BIOSYNTHESIS IN SPECIES OF THE GENERA RALSTONIA OR CUPRIAVIDUS AND ORGANISMS RELATED THERETO

This patent application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.

62/665,790 filed May 2, 2018, teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present invention relates to methods for increasing carbon-based chemical product yield in an organism by modifying one or more genes involved in a stringent response and/or in a regulatory network, nonnaturally occurring organisms having increased carbon-based chemical product yield, and methods for use in production of carbon-based chemical products.

BACKGROUND

Organisms have a limited ability to control their environment and therefore, may respond to environmental conditions with biochemical and/or metabolic changes. Such changes have been reported to include phenotypic changes, wherein a microorganism responds to environmental changes by expressing certain sets of genes, resulting in functional and structural adjustments within the microorganism to adapt to the changing environmental conditions. Microorganisms have a wide range of regulatory mechanisms to sense and respond to changing environmental conditions, and this confers on them a high level of versatility.

Replacement of traditional chemical production

processes relying on, for example fossil fuels and/or potentially toxic chemicals, with environmentally friendly and/or sustainable solutions is being considered, including work to identify suitable building blocks for such use in the manufacturing of such chemicals. In Cupriavidus

necator, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a key intracellular carbon and energy storage compound enabling cells to survive periods of starvation, and other stressful conditions. In response to such environmental variables, regulators alter global gene expression and metabolism and under appropriate conditions this can result in the storage of carbon and energy as PHB (Anderson and Dawes, Microbiol. Rev. 1990 54: 450-72) .

SUMMARY

Methods for increasing product yield of organisms and organisms capable of increased product yield are provided.

An aspect of the present invention relates to methods for increasing carbon-based chemical product yield in an organism. The methods comprise modulating activity of one or more polypeptides or functional fragments thereof

involved in a stringent response and/or in a regulatory network of an organism selected from a species of

Cupriavidus or Ralstonia with diminished polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis or an organism with properties similar thereto.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more modified genes limiting intracellular glutamine are modified.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes selected from glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhA; H16_A0471, H16_B1945, or H16__A1356) , glutamine synthetase (glnA;

H16_A2335, H16_B0618 or H16_B2191) or glutamate synthase (gltAB; H16_A3430 or H16_A3431) are modified.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes selected from GlnB (H16_A0320 and H16_0750), NtrB

(H16_A2333), NtrC (H16_A2332), PtsN (H16_A0384), GlnD

(H16_A2057), spoTl (H16_A0955) and/or spoT2 (H16_A1337) are modified . In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes selected from NtrC (H16_A2332), RpoN/sigma 54 (H16_A0387), sigma 54 modulation protein S30EA (H16_A0386) , or homologs thereof are modified.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes affecting a signaling pathway leading to increased (p)ppGpp levels and induction of the stringent response in non limiting culture conditions are modified.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more modified genes involved in the regulatory network selected from FadP (H16_A0459), PsrA (H16_A3736) , LldR (H16_B0094), GlpR

(H16_A2504), AccR/ BphQ (H16_A1372 or H16_A1373) and/or HexR (H16_A1177 or H16_B1210) and/or are involved in a regulatory network involving glycerol, the Ntr system and/or a sucA riboswitch are modified.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a nonnaturally occurring organism capable of yielding a carbon-based chemical product. These nonnaturally occurring organisms comprise a species of Cupriavidus or Ralstonia with diminished polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis or an organism with properties similar thereto and a modification to one or more polypeptides or functional fragments thereof encoded by one or more genes involved in a stringent response and/or in a regulatory network of the organism.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes limiting intracellular glutamine are modified in the

nonnaturally occurring organism.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes selected from glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhA; H16_A0471, H16_B1945, or H16_A1356) , glutamine synthetase (glnA;

H16_A2335, H16_B0618 or H16_B2191) or glutamate synthase (gltAB; H16_A3430 or H16_A3431) are modified.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes selected from GlnB (H16_A0320 and H16_0750) NtrB (H16_A2333), NtrC (H16_A2332), PtsN (H16_A0384), GlnD

(H16_A2057), spoTl (H16_A0955) and/or spoT2 (H16_A1337) are modified .

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes selected from NtrC (H16__A2332 ) , RpoN/sigma 54 (H16_A0387), sigma 54 modulation protein S30EA (H16_A0386), or homologs thereof are modified.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes affecting a signaling pathway leading to increased (p)ppGpp levels and induction of the stringent response in non limiting culture conditions are modified.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more modified genes involved in the regulatory network selected from FadP (H16_A0459), PsrA (H16_A3736) , LldR (H16_B0094), GlpR

(H16_A2504), AccR/ BphQ (H16_A1372 or H16_A1373) and/or HexR

(H16_A1177 or H16_B1210) and/or are involved in a regulatory network involving glycerol, the Ntr system and/or a sucA riboswitch are modified.

Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to methods for producing a carbon-based chemical product. In these methods, a nonnaturally occurring organism of the present invention is fermented with a carbon source.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIGS. 1A through ID are bargraphs showing accumulation of biomass (OD at 600nm; FIG. 1A) and normalised isopropanol (IPA; FIG. IB) after 48 hours of feeding regime. "Control" is a recombinant mutant of C. necator H16 where the PHBs pathway was replaced by the IPA pathway. AFadP is a

recombinant mutant of C. necator H16 where the PHBs pathway was replaced by the IPA pathway and a fatty acid degradation regulator, FadP, was deleted. Both strains have consumed almost all fructose introduced in the system (FIG. 1C) and have exhausted all the nitrogen available (FIG. ID) . Data represent average of 3 biological replicates and error bars represent twice the standard deviation of the datasets.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure provides methods for increasing carbon- based chemical product yield in an organism via modification to one or more genes involved in a stringent response or in regulatory networks .

