BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In recent years, the use of hydrofluorocarbons has proliferated throughout the world in some cases as replacements and/or alternatives to the use of halon chemicals.

Millions of metric tons of hydrofluorocarbons are created each year and distributed throughout the world for eventual use as refrigerants, extinguishants, sterilants, solvents, propellants and blowing agents in hydrofluorocarbon systems. Some hydrofluorocarbon systems may be de-commissioned leaving substantial quantities of un-used hydrofluorocarbons.

Materials and methods for the conversion of hydrofluorocarbons to useful fluorine containing compounds are provided.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One embodiment of the present invention provides methods and materials for the conversion of hydrofluorocarbons to fluoromonomer precursors by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrofluorocarbon with a halogen in the presence of halogenating agent. In another embodiment, the present invention incorporates a solid substrate to perform the conversion. In a specific embodiment, methods are provided for the conversion of 2H-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea, CF3CFHCF3) to the fluoromonomer precursor chloroheptafluoropropane (CFC-217ba, CF3CCIFCF3) in the presence of activated carbon and chlorine. Embodiments of these methods include conversions at temperatures between about 150°C and about 400°C or between about 275°C and about 350°C. Methods can also be carried out at less than about 24.0 kg/cm2, or between about 6.66 kg/cm2 and about 8.06 kg/cm2. Fluoromonomer precursors such as CFC- 217ba can subsequently be converted to fluoromonomers such as hexafluoropropene (HFP, C3F6) by dehalogenation.

Other embodiments of the present invention include the conversion of hexafluoropropane (HFC-236, C3F6H2) to the fluoromonomer precursor dichlorohexafluoropropane (CFC-216, C3CI2F6) with subsequent conversion to the fluoromonomer pentafluoropropene (PFP, C3F5H) by dehalogenation. In another embodiment, methods are provided for the conversion of pentafluoropropane (HFC-245, C3FsH3) to the fluoromonomer precursor trichloropentafluoropropane (CFC-215, C3CI3F5) with subsequent conversion to PFP by dehalogenation.

In another embodiment of the present invention, pentafluoroethane (HFC-125, C2FsH) is converted to the fluoromonomer precursor chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115, C2CIF5) with subsequent conversion to the fluoromonomer tetrafluoroethene (TFE, C2F4) by dehalogenation. In another embodiment tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134, C2F4H2) is converted to the fluoromonomer precursor dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114, C2CI2F4) which can be subsequently converted to TFE by dehalogenation.

Embodiments of the present invention provide for the conversion of trifluoroethane (HFC-143, C2F3H3) to trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113, C2CI3F3) with subsequent conversion to difluoroethene (VDF, C2F2H2). Aspects of the present invention provide for the conversion of difluoroethane (HFC-152, C2F2H4) to tetrachlorodifluoroethane (CFC-112, C2CI4F2) with subsequent conversion to VDF.

In still another embodiment, fluoromethanes can be converted to fluoromonomer precursors which can be subsequently converted to fluoromonomers such as trifluoropropene (TFP, C3F3H3) or to TFE. In one embodiment, difluoromethane (HFC-32, CF2H2) can be converted to the fluoromonomer precursor dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC- 12, CCl2F2). Ethylene can then be added to dichlorodifluoromethane to form the fluoroadduct dichlorodifluoropropane, which can subsequently be converted to TFP. In another embodiment trifluoromethane (HFC-23, CF3H) is converted to the fluoromonomer precursor chlorotrifluoromethane (CFC-13, CCIF3) which can be converted to the fluoroadduct chlorotrifluoropropane that can be converted to TFP.

In other embodiments, hydrofluorocarbon compounds can be partially chlorinated to produce hydrochlorofluorocarbons that can be pyrolyzed to form fluoromonomers. In one embodiment, HFC-32 can be converted to the fluoromonomer precursor chlorodifluoromethane (HFC-22, CCIF2H) which can be pyrolyzed to form TFE.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the examples and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. The invention includes any alterations and modifications in the exemplified and described methods and further applications of the principles of the invention which would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides materials and methods for the conversion of hydrofluorocarbons to relatively environmentally inert compounds. An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides methods for converting hydrofluorocarbons to fluoromonomer precursors. Exemplary aspects include the conversion of hydrofluorocarbons such as HFC-227, HFC-236, HFC-245, HFC-125, HFC-134, HFC-143, HFC-152, HFC-32, HFC-23 and their respective isomers. These compounds can be converted to fluoromonomer precursors such as CFC-217, CFC-216, CFC-215, CFC-115, CFC-114, CFC-113, CFC-112, HCFC-22, CFC-12, CFC-13 and their respective isomers. Materials and methods are provided for the conversion of these fluoromonomer precursors to fluoromonomers such as HFP, PFP, TFP, TFE, and VDF.

