched or cyclic alkyl chain, an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkyl group, an optionally substituted Ci-Cio alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl group, or -

130 CH(R" ')(R"'COOH);

R is a Ci-C ₂ 4 linear or branched alkyl chain, alkenyl chain, or an isomerized structure or a mixture of isomerized (A) and (B):

wherein R ^a is a C ₁ -C ₂₄ alkenyl linear or branched chain, n is 1 and j is 0,

R in Structure I is a mixture of isomerized structures of

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

145 For convenience, before further description of the present invention, certain terms employed in the specification, examples and appended claims are collected here. These definitions should be read in light of the remainder of the disclosure and understood as by a person of skill in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the

150 art.

The articles "a" and "an" are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means one element or more than one element.

The terms "comprise" and "comprising" are used in the inclusive, open sense, 155 meaning that additional elements may be included.

The term "including" is used herein to mean "including but not limited to".

"Including" and "including but not limited to" are used interchangeably.

The term "polymer" is art-recognized and refers to a macromolecule comprising a repeating monomelic unit. The number of repeat units may vary as low as 2 and as high as 160 million. In the present invention this number may vary from 2 to about 10,000, or less than 1,000, or less than about 100, or even less than about 10.

The term "monomer" is art-recognized and refers to a compound that is able to combine in long chains with other like or unlike molecules to produce.

The terms "number average molecular weight", or "Mn", "weight average molecular 165 weight", "Z-average molecular weight" and "viscosity average molecular weight" are art- recognized. When the term "molecular weight" or an exemplary molecular weight is described herein, the measure of molecular weight will be clear from the context and/or will include all applicable measures.

"Small molecule" is an art-recognized term. In certain embodiments, this term refers 170 to a molecule which has a molecular weight of less than about 2000 amu, or less than about 1000 amu, and even less than about 200 amu. The term "aliphatic" is an art-recognized term and includes linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes. In certain embodiments, aliphatic groups in the present invention are linear or branched and have from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.

175 The term "alkyl" is art-recognized and includes saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups. In certain

embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has about 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., Ci-C ₃₀ for straight chain, C ₃ -C ₃₀ for branched chain), and alternatively,

180 about 20 or fewer. Likewise, cycloalkyls have from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and alternatively about 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure. The term "alkyl" is also defined to include halosubstituted alkyls.

The term "aralkyl" is art-recognized, and includes alkyl groups substituted with an aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or heteroaromatic group).

185 The terms "alkenyl" and "alkynyl" are art-recognized, and include unsaturated

aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, "lower alkyl" refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from one to ten carbons, alternatively from one to about 190 six carbon atoms in its backbone structure. Likewise, "lower alkenyl" and "lower alkynyl" have similar chain lengths.

The term "heteroatom" means nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen and sulfur and the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen. Also, the term "nitrogen" includes substitutable nitrogen of a heteroaryl or non-aromatic heterocyclic group. 195 As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or R" (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl), wherein R" is a suitable substituent for the nitrogen atom in the ring of a non-aromatic nitrogen-containing

heterocyclic group.

200 The term "aryl" is art-recognized, and includes 5-, 6- and 7-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like. Those aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also be referred to as "aryl heterocycles" "heteroaryls," or "heteroaromatics."

205 The aromatic ring may be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described above, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF ₃ , -CN, or the like. The term "aryl"

210 also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are "fused rings") wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings may be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls.

The terms ortho, meta and para are art-recognized and apply to 1, 2-, 1, 3- and 1, 4- 215 disubstituted benzenes, respectively. For example, the names 1, 2-dimethylbenzene and

ortho-dimethylbenzene are synonymous.

The terms "heterocyclyl" and "heterocyclic group" are art-recognized, and include 3- to about 10-membered ring structures, such as 3- to about 7-membered rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms. Heterocycles may also be polycycles.

220 Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, thiophene, thianthrene, furan, pyran,

i sobenzofuran, chromene, xanthene, phenoxathiin, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, pyrimidine,

225 phenanthroline, phenazine, phenarsazine, phenothiazine, furazan, phenoxazine, pyrrolidine, oxolane, thiolane, oxazole, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, lactones, lactams such as azetidinones and pyrrolidinones, sultams, sultones, and the like. The heterocyclic ring may be substituted at one or more positions with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro,

230 sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether,

alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, a heterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, -CF ₃ , -CN, or the like.

The terms "polycyclyl" and "polycyclic group" are art-recognized, and include structures with two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls

235 and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are "fused rings". Rings that are joined through non-adjacent atoms, e.g., three or more atoms are common to both rings, are termed "bridged" rings. Each of the rings of the polycycle may be substituted with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl,

240 imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, a heterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, -CF ₃ , -CN, or the like.

The term "carbocycle" is art recognized and includes an aromatic or non-aromatic ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon. The flowing art-recognized terms have the 245 following meanings: "nitro" means -N0 ₂ ; the term "halogen" designates -F, -CI, -Br or -I; the term "sulfhydryl" means -SH; the term "hydroxyl" means -OH; and the term "sulfonyl" means -S0 ₂ ^" .

The terms "amine" and "amino" are art-recognized and include both unsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that may be represented by the general formulas:

R50

R50 I

-N / N I + R53

\ R51

250 R52

wherein R50, R51 and R52 each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, - (CH ₂ ) m-R61 , or R50 and R51 , taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure; R61 represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocycle or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer in the

255 range of 1 to 8. In certain embodiments, only one of R50 or R51 may be a carbonyl, e.g., R50, R51 and the nitrogen together do not form an imide. In other embodiments, R50 and R51 (and optionally R52) each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, or - (CH ₂ ) _m -R61. Thus, the term "alkylamine" includes an amine group, as defined above, having a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl attached thereto, i.e., at least one of R50 and R51 is an

260 alkyl group.

The term "acylamino" is art-recognized and includes a moiety that may be represented by the general formula: O

-N- -R54

R50

wherein R50 is as defined above, and R54 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl or - (CH ₂ ) _m -R61, where m and R61 are as defined above.

The term "amido" is art recognized as an amino-substituted carbonyl and includes a moiety that may be represented by the general formula:

wherein R50 and R51 are as defined above. Certain embodiments of the amide in the present invention will not include imides which may be unstable.

The term "alkylthio" is art recognized and includes an alkyl group, as defined above, having a sulfur radical attached thereto. In certain embodiments, the "alkylthio" moiety is represented by one of -S-alkyl, -S-alkenyl, -S-alkynyl, and -S-(CH ₂ ) _m -R61, wherein m and R61 are defined above. Representative alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethyl thio, and the like.

The term "carbonyl" is art recognized and includes such moieties as may be represented by the general formulas:

O O

R55

X50 X50 R56

wherein X50 is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R55 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, -(CH ₂ ) _m -R61or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, R56 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl or -(CH ₂ ) _m -R61, where m and R61 are defined above. Where X50 is oxygen and R55 or R56 is not hydrogen, the formula represents an "ester". Where X50 is oxygen, and R55 is as defined above, the moiety is referred to herein as a carboxyl group, and particularly when R55 is hydrogen, the formula represents a "carboxylic acid". Where X50 is an oxygen, and R56 is hydrogen, the formula represents a "formate". In general, where the oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced by sulfur, the formula represents a "thiocarbonyl" group. Where X50 is a sulfur and R55 or R56 is not hydrogen, the formula represents a "thioester." Where X50 is a sulfur and R55 is hydrogen, the formula represents a "thiocarboxylic acid." Where X50 is a sulfur and R56 is hydrogen, the formula 290 represents a "thioformate." On the other hand, where X50 is a bond, and R55 is not hydrogen, the above formula represents a "ketone" group. Where X50 is a bond, and R55 is hydrogen, the above formula represents an "aldehyde" group.

The terms "alkoxyl" or "alkoxy" are art recognized and include an alkyl group, as defined above, having an oxygen radical attached thereto. Representative alkoxyl groups 295 include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, tert-butoxy and the like. An "ether" is two hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl, such as may be represented by one of -O-alkyl, -O- alkenyl, -O-alkynyl, -0-(CH ₂ ) _m -R61, where m and R61 are described above.

The term "sulfonate" is art recognized and includes a moiety that may be represented 300 by the general formula:

in which R57 is an electron pair, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl.

The term "sulfate" is art recognized and includes a moiety that may be represented by the general formula:

O O S OR57

305 O

in which R57 is as defined above.

The term "sulfonamido" is art recognized and includes a moiety that may be represented by the general formula: O

-N- -OR56

R50 O

in which R50 and R56 are as defined above.

The term "sulfamoyl" is art-recognized and includes a moiety that may be represented by the general formula:

in which R50 and R51 are as defined above.

The term "sulfonyl" is art recognized and includes a moiety that may be represented by the general formula:

O

-R58

O

in which R58 is one of the following: hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl.

The term "sulfoxido" is art recognized and includes a moiety that may be represented by the general formula:

in which R58 is defined above.

The term "phosphoramidite" is art recognized and includes moieties represented by general formulas:

wherein Q51, R50, R51, and R59 are as defined above.

The term "phosphonamidite" is art recognized and includes moieties represented by the general formulas:

330

wherein Q51, R50, R51, and R59 are as defined above, and R60 represents a lower alkyl or an aryl.

As used herein the term non-aromatic carbocyclic ring as used alone or as part of a larger moiety refers to a non-aromatic carbon containing ring which can be saturated or

335 unsaturated having three to fourteen atoms including monocyclic and polycyclic rings in which the carbocyclic ring can be fused to one or more non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings or one or more aromatic (carbocyclic or heterocyclic) rings.

An optionally substituted aryl group as defined herein may contain one or more substitutable ring atoms, such as carbon or nitrogen ring atoms. Examples of suitable

340 substituents on a substitutable ring carbon atom of an aryl group include halogen (e.g., -Br, CI, I and F), -OH, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, -N0 ₂ , C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, -CN, - H ₂ , C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 dialkylamino, -C(0) H ₂ , -C(0) H(C1-C4 alkyl), -C(0)(C1-C4 alkyl), -OC(0)(Cl-C4 alkyl), -OC(0)(aryl), -OC(0)(substituted aryl), - OC(0)(aralkyl), -OC(0)(substituted aralkyl), -NHC(0)H, - HC(0)(C1-C4 alkyl),

345 -C(0)N(C1-C4 alkyl) ₂ , - HC(0)0-(C1-C4 alkyl), -C(0)OH, -C(0)0-(C1-C4 alkyl), - HC(0) H ₂ , - HC(0) H(C1-C4 alkyl), - HC(0)N(C1-C4 alkyl) ₂ , - H-C(= H) H ₂ , -S0 ₂ H ₂ -S0 ₂ H(C1-C3 alkyl), -S0 ₂ N(C1-C3alkyl) ₂ , HS0 ₂ H, HS0 ₂ (C1-C4 alkyl) and optionally substituted aryl. Preferred substituents on aryl groups are as defined throughout the specification. In certain embodiments aryl groups are unsubstituted. 350 Examples of suitable substituents on a substitutable ring nitrogen atom of an aryl group include C1-C4 alkyl, H ₂ , C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 dialkylamino, -C(0) H ₂ , -C(0)NH(C1-C4 alkyl), -C(0)(C1-C4 alkyl), -C0 ₂ R**, -C(0)C(0)R**, -C(0)CH ₃ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)0-(C1-C4 alkyl), -S0 ₂ H ₂ -S0 ₂ H(C1-C3alkyl), -S0 ₂ N(C1-C3alkyl) ₂ , HS0 ₂ H, HS0 ₂ (C1-C4 alkyl), -C(=S) H ₂ , -C(=S) H(C1-C4 alkyl), -C(=S)N(C1-C4

355 alkyl) ₂ , -C(= H)-N(H) ₂ , -C(= H)- H(C 1 -C4 alkyl) and -C(= H)-N(C 1 -C4 alkyl) ₂ ,

An optionally substituted alkyl group or non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic group as defined herein may contain one or more substituents. Examples of suitable substituents for an alkyl group include those listed above for a substitutable carbon of an aryl and the following: =0, =S, =N HR**, =NN(R**) ₂ , =N HC(0)R**, =N HC0 ₂ (alkyl),

360 =N HS0 ₂ (alkyl), = R**, spiro cycloalkyl group or fused cycloalkyl group. R** in each occurrence independently is -H or C1-C6 alkyl. Preferred substituents on alkyl groups are as defined throughout the specification. In certain embodiments optionally substituted alkyl groups are unsubstituted.

