Inventors: Neal George Stewart, Gordon Currie, Jian Zapata, and Richard

Mclndoe

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document

contains material, which is subject to copyright

protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent

document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in

the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or

records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights

whatsoever.

Cross-reference of Related Patent Applications:

[0001] This application claims priority under the Paris Convention to the United States Provisional Patent Application No. 15/295,967, filed October 17,

2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The United States Provisional Patent Application No. 15/295,967 is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of United States Patent Application No.

14/511,187 filed October 10, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This application is related to United States Patent No.

9,148,058 issued September 29, 2015, United States Patent Application No.

14/565,444 filed October 10, 2014, and PCT International Application No.

PCT/CN2015/070538 filed January 12, 2015, and PCT International Application

No. PCT/CN2016/075144 filed March 1, 2015, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Field of the Invention:

[0002] The present invention generally relates electrical power generation and distribution. Particularly, the present invention relates to methods and systems for solving the increasing power quality degradation of the present legacy electrical system because of evolving technology and legislative impacts, such as Distributed Energy Generation (DEG).

Background:

[0003] The present legacy electrical system and power quality being delivered to users is being degraded by a number of disruptive technology and legislative impacts, especially with the rapidly increasing myriad of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial Distributed Energy Generation (DEG) devices connected at any point across a low voltage LV power distribution network. This increasing degradation in power quality being delivered to the end consumers, especially voltage volatility, current and frequency aberrations, can negatively impact the performance or even damage electrical equipment, appliances, and electronic devices connected to the electrical power system in the user premises, and can even trip and disrupt wider area LV power distribution network, substation protective equipment, high voltage (HV) transmission grids, and even generators.

[0004] Referring to FIG. 1. The legacy alternate current (AC) electrical power systems which started in the later 1800's had limited transmission capabilities due to low voltage components, and over short distances. So a myriad of separate independent power producers (IPP)'s sprang up with a central generator and supplied power to local areas or local power islands. Back then, there were a range of voltages and various frequencies for each local area or local power island. The loads were simple which comprised largely incandescent electrical lighting. [0005] Referring to FIG. 2. As electrical technologies advanced, with HV insulators and switches, transmission voltages were allowed to be increased hence enabling the delivery of higher electrical power over longer distances. Voltage levels increased rapidly from Edison's initial 220 VDC local grids, to the first AC grids of 2.3 KVAC (1893), rising every few years to 765 KVAC (late 1960's). With longer transmission grids resulted in overlapping power islands, conflicts began in areas of business, competing technical standards, and finally monopolies emerged. With the increasing use of electrical power, questionable reliability, and growing conflicts in the electrical industry, many countries moved to legislate regulatory controls over their electrical industries.

[0006] In the United States, it became critical that the rapidly growing electrical industry be regulated to create national standards that also would allow multiple grid interconnections to create stable power networks across the country with the goal of delivering high quality reliable power to the consumers. The Federal Government in the 1992 Congress passed the Energy Power Regulatory legislation at the Federal level. So FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) was charged with regulating power quality from the central power utilities, who owned the generators, transmission, and distribution networks end to end. Then in 1996, in order to increase competition and optimize the cost of electrical power, FERC deregulated the electrical industry further and ruled that generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power must be conducted by legally separate entities. This created the competitive market for wholesale power available on the transmission grids with the generators selling and the distributors purchasing wholesale power from the transmission companies. [0007] Many countries enacted similar deregulated competitive electrical power structures in the 1900's. In the United States, after a major North East Blackout in 1965, the NERC (North American Reliability Council) was created to maintain and enforce system standards and power quality reliability. Then again, after another major Blackout in North East and Canada Aug 14, 2003, the Federal Government in June 2007 passed even tighter regulatory laws and penalties on the transmission operators mandated legally by the ERC working with FERC.

[0008] Referring FIG. 3. Reaching the present day, what came with the deregulation legislation was DEG, which was the ability of connecting small power generators to the HV transmission grids. With still further technology advances in power generation such as CUP micro-turbines, fuel cell installations, and especially renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal, and wind, coupled with falling capital costs, private owners in domestic and commercial premises have stated purchasing and installing these small DEG devices.