By "modification", "modifying" or "modify" for purposes of the present invention, it is meant that the gene is deleted, mutated, overexpressed or attenuated.

In certain aspects, the organism is modified by

altering, engineering, or introducing one or more nucleic acid sequences within the organism. The altering of

modifying of the nucleic acid sequences can be, for example and without limitation, via genetic engineering, by adaptive mutation, or by selective isolation of naturally occurring mutant strains .

In some nonlimiting embodiments, one or more enzymes or nucleic acids of the organism are modified via non-direct or rational enzyme design approaches with aims of improving activity, improving specificity, reducing feedback

inhibition, reducing repression, improving enzyme

solubility, changing stereo-specificity, or changing co- factor specificity. In some embodiments, the enzymes in the pathways outlined herein can be gene dosed (i.e.,

overexpressed by having a plurality of copies of the gene in the host organism) , into the resulting genetically modified organism via episomal or chromosomal integration approaches.

In some nonlimiting embodiments, genome-scale system biology techniques such as Flux Balance Analysis can be utilized to devise genome scale attenuation or knockout strategies for directing carbon flux. Attenuation strategies include, but are not limited to, the use of transposons, homologous recombination (double cross-over approach) , mutagenesis, enzyme inhibitors, and RNA interference (RNAi) . In some embodiments, fluxomic, metabolomic and

transcriptomal data can be utilized to inform or support genome-scale system biology techniques, thereby devising genome-scale attenuation or knockout strategies in directing carbon flux. In some embodiments, the tolerance of the host microorganism to high concentrations of the extracellular product can be improved through continuous cultivation in a selective environment.

The modified nucleic acid sequences of the organism can include, for example, one or more enzymes, one or more promoters, one or more transcription factors, or

combinations thereof. The modifications can be to nucleic acids encoding polypeptides functioning as a

transhydrogenase , reductase, dehydrogenase, or hydrogenase enzyme or functional fragments thereof. The modifications can be to nucleic acids not directly involved in encoding polypeptides functioning as a transhydrogenase, reductase, dehydrogenase, or hydrogenase enzyme or functional fragments thereof, but indirectly affecting the polypeptides through the interconnected metabolic network and metabolic control strategy of the organism. The modification of the nucleic acid sequences can include one or more deletions, one or more substitutions, one or more insertions, or combinations thereof .

Enzymes with substitutions will generally have not more than 50 (e.g., not more than 1, not more than 2, not more than 3, not more than 4, not more than 5, not more than 6, not more than 7, not more than 8, not more than 9, not more than 10, not more than 12, not more than 15, not more than 20, not more than 25, not more than 30, not more than 35, not more than 40, or not more than 50) amino acid

substitutions (e.g., conservative or non-conservative substitutions) . This applies to any of the enzymes described herein and functional fragments thereof. A conservative substitution is a substitution of one amino acid for another with similar characteristics. Conservative substitutions include substitutions within the following groups: valine, alanine and glycine; leucine, valine, and isoleucine;

aspartic acid and glutamic acid; asparagine and glutamine; serine, cysteine, and threonine; lysine and arginine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine. The nonpolar hydrophobic amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine. The polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine and glutamine. The positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine. The negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Any substitution of one member of the above-mentioned polar, basic, or acidic groups by another member of the same group can be deemed a

conservative substitution. In contrast, a non-conservative substitution is a substitution of one amino acid for another with dissimilar characteristics.

Deletion variants can, for example, lack 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acid segments (of two or more amino acids) or non-contiguous single amino acids.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, modification of the organism is carried out by allele exchange. In this

embodiment, genome edits are made in a Cupriavidus or

Ralstonia organism with perturbed PHB synthesis or an organism with properties similar thereto by allele exchange (also referred to as allelic exchange) . In one non-limiting embodiment, the organism is a AphaCAB H16 C. necator strain generated using allele exchange. The term 'allele' is often used interchangeably with the term 'gene' more generally, and refers to a defined genomic locus. In allele exchange, a specific run of DNA sequence (i.e., the native allele) in a genome of an

organism is literally exchanged for a recombinant, mutant, or synthetic run of DNA sequence (i.e., the recombinant allele) . Depending on the nature of the recombinant allele, this allele exchange can result in a gene deletion, a gene substitution, or a gene insertion.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, recombinant/synthetic alleles can be constructed via gene synthesis and/or

standard molecular biology techniques. These alleles are then cloned into a plasmid vector for transfer into the organism and execution of the allele exchange procedure.

In some nonlimiting embodiments, the organism is modified to include one or more exogenous nucleic acid sequences .

The term "exogenous" as used herein with reference to a nucleic acid (or a protein) and an organism refers to a nucleic acid that does not occur in (and cannot be obtained from) a cell of that particular type as it is found in nature or a protein encoded by such a nucleic acid. Thus, a non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid is considered to be exogenous to a host once in the host. It is important to note that non-naturally-occurring nucleic acids can contain nucleic acid subsequences or fragments of nucleic acid sequences that are found in nature provided the nucleic acid as a whole does not exist in nature. For example, a nucleic acid molecule containing a genomic DNA sequence within an expression vector is non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid, and thus is exogenous to a host cell once introduced into the host, since that nucleic acid molecule as a whole

(genomic DNA plus vector DNA) does not exist in nature.