A "spiro cycloalkyl" group is a cycloalkyl group which shares one ring carbon atom

365 with a carbon atom in an alkylene group or alkyl group, wherein the carbon atom being

shared in the alkyl group is not a terminal carbon atom.

Analogous substitutions may be made to alkenyl and alkynyl groups to produce, for example, aminoalkenyls, aminoalkynyls, amidoalkenyls, amidoalkynyls, iminoalkenyls, iminoalkynyls, thioalkenyls, thioalkynyls, carbonyl- substituted alkenyls or alkynyls.

370 The definition of each expression, e.g. alkyl, m, n, etc., when it occurs more than once in any structure, is intended to be independent of its definition elsewhere in the same structure unless otherwise indicated expressly or by the context.

The term "selenoalkyl" is art recognized and includes an alkyl group having a substituted seleno group attached thereto. Exemplary "selenoethers" which may be

375 substituted on the alkyl are selected from one of -Se-alkyl, -Se-alkenyl, -Se-alkynyl, and -Se- (CH ₂ ) _m -R61, m, and R61 are defined above.

The terms triflyl, tosyl, mesyl, and nonaflyl are art-recognized and refer to

trifluoromethanesulfonyl, /?-toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, and nonafluorobutanesulfonyl groups, respectively. The terms triflate, tosylate, mesylate, and nonaflate are art-recognized 380 and refer to a trifluoromethanesulfonate ester, /?-toluenesulfonate ester, methanesulfonate ester, and nonafluorobutanesulfonate ester functional groups and molecules that contain said groups, respectively. The abbreviations Me, Et, Ph, Tf, Nf, Ts, and Ms are art recognized and represent methyl, ethyl, phenyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, nonafluorobutanesulfonyl, ?-toluenesulfonyl 385 and methanesulfonyl, respectively. A more comprehensive list of the abbreviations utilized by organic chemists of ordinary skill in the art appears in the first issue of each volume of the Journal of Organic Chemistry; this list is typically presented in a table entitled Standard List of Abbreviations.

The abbreviations OSA is for octenyl succinic anhydride, DDSA is for dodecenyl 390 succinic anhydride, ODSA is for octadecenyl succinic anhydride, and PIBSA is for

polyisobutylene succinic anhydride preferably with low molecular weights (300 - 1500 molecular weight), and OASA is for oleic acid succinic anhydride.

The term an isomer is understood a molecule with the same molecular formula as another molecule, but with a different chemical structure. Isomers contain the same number

395 of atoms of each element but have different arrangements of their atoms. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties unless they also have the same functional groups.

In structural isomers, sometimes referred to as constitutional isomers, the atoms,

and functional groups are joined together in different ways. The chain

isomers whereby hydrocarbon chains have variable amounts of branching; position isomers,

400 which deals with the position of a functional group on a chain; and functional group

isomerism, in which one functional group is split up into different ones. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

Certain monomeric subunits of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms. In addition, and other compositions of the present invention may

405 also be optically active. The present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- and ^-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this

410 invention.

If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basic 415 functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl,

diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.

It will be understood that "substitution" or "substituted with" includes the implicit 420 proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.

The term "substituted" is also contemplated to include all permissible substituents of 425 organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described herein above. The permissible substituents may be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this invention, the heteroatoms 430 such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of

organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.

For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance 435 with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Ed., 1986-87, inside cover. The term "hydrocarbon" is art recognized and includes all permissible compounds having at least one hydrogen and one carbon atom. For example, permissible hydrocarbons include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic organic compounds that may be substituted or 440 unsubstituted.

The phrase "protecting group" is art recognized and includes temporary substituents that protect a potentially reactive functional group from undesired chemical transformations. Examples of such protecting groups include esters of carboxylic acids, silyl ethers of alcohols, and acetals and ketals of aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The field of

445 protecting group chemistry has been reviewed. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 2 ^nd ed., Wiley, New York, (1991). The phrase "hydroxyl-protecting group" is art recognized and includes those groups intended to protect a hydroxyl group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures and includes, for example, benzyl or other suitable esters or ethers groups known 450 in the art.

The term "electron-withdrawing group" is recognized in the art and denotes the tendency of a substituent to attract valence electrons from neighboring atoms, i.e., the substituent is electronegative with respect to neighboring atoms. A quantification of the level of electron-withdrawing capability is given by the Hammett sigma (σ) constant. This well 455 known constant is described in many references, for instance, March, Advanced Organic

Chemistry 251-59, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, (1977). The Hammett constant values are generally negative for electron donating groups (σ (P) = - 0.66 for NH2) and positive for electron withdrawing groups (σ (P) = 0.78 for a nitro group), σ (P) indicating para substitution. Exemplary electron-withdrawing groups include nitro, acyl, formyl,

460 sulfonyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, chloride, and the like. Exemplary electron-donating groups include amino, methoxy, and the like.

Contemplated equivalents of the or oligomers, subunits and other compositions described above include such materials which otherwise correspond thereto, and which have the same general properties thereof, wherein one or more simple variations of substituents are

465 made which do not adversely affect the efficacy of such molecule to achieve its intended purpose of the present invention. In general, the methods of the present invention may be methods illustrated in the general reaction schemes as, for example, described below, or by modifications thereof, using readily available starting materials, reagents and conventional synthesis procedures. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use of variants which are

470 in themselves known but are not mentioned here.

The present invention pertains to a compound represented by structural formula I:

Structural Formula I

475

wherein:

Each Ri is H, independently an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkyl group, an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted

alkoxycarbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R" ')(R" 'COOH) wherein each R' " independently C ₁ -C ₁₀ linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or - H ₂ or an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic non- aromatic ring;

i = 0, 1, 2, 3;

j = 0 or l;

n is an integer from 1 to 1000, or an integer from 1 to 100, or an integer from 1 to 50, or an integer from 1 to 25, or an integer from 1 to 15, or preferably an integer from 1 to 10;

when n = 1, then j = 0;

when n > 1 then j = 1 ;

each R ₂ and R ₃ is independently H, a C1-C8 linear or branched or cyclic alkyl chain, an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkyl group, an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl group, or - CH(R" ')(R"'COOH);

R is a C ₁ -C ₂₄ linear or branched alkyl chain, alkenyl chain, or an isomerized structure or a mixture of isomerized (A) and (B):

wherein R ^a is a C ₁ -C ₂₄ alkenyl linear or branched chain

In another embodiment, the present invention addresses that relate to a compound of

Structure I wherein

510

n = l ;

j = 0;

R is a mixture of isomerized structures of

520 In another embodiment, the present invention addresses that relate to a compound represented by structural formula II derived from Structural Formula I

Structural Formula II

525 . Each Ri is H, independently an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ linear or branched alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ linear or branched alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted C1-C20 linear or branched

alkoxycarbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R" ')(R" 'COOH) wherein each R' " independently 530 is C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or -NH ₂ or an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic C1-C12 non- aromatic ring.

i= 0 or 1 or 2 or 3;

j=0 or l;

n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10, 535 when n=l, then j is always 0;

when n>l then j is 1;

Each R ₂ , R3, R4 independently is H, methyl, or a C1-C24 linear or branched or cyclic alkyl chain. Each R ₂ , R3, R4 is H, independently an optionally substituted C1-C24 alkyl group, an optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy

540 group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and optionally substituted C1-C20 alkoxy group, an optionally substituted C1-C20 carbonyl group, an optionally substituted C1-C20 alkoxycarbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R" ')(R" 'COOH) wherein each R' " independently C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or - H ₂ or an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic C1-C12 non- aromatic ring.

545 R is a C1-C24 linear or branched alkyl chain, C1-C24 alkenyl chain or

wherein R ^a is a C1-C24 alkenyl linear or branched chain.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Structure II 550 wherein each R ₂ , R3 is independently an optionally a methyl group or H; independently an optionally a Ci-C ₈ linear, branched, a cyclic alkyl group or H.

In another embodiment of the present invention is a compound represented by the Structural Formula III: 555 Structural Formula III

wherein, R is a linear or branched Ci-C ₂ 6 alkyl chain,

Each Ri is H, independently an optionally substituted Ci-C ₂₀ linear or branched alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl

560 group, and an optionally substituted Ci-C ₂₀ linear or branched alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted Ci-C ₂₀ linear or branched

alkoxycarbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R" ')(R" 'COOH) wherein each R' " independently is Ci-Cio linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or -NH ₂ or an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic Ci-Ci ₂ non- aromatic ring, and

565 i is 0, 1, 2 or 3,

n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10

In another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of structural formula (III) where R is a saturated fatty acid derived from natural resources like plants, vegetable oils or animal fats.

570 In another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of structural formula

(III) where R is a saturated fatty acid, caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), lignoceric acid (24:0), or cerotic acid(26:0).

In another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of structural formula 575 (III) where R is a mixture of saturated alkyl chains of saturated fatty acids derived natural resources like plants, vegetable oils or animal fat.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a compound of structural formula (III) where Ri independently for each occurrence is selected from the group consisting of

In another embodiment, the present invention is a compound of structural formula (III) where R is represented by

or a mixture of structural isomers.

In another embodiment the present invention is a compound of structural formula (III) where R is a Ci-C ₂ 6 linear or branched alkyl chain or a mixture of C ₈ -C ₂₄ linear or branched alkyl chains, i is an integer from 0 to 3, and Ri independently for each occurrence is selected from the group consisting of

In certain embodiments of the present invention the compounds are represented by the following structural formulas:

 Structural Formula IV-a

or a mixture of structural isomers.

wherein R is a C1-C26 linear or branched alkyl chain or an alkyl chain of saturated fatty acids 605 derived from renewable resources like plant oils like Jatropha, vegetable oils like canola oil, palm oil, vegetable oils like canola, rapeseed oil, soy oil, palms oil, and alike, and animal fats like tallow oil. The saturated fatty acids are, caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), lignoceric acid (24:0), or cerotic acid(26:0),

610 . Each Ri is H, independently an optionally substituted C1-C20 linear or branched alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and an optionally substituted C1-C20 linear or branched alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted C1-C20 linear or branched

alkoxycarbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R" ')(R" 'COOH) wherein each R' " independently 615 is C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or -NH ₂ or an optionally substituted

carbocyclic or heterocyclic C1-C12 non- aromatic ring.

i= 0 or 1,

n is an integer from 0 to 100 or 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10.

620 In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a compound or a mixture of compounds represented by Structural formula III, IV or IVa wherein the compound is the composition of that are the reaction products of a substituted phenol and an aldehyde which are esterified further with a linear or branched alkyl alcohol containing a C1-C50 linear or branched alkyl chain or a mixture of C1-C50 linear or branched alkyl chains or preferably linear C ₁ -C26 linear or branched alkyl chain or a mixture of linear or branched C ₁ -C26 alkyl chains or more preferably C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ lineal alkyl chain or a mixture of C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ alkyl chains.

In another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of structural formula

V:

Structural Formula V

wherein R is a C ₁ -C26 linear or branched alkyl chain or a mixture of C ₈ -C ₂₄ alkyl chains, i is an integer from >1 but <3, and each Ri independently is selected from the group consisting of

.0

0CH ₃ A-4 i- _\

OH OH

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a compound or a mixture of compounds represented by structural formulas VI:

Structural Formula VI

650

In another embodiment of the present invention represented by structural formulas IV-V where in R is a C1-C26 linear or branched alkyl chain or a saturated fatty acid or mixture of saturated fatty acids derived from renewable resources like plant oils like Jatropha, vegetable oils like canola oil, palm oil, vegetable oils like canola, rapeseed oil, soy oil, palms 655 oil, and alike, and animal fats like tallow oil. The saturated fatty acids are, caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), lignoceric acid (24:0), or cerotic acid(26:0).

