This invention relates generally to magnetic field sensors, and, more particularly, to magnetic field sensors having a magnet and a substrate with magnetic field sensing elements thereupon, all arranged in a variety of relative positions and all acting as proximity detectors. BACKGROUND

Various types of magnetic field sensing elements are known, including Hall Effect elements and magnetoresistance elements. Magnetic field sensors generally include a magnetic field sensing element and other electronic components. Some magnetic field sensors also include a permanent magnet in a so-called“back biased” arrangement described more fully below. Magnetic field sensors provide an electrical signal representative of a sensed magnetic field. In some embodiments that have the magnet in a so-called back-biased arrangement, a magnetic field sensed by a magnetic field sensor is a magnetic field generated by the magnet. In these back-biased arrangements, in the presence of a ferromagnetic object, the magnetic field generated by the magnet and sensed by the magnetic field sensor varies in accordance with proximity of the ferromagnetic object to the magnetic field sensor. In some arrangements, the output signal from the magnetic field sensor is a“non- linear” two state signal having a first state indicative of a ferromagnetic object being distal from the magnetic field sensor and a second different state indicative of the ferromagnetic object being proximate to the magnetic field sensor. In other arrangements the output signal from the magnetic field sensor is a“linear” (analog or digital) signal having a signal value indicative of a distance between the ferromagnetic object and the magnetic field sensor. A magnetic field sensor having either of the above signal characteristics can be referred to as a“proximity sensor.” Conventional back-biased proximity sensors typically use a single ended configuration with one magnetic field sensing element, typically a planar Hall effect element, with a maximum response axis that intersects the ferromagnetic object. It would be desirable to provide a back-biased proximity sensor that uses a different type of magnetic field sensing element, different than a planar Hall effect element. Itis known that differential arrangements can offer advantages not found in conventional proximity sensors. For example, in general, a differential arrangement that uses two magnetic field sensing elements can be non-responsive to undesirable external magnetic fields that are equally received by the two magnetic field sensing elements. A differential arrangement using two planar Hall effect elements would not function properly as a proximity sensor, because both of the two planar Hall effect elements would respond in the same way to a proximate ferromagnetic object and a resulting differential combination would have no output. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a back-biased proximity sensor that has a differential arrangement. SUMMARY

The present invention provides a back-biased magnetic field sensor (proximity sensor) that uses a different type of magnetic field sensing element, different than a planar Hall effect element. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a back-biased proximity sensor that has a differential arrangement. In accordance with an example useful for understanding an aspect of the present invention, a magnetic field sensor can sense a movement of a ferromagnetic object along a path, a movement line tangent to the path. The magnetic field sensor can include a magnet and a semiconductor substrate proximate to the magnet and at a position between the ferromagnetic object and the magnet. The semiconductor substrate can include first and second orthogonal axes on the first opposing surface of the substrate intersecting at a coordinate axes point, and a substrate region upon the first opposing surface of the substrate, the substrate region proximate to and surrounding the coordinate axis point, wherein magnetic fields generated by the magnet at the substrate region are substantially perpendicular to the semiconductor substrate in the absence of the ferromagnetic object. The magnetic field sensor can further include a first magnetic field sensing element disposed on or under the first surface of the semiconductor substrate and disposed outside of the substrate region, wherein the first magnetic field sensing element comprises an axis of maximum sensitivity substantially parallel to the first orthogonal axis, wherein a center of the first magnetic field sensing element is disposed along the first orthogonal axis. In some embodiments, the above magnetic field sensor can include one or more of the following aspects in any combination. In some embodiments, the above magnetic field sensor further comprises:

an electronic circuit coupled to the first magnetic field sensing element and configured to generate a two-state signal having a selected change of state when the ferromagnetic object moves closer to the semiconductor substrate than a predetermined distance. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the first magnetic field sensing element comprises a vertical Hall effect element. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the first magnetic field sensing element comprises a magnetoresistance element. In some embodiments, the above magnetic field sensor further comprises:

a second magnetic field sensing element disposed on or under the first surface of the semiconductor substrate and disposed outside of the semiconductor region, wherein the second magnetic field sensing element comprises an axis of maximum sensitivity substantially parallel to the axis of maximum sensitivity of the first magnetic field sensing element, wherein a center of the second magnetic field sensing element is disposed along the first orthogonal axis. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the centers of the first and second magnetic field sensing elements are substantially equidistant from and on opposite sides of the coordinate axes point. In some embodiments, the above magnetic field sensor further comprises:

an electronic circuit coupled to the first and second magnetic field sensing elements and configured to generate a two-state signal having a selected change of state when the ferromagnetic object moves closer to the semiconductor substrate than a predetermined distance. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the first and second magnetic field sensing elements comprise vertical Hall effect elements. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the first and second magnetic field sensing elements comprise magnetoresistance elements. In some embodiments, the above magnetic field sensor further comprises:

a third magnetic field sensing element disposed on or under the first surface of the semiconductor substrate and disposed outside of the semiconductor region, wherein the third magnetic field sensing element comprises an axis of maximum sensitivity substantially perpendicular to the axis of maximum sensitivity of the first magnetic field sensing element, and

a fourth magnetic field sensing element disposed on or under the first surface of the semiconductor substrate and disposed outside of the semiconductor region, wherein the fourth magnetic field sensing element comprises an axis of maximum sensitivity substantially parallel to the axis of maximum sensitivity of the third magnetic field sensing element. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the center of the first magnetic field sensing element is disposed along the first orthogonal axis, wherein the center of the second magnetic field sensing element is disposed along the first orthogonal axis, wherein a center of the third magnetic field sensing element is disposed along the second orthogonal axis, wherein a center of the fourth magnetic field sensing element is disposed along the second orthogonal axis, wherein the centers of the first and second magnetic field sensing elements are substantially equidistant from and on opposite sides of the coordinate axes point, and wherein the centers of the third and fourth magnetic field sensing elements are substantially equidistant from and on opposite sides of the coordinate axes point. In some embodiments, the above magnetic field sensor further comprises:

an electronic circuit coupled to the first, second, third, and fourth magnetic field sensing elements and configured to generate a two-state signal having a selected change of state when the ferromagnetic object moves closer to the semiconductor substrate than a predetermined distance. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the first, second, third, and fourth magnetic field sensing elements comprise vertical Hall effect elements. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the first, second, third, and fourth magnetic field sensing elements comprise magnetoresistance elements. In some embodiments, the above magnetic field sensor further comprises:

a second magnetic field sensing element disposed on or under the first surface of the semiconductor substrate and disposed outside of the substrate region, wherein the second magnetic field sensing element comprises an axis of maximum sensitivity substantially perpendicular to the axis of maximum sensitivity of the first magnetic field sensing element, wherein a center of the second magnetic field sensing element is disposed along the second orthogonal axis. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the centers of the first and second magnetic field sensing elements are substantially equidistant from the coordinate axes point. In some embodiments, the above magnetic field sensor further comprises:

an electronic circuit coupled to the first and second magnetic field sensing elements and configured to generate a two-state signal having a selected change of state when the ferromagnetic object moves closer to the semiconductor substrate than a predetermined distance. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the first and second magnetic field sensing elements comprise vertical Hall effect elements. In some embodiments of the above magnetic field sensor, the first and second magnetic field sensing elements comprise magnetoresistance elements. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing features of the invention, as well as the invention itself may be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the drawings, in which: FIG.1 is a block diagram showing a prior art magnetic field sensor forming a back-biased magnetic field sensor having one planar Hall effect element and an associated electronic circuit, all upon a semiconductor substrate, along with a back-biasing magnet, the back-biased proximity sensor proximate to a ferromagnetic object;

FIG.2 is a block diagram showing a prior art electronic circuit that can be used in the prior art back-biased proximity sensor of FIG.1;

FIG.3 is a block diagram showing a back-biased magnetic field sensor having a substrate region of a substrate, the substrate region described more particularly below, outside of which one or more magnetic field sensing elements are disposed, and an associated electronic circuit, all disposed upon the electronic substrate, along with a back- biasing magnet, the back-biased proximity sensor proximate to a ferromagnetic object;