Thus, any vector, autonomously replicating plasmid, or virus (e.g., retrovirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus) that as a whole does not exist in nature is considered to be non- naturally-occurring nucleic acid. It follows that genomic DNA fragments produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment as well as cDNAs are considered to be non- naturally-occurring nucleic acid since they exist as separate molecules not found in nature. It also follows that any nucleic acid containing a promoter sequence and

polypeptide-encoding sequence (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) in an arrangement not found in nature is non-naturally- occurring nucleic acid. A nucleic acid that is naturally- occurring can be exogenous to a particular host

microorganism. For example, an entire chromosome isolated from a cell of yeast x is an exogenous nucleic acid with respect to a cell of yeast y once that chromosome is

introduced into a cell of yeast y.

In contrast, the term "endogenous" as used herein with reference to a nucleic acid (e.g., a gene) (or a protein) and a host refers to a nucleic acid (or protein) that does occur in (and can be obtained from) that particular host as it is found in nature. Moreover, a cell "endogenously expressing" a nucleic acid (or protein) expresses that nucleic acid (or protein) as does a host of the same

particular type as it is found in nature. Moreover, a host "endogenously producing" or that "endogenously produces" a nucleic acid, protein, or other compound produces that nucleic acid, protein, or compound as does a host of the same particular type as it is found in nature.

In certain aspects, the organism is modified to include one or more functional fragments of enzymes, other

polypeptides, or nucleic acids. The phrase "functional fragment" as used herein refers to a peptide fragment of a polypeptide or a nucleic acid sequence fragment encoding a peptide fragment of a polypeptide that has at least 25%, e.g., at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 100% of the activity of the corresponding mature, full-length, polypeptide. The functional fragment can generally, but not always, be comprised of a continuous region of the polypeptide, wherein the region has functional activity .

The stringent response is triggered under stressful conditions, for example, nutrient starvation, and allows the cell to survive under different extreme environmental conditions. In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, one or more genes involved in a stringent

response of the organism are modified.

A nonlimiting example of altering genome regulators for stringent responses is limited nitrogen.

For example, in conditions of nitrogen deficiency levels of glutamine are low resulting in the uridylation of GlnB (H16_A0750, H16_A0320) by GlnD (H16_A2057) . Unmodified GlnB stimulates the phosphatase activity of the

kinase/phosphatase NtrB (H16_A2333) , thus a consequence of GlnB uridylation is the phosphorylation of NtrC (H16_A2332), an enhancer binding protein, to its transcriptionally active form by the kinase NtrB. Activated NtrC binds to promoter regions and together with sigma 54 (RpoN H16_A0387)

activates transcription from sigma 54 dependent promoters such as the promoter for glnA (H16_A2335) , and in turn various effector response genes (Sacamboio et al . Scientific Reports 2017 7:13546; Lardi et al . Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 2015 81(12): 4077-4089; Persuhn et al . FEMS

Microbiology Letters 2000 192 217-221; Liu et al. PLoS One 2017 12(6) : e0179037) . In E. coli this set of genes includes relA, providing a direct link between nitrogen limitation and the (p)ppGpp levels (Brown et al. Nat. Comm. 2014 5:4115). In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, altered glutamine levels (nitrogen signal

molecule) can be achieved by modifying glutamate

dehydrogenase (gdhAl, gdhA2 - H16_A0471; H16_B1945),

glutamine synthetase (glnAl, glnA2, glnA3- H16_A2335;

H16_B0618; H16_B2191) , and/or glutamate synthase (gltD, gltBl - H16_A3430; H16_A3431) . In one nonlimiting

embodiment, the gene H16_A2335 is mutated or deleted.

In addition, the nitrogen regulatory system is encoded by uridyltransferase (glnD H16_A2057), trimeric signaling protein PII (glnB H16_A0750, H16_A0320) , as well as the kinase NtrB (H16_A2333) and enhancer binding protein NtrC (H16_A2332) . Deletion of the ntrC gene resulted in excess PHB production and an increase in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio in Herbaspirilium seropedicae ( Sacamboio et al . Scientific

Reports 2017 7:13546), while in Azospirillum brasilense deletion of ntrC or glnD results in higher PHB production (Sun et al. Appl . Environ. Microbiol. 2002 68 ( 2 ) : 985-988 ;

Sun et al . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000 66 ( 1 ): 113-117 ) . In Paracoccus denitrifleans, mutation of the NtrB sensor kinase resulted in a strain with elevated PHB and acetyl-CoA levels (Olaya-Abril et al. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2008 365: fnx251) .

In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, one or more genes selected from glnB (H16_A0320 and/or

H16_A0750) , ntrB (H16_A2333 ) , ntrC (H16_A2332), and glnD (H16_A2057) are modified.