In another embodiment of the present invention is represented by an isomerized structural formula (Vl-a):

Structural Formula Vl-a

or a mixture of structural isomers.

665 wherein R is a C 1-C26 linear or branched alkyl chain or a saturated fatty acid or saturated fatty acids derived from renewable resources like plant oils like Jatropha, vegetable oils like canola oil, palm oil, vegetable oils like canola, rapeseed oil, soy oil, palms oil, and alike, and animal fats like tallow oil. The saturated fatty acids are, caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0),

670 arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), lignoceric acid (24:0), or cerotic acid(26:0), and the remaining variables are as described in the immediately preceding paragraph or for structural formula (I), (II) or (III).

In another embodiment, the present invention addresses to a compound represented by structural formula VII

Structural Formula VII

wherein

680 R is an alkenyl isomer represented by

or a mixture of structural isomers,

R ^d is H or a Ci-Cis linear or branched alkyl chain, -[CH ₂ ] _P -CH ₃ with p being an integer from 685 0 to 30. In some instances p is from 3 to 25, in some instances p is 7 tol7, in some instances p is from 11 to 17, in some instances p from 13-15, in some instances p is from 15 to 17, in some instances p is 0, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17 or a mixture thereof,

Each Ri is H, independently an optionally substituted Ci-C ₂ o linear or branched alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl

690 group, and an optionally substituted Ci-C ₂ o linear or branched alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted Ci-C ₂ o linear or branched

alkoxycarbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R" ')(R" 'COOH) wherein each R' " independently is Ci-Cio linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or -NH ₂ or an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic C ₁ -C ₁₂ non- aromatic ring.

695 i= 0 or 1 ,

j=0 or l;

n is an integer from 0 to 100 or 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10;

when n=l, then j is always 0;

when n>l then j=l;

700 each R ₂ , R ₃ , independently is H, methyl, or a Ci-C ₈ linear or branched or cyclic alkyl chain. In another embodiment, the present invention is a compound of structural formula (VII) where Ri is an isomerized structure represented by

or a mixture of isomers.

In another embodiment, the present invention addresses to a compound represented by structural formula VIII:

Structural Formula VIII

wherein,

R is an alkenyl isomer represented by

0 to 30. In some instances p is from 3 to 25, in some instances p is 7 tol7, in some instances p is from 11 to 17, in some instances p from 13-15, in some instances p is from 15 to 17, in

720 some instances p is 0, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17 or a mixture thereof;

. Each Ri is H, independently an optionally substituted Ci-C ₂ o alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and optionally substituted Ci-C ₂₀ alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted Ci-C ₂₀ alkoxycarbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R"')(R" 'COOH) wherein each

725 R' ' ' independently is Ci-Ci ₀ linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or -NH ₂ or an

optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic Ci-Ci ₂ non- aromatic ring;

i= 0 or 1 or 2 or 3;

In another embodiment, the present invention is a compound of structural formula VIII where Ri is selected from the group consisting of

730

and,

in proviso substituted phenol is not a phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol or resorcinol if R is arising from DDSA (dodecenyl succinic anhydride), ODSA (octadecenyl succinic anhydride), OSA 735 (octenyl succinic anhydride), or PIBSA (polyisobutylene succinic anhydride).

In another embodiment, the present invention is a compound of structural formula (VIII) where Ri is an isomerized structure represented by

or a mixture of isomers.

740

In yet another embodiment of the present invention is a compound or a mixture of compounds represented by structural formulas VIII where is R is an alkenyl portion of

[monosaturated fatty acid succinic anhydride] isomers when their anhydride rings are opened by a saturated fatty alcohol selected from the chain lengths ranging from C ₈ to C ₂₆ . The 745 preferred monosaturated fatty acid-succinic anhydride is an oleic acid-succinic anhydride (OAS A). The isomer structures of an OAS A are consisting of Isomer Structures of OASA

750

In yet another embodiment of the present invention is a compound or a mixture of compounds represented by structural formulas VIII where is R is an alkenyl portion of

[monosaturated fatty acid-succinic anhydride] isomers when their anhydride rings are opened 755 by a fatty alcohol selected from the chain lengths ranging from C ₈ to C ₂₆ . The preferred

monosaturated fatty acid-succinic anhydride compound is oleic acid-succinic anhydride (OASA) and the fatty acid alcohol is stearyl alcohol (CH ₃ (CH ₂ )i ₇ OH). The isomer structures of OASA after reacting with a fatty alcohol, R ^d -OH are:

wherein, R ^d is H or Ci-Ci ₈ linear or branched alkyl chains, - [CH ₂ ] _P -CH ₃ with p being an integer from 0 to 30. In some instances p is from 3 to 25, in some instances p is 7 tol7, in some instances p is from 11 to 17, in some instances p from 13-15, in some instances p is from 15 to 17, in some instances p is 0, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17 or a mixture thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a compound or a mixture of compounds represented by structural formulas IX:

ructural Formulas IX

wherein R is an alkenyl structural isomer represented by

or a mixture of isomers;

Rd is H or C1-C18 linear or branched alkyl chains, - [CH ₂ ] _P -CH ₃ with p being an integer from 0 to 30. In some instances p is from 3 to 25, in some instances p is 7 tol7, in some instances p is from 1 1 to 17, in some instances p from 13-15, in some instances p is from 15 to 17, in some instances p is 0, 7, 9, 1 1, 13, 15, orl7 or a mixture thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a compound or a mixture of compounds represented by structural formulas X:

Structural Formulas X

wherein R is an alkenyl structural isomer represented by

785 or a mixture isomer structures, wherein R ^d is H or Ci-Ci ₈ linear or branched alkyl chains, - [CH ₂ ] _P -CH ₃ with p being an integer from 0 to 30. In some instances p is from 3 to 25, in some instances p is 7 tol7, in some instances p is from 11 to 17, in some instances p from 13-15, in some instances p is 790 from 15 to 17, in some instances p is 0, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17 or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a compound represented by structural formula XI (a mixture of structural isomers):

Structural Formula XI

or a mixture of isomers,

wherein, R is a C ₁ -C ₁₈ linear or branched alkyl chain, or an alkenyl chain of PIBSA, OSA, DDSA, and ODSA, and the remaining variables are as described for structural formula (I), (II) or (III). 800 In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a compound or a mixture of compounds represented by Structural formula XI wherein the polymers that are the reaction products of a substituted phenol and an aldehyde which is further esterified with PIBSA, DDSA, ODSA, or OSA.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a compound of isomerized structural formula (XI) where Ri is represented by

or a mixture of isomers.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a compound represented by structural formulas XII with optionally their corresponding structural isomer or mixture of structural isomers:

Structural Formula XII

wherein,

OSA', DDSA', ODSA', PIBSA' are alkenyl chain portion of OSA, octenyl succinic anhydride; DDSA, dodecenyl succinic anhydride; ODSA, octadecenyl succinic anhydride; 820 PIBSA, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (low molecular weight, 300 - 1500 molecular weight), respectively;

each R ₂ , R ₃ is independently an optionally a methyl group or H; independently an optionally a Ci-C ₈ linear, branched, a cyclic alkyl group, the remaining variables are as described for structural formula (I), (II) or (III).

825 In another embodiment, the present invention is a compound of structural formula

(XII) where Ri is represented by

or a mixture of structural isomers.

830

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a compound represented by structural formula I where n is 1, j is 0,

Structural Formula XIII

835 wherein [X] is

R is an isomerized alkenyl chain represented by

In another embodiment of the present invention is an isomeric compound represented by structural formula XIII wherein, R is an isomerized alkenyl chain represented by

In another embodiment of the present invention is an isomeric compound represented by structural formula XIII- A:

Structural Formula XIII-A

or a mixture of structural isomers

wherein

Each R ₅ , R6 independently is H, methyl, or a C1-C24 linear or branched or cyclic alkyl chain, Each n, n' independently is 1 to 15, preferably 4 to 10.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method of producing a compound having Structural Formula I:

Structural Formula I

wherein

each Ri is H, independently an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkyl group, an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted

alkoxycarbonyl group, an optionally-CH(R" ')(R" 'COOH) wherein each R' " independently C ₁ -C ₁₀ linear or branched alkyl chain, -OH, -SH or - H ₂ or an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic non- aromatic ring.

1 = 0, 1, 2, 3;

j=0 or l;

n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 1 to 100, 1 to 50 or 1 to 25, 1 to 15, or preferably 1 to 10,

when n = 1, then j = 0;

when n > 1 then j = 1 ;

each R ₂ and R ₃ is independently H, a C1-C8 linear or branched or cyclic alkyl chain, an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkyl group, an optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl group, a tertiary carbon group, a methyl group, a methoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted carbonyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl group, or - CH(R" ')(R"'COOH)

R is a C ₁ -C ₂₄ linear or branched alkyl chain, alkenyl chain, or an isomerized structure or a mixture of isomerized (A) and (B):

wherein R ^a is a C ₁ -C ₂₄ alkenyl linear or branched chain,

the method comprising:

(a) reacting X in a solvent with an aldehyde selected from the group of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovalrealdehyde, 2-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, 3-methylcyclohexanecrabaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glucose aldehyde, (b) Reacting the product in (a) with an alkyl acyl chloride, an oleoyl chloride, or alkenyl succinic anhydride selected from the group of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA), dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA); octadecenyl succinic anhydride (ODSA); polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) having a molecular weight from 300 to 1500;

(c) Reacting the product of (b) with maleic anhydride if the reactant used in (b) is an oleoyl chloride, and then finally,

(d) Reacting the The succinic anhydride group of product in (c) is reacting with a C1-C24 linear or branched or cyclic alcohol.

If the reactant used in (b) is not oleoyl chloride, then (c) can include reacting the product of (b) with oleic acid.

In certain embodiments the methods of present invention, a polymer that is a reaction product of starting materials comprising a substituted phenol and an aldehyde that is further esterified with an alkyl acid through the use of oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride.

In certain embodiments the alklyl acid used in the methods of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl with at least about 4 carbon atoms, preferably C ₅ to C ₂ 6 acid such as saturated straight chain fatty acid including caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), lignoceric acid (24:0), or cerotic acid(26:0).

In certain embodiments the subsituted phenol used in the methods of the present invention is selected from the group consisting the structural formulas XIV shown below:

Structural Formula XIV

In certain embodiments, the aldehyde used in the methods of the present invention is 930 selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde,

butyraldehyde, isovalrealdehyde, 2-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, 3-methylcyclohexanecrabaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glucose aldehyde.

In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention are the product above referred as a substituted phenol-aldehyde polymer. The following scheme (Scheme I-A) 935 illustrate the particular embodiments of this method

wherein, a substituted phenol is selected from Structural formula XIV, 940 aldehyde is selected from formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovalrealdehyde, 2-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, 3- methylcyclohexanecrabaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glucose aldehyde; all of the remaining variables are as described above or Structural formula III, n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10, all of the remaining variables are as 945 described above or Structural formula II.

It is understood the use of phrase 'substituted phenol-aldehyde polymer' refers to the product in Scheme IA.

In yet another embodiment, in the method involves adding concentrated sulfuric acid to the reaction mixture of a substituted phenol and an aldehyde in distilled water and keep at 950 the ice-bath temperature.

In yet another embodiment, in the reaction of a substituted phenol and an aldehyde, the ratio of a substituted phenol to a suitable solvent is 1 : 1-10, 1 : 1-5, 1 : 1-3, 1 :2 or 1 : 1 by volume.