[0009] These small privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG device installations accelerated with the introduction of then later updated and modified Feed in Tariff (FIT) policy over the last few years. The FIT mandates transmission operators to pay owners of DEG devices minimum prices for excess power being generated and added back into the energy grid. So now with a myriad of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices, connected in increasing numbers to the local LV distribution networks, it is creating a large impact on power quality for not only the end consumers, but the increasing real possibility of wide area major grid disruptions. Especially with the increasing chances of a transmission grid trip due to the reduction of spinning reserves with the offloading of the large central utilities due to additional power being generated by the growing number of installed DEG devices. The resultant voltage, current and frequency aberrations from these privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices that are superimposed onto the distribution networks and transmission grids increases the possibility of setting off the system trip protective switch gear, normally adjusted to the tight tolerance and long established legacy electrical power specifications.

[0010] Furthermore, because of these increasing voltages on the distribution networks, when over the regulated voltage limits the DEG interface control electronics disables the DEG interface, it does not only shut off any DEG energy recovery from the DEG installation but also eliminates any FIT recovery for the end consumers. Hence the more DEG interfaces connect along a local distribution network, for example a neighborhood of domestic PV installations, as the distribution network voltages increase because of the amount of excess energy being delivered into the distribution network by the DEG installations, the more number of these DEG interfaces will be disabled by the DEG interface control electronics, with no energy recovery or FIT for the end consumers.

[0011] Power quality is defined under the following specifications, the key parameters being consistent and stable voltage, harmonics, and frequency of the electrical power delivered to the user. With the advent of more and more electronic devices and equipment being connected to the electrical system which are complex electrical loads, especially with the increasing power demand being domestic and commercial, rather than industrial such as in the United States, these electronic devices, since they offer more complex loads to the electrical system, they can introduce electrical power instability, and these electronic devices are generally located in domestic and commercial premises with increasing power demands from the LV distribution networks, adding to the voltage instability with changing loads and power factors across the distribution networks. [0012] When the legacy central generating utilities owned the complete equation of generation, transmission and distribution end to end, they agreed to, and could meet, the legislated tight power quality standards specified and enforced by government and regulatory bodies. With the advent of even further deregulation of the electricity industry in many countries, and expanding FIT, allowing the connection of an increasing myriad of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices to the LV distribution network and increasing complex loads and changing power factors, there is an increasing critical degradation of power quality especially voltage instability and increased potential of excessively high voltages being delivered to customers' premises, with the added consumption of wasted energy.

[0013] Electrical equipment, appliances, electronics, and especially electrical motors, are all designed to perform optimally at the legislated voltage and frequency tight set legacy standards. Electrical and electronic devices subjected to these voltage and frequency aberrations, outside the set tight legacy tolerances, can malfunction, degrade performance, be damaged, and even wastes energy.

[0014] These power quality standards have a long history of regulatory normalization across each country, and even across the world, particularly with the advent of electrical transmission major grid connections between countries. Examples of electrical LV distribution mains standards by some countries are as follows, referencing nominal voltage, voltage tolerance, nominal frequency, and frequency tolerance, for the LV distribution network for domestic and commercial users:

[0015] Many countries have similar nominal LV Distribution POU voltages such as 220/230/240 VAC (and trending this higher distribution network voltage to 230 VAC), and lower voltages generally 1 10/1 15/120 VAC, with Frequency now standard at 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Generally 50 Hz for the higher 220/230/240 VAC voltages, and 60 Hz for the lower 110/115/120 VAC voltages, but either frequency is used in some countries due to their electrical power system history. Voltage tolerance can be standardized at ± 5%/ ± 6%/ + 10, -6%/ ± 10%, the maximum tolerance in any country is set at ± 10%.

[0016] Frequency tolerance is normally standardized in many countries to

± 1%), some countries have ± 2%, which is the maximum frequency tolerance allowed.