These fluoromonomers can be subsequently polymerized.

The hydrofluorocarbons contemplated for conversion according to the present invention include, but are not limited to the hydrofluorocarbons mentioned previously and those hydrofluorocarbons having substantially the same amount of carbon atoms. The hydrofluorocarbons can include only hydrogen, carbon and fluorine. As described herein, other hydrofluorocarbons that are suitable for conversion include HFC-236, HFC- 245, HFC-125, HFC-134, HFC-143, HFC-152, HFC-32, HFC-23 and their respective isomers. To name a few applications, these compounds are typically used in industry as extinguishants, propellants, blowing agents, refrigerants, solvents and sterilants. The compounds may be acquired as blends with other compounds and, when possible, the hydrofluorocarbon can be separated prior to or subsequent the reaction with a halogen.

In an exemplary embodiment HFC-227 can be converted to the fluoromonomer precursor HFC-217 which can subsequently be converted to HFP, a useful fluoromonomer. In one embodiment, the conversion of HFC-227 to HFC-217 is performed in the presence of the halogenating agent chlorine.

The hydrofluorocarbons can be blends of hydrofluorocarbons such as the blend of HFC-32 and HFC-125. In an exemplary embodiment, the HFC-125/HFC-32 blend may be converted to the fluoromonomer TFE.

The methods described herein may be performed utilizing conventional gas-phase organic reaction procedures, product isolation and materials can be recycled prior or subsequent to the conversion of the hydrofluorocarbons to fluoromonomer precursors. It may be desirable to utilize separation technologies such as fractional distillation, partial condensation, or heterogeneous liquid/liquid phase separation to isolate relatively pure hydrofluorocarbon from crude mixtures or blends. A separate recovery system for each reaction can be utilized or product streams can be combined prior to product isolation.

The present invention contemplates the use of halogenating agents when preparing the fluoromonomer precursors. Embodiments of the present invention may utilize halogenating agents such as chlorine, bromine, or iodine. These halogenating agents are conventionally provided in their diatomic form; Cl2, Br2 or 12, but may also be provided as their hydrogenates; HCI, HBr or Hl. These compounds are commercially available at purities of 99.9% or higher. Because of the corrosive nature of these compounds, the impurity amount, particularly the amount of water present in the reactants, is normally kept to a minimum. Other halogenating agents include 1,3- dichloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin, N-chlorosuccinimide, sulfuryl chloride and sodium hypochlorite.

Many reactors are suitable for combining the hydrofluorocarbon and the halogen.

Examples of these include Inconel and Monel brand alloy reactors and vitreous or glass lined reactors. It is preferred that the reactors be resistant to the corrosive nature of the reactants, particularly the halógenating agents, and provide sufficient space to accommodate solid substrates when utilized. The reactor can be heated according to exemplary methods including heat tape, oil bath, steam, heat transfer fluids or ceramic heaters. Exemplary reactor temperatures range from between about 150°C and about 400°C or between about 275°C and about 350°C.

In another embodiment the present invention provides for the conversion of the hydrofluorocarbon in the presence of a solid substrate. This solid substrate can include what is traditionally referred to as catalyst and/or what is traditionally referred to as a catalyst support. It is contemplated that the catalyst and catalyst support may be utilized separately or in combination.

The solid substrate can include but is not limited to activated carbon, iron, copper, aluminum, clay and/or metal oxides. These solid substrates may be used separately or as mixtures. In an exemplary embodiment of the present Takeda brand ZnCI2 activated carbon can be utilized as the solid substrate.