In another embodiment, in the method above involves refluxing the reaction mixture 955 under inert atmosphere between 1-48 hours, between 3 and 9 hours, between 6 and 12 hours, or between 12 and 36 hours.

In another embodiment, in the above method involves cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature and separating the product and washing with water.

In yet another embodiment, the reaction solvent for the mixture of a substituted

960 phenol and an aldehyde is selected from toluene, xylene, 1, 2-dichloroethane,

tetrachloroethylene, dioxane or methylethyl ketone at reflux temperature under inert atmosphere.

In another embodiment, in the above method, an acid added to the reaction mixture of a substituted phenol and an aldehyde in above solvents is selected from hydrochloric acid, p- 965 toluenesulfonic acid, or oxalic acid, solid based acids, phosphoric acid and acetic acid.

In yet another embodiment, in the above method involves reacting alkyl chloride to the above (substituted phenol-aldehyde) product in a suitable solvent first at ice bath temperature and then bring it to the room temperature while stirring the reaction mixtures for 1 to 48 hours, 3 to 12 hours, or 6 to 24 hours.

970 In yet another embodiment, in the above method involves adding triethyl amine to the reaction mixture. In yet another embodiment, in the above method involves, the alkyl acid chloride with carbons in the alkyl chain ranging from Ci to C ₂₆ . Preferred alkyl acid chlorides are, C ₈ , Ci ₂ , Ci ₄ , Ci ₆ , or Ci ₈ linear or branched carbon alkyl acid chlorides.

In other embodiments, the methods of the present invention, when the solvent is used it can be recycled by separting the solvents from the reaction mixture using distillation.

The following schemes illustrate particular embodiments of this method:

Scheme I wherein, substituted phenols selected from Structural formula XIV,

aldehyde is selected from formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovalrealdehyde, 2-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, 3- methylcyclohexanecrabaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glucose aldehyde; all of the remaining variables are as described above or Structural formula III ; n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a com ound in Scheme I

Scheme II

wherein, R is a linear or branched alkyl Ci-C ₂₆ chain, an alkyl C ₁₂ or an alkyl C ₁₆ or an alkyl Ci ₈ or a mixture of alkyl C ₁₂ ,C ₁₄ ,C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ chains; n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10, all of the remaining variables are as described above or Structural formula II. In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a com ound in Scheme II:

Scheme III

wherein an aldehyde is selected from a group of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde,

valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovalrealdehyde, or 2-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde;

preferably formaldehyde or acetaldehyde; wherein, R is a linear or branched alkyl C ₁ -C26 chain, an alkyl C ₁₂ or an alkyl C ₁₆ or an alkyl C ₁₈ or a mixture of alkyl C ₁₂ ,C ₁₄ ,C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ chains; n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a com ound in Scheme III:

R _! = H, CH ₃ , OCH ₃ , Cl-C9alkyl

Scheme IV

wherein, R is a linear or branched alkyl Ci-C ₂ 6 chain, an alkyl C ₁₂ or an alkyl C ₁₆ or an alkyl C ₁₈ or a mixture of alkyl C ₁₂ , C ₁₄ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ chains; n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10, all of the remaining variables are as described above or Structural formula II.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a compound in Scheme IV where in a substituted phenol is selcted from Structural formula XIV.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a method of producing a compound in Scheme IV wherein a substituted phenol is selcted from Structural formula XIV. H, CH ₃ , OCH3,C _r C ₉ alkyl

Scheme V

In another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a compound in

1020 Scheme V wherein a substituted phenol is a phenol, ortho-cresol or a mixture of ortho, meta, para-cresols, or o-methoxy phenol, and R is a linear alkyl C12 or a C16 or C18 or a mixture of alkyl C ₁₂ ,C ₁₄ ,C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ chains, and n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10.

In another embodiment the present invention is a process of producing a compound in

1025 Structural Formulas IV:

wherein n is an integer from 0 to 100 or 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10

In certain embodiments of this invention relates to a macromolecular corrosion

1030 inhibitor that is a polymer which is the reaction product of the starting materials comprising a substituted phenol and an aldehyde and is further reacted with an alkenyl succinic anhydride to form an isomerized half ester product having a free carboxylic acid group in the repeating unit.

In another embodiment, the substituted phenol is selected from the Structural

1035 formulas XIV and an aldehyde is selected from formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovalrealdehyde, 2-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, 3-methylcyclohexanecrabaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glucose aldehyde.

In one embodiment, an alkenyl succinic anhydride is selected from the group consisting of DDSA, ODSA, OSA, PIBSA form an isomerized half ester product having free carboxylic

1040 acid groups in the alkenyl chain of the repeating group.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing an isomerized compound in Scheme VI:

alkenyl succinic anhydride

80 C-175 C, lh-24 h

H, CH ₃ , 0CH ₃ ,C1-C9 alkyl,

Isomer A

Scheme VI

wherein an alkenyl succinic anhydride is selected from the group consisting of DDSA,

1045 ODSA, OSA, PIBSA to form an isomerized half ester product having free carboxylic acid groups in the alkenyl chain of the repeating group, and n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10 and all of the remaining variable are as described above or Structural formula XI and remaining variables are as described for structural formula II.

1050 In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a compound with a mixture of isomers (A) and (B) in Scheme VI.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a compound with mixture of isomerized (A) and (B) in Structural formulas XII

Structural Formulas XII

1055

wherein OSA', DDSA', ODSA', PIBSA' are alkenyl chain portion of OSA, octenyl succinic anhydride; DDSA, dodecenyl succinic anhydride; ODSA, octadecenyl succinic anhydride; PIBSA, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (low molecular weight, 300 - 1500 molecular

1060 weight), respectively; and n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10, and all of the remaining variables are as described above or Structural formula II.

In another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a compound with mixture of isomers (A) and (B) in Structural formulas XII wherein the mixture of a

1065 substituted phenol-aldehyde polymer reacted with an alkenyl succinic anhydride selected from the group consisting of DDSA, dodecenyl succinic anhydride; ODSA, octadecenyl succinic anhydride; PIBSA, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (low molecular weight, 300 - 1500 molecular weight) reaction temperatures between 80 °C to 175 °C between 1 and 24 hours, between 3 to 12 hours, or between 6-24 hours.

1070 In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a

compound with mixture of isomers (A) and (B) in Structural formulas XII wherein a substitued phenols is selcted from Structural formulas XIV and an aldehyde is selected from an aldehyde is selected from formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovalrealdehyde, 2-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, 3-

1075 methylcyclohexanecrabaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glucose aldehyde.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a compound with a mixture of isomers (A) and (B) in Structural formulas XII wherein an aldehyde is formaldehyde or acetaldehyde. In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a compound

1080 with a mixture of isomerized structures in Structral formulas XII.

In yet another embodiment of this invention relates to a macromolecular corrosion inhibitor that is a polymer which is the reaction product of the starting materials comprising a substituted phenol and an aldehyde are further reacted with an alkylene oxide (e.g. propylene oxide) to form a phenol-derived alcohol in the repeating unit and is further reacted with an

1085 alkyl acid. Generally, Fischer esterification of a phenol with an alkyl acid is not an efficient one. However, the reaction is efficient if the phenolic-OH is converted to an alkyl alcohol and is further reacted with a linear or branched Ci-C ₂₆ alkyl acid. The substituted phenol is selected from the structural formulas (XIV) and an aldehyde is selected from formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovalrealdehyde, 2-methyl butanal,

1090 benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, 3-methylcyclohexanecrabaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glucose aldehyde.

In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention to produce a compound that inlcudes the esterification of a substituted phenol-aldehyde polymer (Schemes I-A ,VII-A) by reacting with an oleoyl chloride followed by reacting with maleic anhydride and finally

1095 reacted with an alkyl alcohol to form an isomerized alkenyl chain contining half acid ester groups

(Scheme VII-I).

In one embodiment of the method of producing a compound with substituted phenol group consisting of a substituted phenol is selected from Structural formula XIV; and an

1100 aldehyde is selected from formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde,

isovalrealdehyde, 2-methyl butanal, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, 3- methylcyclohexanecrabaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glucose aldehyde; all of the remaining variables are as described above or Structural formula III.

In certain embodiments of the present invention is a method of producing an isomerized 1105 compound is represented by

Structural Formula III

1110 wherein,

R is a C ₁ -C24 linear or branched alkyl chain, an isomerized alkenyl chain or a mixture of isomerized alkenyl chains represented by

an isomerized structure or a mixture of isomerized (A) and (B)

wherein R ^a is a C ₁ -C24 linear or branched alkenyl chain, an alkenyl chain portion of OSA, octenyl succinic anhydride; DDSA, dodecenyl succinic anhydride; ODSA, octadecenyl succinic anhydride; PIBSA, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (low molecular weight, 300 - 1500 molecular weight, and

Ri is selected from the group consisting of

n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 1 to 100, 1 to 50 or 1 to 25, 1 to 15, or preferably 1 to 10,

a method comprising:

1130 (a) Reacting in a solvent at reflux a phenol having the following formula:

wherein Ri is selected from the group consisting of

1135 an isomerized alkyl acid chain or a mixture of isomerized alkyl acid chains as shown below

with

formaldehyde, ,

(b) The product in (a) is reacting with an oleoyl chloride or alkyl acyl chloride at ice temperature to room temperature for lhour to 24 hours, or an alkenyl succinic anhydride is selected from the group of OSA, octenyl succinic anhydride; DDSA, dodecenyl succinic anhydride; ODSA, octadecenyl succinic anhydride; PIBSA, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (low molecular weight, 300 - 1500 molecular weight ) at 80 °C to 150 °C for 1 to 24 hours ,

(c) The product in (b) is reacting with maleic anhydride at 170 °C-210 °C for 1 hour to 24 hours if the reactant used in (b) is an oleoyl chloride, and then finally

(d) The succinic anhydride group of product in (c) is reacting with a Ci-C ₂ 4 linear or branched or cyclic alcohol at 80 °C to 150 °C, if the reactant used in (b) is an oleoyl chloride.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing an isomerized compound in Scheme VII:

i

solvent

(C)

Scheme VII wherein variables are described for structural formula III, and R ^d is an isomerized alkenyl chain, and n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably O to 10, wherein R ^d is an isomerized alkenyl chain

Scheme VII I

wherein R ^g is an isomerized oleate succinic anhydride chain (Scheme VII-I), R ^d is an isomerized oleate half-acid ester chain.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing an isomerized compound in Scheme VIII:

Oleoyl Chloride

triethyl amine, ice temp

to room temp, lh-24h

Solvent: toluene.xylene, THF,

acetonitrile, DCM, 1,2 di B) chloroethane, ethyl aceate,

acetone, dioxane or methyl ethyl ketone _{Qr siuta} y _{e so} i _ve nt

(C) (D)

1165 Scheme VIII

wherein R ^g is an isomerized oleate succinic anhydride chain (Scheme VII-I), R ^d is an isomerized oleate half-acid ester, and n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10.

1170 In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing an

isomerized compound in Scheme IX:

(C)

(D)

Scheme IX

wherein R ^g is an isomerized oleate succinic anhydride chain (Scheme VII-I),

R ^d is an isomerized oleate half-acid ester chain; n is an integer from 1 to 1000 or 0 to 100, 0 1175 to 50 or 0 to 25, 0 to 15, or preferably 0 to 10.

In one embodiment of the present invention is directed to forming a polymer by reacting a substituted phenol with a formaldehyde followed by post esterification of the reaction with oleoyl chloride is further reacted with maleic anhydride at reaction temperatures between 170 °C and 210 °C between 1 and 24 hours, between 3 to 12 hours, or between 6-24 1180 hours.

In yet another embodiment, in the above method, the molar ratio of the reaction product (of a substituted phenol with formaldehyde followed by post esterification of the reaction with oleoyl chloride) and maleic anhydride is 1 :0.8, 1 :0.9, 1 : 1.0, orl :2.

In yet another embodiment, in the above method, a suitable solvent is selected from the 1185 group consisting of toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1, 2-di chlorobenzene, dimethyl succinate, diisobutyl adipate and diisobutyl glutarate.