FIG.4 is a block diagram showing a top view of the substrate of the back-biased proximity sensor according to FIG.3 and having four magnetic field sensing elements shown as vertical Hall effect elements, disposed outside of the above-mentioned semiconductor region, and an electronic circuit;

FIG.5 is a block diagram showing a side view of a back-proximity sensor according to the back-biased proximity sensor of FIGS.3 and 4 and showing different magnetic field line directions when in the presence of no ferromagnetic object and when the ferromagnetic object is closer to the back-biased proximity sensor; FIG.6 is a block diagram showing further details of an example of the electronic circuit of the back-biased proximity sensor FIG.3 when the back-biased proximity sensor uses one vertical Hall effect element;

FIG.7 is a block diagram showing further details of an example of the electronic circuit of the back-biased proximity sensor FIG.3 when the back-biased proximity sensor uses two vertical Hall effect elements;

FIG.8 is a block diagram showing further details of an example of the electronic circuit of the back-biased proximity sensor FIG.3, when the back-biased proximity sensor uses four vertical Hall effect elements as shown in FIG.4; and

FIG.9 is a block diagram showing magnetoresistance elements that can be used in the above proximity sensors in place of the vertical Hall effect elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before describing the present invention, some introductory concepts and terminology are explained. As used herein, the term "magnetic field sensing element" is used to describe a variety of electronic elements that can sense a magnetic field. The magnetic field sensing element can be, but is not limited to, a Hall Effect element, a magnetoresistance element, or a magnetotransistor. As is known, there are different types of Hall Effect elements, for example, a planar Hall element, a vertical Hall element, and a Circular Vertical Hall (CVH) element. As is also known, there are different types of magnetoresistance elements, for example, a semiconductor magnetoresistance element such as Indium Antimonide (InSb), a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) element, an anisotropic

magnetoresistance element (AMR), a tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) element, and a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The magnetic field sensing element may be a single element or, alternatively, may include two or more magnetic field sensing elements arranged in various configurations, e.g., a half bridge or full (Wheatstone) bridge.

Depending on the device type and other application requirements, the magnetic field sensing element may be a device made of a type IV semiconductor material such as Silicon (Si) or Germanium (Ge), or a compound semiconductor material like Gallium- Arsenide (GaAs) or an Indium compound, e.g., Indium-Antimonide (InSb), or InGaA. As is known, some of the above-described magnetic field sensing elements tend to have an axis of maximum sensitivity substantially parallel to a substrate that supports the magnetic field sensing element, and others of the above-described magnetic field sensing elements tend to have an axis of maximum sensitivity substantially perpendicular to a substrate that supports the magnetic field sensing element. In particular, planar Hall elements tend to have axes of sensitivity substantially perpendicular to a substrate, while metal based or metallic magnetoresistance elements (e.g., GMR, TMR, AMR) and vertical Hall elements tend to have axes of sensitivity parallel to a substrate. As used herein, the term“magnetic field sensor” is used to describe a circuit that uses a magnetic field sensing element, generally in combination with other circuits.