According to an exemplary method the solid substrate can be heated and/or dried by contacting the substrate with a stream of inert gas, typically nitrogen, for a sufficient time to activate and/or remove residual water. The pressure within the reactor may be maintained at approximately atmospheric pressure. The pressure can also be less than about 24.0 kg/cm2 or between about 6.66 kg/cm2 and about 8.06 kg/cm2.

The hydrofluorocarbon and/or the halogenating agent may be provided as reactants to the reactor as a liquid via exemplary liquid pumps that can include peristaltic, syringe, rotary, centrifugal, and/or positive displacement pumps. If a gas, the reactants may be provided to the reactor from a pressurized cylinder and regulated through a flowmeter or mass flow controller. Vacuum pumps may also be utilized to decrease pressure allowing for additional gas reactant addition. Exemplary methods can utilize pumps and flowmeters to provide reactants at specific mole ratios. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the mole ratio of halogenating agent to hydrofluorocarbon can be from about 0.16 to about 22. The mole ratio of the reactants can increase as the level of halogenation required increases. Corrosive resistant piping or tubing proves beneficial when providing reactants to the reactor.

Crude products obtained from the reactor can be purified by subsequent methods to allow for ease of analysis and increased efficiency of subsequent reactions. The present invention contemplates a spectrum of subsequent product purification methods depending on the level of purity desired ranging from the absence of purification to multiple step purifications. Typically, the products can contain by-products such as water, acids, unreacted halogens and/or organic compounds having lower or higher boiling points than the desired fluoromonomer precursor products.

The products can be scrubbed of acids such as HCI, HBr, HF, or HI by passing the products through a basic solution. These solutions can include 5% (wt./wt.) to 10% (wt. /wt. ) solutions of potassium hydroxide or other acceptable bases. After scrubbing, the products can be dried of excess water by exposing the product to DrieriteT" brand CaS04, CaCl2, molecular sieve or other suitable drying techniques. Examples 1 and 2 below demonstrate the conversion of HFC-227 to the fluoromonomer precursor HFC-217.

Example 1: HFC-227-HFC-217 C3F7H~C3CIF7 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube, equipped with a ceramic fiber heater, is packed with Takeda Tm brand activated carbon. The activated carbon and reactor are purged with nitrogen at a reactor temperature of from between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon heptafluoropropane (HFC-227, containing 839 ppm HFC-227ca (CF3CF2CF2H) and the remainder HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3)). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-227 are controlled with gas flowmeters. Tables 1 and 2 below indicate the reaction parameters as well as the results. Fluoromonomer precursor chloroheptafluoropropane (CFC-217) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% (wt. /wt.) KOH solution and dried over CaS04 before being capture for subsequent gas chromatography analysis.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0. 32 mm ID coated silicaplotT" gas chromatography column. The results are reported as percentages of total responses, or area percent. Tables 1 and. 2 below demonstrate the conversion of HFC-227 in the presence of a solid support.

Table 1 - Flowmeter Determined Reactant Amounts<BR> Contact Cl2:HFC-227 Conversion to Selectivity to HFC-227ca HFC-217ca<BR> Run &num Temp (°C) Time(s) mole ratio CFC-217 CFC-217ba (ppm) (ppm)<BR> 1 200 12.6 1.73 0.7% 81.5%<BR> 2 250 13.3 2.02 24.5% 98.9% 628 219<BR> 3 300 12.8 1.83 54.5% 98.9% 640 223<BR> 4 325 11.9 1.50 48.2% 96.8% 744 217<BR> 5 325 21.9 2.76 98.9% 97.9% n/d 767<BR> 6 350 13.2 2.0 65.5% 96.2% 548 281<BR> 7 325 21.2 2.38 91.7% 97.9%<BR> 8 325 22.3 2.88 98.1% 98.3% 63 751<BR> 9 200 24.7 2.0 30.2% 90.9% 1152 335<BR> 10 200 38.5 0.16 3.2% 71.2% 981 55<BR> 11 200 24.1 0.34 2.2% 77.8% 880 n/d<BR> 12 300 21.8 0.54 44.8% 96.% 701 211<BR> 13 325 36.1 1.2 95.9 98.9% 157 1253<BR> n/d = none detected<BR> Table 2- HFC-227 (Spiked* with HFC-227ca Isomer)<BR> Contact Cl2:HFC-227 Conversion to Selectivity to HFC-227ca HFC-217ca<BR> Run &num Temp (C) Time(s) mole ratio CFC-217 CFC-217 ba (ppm) (ppm)<BR> 1 300 16.3 0.17 18.3% 96.8% 1255 113<BR> 2 300 15.8 0.35 46.8% 98.6% 899 414<BR> 3 300 14.6 0.32 55.6% 98.5% 829 531<BR> 4 300 26.9 0.80 79.2% 98.7% 341 930<BR> *1415 ppm HFC-227 ca in reactant Example 2: HFC-227, HFC-217 C3F7H~C3CIF7 According to another embodiment of the present invention, a 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube is equipped with a ceramic fiber heater. The reactor is purged with nitrogen between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon heptafluoropropane (HFC-227). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-227 is controlled with gas flowmeters. Table 3 below indicates the suggested reaction parameters as well as the expected results. Fluoromonomer precursor chloroheptafluoropropane (CFC-217) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% (wt. /wt.) KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before capture for subsequent gas chromatography analysis.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and silicaplotTM fused silica 30 m X 0. 32mm ID coated gas chromatograph column.