In yet another embodiment, in the above method, the weight ratio of a solvent and the reaction product (a substituted phenols reacted with formaldehyde followed by post esterification of the reaction with oleoyl chloride further reacted with maleic anhydride) is 0.1 1190 to 1.0: 1.0

In yet another embodiment, in the above method involves distilling the solvent from the reaction mixture. In one embodiment of the present invention is directed to forming a polymer by reacting the reaction product (a substituted phenols reacted with formaldehyde followed by post 1195 esterification of the reaction with oleoyl chloride further reacted with maleic anhydride) is further reacted with an alkyl alcohol to form half acid ester selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C ₁ -C24 chain at reaction temperatures between 80 °C and 150 °C between 1 and 24 hours, between 3 to 12 hours, or between 6-24 hours.

In another embodiment of the present invention is a method of producing a mixture of 1200 isomerized compounds in Scheme X:

Scheme X wherein each R ₅ , R ^d independently is a linear or branched C ₁ -C24 alkyl chain.

1205

In certain embodiments of the present invention the compounds are in the salt forms to improve the solubility in certain fluids; for example, water or fluid mixtures, for example, metal working fluids, water based or oil based paints. acid catalyst,

R= linear

isomeric structures

isomeric structures

Scheme XI

In another embodiment the present invention is a method of producing a mixture of the isomerized compounds in Scheme XII:

Scheme XII

wherein R is an C ₁ -C24 alcohol.

In another embodiment of the present invention is a method of making a compound having the following structure with a mixture of isomeric structures:

wherein [X] is

R is an isomerized alkenyl chain represented by

1225

comprising:

a. reacting in a solvent or in bulk an oleic acid with a C 1-C24 linear or branched or cyclic alcohol,

b the product in (a) is reacting with a maleic anhydride at 170 °C-210 °C for 1 hour

1230 to 24 hours, and finally

c the succinic anhydride group of product in (b) is reacting with an X at 80 °C to

150 °C.

As used here, the terms "lubricants" and "lubricant oils" can be used interchangeably. Examples of lubricants suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present

1235 invention include, but are not limited to: i) petroleum based oils (Group I, II and III), ii) synthetic oils (Group IV, V) and iii) biolubricant oils (vegetable oils such as canola, soybean, high oleic canola, high oleic soybean oil, corn oil, castor oil, jatropha, etc.). Group I oils, as defined herein are solvent refined base oils. Group II oils, as defined herein are modern conventional base oils made by hydrocracking and early wax isomerization, or

1240 hydroisomerization technologies and have significantly lower levels of impurities than Group I oils. Group III oils, as defined herein are unconventional base oils. Groups I-III differ in impurities, and viscosity index as is shown in Kramer et al. "The Evolution of Base Oil Technology" Turbine Lubrication in the 21 ^st Century ASTM STP #1407 W.R. Herguth and T.M. Wayne, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1245 2001 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Group IV oils as defined herein are "synthetic" lubricant oils, including, for example, poly-alpha olefins (PAOs). Biolubricants, as defined herein, are lubricants which contain at least 51%

biomaterial (see Scott Fields, Environmental Health Perspectives, volume 111, number 12, September 2003, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). Other

1250 examples of lubricant oils can be found in Melvyn F. Askew "Biolubricants-Market Data Sheet" IENICA, August 2004 (as part of the IENICA work stream of the IENICA- INFORRM project); Taylor et al. "Engine lubricant Trends Since 1990" paper accepted for publication in the Proceedings I. Mech. E. Part J, Journal of Engineering Tribology, 2005 (Vol. 219 p 1-16); and Desplanches et al. "Formulating Tomorrow's Lubricants" page 49-52

1255 of The Paths to Sustainable Development, part of special report published in October 2003 by Total; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Biolubricants are often but not necessarily, based on vegetable oils. Vegetable derived, for example, from rapeseed, sunflower, palm, and coconut can be used as biolubricants. They can also be synthetic esters which may be partly derived from renewable resources. They can be made

1260 from a wider variety of natural sources including solid fats and low grade or waste materials such as tallows. Biolubricants in general offer rapid biodegradability and low environmental toxicity.

As used herein, Group I, II and III oils are petroleum base stock oil. The petroleum industry differentiates their oil based on viscosity index and groups them as Group I, II and

1265 III. The synthetic oils are Group IV and Group V. Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil.

Hydrocarbon oils include oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins

(polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers, for example). Poly alpha olefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil. By way of example, PAOs derived

1270 from C ₈ , Cio, C ₁₂ , C ₁₄ olefins or mixtures thereof may be utilized. In certain embodiments, PAO is a bio-based oil. In certain embodiments, synthetic oils are polyolesters for example diesters, polyolesters such as neopentyl glycols ( PGs), trimethylolpropanes (TMPs), penterythritols (PEs), and dipentaerythritols (DiPEs). In other embodiments, synthetic oils include monoesters and trimellitates. In other embodiments, synthetic oils include

1275 polyalkylene glycols (PAGs). In general, synthetic esters described herein are obtained by reacting one or more polyhydric alcohols with alkyl acids. Polyhydric alcohols preferably include the hindered polyols (such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl-2 -propyl- 1,3 -propanediol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol) and alkyl acids include least about 4 carbon atoms, preferably C ₅ to C ₂₆ 1280 acids such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, or mixtures of any of these materials.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, mixtures of synthetic (Groups IV 1285 and V) and bio-oils or petroleum based oils (Groups I, II, III) and biooils, or petroleum based oils and synthetic oils, or mixtures of bio-oils, synthetic oils and petroleum base oils may be used.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, 0.001% to 10 %> by weight of the corrosion inhibitors of the present invention is added to lubricant oils. In certain other

1290 embodiments of the present invention, 10% to 5% by weight of the corrosion inhibitors of the present invention are added to lubricant oils. In certain other embodiments of the present invention, 0.001% to 2% by weight of the corrosion inhibitors of the present invention is added to lubricant oils. In certain other embodiments of the present invention, 0.001%) to 0.5% by weight of the corrosion inhibitors of the present invention is added to lubricant oils.

1295 This percentage varies depending upon their end application and type of the base oil.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the corrosion inhibitors of the present invention are usually added to lubricant oils with stirring at between 0 and 100 °C, between 20 and 80°C or between 40-60°C.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the corrosion inhibitors of the

1300 present invention are usually added to lubricant and fuel oils (based on petroleum, synthetic, and/or bio-based oils) (examples, gasoline, diesel, biodiesel (B 10, B20, up to B 100 where numbers after letter B corresponds to percentage of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content in diesel) used in automotives, and industrial applications such as but not limited to transmission fluid, engine oil, break oil, metal working fluids, greases, gear oils, hydraulic

1305 fluids, transformer oils, elevator oils wire and rope oils, drilling oils, turbine oils used for hydro-power turbines, aviation turbines, wind turbines, metal working fluids, etc.

In certain embodiments, the mixture of corrosion inhibitors of the present invention is preferred due to improved solubility characteristics as compared to a single component corrosion inhibitor.

1310 In yet other embodiments of the present invention of corrosion inhibitoirs have

significantly improved solubility characteristics in petroleum (Group I-V oils), bio-based oils and bio-oils. This is mainly attributed to the design of the molecules of the current invention containing alkyl chains to increase the solubility.

In certain embodiments of the present invention of corrosion inhibitors, The key innovative aspects of products include:

1. Macromolecular product design, which improves efficiency by forming more effective molecular barrier films on metal surfaces. These barriers are responsible for inhibiting corrosion, thereby, maintaining superior performance with intelligent molecular design.

2. Free from all inorganic species. No species such as Zn, Pb, Sn, P, Cr, Si, B, S, As, etc.

3. Environmentally friendly. Low aquatic toxicity, better biodegradability, and low/no bioaccumulation.

4. Produced with bio-based, renewable raw materials to the maximum extent possible (-85.0%)

In certain embodiments of the present invention of corrosion inhibitors is preferred due to multifunctional characteristics to protect against rust corrosion, copper, aluminum and alloy corrosion and also water separability from oil (as a demulsifier). In general three independent additives each one proving desired rust inhibition, copper protection, and demulsifiers are used in the formulation. The present invention provides all three protections by a single compound. This significantly reduces the number of additives required in the lubricant formulation at least from three additives to one single additive providing rust inhibition, copper protection against corrosion and performs as a demulsifier to separate water from oil. It is economically attractive by reducing three additives to one for the lubricant formulation.

In certain embodiments of the present invention are the most suitable for

environmentally acceptable lubricants because of their low aqua toxicity to fish, daphnia, and algae.

In certain embodiments of the present invention of corrosion inhibitors is preferred in aftermarket automotive lubricant products.

In certain embodiments of the present invention of corrosion inhibitors have excellent solubility in bio-oils, bio-based oils, synthetic oils, petroleum based oils.

In yet other embodiments of the present invention, the corrosion inhibitors of the present invention are usually added to lubricant and fuel oils along with other additional lubricant additives including but not limited to antioxidants, anti-foaming, a viscosity

1345 modifier, pour point depressants, and other phenolic and aminic antioxidants.

In one embodiment, the present invention is a composition comprising present invention corrosion inhibitors, and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of i) a surface additive; ii) a performance enhancing additive, and iii) a lubricant protective additive.

1350 In another embodiments the present invention is a lubricant composition comprising: a lubricant or a mixture of lubricants, a present invention corrosion inhibitor and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of i) a surface additive; ii) a performance enhancing additive, and iii) a lubricant protective additive.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of improving a

1355 composition comprising combining the composition with present invention corrosion

inhibitor, and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of i) a surface additive; ii) a performance enhancing additive, and iii) a lubricant protective additive.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of improving a lubricant or a mixture of lubricants comprising combining the lubricant or mixture of lubricants with 1360 present invention corrosion inhibitor, and at least one additive selected from the group

consisting of i) a surface additive; ii) a performance enhancing additive; and iii) a lubricant protective additive.

The compositions and methods of the present invention generally provide increased shelf life, increased oxidative resistance, enhanced performance and/or improved quality to

1365 materials, such as, for example, lubricants and lubricant oils and fuels. Other examples

include, biolubricants and biolubricant oils and biofuel such as biodiesel. In general, it is believed that because of the synergy of the corrosion inhibitors with the additives, the compositions described herein have superior corrosion resistance. The additives exhibit several key functions such as corrosion inhibition, detergency, viscosity modification, and

1370 antiwear performance, dispersant properties, cleaning and suspending ability. The disclosed compositions, in general, provide superior performance of lubricants in high temperatures applications due to the presence of high performance additives which are thermally stable at high temperatures with enhanced oxidation resistance.

In yet another embodiment the present invention of corrosion inhibitors is suitable for

1375 other corrodible materials including but not limited to fuels, biofuel, diesel, biodiesel,

aviation fuels, kerosene, etc. In certain embodiments, the present invention of corrosion inhibitors is suitable for additive packages for lubricants and fuels. These packages are for aftermarket products to enhance the performance of lubricants and fuel. Other additive packages designed for

1380 formulating lubricants and fuel by adding to base stock oils; petroleum based (Group I-V oils), bio-based, bio-oils, and gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel.

In one embodiment, the present invention is an additive package composition comprising present invention corrosion inhibitors, and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of i) a surface additive; ii) a performance enhancing additive, and iii) a

1385 lubricant protective additive.

In another embodiments the present invention is an additive package composition comprising: a lubricant or a mixture of lubricants, a present invention corrosion inhibitor and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of i) a surface additive; ii) a performance enhancing additive, and iii) a lubricant protective additive.

1390 In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of improving an additive package composition comprising combining the composition with present invention corrosion inhibitor; and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of i) a surface additive; ii) a performance enhancing additive, and iii) a lubricant protective additive.