[0017] Power quality problems are associated with voltage or frequency deviating outside the specified regulatory set and enforced limits. Voltage magnitude problems can be:

1) Rapid voltage changes;

2) Low frequency voltage change causing flicker;

3) Under voltage dips (under - 10%);

4) Over voltage surges (Over +10%)

5) Overvoltage spikes and noise;

6) Voltage unbalance in 3 -phase system;

7) Voltage and current harmonics;

8) Power factor (PF) - the phase of the voltage and current being out of phase due to reactive power imbalance referred to as power factor (PF =1, V and I in phase, PF = 0, V and I - 180° out of phase) can also create not only voltage and current harmonic problems, but also electrical and electronic equipment, and especially in electrical motors, wasted power, under performance, and also possible damage;

9) Current imbalance in the 3 -phase system, where each phase is loaded with unequal currents can cause transmission and distribution equipment problems and degraded power quality; and 10) Frequency deviations also can impact performance and operation of electrical and electronic devices, transformers, and electrical motors;

[0018] Because of these increasing voltages on the distribution networks, when over the regulated voltage limits the DEG interface control electronics disables the DEG interface hence not only shuts off any DEG energy recovery from the DEG installation but also eliminates any FIT recovery for the user. Hence the more DEG interfaces connected, for example domestic houses, along a local distribution network, for example a neighborhood of domestic PV installations, as the distribution network voltages increase because of the amount of excess energy being delivered into the distribution network by the DEG installations, a significant number of these DEG interfaces will be disabled by the DEG interface control electronics, with no energy recovery or FIT for the users.

[0019] All of these power quality issues degrade the power quality being delivered to users, especially voltage instability across and through the LV distribution network at POU, where now, in addition, the myriad of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices being connected, excess power generated by these DEG devices is being loaded back onto the local LV distribution network. Also, these privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices, even though they have to meet performance test specifications, IEC 61215 (Ed. 2 - 2005) and IEC 61646 (Ed.2 - 2008), they can still set up widely varying Voltage, Frequency and rapid power fluctuations, on the local LV distribution network at POU. These domestic and commercial DEG devices are small PV installations, micro-wind, micro-hydro, CHP micro-turbine, CHP fuel cells, and possibly hybrid automobiles in the future. Also, these problems can also reduce the efficiency of electrical power usage in the electrical and electronic loads at the POU. For example electrical motors waste power when they are driven at a higher voltage than the electric motor was designed for optimal performance. And since in the PF equation, KVAR is proportional to the voltage squared, the higher the voltage the more wasteful reactive power has to be delivered by the grid. Also, there is a movement in the electricity generation and distribution industry to charge customers for peak demands based upon the peak KW used. With higher voltages, KW peak demands will increase, as will the charges to customers.

[0020] The large renewable industrial PV, solar thermal, wind and hydro installation need large physical areas away from population centers, the power users, hence the large industrial installations need end to end HV Transmission over generally long distances, so these large installations can be owned and controlled by the utility generator, hence can meet and be responsible for the Transmission Operator regulated power quality standards.

[0021] The advantage of the large numbers of small privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices, is the power is generated locally, close to the users or POU, through the LV distribution network. But the owners of these privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices, purchase, install and operate these DEG devices, but have no responsibility for the impact on the local LV distribution network power quality. These legacy local LV distribution networks in most cases were not initially designed for large number of domestic and commercial DEG devices to be connected. So there is real and increasing concern by the regulatory bodies, with the increasing penetration of these privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices, not only user power quality being degraded, but local power instability on the LV distribution networks. Added to this is the increasing connection of complex loads, changing power factors, and changing loads across the distribution networks. This results in increasing service disruptions over even large areas and even HV transmission grids due to voltage, current, or frequency aberrations outside the tight tolerance electrical standards that can trip voltage, current, or frequency electrical system safety and protection devices, causing electrical disruptions and outages. Also because of these increasing and sometimes excessive voltages on the distribution networks, there is significant wastage of energy, due to reduced efficiency of loads, higher reactive power absorbed, and also now customers being billed for increased KW Peak Demand.

[0022] The electrical power industry and regulatory bodies are grappling with this new and disruptive evolution in the legacy electrical system. Suggested solutions to this increasing and real problem are all aimed at maintaining the legacy and historical transmission and distribution network structure and power quality tolerances.