Table 3: HFC-227CFC-217 (open tube) Temp Contact Cl2 : HFC-227 Conversion to Selectivity to Run (OC) Time (s) mole ratio CFC-217 CFC-217ba A ~325 ~20 ~2 Acceptable Acceptable In accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention, the fluoromonomer precursor CFC-217 is contacted with H2 and a catalyst to form a fluoromonomer. Accordingly, using the general gas phase reaction schemes described herein or methods consistent with those described in U. S. Patent 5,057, 634 to Webster, herein incorporated by reference, the fluoromonomer precursors and hydrogen are contacted with a catalyst in a reactor at sufficient temperature to produce fluoromonomer. In one embodiment the fluoromonomer product of HFC-217 includes HFP.

To prepare the fluoromonomer, a slight molar excess of H2 can be used. An exemplary H2 : fluoromonomer precursor molar ratio can be in the range of about 0.2 : 1 to about 10: 1 or the ratio can be about 1.2 : 1.

The fluoromonomer can be prepared in a fixed bed reactor containing a catalyst, such as palladium on a refractory oxide support, or alumina or other supports. The reactor can be operated at an exemplary temperature of about 30°C to about 500°C, or the temperature can be about 300°C.

An exemplary pressure in the reactor can be in the range of about 1.0 kg/cm2 to about 7.4 kg/cm2 or a pressure of about 7.0 kg/cm2. Contact time in the reactor can be in the range of about 6 seconds to about 90 seconds, and/or about 10 to about 30 seconds.

As those skilled in the art appreciate, there is a relationship between catalyst activity, temperature, pressure, and contact time such that more active catalyst and higher pressure permit operation at lower temperature and shorter contact time.

Catalysts appropriate for converting the fluoromonomer precursor to the fluoromonomer are common hydrogenation catalysts such as Co, Ni, Cr, Cu or combinations thereof, optionally promoted with compounds of Mo, V, W, Ag, Fe, K, Ba or combinations thereof. While not critical to performance, specificity of the conversion to the fluoromonomer can increase when utilizing a supported catalyst. Useful supports include carbon, metal fluorides, alumina and titanium.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, water can be added during the reaction. In an exemplary embodiment greater than 0.2% water can be added. The additional water can be from about 0.04 to about 12 percent by weight of the fluoromonomer precursor, or about 0.8 percent by weight of the fluoromonomer precursor. Example 3 below demonstrates the expected dehalogenation of the fluoromonomer precursor CFC-217. Example 4 demonstrates the expected conversion of HFC-236 to PFP.

Example 3: HFC-217-HFP C3CIF7~C3F6 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube containing 10% (wt./wt.) NiC12 on activated carbon is heated by an electric heater and the fluoromonomer precursor CFC-217ba and H2 combined according to the parameters indicated in Table 4 below.

The resulting crude organic gas product is then washed with water to remove acids and analyzed by gas chromatography. Table 4 below demonstrates the results of this dehalogenation.