In yet another embodiment the present invention is a method of improving an additive

1395 package composition comprising combining the composition with present invention

corrosion inhibitor comprising additives one or more of an antioxidant, a metal deactivator, rust inhibitor, copper corrosion inhibitor, viscosity index modifier, pour point depressant, dispersing agent , detergent, an extreme-pressure, a dye, seal swell agents, a demulsifiers, and an anti-foaming additive; each additive present in the range 0.005%-5% and a carrier oil. A

1400 suitable carrier from petroleum, biobased, bio-oil is the one that dissolves all additives and easy to pour into a lubricant or a fuel. The ratio between additives and carrier oil may range from 1 : 99 to 99: 1 by weight %, 5: 95 by weight %, 10:90 by weight %, 20:90 by weight%, 30:70 by weight%, 40:60 by weight%, 50:50 by weight%, 60:40 by weight%, 70:30 by weight%, 80:20by weight% ,90: 10 by weight%, 95:5 by weight%.

1405 In yet another embodiment the present invention of corrosion inhibitors may typically apply to coatings and paints including multi-package systems which are usually mixed prior to use, the pigments, catalysts and other additives can be added.

In yet another embodiment the present invention applications include base coat and clear coat formulations especially in the automotive, aviation, and marine industry. 1410 STABILIZED LUBRICANT OIL COMPOSITIONS

Lubricants, lubricant oils, mixtures thereof and compositions comprising lubricants and lubricant oils can be improved by the methods of the present invention, by contacting the lubricant, lubricant oil, mixtures thereof or composition comprising the lubricant or lubricant oil or mixtures thereof with corrosion inhibitors, additives and mixtures thereof as described 1415 herein.

As used here, the terms "lubricants" and "lubricant oils" can be used interchangeably. Examples of lubricants suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: i) petroleum based oils (Group I, II and III), ii) synthetic oils (Group IV and V)) and iii) biolubricant oils (vegetable oils such as canola,

1420 soybean, corn oil etc.), and bio-based oils like polyol esters, biobased esters like estolides, bio-poly alpha olefins, bio alkylene glycols, bio poly alkylene glycols. Group I oils, as defined herein are solvent refined base oils. Group II oils, as defined herein are modern conventional base oils made by hydrocracking and early wax isomerization, or

hydroisomerization technologies and have significantly lower levels of impurities than Group

1425 I oils. Group III oils, as defined herein are unconventional base oils. Groups I-III differ in impurities, and viscosity index as is shown in Kramer et al. "The Evolution of Base Oil Technology" Turbine Lubrication in the 21 ^st Century ASTM STP #1407 W.R. Herguth and T.M. Wayne, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2001 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Group IV oils as

1430 defined herein are "synthetic" lubricant oils, including, for example, poly-alpha olefins

(PAOs). Biolubricants, as defined herein, are lubricants which contain at least 51% biomaterial (see Scott Fields, Environmental Health Perspectives, volume 111, number 12, September 2003, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). Other examples of lubricant oils can be found in Melvyn F. Askew "Biolubricants-Market Data

1435 Sheet" IENICA, August 2004 (as part of the IENICA work stream of the IENICA-

INFORRM project); Taylor et al. "Engine lubricant Trends Since 1990" paper accepted for publication in the Proceedings I. Mech. E. Part J, Journal of Engineering Tribology, 2005 (Vol. 219 p 1-16); and Desplanches et al. "Formulating Tomorrow's Lubricants" page 49-52 of The Paths to Sustainable Development, part of special report published in October 2003 by

1440 Total; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Biolubricants are often but not necessarily, based on vegetable oils. Vegetable derived, for example, from rapeseed, sunflower, palm, and coconut can be used as biolubricants. They can also be synthetic esters which may be partly derived from renewable resources. They can be made from a wider variety of natural sources including solid fats and low grade or waste materials 1445 such as tallows. Biolubricants in general offer rapid biodegradability and low environmental toxicity.

ADDITIVES

Examples of first additives suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include but are not limited to, surface additives, performance enhancing

1450 additives and lubricant protective additives.

Surface additives: In certain embodiments of the present invention, surface additives can protect the surfaces that are lubricated from wear, corrosion, rust, and frictions. Examples of these surface additives suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: (a) rust inhibitors, (b) corrosion inhibitors, (c)

1455 extreme pressure agents, (d) tackiness agents, (e) antiwear agents, (f) detergents and

dispersants, (g) compounded oil (like fat or vegetable oil to reduce the coefficient of friction without affecting the viscosity), (h) antimisting, (i) seal swelling agents and (j) biocides.

Performance Enhancing Additives: In certain embodiments of the present invention, performance enhancing additives improve the performance of lubricants. Examples of these

1460 performance enhancing additives suitable for use in the Compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: (a) pour-point depressants, (b) viscosity index modifiers (c) emulsifiers, and (d) demulsifiers.

Lubricant Protective Additives: In certain embodiments of the present invention, lubricant protective additives maintain the quality of oil from oxidation and other thermal

1465 degradation processes. Examples of these lubricant protective additives suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: (a) oxidation inhibitors and (b) foam inhibitors.

OTHER LUBRICANT ADDITIVES

In certain embodiments, a second additive can be used in the compositions and

1470 methods of the present invention in combination with the first antioxidant and the first

additive as described above. Examples of second additives suitable for use in the

compositions and methods of the present invention include, include but are not limited to, for example, dispersants, detergents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, antiwear and extreme pressure agents, antifoam agents, friction modifiers, seal swell agents,

1475 demulsifiers, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, and the like. See, for

example, U.S. Patent No. 5,498,809 for a description of useful lubricating oil composition additives, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Dispersants: Examples of dispersants suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to polybutenylsuccinic acid-

1480 amides, -imides, or -esters, polybutenylphosphonic acid derivatives, Mannich Base ashless dispersants, and the like.

Detergents: Examples of detergents suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to metallic phenolates, metallic sulfonates, metallic salicylates, metallic phosphonates, metallic thiophosphonates, metallic

1485 thiopyrophosphonates, and the like.

Corrosion Inhibitors: Examples of corrosion inhibitors suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to:

phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons and their reaction products with an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide, hydrocarbyl-thio-substituted derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole, thiadiazole

1490 polysulphides and their derivatives and polymers thereof, thio and polythio sulphenamides of thiadiazoles such as those described in U.K. Patent Specification 1,560,830, and the like.

Rust Inhibitors: Examples of rust inhibitors suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyalkylene polyols and esters thereof, anionic surfactants such as salts of alkyl sulfonic

1495 acids, and other compounds such as alkoxylated fatty amines, amides, alcohols and the like, including alkoxylated fatty acid derivatives treated with C9 to C16 alkyl-substituted phenols (such as the mono- and di-heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and tridecyl phenols).

Metal Deactivators: Metal deactivators as used herein, are the additives which form an inactive film on metal surfaces by complexing with metallic ions and reducing, for

1500 example, the catalytic effect on metal gum formation and other oxidation. Examples of metal deactivators suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to N, N-di substituted aminomethyl-1, 2, 4-triazoles, N, N- disubstituted aminomethyl-benzotriazoles, mixtures thereof, and the like.

Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives: Antiwear and extreme pressure additives,

1505 as used herein, react with metal surfaces to form a layer with lower shear strength then metal, thereby preventing metal to metal contact and reducing friction and wear. Examples of antiwear additives suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: sulfurized olefins, sulfurized esters, sulfurized animal and vegetable oils, phosphate esters, organophosphites, dialkyl alkylphosphonates, acid

1510 phosphates, zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, zinc diaryldithiophosphates, organic

dithiophosphates, organic phosphorothiolates, organic thiophosphates, organic

dithiocarbamates, dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives, mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives, amine phosphates, amine thiophosphates, amine dithiophosphates, organic borates, chlorinated paraffins, and the like.

1515 Antifoam Agents: Examples of antifoam agents suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: polysiloxanes and the like.

Friction Modifiers: Examples of friction modifiers suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: fatty acid

1520 esters and amides, organic molybdenum compounds, molybdenum dialkylthiocarbamates, molybdenum dialkyl dithiophosphates, molybdenum dithiolates, copper oleate, copper salicylate, copper dialkyldithiophosphates, molybdenum disulfide, graphite,

polytetrafluoroethylene, and the like.

Seal Swell Agents: Seal swell agents, as used herein, react chemically with elastomers

1525 to cause slight swell thus improving low temperature performance especially in, for example, aircraft hydraulic oil. Examples of seal swell agents suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: dioctyl sebacate, dioctyl adipate, dialkyl phthalates, and the like.

Demulsifiers: Demulsifiers, as used herein promote separation of oil and water in

1530 lubricants exposed to water. Examples of demulsifiers suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: the esters described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,098,827 and 2,674,619 incorporated herein by reference.

Viscosity Index Improvers: Examples of viscosity index improvers suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to olefin

1535 copolymers, dispersant olefin copolymers, polymethacrylates, vinylpyrrolidone/methacrylate- copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polybutanes, styrene/-acrylate-copolymers, polyethers, and the like.

Pour Point Depressants: Pour point depressants as used herein reduce the size and cohesiveness of crystal structure resulting in low pour point and increased flow at low- 1540 temperatures. Examples of pour point depressants suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to: polymethacrylates, alkylated naphthalene derivatives, and the like.

OTHER ANTIOXIDANTS AND STABILIZERS

In certain embodiments, a second antioxidant or a stabilizer can be used in the compositions and methods of the present invention in combination with the first antioxidant and the first additive and optionally the second additive as described above. Examples of second antioxidants suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include, include but are not limited to:

1. Amine Antioxidants

1.1. Alkylated Diphenylamines, for example octylated diphenylamine; styrenated

diphenylamine; mixtures of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl-tert- octyldiphenylamines; and 4,4'-dicumyldiphenylamine.

1.2. Phenyl Naphthylamines, for example N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine; N-phenyl-2- naphthylamine; tert-octylated N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine.

1.3. Derivatives of para-Phenylenediamine, for example N,N'-diisopropyl-p- phenylenediamine; N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine; N,N'-bis(l,4- dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine; N,N'-bis(l-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p- phenylenediamine; N,N'-bis(l-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine; N,N'-diphenyl-p- phenylenediamine; N,N'-di-(naphthyl-2)-p-phenylenediamine; N-isopropyl-N- phenyl-p-phenylenediamine; N-(l,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine; N-(l-methylheptyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine; N-cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine; N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine.

1.4. Phenothiazines, for example phenothiazine; 2-methylphenothiazine; 3- octylphenothiazine; 2,8-dimethylphenothiazine; 3,7-dimethylphenothiazine; 3,7- diethylphenothiazine; 3,7-dibutylphenothiazine; 3,7-dioctylphenothiazine; 2,8- dioctylphenothiazine.

1.5. Dihydroquinolines, for example 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,2-dihydroquinoline or a polymer thereof.

2. Phenolic Antioxidants

2.1. Alkylated monophenols, for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert- butylphenol; 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,6-di- tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-sec- butylphenol ; 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-octadecylphenol ; 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonylphenol ; 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol; 2-(P-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol; 2,6- dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol; 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- methoxymethylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dimethylaminomethylphenol; o-tert- butylphenol.

Alkylated hydroquinones, for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol; 2,5-di-tert- butylhydroquinone; 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone; 2,6-di-phenyl-4- octadecyloxyphenol .

Hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example 2,2'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methyl- phenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-octylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol); 4,4'- thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol).

Alkylidenebisphenols, for example 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-(a- methylcyclohexyl)phenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2,2'- methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis[6-□ - methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol]; 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(a, a-dimethylbenzyl)-4- nonylphenol]; 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-methylenebis(6-tert- butyl-2-methylphenol); 1, l-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane; 2,6- di(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol; l, l,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4- hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-3-n-dodecylmercaptobutane; ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3'- tert-butyl-4'-hydroxylphenyl)butyrate]; di(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl)dicyclopentadiene; di[2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylbenzyl)-6- tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate.