Nitrogen sigma factor RpoN (sigma 54) has also been implicated in the response to nitrogen limitation and PHB production (Lardi et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015 81(12)4077-4089). In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, expression of sigma 54 (H16_A0387) or another form, sigma 54 modulation protein S30EA (H16_A0386) is attenuated. The alarmone (p)ppGpp is another important signal molecule that induces stringent response in many bacterial species. It has been shown to alter transcription and is associated with stresses such as nitrogen limitation

(Juengert et al. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2017 83 ( 13 ) : e00755-17 ; Karstens et al. Microbiology 2014 160:711- 722; Hauryliuk et al . Nature Reviews Microbiology 2015

13:298-309). The alarmone ppGpp is a key signaling molecule in bacteria and is involved in regulating growth and stress responses. (p) ppGpp is synthesized from GTP by the action of RelA/Rel/SpoT enzymes which can catalyze the

phosphorylation of GTP. Hydrolysis of (p) ppGpp back to GTP is catalyzed by Rel and SpoT (but not RelA) . C. necator has SpoT-like and RelA-like genes. (p) ppGpp can exert its regulatory effect by several mechanisms including, but not limited to, alteration of GTP pool (changes promoter

preference of RNAP) , binding to RNAP; inhibition of protein biosynthesis, inhibition of DNA replication, inhibition of polyphosphate metabolism and inhibition of acid stress response. In C. necator (p) ppGpp levels are regulated by the activities of SpoTl (p) ppGpp synthase/hydrolase

(H16_A0955) and SpoT2 (p)ppGpp synthase (H16_A1337). C. necator strains lacking SpoTl have increased levels of

(p) ppGpp and increased PHB accumulation, while strains lacking both SpoTl and SpoT2 have no detectable (p) ppGpp and low PHB levels (Juengert et al. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2017 83 (13) : e00755-17 ) .

The phosphotransferase system in C. necator is part of the system that regulates PHB production. In C. necator this system consists of El (Ptsl H16_A0326) , HPr (PtsH

H16_A0325), EIIA ^Ntr ( PtsN H16_A0384 ) , EIIA ^Man (PtsM H16_A0324) and HprK (H16_A0383) (Krausse et al . J Mol Microbiol

Biotechnol 2009 17:146-152; Kaddor and Steinbuchel. Appl .

Environ. Microbiol. 2011 77:3582-3590). Knockout of ptsN in C. necator results in increased accumulation of PHB, while knockouts of ptsl and ptsH result in a decrease in PHB.

Unphosphorylated PtsN has also been shown to interact with the ppGpp synthase/hydrolase SpoTl thus influencing (p)ppGpp levels and the stringent response (Karstens et al .

Microbiology 2014 160:711-722).

In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the organism is modified to express either or both of the natural and/or non-native spoT genes (H16_A0955 and

H16_A1337) . In another nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, spoTl (H16_A0955) and/or spoT2

(H16_A1337) are mutated or deleted.

In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the organism is modified to attenuate expression of ptsN (H16_A0384) .

In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, one or more genes involved in a regulatory network of the organism are modified.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, FadP (H16_A0459) is modified. FadP is a TetR-like regulator located in the fatty acid degradation operon in C. necator H16 (H16_A0459- 465) and is a potential repressor of fatty acid degradation pathways (Kazakov et al. Journal of Bacteriology 2009

191:52-64). Deletion of H16_A0459 is expected to upregulate b-oxidation pathways which is desired for improved growth and/or utilization of organic acids and mixtures thereof. Overexpression of H16_A0459 is expected to downregulate b- oxidation pathways, which is desired for production of fatty acid derived products. The predicted promoter motif of FadP is AATNGWACGAYCGTKCKNWT (SEQ ID NO:l). FadP is expected to regulate for example, but not limited to, H16_A0217

(thioesterase) , H16_A0459-H160464 (beta-oxidation operon), H16_A0814-16 (electron transfer flavoprotein beta, electron transfer flavoprotein alpha, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) , H16__A1066-1068 (2 x acyl-CoA dehydrogenase), Hl6_A1102-3 (3- HO-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase) , H16_A1445 (BktB) , H16_A1519 (acyl-CoA ligase) , H16_A1526-31 (beta- oxidation operon) , H16_A2794 (acyl-CoA ligase) and H16_A3288 (acyl-CoA ligase) .

Organisms with a mutation in the fadP gene are expected to exhibit improved utilization of fatty acids/ mixtures containing fatty acids/mixotrophic growth. Further, removal of a FadP binding site in promoter regions of genes/operons will deregulate specific pathways or groups of genes thereby improving utilization of fatty acids/mixtures containing fatty acids/mixotrophic growth. Organisms with increased FadP expression and decreased beta-oxidation are expected to exhibit reduced degradation of fatty acids thus improving production of fatty acids/fatty acid derived products.

Organisms with increased FadP expression and decreased beta- oxidation are also expected to reduce degradation of fatty acids for cleanup of mixed waste stream (e.g. removal of non-diacids from NVR to leave just adipic and/or glutaric acids). Organisms with increased FadP expression with mutated FadP binding sites to simultaneously reduce

expression of specific beta-oxidation pathway genes and increase expression of others are useful in, for example, but not limited to, clean up of mixed waste stream (as above) or for production of fatty acid derived molecules while using, for example, but not limited to, oils or NVR as growth substrate.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, PsrA (H16_A3736) is modified. PsrA is a TetR family regulator and also

regulates fatty acid pathways. PsrA is expected to regulate the fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) operon (H16_A2569-2565) and its deletion is expected to upregulate FAB pathways resulting in more fatty acid production. Alternatively, when acting as a repressor, overexpression could reduce the FAB pathway.

Organisms with mutation in PsrA may exhibit increased production of fatty acids and fatty acid derived molecules or decreased production of fatty acids with increased production of other desired products via redirection of flux and/or increased availability of acetyl-CoA for other pathways .

In one nonlimiting embodiment, LldR is modified. LldR (H16_B0094) is a GntR family regulator and is a potential repressor of lactate dehydrogenase expression (H16_B0460, H16_B1817). H16_B0094 is adjacent to an operon which

includes L-lactate permease (H16_B0090). Deletion of LldR is expected to upregulate lactate catabolism (Gao et al . Journal of Bacteriology 2012 194:2687-269; Leyn et al .

Microbial Genomics 2016 1-15) .