Table 4-CFC-217-. HFP H2 : CFC-217 Run &num Contact Time (s) Temp. °C mole ratio % HFP 1 11.0 250 8.0 21.6 2 11.0 300 12.0 92.3 3 10.9 300 9.0 92.3 4 5.8 300 17.8 23.2 Example 4: HFC-236->PFP (C3F6H2<C3F5H) C3F6H2oC3CI2F6 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube, equipped with a ceramic fiber heater, is packed with activated carbon. The activated carbon and reactor are purged with nitrogen at a reactor temperature between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon hexafluoropropane (HFC-236). The flow of the chlorine and hexafluoropropane are controlled with gas flowmeters. The temperature of the reactor is brought to approximately 325°C and the flow of the chlorine and HFC-236 is set to the flow rate that allows for a mole ratio of approximately 2. Fluoromonomer precursor dichlorohexafluoropropane (CFC-216) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before capture for subsequent conversion to PFP.

C3CI2F6eC3F5H A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube is heated by an electric heater and the fluoromonomer precursor CFC-216 and H2 combined therein according to the parameters indicated in Table 5 below. The resulting crude organic product was then washed with water to remove acids leaving the fluoromonomer PFP.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0.32 mm ID coating silicaplot column. The results are reported as percentages of total responses or area percent. Table 5 below demonstrates the expected results of this conversion.

Table 5: CFC-216~PFP Contact H2: CFC-216 Run&num Time (s) Temp °C mole ratio % PFP 1 8. 6 300 9.9 70.6 2 7.7 325 9.9 77.5 3 7.2 350 10.2 81.9 4 7.2 375 10.2 84.0 5 8.0 380 8.3 86.8 6 10.8 450 6.8 61.4 Example 5: HFC-245~PFP (C3F5H3~C3F5H) C3F5H3~C3CI3F5 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube, equipped with a ceramic fiber heater, is packed with activated carbon. The activated carbon and reactor are purged with nitrogen at a temperature of from between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon pentafluoropropane (HFC-245). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-245 are controlled with gas flowmeters.

The temperature of the reactor is brought to approximately 325°C and the flow of the chlorine and HFC-245 is set to the flow rate that allows for a mole ratio of approximately 3. Fluoromonomer precursor trichloropentafluoropropane (CFC-215) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before being captured for subsequent conversion to PFP.

C3CI3F5~C3F5H A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube is heated by an electric heater to combine the fluoromonomer precursor CFC-215 and H2 according to the parameters indicated in Table 6. The resulting crude organic product is then washed with water to remove acids leaving the fluoromonomer PFP.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0.32 mm ID coating silicaplotT" column. Table 6 below demonstrates the results of this conversion.

Table 6 : CFC-215->PFP Contact H2: CFC-215 Run&num Time (s) Temp. °C mole ratio % PFP 1 30.4 100 17.8 52.7 2 30.4 135 17.8 62.0 Example 6: HFC-125~TFE (C2F5H~C2F4) C2F5H->C2CIF5 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube, equipped with a ceramic fiber heater, is packed with activated carbon. The activated carbon and reactor are purged with nitrogen at a temperature of from between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon pentafluoroethane (HFC-125). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-125 are controlled with gas flowmeters.

The temperature of the reactor is brought to approximately 325°C and the flow of the chlorine and HFC-125 is set to the flow rate that allows for a mole ratio of approximately 1. Fluoromonomer precursor chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before being captured for subsequent conversion to TFE.

C2CIF5eC2F4 A 34 cubic centimeter inconel reactor tube is packed with a NiCI2 catalyst and heated by an electric heater to combine the fluoromonomer precursor CFC-215 and H2 in a ratio of about 2 and a temperature of about 300°C. The resulting crude organic gas product is then washed with water to remove acids leaving the fluoromonomer TFE.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0.32 mm ID coating silicaplotT" column. Table 7 below demonstrates the expected results of this conversion.

Table 7 : CFC-125, TFE HFC-125~HFC-115 CFC-115~TFE Cl2 : HFC-125 Conversion to H2 : CFC-115 Conversion to Run# Temp. °C RatioCFC-115 Temp.'C RatioTFE 1 300-1 Acceptable-300-2 Acceptable Example 7: HFC-134->TFE (C2F4H2~C2F4) C2F4H2eC2Cl2F4 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube, equipped with a ceramic fiber heater is packed with activated carbon. The activated carbon and reactor are purged with nitrogen at a temperature of from between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-134 are controlled with gas flowmeters.