[0023] One significant book, which is dedicated solely to the looming problem of increasing penetration of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices is titled "Integration of Distributed Generation in the Power System", authored by Math Bollen and Fainan Hussan. The content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This book was only recently published in 2011 by IEEE, and the book represents a detailed in-depth- study of over a 10 year period, all related to the disruptive evolution of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices on power quality.

[0024] This book has 470 references, and is excellent in its in-depth research on detail to the increasing critical aspects of the disruptive impact of DEG devices on the overall electrical power system. Many authors and institutions present similar solutions to solving this problem, the same solutions as also covered fully in detail in this book, and again all aimed at maintaining the legacy electrical standards power quality tolerances, by protecting and controlling the HV transmission grid and LV distribution networks. But again, all of these solutions suggested are solely to maintain these historical, long established over many decades, of legacy tight tolerance electrical industry standards. This deeply researched and detailed book finally concludes in its recommendations to address the critical problems of the increasing connection of larger numbers of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices, is by adding a layer of digital communication networks to link the DEG devices back to controlling and protecting the HV transmission grids, or even this digital communication network can precipitate tripping voltage protection relays on the distribution network feeders, or even disconnecting DEG devices if say overvoltage results. The book also suggests various schemes of adding storage, and other load shifting actions based upon the added digital communication network of shifting reserves to customers or DEG devices.

[0025] The book also concludes another possible conventional solution because of the concerns of the large cost, time, and complexity involved to add the extensive sophisticated digital communication networks and software algorithms that would be required, so in their final paragraph on page 470 - "Next to these advanced solutions, the classical solution of building more stronger lines or cables should not be forgotten. However, the introduction of new types of production will require use of advanced solutions in more cases than in the past. By combining the classical and advanced solutions, the power system will not become an unnecessary barrier to the introduction of distributed generation."

[0026] So this last paragraph of the book on page 470, sums up their concerns of the increasing penetration of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices on the LV distribution network in particular, and its potential critical impact on the stability of the overall electrical grid. They propose advanced digital communication networks and software solutions ("Smart Grid"), but also suggest a simple, but expensive, conventional physical solution in adding more copper wire to the existing LV distribution networks that will increase the power handling capability and reduce Voltage instability by decreasing the resistance of the wires in the present LV distribution networks as these DEG devices add increasing and volatile power onto the local LV distribution networks. These LV distribution networks were initially not designed, and certainly this new DEG problem, not anticipated, with this recent evolution of the connection of large numbers of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices.

[0027] The last paragraph in this detailed book underlines clearly that: 1) All solutions suggested are aimed and still meeting the present tight tolerances of the historical legacy Regulated and enforced electrical standards for power quality;

2) Connection of large numbers of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices to the local LV distribution networks is a major problem, as the LV distribution networks were not initially designed to handle this new disruptive electrical evolution, hence the suggestion of physically upgrading these LV distribution networks underlines the complexity of this real and critical problem;

3) The book's last line suggests, because of the complexity and cost and time for these advanced complex "digital" solutions ("Smart Grid"), that just adding additional copper wires to the present LV distribution network will help. But that is also a very expensive solution, to upgrade physically the LV distribution networks, and will take many years to complete;

4) With these critical problems now happening with the degradation of power quality and possible widespread Transmission grids tripping, there may be legislative moves to limit the number of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices allowed to be installed;

5) The book also has no suggestion on who would be responsible for the costs of the huge digital communication software network and who has final responsibility for power quality delivered to the user; and

6) Again, the book, and all suggestions in the industry, surrounding this recently evolving DEG devices problem, is the underlying, totally accepted without question, in maintaining the historical, legacy, Regulated power quality tight specifications and framework, and still meeting the decades old legacy electrical system power quality tight tolerance standards. Summary:

[0028] So far, solutions that have been proposed by the industry attempt to solve this increasing critical problem due to the introduction of DEG by targeting the power generation, HV transmission, and/or LV distribution without real success. The present invention, however, approaches the problem by targeting directly the electrical power point of use (POU), so that high quality electrical power can be restored directly at each POU. As such, the present invention transforms the tightly legislated and regulated legacy "electrical grid" into a sort of "open-source" energy grid with wide tolerance. In this "open-source" energy grid, an individual energy processing unity (EPU) device is installed at each end consumer's POU. These EPU devices are specifically designed to tolerant very wide ranges of voltage, current, and frequency variation - "dirty power" on the input, and processes the input "dirty power" to produce clean high quality power at the output delivered directly at the POU. The present invention then enables the LV distribution network in particular to handle the increasing number of connections of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices while meeting the requirements of tightly regulated and legislated legacy electrical standards imposed on HV transmission operators. And because of the tightly controlled EPU output voltage, significant energy savings can also be realized.