Magnetic field sensors are used in a variety of applications, including, but not limited to, an angle sensor that senses an angle of a direction of a magnetic field, a current sensor that senses a magnetic field generated by a current carried by a current-carrying conductor, a magnetic switch that senses the proximity of a ferromagnetic object, a rotation detector that senses passing ferromagnetic articles, for example, magnetic domains of a ring magnet, and a magnetic field sensor that senses a magnetic field density of a magnetic field. The terms“parallel” and” perpendicular” are used in various contexts herein. It should be understood that the terms parallel and perpendicular do not require exact perpendicularity or exact parallelism, but instead it is intended that normal manufacturing tolerances apply, which tolerances depend upon the context in which the terms are used. In some instances, the term“substantially” is used to modify the terms“parallel” or “perpendicular.” In general, use of the term“substantially” reflects angles that are beyond manufacturing tolerances, for example, within +/- ten degrees. As used herein, the term“baseline” and the phrase“baseline level” are used to describe a lowest magnitude (which may be near zero or may be some other magnetic field) of a magnetic field experienced by a magnetic field sensing element within a magnetic field sensor when the magnetic field sensor is operating in a system. As used herein, the term“processor” is used to describe an electronic circuit that performs a function, an operation, or a sequence of operations. The function, operation, or sequence of operations can be hard coded into the electronic circuit or soft coded by way of instructions held in a memory device. A“processor” can perform the function, operation, or sequence of operations using digital values or using analog signals. In some embodiments, the“processor” can be embodied in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which can be an analog ASIC or a digital ASIC. In some embodiments, the“processor” can be embodied in a microprocessor with associated program memory. In some embodiments, the“processor” can be embodied in a discrete electronic circuit, which can be an analog or digital. As used herein, the term“module” is used to describe a“processor.” A processor can contain internal processors or internal modules that perform portions of the function, operation, or sequence of operations of the processor. Similarly, a module can contain internal processors or internal modules that perform portions of the function, operation, or sequence of operations of the module. While electronic circuits shown in figures herein may be shown in the form of analog blocks or digital blocks, it will be understood that the analog blocks can be replaced by digital blocks that perform the same or similar functions and the digital blocks can be replaced by analog blocks that perform the same or similar functions. Analog-to- digital or digital-to-analog conversions may not be explicitly shown in the figures, but should be understood. As used herein, the term“predetermined,” when referring to a value or signal, is used to refer to a value or signal that is set, or fixed, in the factory at the time of manufacture, or by external means, e.g., programming, thereafter. As used herein, the term“determined,” when referring to a value or signal, is used to refer to a value or signal that is identified by a circuit during operation, after manufacture. As used herein, the term“active electronic component” is used to describe an electronic component that has at least one p-n junction. A transistor, a diode, and a logic gate are examples of active electronic components. In contrast, as used herein, the term “passive electronic component” as used to describe an electronic component that does not have at least one p-n junction. A capacitor and a resistor are examples of passive electronic components. Planar and vertical Hall effect elements and also magnetoresistance elements are described herein as coupled to examples of electronic circuits. For the planar and vertical Hall effect elements, while not explicitly shown, current spinning (also referred to as chopping) techniques can be used along with associated circuit elements that are not shown in the figures. Current spinning can be used to reduce a DC offset error (non-zero signal when in the presence of a zero magnetic field) otherwise present in an output signal directly from a planar or vertical Hall effect element. Current spinning will be understood to be a known technique with known electronic circuit elements that can, at a first coupling“phase,” couple a drive current to drive a current between particular selected drive terminals of a