The reaction parameters are those indicated in Table 8 below. Fluoromonomer precursor dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before being captured for subsequent conversion to TFE.

C2CI2F4oC2F4 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube can be packed with a supported Pd/Cu catalyst and heated by an electric heater to combine the CFC-114 and H2 in a ratio of about 8 and a temperature of about 350°C. The resulting crude organic gas product is then washed with water to remove acids leaving the fluoromonomer TFE.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0.32 mm ID coating silicaplotT" column. Table 8 below demonstrates the expected results of this conversion.

Table 8 : HFC-134~TFE HFC-134#CFC-114 CFC-114#TFE Cl2 : HFC-134 Conversion to H2 : CFC-114 Conversion to Run # Tem. °C Ratio CFC-114 Tem. °C Ratio TFE 1-300 22.0 Acceptable-350-8. 0 Acceptable Example 8: HFC-143~VDF (C2F3H3~C2F2H2) A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube, equipped with a ceramic fiber heater, is packed with activated carbon. The activated carbon and reactor are purged with nitrogen at a temperature from between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon trifluoroethane (HFC-143). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-143 are controlled at a mole ratio of about 22 and the reaction is maintained at a temperature of about 300°C. Fluoromonomer precursor trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before being captured for subsequent conversion to difluoroethene (VDF).

A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube can be packed with a supported Pd/Cu catalyst and heated by an electric heater to combine the CFC-113 and H2 in a ratio of about 8 and a temperature of about 350°C. The resulting crude organic gas product is then washed with water to remove acids leaving the fluoromonomer VDF.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0.32 mm ID coating silicaplotT" column. Table 9 below demonstrates the expected results of this conversion.

Table 9: HFC-143~VDF HFC-143-. CFC-113 CFC-113-. VDF C12 : HFC-143 Conversion to H2 : CFC-113 Conversion to Run # Tem. °C Ratio CFC-113 Tem. °C Ratio VDF 1-300-22. 0 Acceptable ~350 ~8. 0 Acceptable Example 9: HFC-152~VDF (C2F2H4~C2F2H2) C2F2H4~C2C14F2 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube, equipped with a ceramic fiber heater, is packed with activated carbon. The activated carbon and reactor are purged with nitrogen at a temperature of from between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon difluoroethane (HFC-152). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-152 are maintained at a mole ratio of about 22 and the reactor is maintained at a temperature of about 300°C. Fluoromonomer precursor tetrachlorodifluoroethane (CFC-112) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before being captured for subsequent conversion to difluoroethene (VDF).

C2CI4F2oC2F2H2 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube can be packed with a supported Pd/Cu catalyst and heated by an electric heater to combine the CFC-112 and H2 in a ratio of about 8 and a temperature of about 350°C. The resulting crude organic gas product is then washed with water to remove acids leaving the fluoromonomer VDF.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0. 32 mm ID coating silicaplotTM column. Table 10 below demonstrates the expected results of this conversion.

Table 10 : HFC-152~VDF HFC-152~CFC-112 CFC-112~VDF Cl2 : HFC-152 Conversion to H2 : CFC-113 Conversion to Run# Temp. OC Ratio CFC-112 Tem. °C Ratio TFE 1-300-22. 0 Acceptable-350-8. 0 Acceptable According to another embodiment of the present invention, methyl hydrofluorocarbons may be converted to fluoromonomers by converting the methyl hydrofluorocarbon to a fluoromonomer precursor and then adding additional carbon chain length with an olefin such as ethylene before subsequent conversion to a fluoromonomer.

As described herein, methyl hydrofluorocarbons such as difluoromethane (HFC-32) or trifluoromethane (HFC-23) are converted to useful fluoromonomer precursors such as dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and chlorotrifluoromethane (CFC-13).

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the addition can be performed in the liquid phase by combining the fluoromonomer precursor with the olefin in the presence of a catalyst to form a fluoroadduct or alternatively the addition can be performed in the presence of a stabilizing agent such as tribute phosphate.