Organisms with mutated LldR or LldR binding sites are expected to exhibit increased utilization of lactate and production of products comprising organic acid mixtures that include lactate. Organisms with increased expression of LldR are expected to exhibit decreased utilization of lactate for improved production of lactate and lactate derived products.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes involved in the regulatory network involving glycerol are modified. In one embodiment, the gene is GlpR (H16__A2504 ) , which is co-localized with genes for glycerol kinase (glpK H16_A2507), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpD

H16_A2508), and an ABC transporter system (H16_A2498-2503 ) that is predicted to transport glycerol. The ABC

transporter system encoded by H16_A2498-2503 has high identity (49%-73%) to a characterized glycerol transport system from Rhizobium leguminosarum (Ding et al.

Microbiology 2012 158:1369-1378). In one nonlimiting embodiment, GlpR is deleted or expression is reduced thereby increasing glycerol utilization and/or improving utilization of mixtures containing glycerol. In one nonlimiting

embodiment, GlpR is overexpressed thereby decreasing

glycerol utilization. Modification of one or more genes involved in the regulatory network involving glycerol is expected to improve production of glycerol derived products such as 3-hydroxypropionate and 1 , 3 , -propanediol . Further, organisms with glycerol uptake but no glycerol metabolism can be produced.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes involved in the regulatory network involving catabolism of aromatic compounds are modified. In one nonlimiting

embodiment, AccR and/or its corresponding sensor kinase is modified (Valderrama et al . Journal of Biological Chemistry 2014 289 ( 4 ) : 1892-1904 ) . In one nonlimiting embodiment, H16_A1372, the AccR response regulator and/or H16_A1373, its corresponding sensor kinase, are modified. Phosphorylation of AccR causes repression of genes involved in aromatic hydrocarbon catabolism and its modification is predicted to affect aromatic hydrocarbon degradation pathways. Further, AccR is predicted to regulate promoters for, for example, but not limited to, succinate dehydrogenase (H16_A2629-32) , benzoate regulatory genes (H16_A1411; H16_B1915) and

benzoyl-coA ligase (H16_A1412).

Organisms with mutated AccR and mutations in AccR binding sites are expected to exhibit improved biomass formation and improved utilization and formation of products of aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures containing aromatic hydrocarbons. A nonlimiting example is terephthalic acid. Organisms with increased AccR, increased kinase and/or AccR with a super repressor mutation are expected to exhibit decreased utilization of aromatics and improved production of aromatic derived molecules. Mutation of Asp ⁶⁰ to the phosphomimetic Glu in the

Azoarcus AccR results in a constitutively active AccR that is a super repressor of target genes (Valderrama et al .

Journal of Biological Chemistry 2014 289 ( 4 ) : 1892-1904 ) .

Organisms of the present invention modified to reduce or delete AccR are expected to exhibit increased aromatic utilization and mixtures containing aromatics. Organisms of the present invention with increased AccR expression or with a super repressor AccR (e.g. Asp ⁶³ to Glu in H16_A1372) are expected to exhibit decreased aromatic utilization.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, HexR (Leyn et al .

Microbial Genomics 2016 1-15; Leyn et al . Journal of

Biological Chemistry 2011 286(41): 35782-35794) is modified. In one nonlimiting embodiment, HexR genes from C. necator H16, H16_A1177 and/or H16_B1210 are modified. H16_A1177 is divergently transcribed from genes encoding the ED pathway enzymes phosphogluconate dehydratase (edd H16_A1178) and gluconate kinase (H16_A1179) . H16_B1210 is divergently transcribed from genes encoding the ED pathway enzymes 2- keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase (H16_B1212) and 2-keto-3-deoxy- 6-phosphogluconate aldolase (eda H16_B1213). HexR is an Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway regulator, the major sugar degradation route in C. necator. Overexpression of HexR is expected to alter carbon preferences (gluconate/glucose) in organisms improving or reducing flux through the ED pathway.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, one or more genes involved in the regulatory network involving riboswitches are modified. Riboswitches are described, for example, by Weinberg et al. (Nucleic Acids Research 2007 35:4809-4819). In one nonlimiting embodiment, a sucA riboswitch is

modified. In one nonlimiting embodiment, a riboswitch comprising the nucleic acid sequence of

TTGTTTGCGATCCGCTAACCGGTCAAGCCGTGTCGCGGAAGGTTGAATAACCCGCTGAAC

TCCGGCATTCCCGGAGAATAGTGAGCGTCCCATGATG (SEQ ID NO: 2) is modified. In one nonlimiting embodiment, a riboswitch upstream of H16_A2325, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, is modified. Organism with mutations of a sucA riboswitch and deregulation of 2-oxo-glutarate dehydrogenase are expected to exhibit increased production of products derived from TCA cycle intermediates.

Nonlimiting examples of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences for the above-described genes are set forth in the Sequence Appendix. However, as will be understood by the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure, the present invention is not limited to these particular gene sequences and is also inclusive of nucleic acid and amino acid

sequences for polypeptides with similar enzymatic activities exhibiting at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% sequence identity to sequences set forth in the Sequence Appendix and functional fragments thereof.