Benzyl compounds, for example l,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6- trimethylbenzene; di(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide; 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetic acid isooctyl ester; bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6- dimethyl-benzyl)dithioterephthalate; l,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate; l,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6- dimethylbenzyl)isocyanurate; 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid dioctadecyl ester; 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid mono-ethyl ester calcium salt. Acylaminophenols, for example 4-hydroxylauric acid anilide; 4-hydroxystearic acid anilide; 2,4-bis-octylmercapto-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyaniline) -s-triazine; N-

(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamic acid octyl ester.

Esters of P-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol; octadecanol; 1,6-hexanediol; neopentyl glycol; thiodi ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol; pentaerythritol; tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate; and di(hydroxyethyl)oxalic acid diamide.

Esters of P-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol; octadecanol; 1,6-hexanediol; neopentyl glycol; thiodi ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol; pentaerythritol; tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate; and di(hydroxyethyl)oxalic acid diamide.

Amides of P-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, e.g., N,N'-di(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl-propionyl)hexamethylenediamine ; N,N'-di(3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine; N,N'-di-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine.

Sulfurized organic compounds, for example aromatic, alkyl, or alkenyl sulfides and polysulfines; sulfurized olefins; sulfurized fatty acid esters; sulfurized ester olefins; sulfurized oils; esters of β-thiodipropionic acid; sulfurized Diels- Alder adducts;

sulfurized terpene compounds; and mixtures thereof.

Organo-borate compounds, for example alkyl- and aryl- (and mixed alkyl, aryl) substituted borates.

Phosphite and phosphate antioxidants, for example alkyl- and aryl- (and mixed alkyl, aryl) substituted phosphites, and alkyl- and aryl- (and mixed alkyl, aryl) substituted dithiophosphates such as 0,0,S-trialkyl dithiophosphates, 0,0, S- triaryldithiophosphates and dithiophosphates having mixed substitution by alkyl and aryl groups, phosphorothionyl sulfide, phosphorus-containing silane, polyphenylene sulfide, amine salts of phosphinic acid and quinone phosphates.

Copper compounds, for example copper dihydrocarbyl thio- or dithiophosphates, copper salts of synthetic or natural carboxylic acids, copper salts of alkenyl carboxylic acids or anhydrides such as succinic acids or anhydrides, copper dithiocarbamates, copper sulphonates, phenates, and acetylacetonates. The copper may be in cuprous (Cu ¹ ) or cupric (Cu ¹¹ ) form.

Zinc dithiodiphosphates, for example zinc dialkyldithiophosphates,

diphenyldialkyldithiophosphates, and di(alkylphenyl)dithiophosphates. In one embodiment, the compositions for use in the methods of the present invention, 1640 include but are not limited to:

a. a first corrosion inhibitor (in the concentration range, from about 0.0001% to about 50%, from about 0.0005% to about 20%, from about 0.005% to about 10%, from about 0.05%) to about 5% or from about 0.01%> to about 1%>) with a first additive selected from the group comprising an antioxidant, a surface additive, a performance enhancing additive and a

1645 lubricant performance additive, for example, in amounts of from about 0.0005%) to about 50%, from about 0.0001% to about 20%, from about 0.005% to about 10%, from about 0.05%) to about 5% or from about 0.01%> to about 1%> by weight, based on the weight of lubricant to be stabilized.

b. the first corrosion inhibitor and the first additive as described in a. and a second 1650 additive, for example, in concentrations of from about 0.0001%) to about 50% by weight, about 0.0005% to about 20% by weight, about 0.001% to about 10% by weight, from about 0.01%) to about 5%) by weight, from about 0.05%> to about 1%> by weight from about 0.1%> to about 1%) by weight based on the overall weight of the lubricant to be stabilized.

c. the first corrosion inhibitor and the first additive as described in a. and optionally 1655 the second additive as described in b. and a second corrosion inhibitor, for example,

Irgacor® 190, Irgacor® PA, Cuvan® 303, Cuvan® 484, Cuvan® 826,in the concentration range, from about 0.0001%) to about 50%, from about 0.0005%) to about 20%, from about 0.005% to about 10%, from about 0.05% to about 5% or from about 0.01% to about 1%) by weight, based on the weight of lubricant to be stabilized.

1660 In yet another embodiment, the antioxidant compositions for use in the methods of the present invention include but is not limited to: the first antioxidant from the present invention and the second antioxidant from the section.

'OTHER ANTIOXIDANTS AND STABILIZERS' .

The antioxidant composition, where in the weight ratio of the second antioxidant to the first 1665 antioxidant of the present invention is from about 1 :99 to 99: 1, from about 10:90, 20:80,

30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90: 10. The second antioxidant second antioxidant, for example, Irganox® L 57, Irganox ^® L64, Irganox ^® 1330, Irganox ^® 1076, Irganox ^® 5057 and Irganox ^® L 135, Polnox®7030, Polnox® 7070, Polnox® 8020, Polnox®8060,

Polnox®8080.

1670 EXAMPLE 1

Octanoyl chloride (1 mL, 5.82 mmol) was added slowly to the mixture of 2-t-butyl-4- methoxyphenol (1 g, 5.82 mmol) and triethylamine (0.81 mL, 5.82 mmol) dissolved in THF in ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room 1675 temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC and FTIR. The mixture was filtered to remove salt and then washed with THF. It was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc and extracted with saturated NaHC0 ₃ and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ . Concentration in vacuo gave the target compounds as a light yellow liquid.

1680 EXAMPLE 2

The same method in Example 1 is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₁₂ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ atoms and a branched alkyl chain with C ₈ atoms.

EXAMPLE 3

The same method in Example 1 is used for the synthesis of phenol and substituted phenols 1685 such as 2-methoxyphenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o, m, p-cresol mixtures, 2-sec- butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol, and phloroglucinol.

EXAMPLE 4

1690 The same method in Example 1 is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₁₂ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms for phenol and substituted phenols in Example 3.

EXAMPLE 5

Oxalyl chloride (6 mL, 67.06 mmol) was added slowly to the mixture of o-cresol (5.74 g, 53.12 mmol) and stearic acid (15.11 g, 53.12 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL) with a 1695 catalytic amount (a couple of drops) of DMF in ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at this temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, the reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 6-10 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC and FTIR. After cooling, the crude product was extracted with saturated NaHC0 ₃ and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ . It was then 1700 concentrated under reduced pressure. Concentration in vacuo gave the target compound.

EXAMPLE 6

The same method in Example 5 is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₁₂ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms.

EXAMPLE 7

1705 Example 5 is synthesized using thionyl chloride instead of oxalyl chloride.

EXAMPLE 8

The same method in Example is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₁₂ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms for phenol and substituted phenols such as 2- methoxyphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2- 1710 sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol and phloroglucinol.

EXAMPLE 9

The same method in Example 7 is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₁₂ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ atoms 1715 and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms for phenol and substituted phenols such as 2- methoxyphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2- sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol and phloroglucinol.

1720 EXAMPLE 10

Concentrated H ₂ SO ₄ (161.2 mL, 3 mol) was added slowly to a reaction mixture of 2- methoxyphenol (150 g, 1.21 mol) and formaldehyde (37 % aq) (90.8 mL, 1.21 mol) in distilled water (600 mL) in ice-bath. Then, the reaction mixture was refluxed under N ₂ for 6- 10 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC. After cooling down the reaction 1725 mixture, solution phase was decantated and the precipitate was washed with water. The precipitate dried under vacuum gave the target product as light yellow to brown powder. This reaction was done using other solvents such as toluene and 1,2-dichloroethane. This reaction was also done using oxalic acid as a catalyst.

EXAMPLE 11

1730 The same method in Example 10 was used for the synthesis of o-cresol, o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, and 4- t-butylphenol. It is also used others such as m-cresol, p-cresol, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert- amylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, resorcinol, catechol, and phloroglucinol. This reaction was done using other solvents such as toluene and 1,2-

1735 dichloroethane. This reaction was done using oxalic acid as a catalyst.

EXAMPLE 12

Lauroyl chloride (152 mL, 0.639 mol) in 300 mL of THF was added slowly to the mixture of the product from Example 10 (100 g, 0.188 mol) and triethylamine (88.5 mL, 0.639 mol)

1740 dissolved in 600 mL of THF in ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by FTIR. The mixture was filtered to remove salt and then washed with THF. It was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc, extracted with saturated NaHC0 ₃ and brine. The organic phase was dried over

1745 anhydrous Na ₂ SC"4. Concentration in vacuo gave the target compounds as light yellow oil.

EXAMPLE 13

The same method in Example 12 was used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₈ , Ci ₂ , Ci ₆ and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms. It is also used with a linear alkyl chain of Ci ₈ atoms.

EXAMPLE 14

1750 The same method in Example 5 is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₈ , C _i2 , Ci ₆ and C _i8 atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms for Example 13.

EXAMPLE 15

The same method in Example 5 is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₈ , Ci ₂ , Ci ₆ and Ci ₈ atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms for Example 13. 1755 EXAMPLE 16

The same method in Example 12 was used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₈ for 4-t-butylphenol and 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol used as starting material in Example 11. The same method in Example 5 is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₈ , C ₁₂ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms for the other compounds obtained in Example 11.

1760

EXAMPLE 17

The same method in Example 5 is used with a linear alkyl group of C ₈ , C ₁₂ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms for Example 11.

EXAMPLE 18

1765 The same method in Example 7 is used with a linear alkyl chain of C ₈ , C ₁₂ , C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms for Example 11.

EXAMPLE 19

Oxalyl chloride (3.7 mL, 42.56 mmol) was added slowly to the mixture of 2-methoxyphenol (4.49 g, 35.47 mmol) and oleic acid (10.02 g, 35.47 mmol) with a catalytic amount (a couple

1770 of drops) of DMF in ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at this temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, the reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 6-10 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC and FTIR. After cooling, the crude product was extracted with saturated NaHC0 ₃ and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ . It was then concentrated under reduced

1775 pressure. Concentration in vacuo gave the target compound yellow oil. This reaction was done using thionyl chloride.

EXAMPLE 20

The same method in Example 19 was used for phenol, o-cresol, resorcinol and catechol. It is also used others such as 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o,m,p-cresol 1780 mixtures, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5- methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol and 4-t-butylphenol, and phloroglucinol. Dichloromethane was used as a solvent of substituted phenols which are solid at reaction temperature 60 °C. EXAMPLE 21

1785 Example 19 was synthesized using thionyl chloride instead of oxalyl chloride.

EXAMPLE 22

Example 20 is synthesized using thionyl chloride instead of oxalyl chloride.

EXAMPLE 23

Oxalyl chloride (3.6 mL, 41.3 mmol) was added slowly to the mixture of the product in

1790 Example 10 (5 g, 9.39 mmol) and oleic acid (9 g, 31.9 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) with a catalytic amount (0.1 mL) of DMF in ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at this temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, the reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 6-10 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed FTIR. After cooling, the crude product was extracted with saturated NaHCC and

1795 brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ . It was then concentrated under reduced pressure. Concentration in vacuo gave the target compound as yellow oil. This reaction was done using thionyl chloride. This reaction was also done as following: Thionyl chloride was added slowly to the mixture of an oleic acid with a catalytic amount of DMF in ice-bath by scrubbing gaseous products into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction

1800 mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2-4 h. Excess thionyl chloride was distilled of. In a separate flask, the product of Example 10 was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane by followed by addition of triethylamine. Then, this mixture was added drop wise over a period of 30 min into oleoyl chloride in ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8-16 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed FTIR. The salt

1805 formed in the reaction was filtered out and washed with the reaction solvent. The concentration of filtrate in rotavapor gave the target compound as yellow oil. This was done using other solvents such as ethyl acetate and toluene.

EXAMPLE 24

The compound in Example 23 was synthesized using thionyl chloride instead of oxalyl 1810 chloride. EXAMPLE 25

The same method in Example 24 was used to attach oleic acid to the compounds obtained in Example 12 such as using o-cresol, o,m,p-cresol mixtures, resorcinol, and catechol. It is also 1815 used others such as using m-cresol, p-cresol, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2-tert- butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol and 4-t-butylphenol and phloroglucinol.