In one embodiment, the fluoromonomers precursor is CFC-12, the alkane is ethylene, and the catalyst is a mixture of iron and tributyl phosphate. In a particular embodiment, the ratio of fluoromonomer precursor to alkene is about 1.07 : 1, the temperature is about 105°C and the pressure is about 1.4-2. 1 kg/cm2.

CFC-12 and ethylene in the presence of a catalyst react to form dichlorodifluoropropane. This dichlorodifluoropropane can subsequently be halogenated in the presence of HF to form the fluoromonomer trifluoropropene (TFP).

According to an embodiment of the present invention, HFC-32 is converted to the fluoromonomer precursor HCFC-22 which can be converted to TFE by pyrolysis.

Example 10 below demonstrates the conversion of HFC-32 to both TFP and TFE.

Example 10 : HFC-32TFPandTFE CF2H2~CCI2F2 and CCIF2H A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube, equipped with a ceramic fiber heater, is, in one instant packed with Takeda brand activated carbon and in another left empty. The reactors are purged with nitrogen at a temperature from between 150°C and 200°C. The reactors are connected to tubing providing chlorine and the hydrofluorocarbon difluoromethane (HFC-32). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-32 are controlled with gas flowmeters. The parameters of these reactions are indicated in Tables 11 and 12 below. Fluoromonomer precursors dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) or chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) exiting the reactor are first passed through a 10% KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before being captured for subsequent transformation to the desired fluoromonomer. Table 11 below demonstrates the conversion of HFC-32 utilizing a catalyst at varying reagent mole ratios, contact times and temperatures. Table 12 demonstrates the conversion of HFC-32 in an empty reactor at varying reagent mole ratios, contact times and temperatures.

Table 11: HFC-32#CFC-22/CFC-12 Run Temp. Contact Mole Ratio &num (°C) time (s) (Cl7 : HFC-32) Conv. % Sel. HCFC-22% Sel. CFC-12 % Total Sel. % 1 200 12.3 1.22 30.89 80.69 17.51 98.2 2 250 6.96 0.76 74.01 56.76 40.69 97.45 3 250 8.35 3.44 57.72 69.75 21.95 91.7 4 300 7.78 3.83 96.64 32.44 65.8 98.24 5 300 11.82 1.11 61.96 52.59 41.2 93.79 6 300 11.82 1.11 61.96 52.59 41.2 93.79 7 300 19.22 2.27 97.78 23.18 74.37 97.55 8 300 4.67 1.22 61.65 44.64 49.1 93.74 9 350 4.97 0.87 45.56 45.99 43.24 89.23 10 200 18.19 0.86 5.55 77.01 4.58 81.59 Table 12: HFC-32CFC-22/CFC-12 (open tube) Run Temp. Contact Mole Ratio Sel.

&num (°C) time (s) (Cl : HFC-32) Cony. % HCFC-22% Sel. CFC-12% 1 250 8.85 1.01 0.5 56 2 2 300 8.67 0.93 1.92 86.14 0.62 3 350 10.65 1.14 24.16 91.7 2.55 4 400 11.65 1.51 91.84 15.72 64.04 5 400 8.47 0.74 51.74 21.58 46.46 6 350 19.13 0.76 27.13 38.06 0.66 7 350 5.51 2.28 17.96 60.11 0.71 8 350 15.54 0.28 27.56 4.18 0.06 CCI2F2 + C2H4--+C3Cl2F2H4 To perform the addition, a 1 inch l. D. by 24 inch long continuous reactor is equipped with a sight glass, circulation pump and pressure control valve. Sufficient iron wire is added to the reactor followed by the addition of the fluoromonomer precursor dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), containing 3% by weight tributyl phosphate. The CFC-12 is added to the reactor in an amount sufficient to fill the reactor to 60% of its total volume. The reactor is then heated to approximately 105°C and ethylene is added to the reactor until the fluoroadduct dichlorodifluoropropane concentration reaches a concentration of 66% by weight. A mixture of 3% tributyl phosphate/CFC-12 and ethylene is then continuously fed into the reactor in a mole ratio of 1.07 : 1. Reaction pressure is controlled at approximately 7.0 kg/cm2 and the product is removed by liquid level control.