The percent identity (and homology) between two amino acid sequences as disclosed herein can be determined as follows. First, the amino acid sequences are aligned using the BLAST 2 Sequences (B12seq) program from the stand-alone version of BLAST containing Blast! 2.9.0. This stand-alone version of BLAST can be obtained from the U.S. government's National Center for Biotechnology Information web site (www with the extension ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Instructions

explaining how to use the B12seq program can be found in the readme file accompanying BLASTZ. Bl2seq performs a

comparison between two amino acid sequences using the BLASTP algorithm. To compare two amino acid sequences, the options of B12seq are set as follows: -i is set to a file containing the first amino acid sequence to be compared (e.g.,

C:\seql.txt); -j is set to a file containing the second amino acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq2.txt); -p is set to blastp; -o is set to any desired file name (e.g., C:\output.txt); and all other options are left at their default setting. For example, the following command can be used to generate an output file containing a comparison between two amino acid sequences: C:\B12seq -i c:\seql.txt - j c:\seq2.txt -p blastp -o c:\output.txt. If the two

compared sequences share homology (identity) , then the designated output file will present those regions of

homology as aligned sequences. If the two compared sequences do not share homology (identity) , then the designated output file will not present aligned sequences. Similar procedures can be followed for nucleic acid sequences except that blastn is used.

Once aligned, the number of matches is determined by counting the number of positions where an identical amino acid residue is presented in both sequences. The percent identity (and homology) is determined by dividing the number of matches by the length of the full-length polypeptide amino acid sequence followed by multiplying the resulting value by 100. It is noted that the percent identity

(homology) value is rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 90.11, 90.12, 90.13, and 90.14 is rounded down to 90.1, while 90.15, 90.16, 90.17, 90.18, and 90.19 is rounded up to 90.2. It also is noted that the length value will always be an integer.

It will be appreciated that a number of nucleic acids can encode a polypeptide having a particular amino acid sequence. The degeneracy of the genetic code is well known to the art; i.e., for many amino acids, there is more than one nucleotide triplet that serves as the codon for the amino acid. For example, codons in the coding sequence for a given enzyme can be modified such that optimal expression in a particular species (e.g., bacteria or fungus) is obtained, using appropriate codon bias tables for that species. By "carbon-based chemical product" as used herein, it is meant to include C3 to C12 alkenes, alcohols, diols, monoacids, diacids, hydroxyacids , amino acids and diamines. In one nonlimiting embodiment, the carbon-based chemical product may be any C6-C12 difunctional aliphatic fatty acid or derivative thereof including, but not limited to, C6-C12 amino acids, C6-C12 diamines, C6-C12 hydroxyacids, C6-C12 diols, and C6-C12 diacids. Nonlimiting examples of carbon- based chemical products produced in accordance with this disclosure include 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol,

methionine, threonine, lysine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, aspartic acid, leucine, isoleucine, valine, citric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, isoprene, linalool, limonene, 3- hydroxypropanoic acid, malonic acid, lactic acid, n-butanol, 2-butanone, butadiene, 2-3 butanediol, 1-3 butanediol, benzoic acid, 1 , 4-benzenediamine, benzeneamine, pyridine, vanillin, hydroquinone, 1, 4-diaminobutane, 2- hydroxyisobutyric acid, itaconic acid, 3-hydroxybutyrate and nylon intermediates.

In some nonlimiting embodiments, the organism has been modified to exhibit an increased synthesis of the

extracellular product relative to that of the corresponding wild type organism.

In some nonlimiting embodiments, the carbon-based chemical product includes pimelic acid, 7-aminoheptanoate ,

7-hydroxyheptanoate, heptamethylenediamine, 1 , 7-heptanediol , or a combination thereof. Additional descriptions of the synthesis of these carbon-based chemical products with

Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, or an organism similar thereto can be found in U.S. Patent No. 10,196,657, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

In some nonlimiting embodiments, the carbon-based chemical product includes 1, 4-butanediol, putrescine, 4- hydroxybutyrate, 4-aminobutyrate, or a combination thereof. Additional descriptions of the synthesis of these carbon- based chemical products with Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, or an organism related thereto can be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 10,072,150 and 9,637,764, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes .

In some nonlimiting embodiments, the carbon-based chemical product includes glutaric acid, 5-aminopentanoic acid, cadaverine (also known as 1,5 pentanediamine) , 5- hydroxypentanoic acid, 1, 5-pentanediol, glutarate

semialdehyde (also known as 5-oxopentanoate) , or a

combination thereof. Additional descriptions of the

synthesis of these carbon-based chemical products with

Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, or an organism related thereto can be found in U.S. Patent No. 9,920,339, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

In some nonlimiting embodiments, the carbon-based chemical product includes isoprene. Additional descriptions of the synthesis of this carbon-based chemical product with Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, or an organism related thereto can be found in U.S. Patent No. 9,862,973, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

In some nonlimiting embodiments, the carbon-based chemical product includes adipic acid, 6-aminohexanoic acid, hexamethylenediamine, caprolactam, 1 , 6-hexanediol , or a combination thereof. Additional descriptions of the

synthesis of these carbon-based chemical products with

Ralstonia , Cupriavidus, or an organism related thereto can be found in U.S. Patent No. 9,580,733, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes. For products of the present invention containing carboxylic acid groups such as organic monoacids,

hydroxyacids , aminoacids and dicarboxylic acids, these products may be formed or converted to their ionic salt form when an acidic proton present in the parent product either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base. Acceptable organic bases include

ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and/or bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, ammonia and the like. The salt can be isolated as is from the system as the salt or converted to the free acid by reducing the pH to below the lowest pKa through addition of acid or treatment with an acidic ion exchange resin .