planar or vertical Hall effect element. At the first coupling phase, a differential output signal can be generated between two terminals of the planar or vertical Hall effect element that are not used as the drive terminals of the first coupling phase. Sequentially, at a second coupling phase, the known electronic circuit elements can couple the drive current to drive a current between other particular selected terminals of the planar or vertical Hall effect element. At the second coupling phase, a differential output signal can be generated between two terminals of the planar or vertical Hall effect element that are not used as the drive terminals of the second coupling phase. There can be more than two such coupling phases, for example, four coupling phases. The sequential output signals can be averaged to result in a lower effective offset voltage. Referring now to FIG.1, a prior art magnetic field sensor 101 can provide a back- biased proximity sensor 101 used to sense a proximity of a ferromagnetic object 110 or absence thereof. The back-biased proximity sensor 101 can include a planar Hall effect element 104 and an electronic circuit 106 coupled thereto, both disposed in or on (i.e., over) an electronic substrate 102. The planar Hall effect element 104 can have an axis of maximum sensitivity substantially perpendicular to a major surface of the substrate 102, i.e., along an axis 108. The back-biased proximity sensor 101 can also include a back-biasing magnet 110 having north and south poles arranged along the axis 108. The back-biased proximity sensor 101 can include a molded structure that encases the substrate 102 and the magnet 108. In operation, the planar Hall effect element 104 can generate a differential signal 104a, 104b, which can be coupled to the electronic circuit 106 to generate an output signal (not shown). As a ferromagnetic object 110 comes closer to the back-biased proximity sensor 101, the differential signal 104a, 104b changes amplitude. The electronic circuit 106 can process the differential signal 104a, 104b in circuits described in conjunction with FIG.2. Referring now to FIG.2, an electronic circuit 200 is an example of the electronic circuit 106 of FIG.1. As described above, while not shown, in some embodiments, the electronic circuit 200 can include other circuit elements to generate the above-described current spinning. An amplifier 204 can be coupled to receive a differential signal 202a, 202b, representative of the differential signal 104a, 104b, with or without the above-described current spinning. The amplifier 204 can generate an amplified signal. In non-linear back biased proximity sensors, a comparator (with or without hysteresis) can be coupled to the amplifier and can generate a two state signal 206a. The signal 206a can have a first state indicative of the ferromagnetic object 110being distal from the back-biased proximity sensor 101 and a second different state indicative of the ferromagnetic object being proximate to the back-biased proximity sensor 101 (FIG.1). An output format module 208 can be coupled to the comparator 206 and can generate a formatted signal 206a indicative of at least the first and second different states. In linear back biased proximity sensors, the amplified signal 204a can instead be coupled to the output format module 208 and can generate a formatted signal 206a indicative of a magnitude of the amplified signal, which can be indicative of a distance between the ferromagnetic object 110 (FIG.1) and the back-biased proximity sensor 101. Referring now to FIG.3, a back-biased proximity sensor 300 is shown proximate to a ferromagnetic object 316, but does not include the ferromagnetic object 316. The back-biased proximity sensor 300 can include an electronic substrate 302 having first and second major surfaces 302a, 302b. The substrate 302 can include a substrate region 304 and magnetic field sensing elements (not shown) disposed on the first surface 302a and outside of the substrate region 304. The substrate region 304 is shown to be square. However, in other embodiments, the substrate region 304 can be rectangular, oval, round, or any other planar shape defined by characteristics below. An electronic circuit 310 can be disposed in or on the first surface 302a and can be coupled to the magnetic field sensing element(s). The back-biased proximity sensor 300 can include a magnet 312 having first and second opposing surfaced 312a, 312b, respectively. A north pole, N, can be disposed upon the first surface 312a and a south pole, S, can be disposed upon the second surface 312b. In some embodiments, the north pole, N, and the south pole, S, are reversed in position. A magnet axis 314 passes through the north and south poles. In some