C3CI2F2H4eC3F3H3 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube can be heated by an electric heater to combine the HF and fluoroadduct dichlorodifluoropropane in a ratio of about 2 at a temperature of about 350°C. The resulting crude organic gas product is then washed with water to remove acids leaving the fluoromonomer TFP.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0.32 mm ID coating silicaplotT" column. Table 13 below demonstrates the expected conversion of CFC-12 to TFP.

Table 13: CFC-12-. TFP CFC-12#Fluoroadduct Fluoroadduct#TFP C2H4: CFC-12 Conversion to HF: Fluoroadduct Conversion to Run # Temp. °C Ratio Fluoroadduct Temp. °C Ratio TFP 1-100--1. 0 Acceptable-350-2. 0 Acceptable CCIF2HeC2F4 HCFC-22 is pyrolized at sufficient temperature to prepare TFE which is captured by cold trapping technique.

Example 11: HFC-23~TFP (CF3H--+C3F3H3) CF3H~CCIF3 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube equipped with a ceramic fiber heater, is packed with Takeda brand activated carbon. The activated carbon and reactor are purged with nitrogen between 150°C and 200°C. The reactor is connected to tubing providing chlorine and fluoromonomer precursor trifluoromethane (HFC-23). The flow of the chlorine and HFC-23 are maintained at a mole a ratio of about 3 at a reaction temperature of about 300°C. Fluoromonomer precursor chlorotrifluoromethane (CFC-13) exiting the reactor is first passed through a 10% KOH solution and then dried over CaS04 before capture for subsequent conversion to a fluoroadduct. Table 14 below demonstrates the expected results for this conversion.

Table 14: HFC-23~CFC-13 Run Temp. Contact Mole Ratio CFC-13 # (°C) time(s) (Cl2: HFC-23) Recovery 1-300 12. 3-3. 0 Acceptable CCIF3 + C2H4~C3CIF3H4 CFC-13 is combined with ethylene in a 1 inch I. D. by 24 inch long continuous reactor equipped with a sight glass, circulation pump and pressure control valve.

Sufficient iron wire to catalyze the reaction is added to the reactor followed by the addition of CFC-13, containing 3% by weight tributyl phosphate. The CFC-13 is added to the reactor in an amount sufficient to fill the reactor to 60% of its total volume. The reactor is then heated to a sufficient temperature to facilitate the reactions, approximately 105°C and ethylene is added to the reactor until the fluoroadduct chlorotrifluoropropane concentration reaches a concentration of 66% by weight. A mixture of 3% tributyl phosphate/CFC-13 and ethylene is then continuously fed into the reactor in a mole ratio of 1.07 : 1. Reaction pressure is controlled at approximately 7 kg/cm2 and the product is removed by liquid level control.

C3CIF3H4~C3F3H3 A 34 cubic centimeter Inconel reactor tube can be heated by an electric heater to combine the fluoroadduct chlorotrifluoropropane and H2 in a ratio of about 2 at a temperature of about 350°C. The resulting crude organic gas product is then washed with water to remove acids leaving the fluoromonomer TFP.

Products are determined utilizing a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a plot fused silica 30 m X 0.32 mm ID coating silicaplotT" column. Table 15 below demonstrates the expected results for this conversion.

Table 15 : CFC-13~TFP CFC-13. Fluoroadduct Fluoroadduct~TFP C2H4 : CFC-13 Conversion to H2 : Fluoroadduct Conversion to Run # Temp. °C Ratio Fluoroadduct Temp °C Ratio TFP 1 #100 #1. 0 Acceptable ~350-2. 0 Acceptable Fluoromonomers such as the HFP, PFP, TFP, VDF and TFE produced in the previous embodiments represent in many respects the backbone of fluoropolymers that demonstrate useful polymer properties. Within this family are found materials of high thermal stability and concurrent usefulness at high temperatures (in some cases combined with high crystalline melting points and high melt viscosity), and extreme toughness and flexibility at very low temperatures. Many of the fluoropolymers are almost totally insoluble and chemically inert, some have extremely low dielectric loss and high dielectric strength, and most have non-adhesive and low friction properties.