[0029] The specific definition of point of use (POU) in this document is a single circuit point of connection between the end consumer and the LV grid. As such, a EPU can be installed at the end consumer POU, but not limited to directly at a switchboard in the end consumer's premises, electrical power connection service point, switch room, remotely at a single circuit connection to a single the end consumer's premises or load, in an adjacent location inside or outside of the end consumer's premises, or on an electric pole. A person ordinarily skilled in the art will view that a POU as defined in this document is where an EPU is installed, which can be between the end consumer's premises or load and the LV grid for a point-to-point connection, or any single circuit connection by a end consumer.

[0030] The specific definition of end consumer includes that of a conventional electrical power consumer on an energy grid and an owner and/or operator of a DEG device connected to an energy grid.

Brief Description of the Drawings:

[0031] Embodiments of the invention are described in more detail hereinafter with reference to the drawings, in which [0032] FIG. 1 depicts a logical diagram illustrating the electrical power generation and distribution networks during the late 1800's;

[0033] FIG. 2 depicts a logical diagram illustrating the electrical power generation and distribution networks during the 1900's;

[0034] FIG. 3 depicts a logical diagram illustrating the present day electrical power generation and distribution networks with DEG devices but without the present invention;

[0035] FIG. 4 depicts a logical diagram illustrating an electrical power generation and distribution network with DEG devices and EPU's in accordance to one embodiment of the present invention; [0036] FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram illustrating a configuration of en energy processing unit in accordance to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0037] FIG. 6 depicts a logical diagram of an exemplary premises - a residential house, showing the electrical connections from the grid, smart meter, voltage regulating POU, house wiring, and electrical receptacles; and [0038] FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary graph showing voltages against POU and load current of the premises.

Detailed Description: [0039] In the following description, methods and systems of electrical power generation and distribution and the like are set forth as preferred examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and/or substitutions may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the disclosure is written to enable one skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation.

[0040] With the increasing negative impact to power quality of deregulation that allows these privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices to be connected to the LV distribution networks, especially with the further legislation for FIT, and similar allowances in many countries, this is becoming a critical industry problem that is trying to be solved in adding complex digital communication networks and control algorithms to the power grids ("Smart Grid"). However, this approach is expensive, complex, and will take many years to knit the huge power system together, and in the meantime it will not improve the present situation that allows the connection of an increasing number of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices to the distribution networks or solve the increasing addition of complex loads, and changing loads and power factors across the distribution networks. Finally, the electricity generation and distribution industry with its "Smart Grid" plans will in no way be able to deliver very close tolerance (<= 1%) voltages to the customers' premises for maximum energy savings through load conservation voltage reduction (CVR) reduction, reduced reactive power KVAR absorption, and reduced KW peak demand customer billing. [0041] The major concern expressed by many in the power industry is the stability of the overall power system as the increasing number of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices are installed, that will degrade not only the local LV distribution networks, but also can threaten the HV Transmission Grids as more central Generating Utilities reduce capacity and spinning reserves due to the increasing energy being generated and loaded onto the LV distribution networks from the DEG devices, and the increasing renewable installations in general. With reduced central Generator Utilities spinning reserves, and more volatile energy being delivered to the LV distribution networks by the wide array and increasing numbers of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices, the increasing chances of network voltage and Frequency tripping, and also the potential of major outages as HV grid faults cannot be rapidly compensated for with insufficient spinning reserves.