embodiments, the magnet axis 314 can intersect the coordinate axis point 320. Upon the first surface 302a of the substrate 302, first and second orthogonal exes 306, 308, respectively, intersect the at a coordinate axis point 320. The coordinate axis point 320 can be at a geometric center the coordinate axis region 304. In some embodiments, the magnetic axis 314 can intersect the coordinate axis point 320. However, more generally, the substrate region 304 is a region in which magnetic fields generated by the magnet 312 are substantially perpendicular to the first surface 302a of the substrate 302. Further, outside of the substrate region 304, magnetic fields are not substantially perpendicular to the surface 302a. In general, in some embodiments, the substrate region 304 has a size and a shape selected to provide that, when the ferromagnetic object 316 is not present, the magnetic fields at the surface 302a of the substrate 302 are within about five degrees of perpendicular to the surface 302a, and outside of the substrate region 304, the magnetic fields are beyond about five degrees. However, the substrate region 304 can have other sizes and shapes to result in other magnetic field angles within and outside of the substrate region, for example, within the substrate region 304 less than about two degrees, less than about five degrees, less than about ten, less than about fifteen, less than about twenty, less than about twenty-five, less than about thirty, less than about thirty-five forty, or less than about forty-five degrees. Thus, outside of the substrate region 304, angles of magnetic field lines are greater than or equal to the above-described angles. A preferred magnetic field angle is zero or near zero. The back-biased proximity sensor 300 can be used to sense the ferromagnetic object 316 at different positions along a direction 318. In some embodiments, the back- biased proximity sensor 300 can have a central axis 316a and the central axis can be aligned with the coordinate axis point 320 at the different positions along the direction 318. The direction 318 can be tangent to a movement line, which may or may not be a straight movement line. In some embodiments, the direction 318 is perpendicular to the first surface 302a of the substrate 302. However, other angles are also possible. A coordinate axis 340 is consistent among the various figures below, in which the surface 302a of the substrate is in an x-y plane. Unlike the back-biased proximity sensor 300, it should be understood that, for the conventional back-biased proximity sensor 101 of FIG.1, the planar Hall effect element 104 is within, rather than outside of, a comparable substrate region, resulting in magnetic fields at the planar Hall effect element 104 being substantially perpendicular to the surface 102a of the substrate 102. While the first surface 302a can be toward the ferromagnetic object 316 as shown, in other embodiments, the first surface 302a can be toward the magnet Referring now to FIG.4, a substrate 402 with first surface 402a can be the same as or similar to the substrate 302 with the first surface 302a of FIG.3. A substrate region 416 with a coordinate axis point 403 can be the same as or similar to the substrate region 304 with the coordinate axis point 320 of FIG.4. An electronic circuit 414 can be the same as or similar to the electronic circuit 310 of FIG.3. A first coordinate axis 430 and a second coordinate axis 432 can be the same as or similar to first and second coordinate axis points 306, 308, respectively, of FIG.3. First, second, third and fourth vertical Hall elements 404, 406, 408, 410 can be disposed on, in, or under the first surface 402a of the substrate 402 and outside of the substrate region 416. Maximum response axes 404a, 406a of the first and second vertical Hall effect elements 404, 406, respectively, can be generally aligned with the first coordinate axis 430. Maximum response axes 408a, 410a of the third and fourth vertical Hall effect elements 408, 4010, respectively, can be generally aligned with the second coordinate axis 432. Cartesian coordinates 440 show that the first surface 402a of the substrate 402 can be in the same x-y plane identified in FIG.3. While four vertical Hall effect elements are shown, in other embodiments, there can be one, two, three, four, or more vertical Hall elements. Also, while the maximum response axes 404a, 406a, 408a, 410a of the magnetic field sensing elements 404, 406, 408, 410, respectively, are shown to be aligned with first and second coordinate axes 430, 432, respectively, in other embodiments, the maximum response axes can be at other angles. For embodiments that use one vertical Hall effect element, the one vertical Hall effect element can be any one of the four vertical Hall effect elements 404, 406, 408, 410. For embodiments that use two vertical Hall effect elements, the two vertical Hall effect elements can be any two of the four vertical Hall effect elements. For embodiments that use three vertical Hall effect element, the three vertical Hall effect element scan be any three of the four vertical Hall effect elements In general, it will be understood that having more than one vertical Hall effect element has advantages. For example, a signal to noise ratio can be improved by using more than one vertical Hall effect element. Referring now to FIG.5, a back-biased magnetic field sensor 500 is shown in three views as a ferromagnetic object 514 approaches. The back-biased magnetic field sensor 500 can be the same as or similar to the magnetic field sensor 300 of FIG.3. The back-biased magnetic field sensor 500 can include a magnet 510 with a magnet axis 510a, which can be the same as or similar to the magnet 312 with the magnet axis 314 of FIG.3. The back-biased magnetic field sensor 500 can include a substrate 502 with a first surface 502a, which can be the same as or similar to the substrate 402 with the first surface 402a of FIG.4 and the same as or similar to the substrate 302 with the first surface 302a of FIG.3. First, second, and fourth vertical Hall effect elements 504, 506, 508 can be the same as or similar to the first, second, and fourth vertical Hall effect elements 404, 406, 410 of FIG.4. A third vertical Hall effect element comparable to the third vertical Hall effect element 408 is not shown for clarity. In a left hand view, no ferromagnetic object (e.g., 514) is proximate to the back- biased magnetic field sensor 500. Magnetic field line 512a is representative of a magnetic field direction at the first vertical Hall effect element 504, and is tilted in an x-y plane in Cartesian coordinates 540, within an x-z plane, and tilted in a negative x direction.