For products of the present invention containing amine groups such as but not limited to organic amines, amino acids and diamine, these products may be formed or converted to their ionic salt form by addition of an acidic proton to the amine to form the ammonium salt, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentylpropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3- (4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid,

ethanesulfonic acid, 1 , 2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2- naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo- [2.2.2] oct-2-ene-

1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4 , 4 ' -methylenebis- ( 3- hydroxy-2-ene-l-carboxylic acid) , 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid,

hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid or muconic acid. The salt can be isolated as is from the system as a salt or converted to the free amine by raising the pH to above the lowest pKa through addition of base or

treatment with a basic ion exchange resin. Acceptable inorganic bases are known in the art and include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and/or bicarbonate, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, and the like.

For products of the present invention containing both amine groups and carboxylic acid groups such as but not limited to amino acids, these products may be formed or converted to their ionic salt form by either 1) acid

addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as

hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentylpropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3- (4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,

1 , 2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4- methylbicyclo- [2.2.2] oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid,

glucoheptonic acid, 4 , 4 ' -methylenebis- ( 3-hydroxy-2-ene-l- carboxylic acid) , 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid or muconic acid. Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like or 2) when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base.

Acceptable organic bases are known in the art and include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases are known in the art and include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and/or bicarbonate, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, and the like. The salt can be isolated as is from the system or converted to the free acid by reducing the pH to below the lowest pKa through addition of acid or treatment with an acidic ion exchange resin.

Nonnaturally occurring organism produced and used in accordance with the present invention are selected from a species of Cupriavidus or Ralstonia with diminished

polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis or an organism with properties similar thereto.

For purposes of the present invention, by "diminishing" or "diminished" polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis, it is meant that the organism is altered to synthesize less

polyhydroxybutyrate as compared to an unaltered wild-type organism of the same species. Organisms used in this disclosure can exhibit at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50% or even greater decreased polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis as compared to an unperturbed wild-type organism of the same species .

Nonlimiting examples of species of Cupriavidus or

Ralstonia useful in accordance with this disclosure include Cupriavidus necator, Cupriavidus metallidurans, Cupriavidus taiwanensis, Cupriavidus pinatubonensis, Cupriavidus

basilensis and Ralstonia pickettii . C. necator (also referred to as Hydrogenomonas

eutrophus, Alcaligenes eutropha, Ralstonia eutropha, and Wautersia eutropha) is a Gram-negative, flagellated soil bacterium of the Betaproteobacteria class. This hydrogen- oxidizing bacterium is capable of growing at the interface of anaerobic and aerobic environments and easily adapts between heterotrophic and autotrophic lifestyles. Sources of energy for the bacterium include both organic compounds and hydrogen. Additional properties of C. necator include microaerophilicity, copper resistance (Makar, N.S. & Casida, L.E. Int . J. of Systematic Bacteriology 1987 37(4): 323- 326), bacterial predation (Byrd et al. Can J Microbiol 1985 31:1157-1163; Sillman, C. E. & Casida, L. E. Can J Microbiol 1986 32:760-762; Zeph, L.E. & Casida, L.E. Applied and

Environmental Microbiology 1986 52 ( 4 ) : 819-823 ) and

polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis. In addition, the cells have been reported to be capable of either aerobic or nitrate dependent anaerobic growth. A nonlimiting example of a C. necator organism useful in the present invention is a C. necator of the H16 strain. In one nonlimiting

embodiment, a C. necator host of the H16 strain with at least a portion of the phaClABl gene locus knocked out

(hphaCAB) is used. In one nonlimiting embodiment, the organism is further modified to eliminate phaCAB, involved in PHBs production and/or H16-A0006-9 encoding endonucleases thereby improving transformation efficiency as described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/717,216, teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. However, other means of eliminating PHB synthesis are included within the scope of the invention.

By "an organism with properties similar thereto" it is meant an organism having one or more of the above-mentioned properties of C. necator.

In the process described herein, a fermentation strategy can be used that entails anaerobic, micro-aerobic or aerobic cultivation coupled with nutrient limitation such as iron, sulphate, nitrogen, potassium, oxygen, phosphorus, carbon and/or or NADP limitations, gradients thereof and any combinations thereof.

A cell retention strategy using a ceramic hollow fiber membrane can also be employed to achieve and maintain a high cell density during fermentation.

The principal carbon source fed to the fermentation can derive from a biological or non-biological feedstock. In one nonlimiting embodiment, the feedstock is fed to the

fermentation as a gaseous or liquid stream.

Accordingly, feedstocks for fermentation may be gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen; sugars such as glucose, xylose or fructose; sugar acids such as gluconate; fatty acids or fats/oils , carboxylic acids such as propionic acid, lactic acid, and formic acid; amino acids, aromatics such as phenol and benzoic acid and/or alcohols such as glycerol .

The feedstocks may be carbon sources derived from by product or waste streams such as brewing, dairy, plant oil, ethanol, corn, soy, fish, or sugar industries or any other food or agricultural waste such as used cooking oil.

The biological feedstock can be, or can derive from, monosaccharides, disaccharides, lignocellulose ,

hemicellulose, cellulose, paper-pulp waste, black liquor, lignin, levulinic acid and formic acid, triglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids, agricultural waste, thin stillage, condensed distillers' solubles or waste streams from the food processing or dairy industries municipal waste such as fruit peel/pulp or whey. The non-biological feedstock can be, or can derive from, natural gas, syngas, C0 ₂ /H ₂ , CO, H ₂ , 0 ₂ , methanol, ethanol, waste streams from processes to produce monomers for the Nylon-66 and Nylon-6 industries such as but not limited to non-volatile residues (NVRs) and caustic wash waste streams from the cyclohexane oxidation process used to manufacture adipic acid or caprolactam or waste stream from other chemical industry processes such as, but not limited to a carbon black industry or a hydrogen refining industry, or petrochemical industry, a nonlimiting example being a PTA-waste stream.