[0042] One aspect of the present invention is a power distribution system that completely bypasses the critical and increasing problem of the myriad and types of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices being installed and connected mainly to the LV distribution networks that were not initially designed, or even anticipated, for the recent DEG evolution coupled with the increasing addition of complex loads, changing loads and power factors across the distribution networks, creating high and excessive energy wasting voltages, and higher KW peak demand usage.

[0043] In accordance to one aspect, the present invention transforms the tightly legislated and regulated legacy "electrical grid" into a sort of "open-source energy grid" with wide tolerance. In this "open-source" energy grid, an individual energy processing unity (EPU) device is installed at each end consumer's POU. These EPU devices are specifically designed to tolerant very wide ranges of voltage, current, and frequency variation - "dirty power" on the input, and processes the input "dirty power" to produce high quality "clear power" at the output delivered directly at the POU. [0044] The EPU can be simply installed at each POU without any changes to the LV distribution networks, with no limit of the quality and number of DEG devices that can be installed and connected, hence the present invention allows the recent evolution to the "electric grid" to evolve to an "open-source energy grid" with the EPU processing the "dirty power" to generate "clear power" directly at the POU and the customers' premises.

[0045] For example, in one configuration in accordance to one embodiment of the present invention, the input to the EPU can be designed to accept voltage tolerance of +-25%, and deliver a voltage with an automatic voltage regulation (AVR) incorporated in the EPU, at its output, at POU of +-2%. Therefore, for example, the LV distribution network voltage tolerance can be relaxed to +-25%, transmission grid to +-10%, and also the DEG devices output Voltage to meet +-10%. So, with the EPU's installed, and the power quality tolerances widened to allow for distribution network and grid power quality volatility, and the EPU's delivering tightly regulated voltage (e.g. +-1% tolerance) at customers POU, the DEG revolution can continue with increased distribution and network stability and high level of power quality at POU, without limiting the numbers of DEG devices that can be connected to the LV distribution network.

[0046] Also with an EPU installed at the POU, and with the potential power quality problems of the increased volatility and stability of the distribution networks with the connection of increasing numbers of privately owned and operated domestic and commercial DEG devices, and with the EPU correcting wide voltage volatility and wide tolerances at the customer POU to very tight voltage regulated tolerances (e.g. +-1%), regardless of the wide power quality aberrations on the LV distribution network, especially voltage, PF, harmonics, and current unbalances, there are, in addition, additional advantages in significant energy savings as the output high power quality of the EPU at the POU are tightly controlled, hence significant power savings are also possible. [0047] In another configuration in accordance to one embodiment of the present invention, since with the series voltage method, the output voltage of the EPU is regulated and held to tight nominal voltage and tolerance regardless and independent of the high distribution voltages at the input of the EPU, and also since the EPU is bidirectional, any excess energy connected to the output of the EPU is passed back to its input and onto the HV distribution network, regardless of the high voltages on the distribution network. However, when the DEG interface is connected to the EPU output, the DEG interface control electronics only sees and senses the normal and nominal regulated EPU output, hence the DEG interface electronics will continue to operate normally with full energy recovery, and never trigger over voltage lock out (OVLO) of the DEG device. As such, the EPU of the present invention solves the problem associated with the increasing number of DEG installations on the LV distribution networks.

[0048] FIG. 4 shows the DEG 402 connection to the output of the EPU 401 , which is also connected to the actual premises POU. Since the EPU 401 operates as a series voltage regulator, basically "isolating" the DEG interface from the high distribution voltages, the DEG interface and energy recovery operates normally as the DEG control electronics only sees or senses the fixed and set nominal EPU regulated output voltage, and any excess DEG energy is passed back through the bidirectional EPU to the EPU input connected to the distribution network regardless of the high voltages on the distribution network, allowing normal FIT for the user, and the DEG device only sees the tightly regulated output of the EPU hence the DEG device never turns off triggered into OVLO.