Magnetic field line 512b is representative of a magnetic field direction at the second vertical Hall effect element 506, and is tilted in the x-y plane in Cartesian coordinates 540, within the x-z plane, and tilted in a positive x direction. Magnetic field line 512c is representative of a magnetic field direction at the fourth vertical Hall effect element 508, and is tilted in the x-y plane in Cartesian coordinates 540, within a y-z plane, and tilted in a positive y direction. Due to the directions of the maximum response axes 404a, 406a, 410a of FIG.4, it should be recognized that the first, second, and fourth vertical Hall effect elements 504, 506, 508 have non-zero output signals related to projections of the magnetic field lines 512a, 512b, 512c upon respective maximum response axes. In the second and third panels of FIG.5, as the ferromagnetic object 514 approaches, magnetic field lines 512d, 512e, 512f and then magnetic field lines 512g, 512h, 512i become progressively more vertical, i.e., aligned with the z axis of the Cartesian coordinated 540. Accordingly, output signals from the first, second, and fourth vertical Hall effect elements 504, 506, 508 progressively smaller. The change in magnitude of the output signal can be detected to indicate a separation (or a separation threshold) associated with proximity of the ferromagnetic object 514 from the magnetic field sensor 500. FIGS.6-8 below show representative electronic circuits that can be used to detect the above-described proximity of the ferromagnetic object 514 to the magnetic field sensor, having one, two, or four vertical Hall effect elements. In each of FIGS.6-8, while not shown, in some embodiments, circuits can be used that accomplish current spinning described above. However, in other embodiments, current spinning is not used. Referring now to FIG.6, an electronic circuit 600 can be the same as or similar to the electronic circuit 414 of FIG.4, but using only one vertical Hall effect element, for example, the first vertical Hall element 404 of FIG.4. While it is indicated that the first vertical Hall effect element 404 is used with the electronic circuit 600, in other embodiments, the vertical Hall effect element that is used can be any one of the vertical Hall elements 404, 406, 408, 410 of FIG.4. The electronic circuit 600 can include an amplifier 604 coupled to receive a differential signal 602. The differential signal 602 can be coupled to a vertical Hall effect element. The amplifier 604 can generate an amplified signal 604a. A comparator circuit 610 can be coupled to receive the amplified signal 604a and coupled to receive a reference signal 614. The comparator circuit 610 can be configured to generate a comparison signal 610 having a first state indicative of the ferromagnetic object 514 being far away from the magnetic field sensor 500 and having a second different state indicative of the ferromagnetic object 514 being near to the magnetic field sensor 500. The comparison signal 610a provides a nonlinear magnetic field sensor. The comparator circuit 610 and other comparator circuits herein can be linear comparators. However, in other embodiments, the comparator circuits can be digital circuits configured to generate an output signal having at least two different states. An output format module 612 can be coupled to receive the comparison signal 610a and can be configured to generate a formatted signal 612a indicative of the first or second different states of the comparison signal 610a. The formatted signal 612a can be in one of a variety of signal formats, including, but not limited to, a PWM format, a SENT format, an I2C format, and a CAN format. In some embodiments, the amplified signal 604a can be coupled to the output format module 612 and the formatted signal 612a can be indicative of a linear representation of an amplitude of the amplified signal 704a, i.e., a representation of a proximity of the ferromagnetic object 514, either a continuous linear representation or a multi-step digital representation. Referring now to FIG.7, an electronic circuit 700 can be the same as or similar to the electronic circuit 414 of FIG.4, but using two vertical Hall effect element, for example, the first and second vertical Hall elements 404, 406, respectively, of FIG.4. While it is indicated that the first and second vertical Hall effect elements 404, 406 are used with the electronic circuit 700, in other embodiments, the vertical Hall effect elements can be any two of the vertical Hall elements 404, 406, 408, 410 of FIG.4. The electronic circuit 700 can include amplifier 704, 716 coupled to receive differential signals 702, 714. The differential signals 702, 714 can be coupled to two respective vertical Hall effect elements. The amplifiers 704, 716 can generate amplified signals 704a, 716a. A summing circuit 706 can receive and sum the amplified signals 704a, 716a and can generate a summed signal 706a. A comparator circuit 710 can be coupled to receive the summed signal 706a and coupled to receive a reference signal 718. The comparator circuit 710 can be configured to generate a comparison signal 710 having a first state indicative of the ferromagnetic object 514 being far away from the magnetic field sensor 500 and having a second different state indicative of the ferromagnetic object 514 being near to the magnetic field sensor 500. The comparison signal 710a provides a nonlinear magnetic field sensor. An output format module 712 can be coupled to receive the comparison signal 710a and can be configured to generate a formatted signal 712a indicative of the first or second different states of the comparison signal 710a. The formatted signal 712a can be in one of a variety of signal formats, including, but not limited to, a PWM format, a SENT format, an I2C format, and a CAN format. In the some embodiments, the summed signal 706a can be coupled to the output format module 712 and the formatted signal 712a can be indicative of a linear representation of an amplitude of the summed signal 706a, i.e., a representation of a proximity of the ferromagnetic object 514, either a continuous linear representation or a multi-step digital representation. Referring now to FIG.8, an electronic circuit 800 can be the same as or similar to the electronic circuit 414 of FIG.4, but using four vertical Hall effect element, for example, the first, second, third, and fourth vertical Hall elements 404, 406, 408, 410, respectively, of FIG.4. While it is indicated that the first, second, third, and fourth vertical Hall elements 404, 406, 408, 410 are used with the electronic circuit 800, in other embodiments, more than four vertical Hall effect elements can be used. The electronic circuit 800 can include amplifier 804, 816, 820, 826 coupled to receive differential signals 802, 814, 818, 824. The differential signals 802, 814, 818, 824 can be coupled to four respective vertical Hall effect elements. The amplifiers 804, 816, 820, 826 can generate amplified signals 804a, 816a, 820a, 826a. A summing circuit 806 can receive and sum the amplified signals 804a, 816a and can generate a summed signal 806a. A summing circuit 822 can receive and sum the amplified signals 820a, 826a and can generate a summed signal 822a. A summing circuit 808 can received the summed signals 806a, 822a and can generate a summed signal 808a. A comparator circuit 810 can be coupled to receive the summed signal 808a and coupled to receive a reference signal 828. The comparator circuit 810 can be configured to generate a comparison signal 810 having a first state indicative of the ferromagnetic object 514 being far away from the magnetic field sensor 500 and having a second different state indicative of the ferromagnetic object 514 being near to the magnetic field sensor 500. The comparison signal 810a provides a nonlinear magnetic field sensor. An output format module 812 can be coupled to receive the comparison signal 810a and can be configured to generate a formatted signal 812a indicative of the first or second different states of the comparison signal 810a. The formatted signal 812a can be in one of a variety of signal formats, including, but not limited to, a PWM format, a SENT format, an I2C format, and a CAN format. In the some embodiments, the summed signal 808a can be coupled to the output format module 812 and the formatted signal 812a can be indicative of a linear