EXAMPLE 26

1820 Example 25 is synthesized using thionyl chloride instead of oxalyl chloride.

EXAMPLE 27

Concentrated H ₂ S0 ₄ (1.9 mL, 0.036 mol) was added slowly to a reaction mixture of oleic acid (101 g, 0.36 mol) in MeOH (200 mL). Then, the mixture was refluxed for 2-4 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by FTIR. After cooling 1825 down the reaction mixture, the crude product was concentrated in vacuo. It was then extracted with saturated NaHC0 ₃ and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ . Concentration in vacuo gave the target product as light yellow oil.

EXAMPLE 28

The same method in Example 27 was used for the attachment of C ₄ alkyl chain. It is also used 1830 for the attachment of C ₂ and C ₃ alkyl chains.

EXAMPLE 29

The mixture of oleic acid (7.51 g, 26.6 mmol), 1-octadecanol (7.19 g, 26.6 mmol), PTSA.H ₂ 0 (0.51 g, 2.7 mmol) and molecular sieves were stirred at 110 °C for 4h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by FTIR. After cooling 1835 down the reaction mixture, molecular sieves were filtered and washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was then extracted with saturated NaHC0 ₃ and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ . Concentration in vacuo gave the target product as a yellow wax. EXAMPLE 30

1840 The same method in Example 29 is used for the attachment of a linear alkyl chain of C ₈ , C ₁₂ and Ci6 atoms and a branched alkyl chain of C ₈ atoms.

EXAMPLE 31

Example 30 is synthesized using apparatus Dean-Stark instead of molecular sieves.

EXAMPLE 32

1845 The same method in Example 31 is used to make Example 30.

EXAMPLE 33

To a 50 ml two-neck round bottom flask equipped thermocouple-temperature controller was added methyl oleate obtained in Example 28 (25.22 g, 85.08 mmol) and maleic anhydride (8.34 g, 85.08 mmol) in dimethyl succinate (6 mL, 0.2 eq. by wt). The reaction mixture was 1850 stirred at 175 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 4-6 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by FTIR and TLC. The reaction product was used in next step without further purification.

EXAMPLE 34

The same method in Example 33 was used for the compounds obtained in Example 19.

1855 EXAMPLE 35

The same method in Example 33 was used for the compounds obtained in Example 20 such as using phenol, o-cresol, resorcinol, and catechol. It is also used others such as 2-t-butyl-4- methoxyphenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert- amylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2- 1860 methoxyphenol and 4-t-butylphenol, and phloroglucinol.

EXAMPLE 36

The same method in Example 33 was used for the compounds obtained in Example 23. EXAMPLE 37

1865 The same method in Example 33 was used for the compounds obtained in Example 25 such as using o-cresol, o,m,p-cresol mixtures, resorcinol, and catechol. It is also used others such as using m-cresol, p-cresol, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2- isopropyl-5-methylphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2- methoxyphenol and 4-t-butylphenol and phloroglucinol.

1870

EXAMPLE 38

The same method in Example 33 was used for the compound obtained in Example 28. It is also used for the attachment of C ₂ and C ₃ alkyl chains.

EXAMPLE 39

1875 The same method in Example 33 was used for the compound obtained in Example 29.

EXAMPLE 40

The same method in Example 33 is used for the compounds obtained in Example 30.

EXAMPLE 41

Propylene oxide (4.45 mL, 63.76 mmol) was added slowly to a reaction mixture of phenol (5 1880 g, 53.13 mmol) dissolved in aqueous NaOH (4.25g, 106.2 mmol) in 15mL water. Then, the temperature was raised to 75 °C for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC and FTIR. After cooling down the reaction mixture, the crude product was acidified with 1M HCl. It was diluted with EtOAc and then extracted with saturated NaHC0 _3; 1M NaOH (aq) and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous 1885 Na ₂ SC"4. Concentration in vacuo gave the target product as a colorless liquid.

EXAMPLE 42

The same method in Example 41 is used for the substituted phenols such as 2- methoxyphenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2- tert-amylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4- 1890 ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol and phloroglucinol. EXAMPLE 43

The same method in Example 41 is used for the compound obtained in Example 10.

EXAMPLE 44

The same method in Example 41 is used for the compounds obtained in Example 11.

1895 EXAMPLE 45

Octadecyl oleate succinic anhydride obtained in Example 36 (2.03 g, 2.57 mmol) was stirred with 1-octadecanol (0.69 g, 2.57 mmol) and dimethyl succinate (0.2 eq by weight) at 130 °C for 2-4 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by FTIR. No work-up was required. The product appeared as yellow wax upon cooling.

1900 EXAMPLE 46

The same method in Example 45 is used for the compound obtained in Example 33 with a linear alkyl alcohol of C ₈ , C ₁₂ and C ₁₆ atoms and a branched alkyl alcohol of C ₈ atoms, ethylene glycol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2-methoxyphenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, diethanolamine, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, triethanolamine, 1905 pentaeryrthritol and di-pentaeryrthritol .

EXAMPLE 47

The same method in Example 45 is used for the compound obtained in Example 34 with the reaction of C1-C24 mono alkyl alcohols, ethylene glycol, 2-methoxyphenol, o-cresol, m- cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethanolamine, 1910 trimethylolpropane, glycerol, triethanolamine, pentaeryrthritol, and di-pentaeryrthritol.

EXAMPLE 48

The same method in Example 45 was used for the compound obtained in Example 35 with a linear alkyl alcohol of C ₈ , C ₁₂ and C ₁₆ atoms and a branched alkyl alcohol of C ₈ atoms, 2- methoxyphenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, ethylene glycol, 1915 hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethanolamine, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, triethanolamine, pentaeryrthritol and di-pentaeryrthritol. EXAMPLE 49

The same method in Example 45 was used for the compound obtained in Example 36 with a 1920 linear alkyl alcohol of C ₈ , C ₁₂ and C ₁₆ atoms and a branched alkyl alcohol of C ₈ atoms.

EXAMPLE 50

The same method in Example 45 was used for the compound obtained in Example 37 with a linear alkyl alcohol of C ₈ , C ₁₂ and C ₁₆ atoms and a branched alkyl alcohol of C ₈ atoms.

EXAMPLE 51

1925 The same method in Example 45 was used for the compound obtained in Example 39 with a linear alkyl alcohol of C ₈ , C ₁₂ and C ₁₆ atoms and a branched alkyl alcohol of C ₈ atoms, 2- methoxyphenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, ethylene glycol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethanolamine, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, triethanolamine, pentaeryrthritol and di-pentaeryrthritol.

1930 EXAMPLE 52

The same method in Example 45 is used for the compound obtained in Example 40 with a linear alkyl alcohol of C ₈ , C ₁₂ and C ₁₆ atoms and a branched alkyl alcohol of C ₈ atoms, 2- methoxyphenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, ethylene glycol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethanolamine, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, triethanolamine, 1935 pentaeryrthritol and di-pentaeryrthritol.

EXAMPLE 53

The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 10 to react with succinic anhydrides such as a DDSA, ODSA, OS A, and PIBSA.

EXAMPLE 54

1940 The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 11 to react with succinic anhydrides such as DDSA, ODSA, OSA, and PIBSA. EXAMPLE 55

The same method in Example 45 is used substituted phenols such as 2-methoxyphenol, o- 1945 cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2- tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2- methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol and phloroglucinol to react with succinic anhydrides such as a linear alkyl and a branched alkyl of octenyl succinic anhydride, tetradecenylsuccinic anhydride, hexadecenylsuccinic anhydride and polyisobutylene succinic 1950 anhydride.

EXAMPLE 56

The same method in Example 45 is used substituted phenols such as 2-methoxyphenol, o- cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2- tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2- 1955 methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol, and phloroglucinol to react with the compound obtained in Example 33.

EXAMPLE 57

The same method in Example 45 is used substituted phenols such as 2-methoxyphenol, o- cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2- 1960 tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2- methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol, and phloroglucinol to react with the compound obtained in Example 38.

EXAMPLE 58

The same method in Example 45 is used substituted phenols such as 2-methoxyphenol, o- 1965 cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2- tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2- methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol, and phloroglucinol to react with the compound obtained in Example 39. 1970 EXAMPLE 59

The same method in Example 45 is used substituted phenols such as 2-methoxyphenol, o- cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o,m,p-cresol mixtures, 2-sec-butylphenol, 2-tert-amylphenol, 2- tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, 4-ethyl-2- methoxyphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, resorcinol, catechol, and phloroglucinol to react with the 1975 compound obtained in Example 40.

EXAMPLE 60

The same method in Example 45 was used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with an octadecenyl succinic anhydride.

EXAMPLE 61

1980 The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with other succinic anhydrides such as DDSA, ODSA, OS A, and PIBSA.

EXAMPLE 62

The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with the compounds obtained in Example 33.

1985 EXAMPLE 63

The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with the compounds obtained in Example 34.

EXAMPLE 64

The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with 1990 the compounds obtained in Example 35.

EXAMPLE 65

The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with the compounds obtained in Example 36.

EXAMPLE 66 1995 The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with the compounds obtained in Example 37.

EXAMPLE 67

The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with 2000 the compounds obtained in Example 38.

EXAMPLE 64

The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with the compounds obtained in Example 39.

EXAMPLE 68

2005 The same method in Example 45 is used the compound obtained in Example 41 to react with the compounds obtained in Example 40.

The performance of corrosion inhibitor can be evaluated using ASTM D130 and ASTM D665 test methods for fluids like lubricants and fuels. ASTM D130 test method is

2010 suited to test the performance corrosion inhibitors for copper metals whereas ASTM D665 is of steel materials. The Copper Strip Tarnish Test assesses the relative degree of corrosivity of petroleum products, including aviation fuels, automotive gasoline, natural gasoline, solvents, kerosene, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lubricating oil and other products. A polished copper strip is immersed in 30mL of the sample at elevated temperature. After the

2015 test period, the strip is examined for evidence of corrosion and a classification number from 1-4 is assigned based on a comparison with the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards. The most typical test run is for 3 hours @ 100°C. However, time and temperature can vary according to product type and specification. Results are reported as a number followed by a letter according to the ASTM chart, a rating of la and lb being an excellent corrosion

2020 inhibitor and a rating of 4 is a poor performer.

The efficacy of the corrosion inhibitor of representative samples of the present invention was tested by adding 500 ppm in canola oil, Group II oil and polyolester (synthetic oil, Group IV). The results are summarized in Table 1.

In a similar way, corrosion inhibitors of this invention were also tested using ASTM D665 protocol. In this method, 300 ml of fluid treated with corrosion inhibitor and 30 ml of standard synthetic sea water are mixed thoroughly at 60 °C and a standard polished, cylindrical steel rod are immersed in the fluid for 4 hours. The rod will be examined for a

2030 pass or fail the test. If there is no sign of rust on the surface of the steel rod, a rating of Pass is given to the product. The products of this invention show no rust corrosion for steel rods in canola oil if they are treated with 0.4-0.5 weight % of the oil.

The ASTM D 1401 test method was used to study water separability of the present invention. In this method is a known amount of water and oil treated with the demulsifier, 40

2035 ml were poured in to a graduated jar of a specified diameter. The sample was kept at a

constant temperature (40 °C). Both oil and water were stirred using a motorized stirrer at a specified specific rotation speed of 1500 rpm. The time taken for the two separate was measured in minutes, the faster the separation better is the demulsibility. The results are quoted as ml-ml-emulsion (time, min). For example, 40-40-0 (30) means it took 30 minutes

2040 to separate the two with no emulsion. The sample of the present invention treated at the same level for corrosion inhibitor. For example, canola was treated at 0.5% with the sample of the present invention whereas Group II oil was tested at 0.05%.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.