[0049] In another configuration in accordance to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, instead of a full AVR incorporated in the EPU, the EPU can be designed for maximum energy savings utilizing conservation voltage reduction (CVR), so the EPU can be configured with only a voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator in conjunction with a series bypass contactor for lower cost and additional energy savings under the condition of low voltage AC mains. So instead of the EPU utilizing a full AVR that will boost the voltage up to the set regulated output voltage but will lose the additional energy savings if just an EPU with a voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator is used in conjunction with a series bypass contactor. For example in this energy saving optimization configuration of the EPU, the present invention is related to optimizing energy savings of the EPU and also protecting the electrical loads from overvoltages and energy wasting high AC input voltages above an optimum energy savings level. In the case of the input mains AC voltage falling below a selected optimum level, as if a full AVR is utilized in the EPU, the full AVR not only continues to use its internal power electronics to boost the low input AC voltage to the set regulated output AC voltage, the AVR would increase or boost the input AC mains voltage to the set optimum output energy savings voltage level, then the energy savings would not be optimized under low input mains AC voltage, as the input current hence the input power would increase as the full AVR increases or boosts the low mains input AC voltage.

[0050] In this preferred embodiment of the present invention, if the input

AC mains voltage drops below the optimum energy savings voltage or a lower selected voltage point, the voltage decreasing power electronics in the EPU are switched out to save the voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator internal power electronics usage, and the series bypass contactor is activated, so that the lower mains voltage is directly delivered to the electrical load, hence achieving even more energy savings than in the case if a full voltage increasing AVR is used in an alternate EPU configuration. The principles of the present invention are readily applicable to any poly-phase AC system, such as a single or 3 -phase electrical system.

[0051] For example in worldwide electrical systems, the final LV distribution voltages are generally either 110/120 VAC systems, or 220/230/240 VAC systems, although most of the world is standardizing to nominal 120 VAC or 230 VAC systems for LV distribution voltages. Also there are standardized and legislated electrical system specifications, and especially distribution voltage levels and tolerances to be delivered to the switchboards of domestic and commercial premises. For example in the United States the standard distribution voltage for domestic and commercial premises is 120 VAC (specified by FERC/NERC), and voltage tolerances of maximum of +5%, and minimum of -5%. In the higher voltage 230 VAC systems such as Australia (specified by AS60038), and the UK (Specified by EN50160), the allowed voltages tolerances are specified as a maximum of +10%, and a minimum of -6%. Although it is accepted in the industry that overvoltage levels can be higher, and an overvoltage of +10%, and an undervoltage of -10% as extreme limits, but still acceptable. But these extreme and maximum voltages when applied to electronic equipment and appliances, especially electrical motors, that are designed to the nominal specified standard voltages such as 120 VAC in the United States and 230 VAC in Australia and UK, not only waste energy because of the additional higher working voltage, but also do not perform optimally, motors and transformers can overheat, shorten working life times, and can permanently damage any equipment connected to the electrical system.

[0052] So, say for the United States, the voltage range, from a nominal 120

VAC, for a maximum voltage of +5% is 126 VAC, and a +10% overvoltage level of 132 VAC, and a minimum of -5% is 114 VAC, with an undervoltage of -10% of 108 VAC. It is generally accepted in the industry that the transmission and distribution operators in the United States will deliver the minimum voltage of 114 VAC to the premises switchboard, and allowing another 3.5% voltage drop estimated for a minimum of 110 VAC to the actual loads, such as appliances in domestic premises.

[0053] To deliver the specified range of voltages within the allowed voltage tolerances from the nominal voltage of 120 VAC to say each domestic or commercial premises on a local power island distribution network, it requires a higher voltage at the input to the local power island distribution network, because of the voltage drop that takes place serially along the physical wires of the distribution network due to the electrical resistance of the wires and system conductors. So typically premises close to the sub-station of the distribution network local power island will see the higher maximum voltage ranges, and further along the local power island distribution network, the lower voltages in the range. So for the United States, the voltage range can be from 126 VAC or even higher, down to 114 VAC or even lower, for a nominal 120 VAC local power island distribution network.

[0054] Similarly for the nominal 230 VAC countries, such as Australia and the UK, the voltage range can be from 253 VAC or even higher at the local power island substation, down to 216 VAC or even lower along the distribution network, for a nominal 230 VAC local power island distribution network, allowing for up to 5% voltage drop across internal facility or residential wiring.