In one nonlimiting embodiment, at least one of the enzymatic conversions of the production method comprises gas fermentation within the modulated Ralstonia or Cupriavidus organism or other organism with properties similar thereto. In this embodiment, the gas fermentation may comprise at least one of natural gas, syngas, CO, ¾, 0 ₂ , C0 ₂ /H ₂ ,

methanol, ethanol, non-volatile residue, caustic wash from cyclohexane oxidation processes, or waste stream from a chemical industry such as, but not limited to a carbon black industry or a hydrogen-refining industry, or petrochemical industry. In one nonlimiting embodiment, the gas

fermentation comprises C0 ₂ /H ₂ .

The methods of the present invention may further comprise recovering produced product from the organism.

Once produced, any method can be used to isolate these products or derivatives or compounds related thereto. The isolation of at least one product can involve any one or more downstream processes generally known to be suitable for the at least partial separation and/or isolation of material from a reaction or bioprocess. The collection can, for example, involve centrifugations, cell disruptions,

concentrations, precipitations, extractions, filtrations, crystallizations, distillations, chemical conversions, or combinations thereof. One or more biosynthetic products can be collected from the liquid or solid phase of the culture, or from the gas phase present in the headspace of a

bioreactor or the off-gas. The present invention also provides nonnaturally occurring organisms and methods for producing the

nonnaturally occurring organisms modified to increase carbon-based product yield via modification to one or more genes involved in a stringent response or in regulatory networks. These nonnaturally occurring organisms exhibit increased product yield as compared to product yield in the same organism without modification to one or more genes involved in a stringent response or in regulatory networks. The nonnaturally occurring organisms are selected from a species of Cupriavidus or Ralstonia with diminished

polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis or an organism with properties similar thereto.

Nonlimiting examples of species of Cupriavidus or

Ralstonia useful in accordance with this disclosure include Cupriavidus necator, Cupriavidus metallidurans, Cupriavidus taiwanensis, Cupriavidus pinatubonensis, Cupriavidus

basilensis and Ralstonia pickettii .

In one nonlimiting embodiment, the present invention relates to a substantially pure culture of the nonnaturally occurring organism modified to comprise one or more

promoters which are inducible under one or more specific limitation conditions .

As used herein, a "substantially pure culture" of an altered organism is a culture of that microorganism in which less than about 40% (i.e., less than about 35%; 30%; 25%; 20%; 15%; 10%; 5%; 2%; 1%; 0.5%; 0.25%; 0.1%; 0.01%; 0.001%; 0.0001%; or even less) of the total number of viable cells in the culture are viable cells other than the altered microorganism, e.g., bacterial, fungal (including yeast), mycoplasmal, or protozoan cells. The term "about" in this context means that the relevant percentage can be 15% of the specified percentage above or below the specified

percentage. Thus, for example, about 20% can be 17% to 23%. Such a culture of nonnaturally occurring microorganisms includes the cells and a growth, storage, or transport medium. Media can be liquid, semi-solid (e.g., gelatinous media), or frozen. The culture includes the cells growing in the liquid or in/on the semi-solid medium or being stored or transported in a storage or transport medium, including a frozen storage or transport medium. The cultures are in a culture vessel or storage vessel or substrate (e.g., a culture dish, flask, or tube or a storage vial or tube) .

In addition, the present invention provides bio

derived, bio-based, or fermentation-derived products

produced using the methods and/or nonnaturally occurring organisms disclosed herein. Examples of such products include, but are not limited to, compositions comprising at least one bio-derived, bio-based, or fermentation-derived compound or any combination thereof, as well as molded substances, formulations and semi-solid or non-semi-solid streams comprising one or more of the bio-derived, bio based, or fermentation-derived compounds or compositions, combinations or products thereof.

While the invention has been described in detail, in some instances making reference to a specific aspect

thereof, it is apparent to one of skill in the art that various changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from its spirit and scope. The following section provides further illustration of the methods and materials of the present invention. These Examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Example

Deletion of FadP gene increases biomass and isopropanol production under nitrogen limitation in modified C. necator H16

C. necator H16 was genetically modified by deleting the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) pathway and the fatty acid

degradation regulator, FadP (a transcriptional regulator belonging to the TetR family and is a potential repressor of fatty acid degradation pathways such as the b-oxidation) , and by introducing the isopropanol (IPA) pathway. The strain was grown on a fructose-based media with ammonium sulphate as a source of nitrogen. A fed batch culture was used to compare the accumulation of biomass and the production of IPA under nitrogen limiting conditions. During batch phase growth was established at 30°C and pH 6.6 in a fixed volume of 8 mL for 43 hours. During fed batch phase 5 mL of the same media lacking ammonium sulphate was fed into the cultures at a rate of 1.736 pL/min. The system was sampled just before the feeding started and 48 hours later.

For each sample event, biomass (OD ₆ oo) (FIG. 1A) , isopropanol (FIG. IB) , residual nitrogen (FIG. ID) and carbon FIG. 1C) were determined.

These data show that at the end of the feeding regime there is more biomass present in the AFadP strain when compared with a similar strain where the FadP gene is still present. Moreover, AFadP strain produces higher levels of isopropanol. Both strains have consumed almost all fructose introduced in the system and have exhausted all the nitrogen available. When taken together these results are indicative of the modified strain funneling at least a portion of the potential additional carbon available towards cell growth and production of isopropanol. Table 1 : C . necator sequences