representation of an amplitude of the summed signal 808a, i.e., a representation of a proximity of the ferromagnetic object 514, either a continuous linear representation or a multi-step digital representation. While magnetic field sensors of FIGS.2-8 are representative of one, two, three, four, or more vertical Hall effect elements, in other embodiments, each one of the vertical Hall effect elements can be replaced by one or more magnetoresistance elements. It will be understood that a both a vertical Hall effect element and a magnetoresistance element have maximum response axes parallel to a substrate upon which they are disposed. Current spinning is not used with magnetoresistance elements. However, magnetoresistance elements can be used in bridge arrangements. Referring now to FIG.9, a magnetoresistance element bridge 900 can use two magnetoresistance elements 902, 908, indicative of positions of the vertical Hall effect elements 404, 406, respectively, of FIG.4. The magnetoresistance elements 902, 904 can be coupled to fixed resistors 906, 908. A differential signal 912, 914 can be coupled to an amplifier 916 to generate and amplified signal 916a. The amplifier 916 can be the same as or similar to any of the amplifiers of FIGS.6-8. In other embodiments, magnetoresistance elements can be used as any of the above-described vertical Hall effect elements but in a single ended arrangement. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Having described preferred embodiments, which serve to illustrate various concepts, structures and techniques, which are the subject of this patent, it will now become apparent that other embodiments incorporating these concepts, structures and techniques may be used. Accordingly, it is submitted that the scope of the patent should not be limited to the described embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims. Elements of embodiments described herein may be combined to form other embodiments not specifically set forth above. Various elements, which are described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. Other embodiments not specifically described herein are also within the scope of the following claims.