[0055] So there have been major investments made into the local power island distribution networks to minimize the tolerances of the delivered mains AC voltage to all domestic and commercial premises, but this has become more difficult due to the increasing usage and complex electronic loads being added into domestic and commercial premises coupled with changing loads and power factors. Hence only with the added EPU units at the POU can the real advantage be taken for maximum energy savings due to the closely regulated voltage with a narrow voltage tolerance on the EPU output directly at the customer POU. In the United States for example, there is now more electrical power being used by domestic and commercial premises that industrial usage. With the aforesaid problems associated with DEG, the problems compound dramatically in terms of power system complexity, voltage range volatility, and especially overvoltages.

[0056] Electrical and electronic equipment and appliances, especially electrical motors, are specifically design to operate at the nominal specified standard voltages, such as 120 VAC in the United States, and other 120 VAC countries, and 230 VAC in Australia, UK, and other 230 VAC countries. Voltage over the nominal design standard voltage not only can damage the connected electrical and electronic equipment, but they also consume more energy than is necessary, motors and transformers can overheat, hence there is an optimum voltage in general that optimizes the performance and delivers the maximum energy savings. So for example, in an EPU optimized for maximum energy savings utilizing CVR, the optimum energy savings voltage is selected to be the nominal mains voltage -5% to achieve normal equipment performance, and maximize energy savings. So that energy savings set voltage could be 114 VAC for nominal 120 VAC systems, and 220 VAC for nominal 230 VAC systems, or other lower energy saving voltages could be selected, and this is just an example to clearly show the concept. Also, the output voltage of the EPU could be set lower including the voltage drop allowed for in facility or residential wiring, from maximum 3% to 5% voltage drop depending upon the legislation country by country. [0057] Therefore, in this preferred embodiment of the present invention, only a voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator is needed working in conjunction with a series bypass contactor, and the output voltage of the voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator is set at energy saving level of 114 VAC for nominal 120 VAC systems, and set at energy saving level of 220 VAC for 230 VAC systems, so under the conditions of extreme or overvoltages the voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator keeps the output voltage to the load at the selected set energy savings voltages. Under the conditions of the input AC mains voltage falling below the energy savings set voltage (in this example 114 VAC for nominal 120 VAC systems, and 220 VAC for nominal 230 VAC systems), if a full AVR is used, then the full AVR will not only be using internal power to increase or boost the low input mains AC voltage, but that will not save as much energy as the present invention, as below the set energy saving voltage, the control electronics will sense the low input AC mains voltage, switch off the voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator power electronics saving internal energy, and activate the series bypass contactor, hence the low main AC input voltage is now applied directly to the load, minimizing the voltage drop if the voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator stayed connected in the circuit, and additional energy savings is achieved by this low input mains AC voltage being applied directly to the load through the series bypass contactor. Also when the input mains AC voltage increases above the set energy savings voltage, the series bypass contactor is switched out, and the voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator is activated to regulate the output AC voltage to the load at the energy savings voltage level, regardless of the higher and extreme overvoltages on the distribution network.

[0058] In another embodiment of the present invention, a specific energy savings EPU with just the voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator working in conjunction with a series bypass contactor incorporates standard digital communications as designed in many "smart meters". This way, the energy savings EPU utilizing CVR could be called an "energy saving meter" as it not only performs and reports as a "smart meter" in communicating over the various standard modes of "smart meter" digital communication, but it also can save energy, and report accurate billing power data.

[0059] To illustrate the decreasing of the EPU output voltage to an optimum energy savings level, in the example say 114 VAC for a 120 VAC system, and say 220 VAC for a 230 VAC or 240 VAC system, savings of 10% to 15% can be achieved, and these savings will be increased under low voltage conditions below the 114 VAC in the 120 VAC system, or 220 VAC in the 230 VAC or 240 VAC systems in this lower cost energy savings EPU using just a voltage decreasing AC voltage regulator in conjunction with a series bypass contactor, instead of an EPU utilizing a full AVR. This invention is related to the ability to even set the EPU output voltage lower than the minimum legislated voltages, for example 114 VAC for nominal 120 VAC systems, and 220 VAC for nominal 230 VAC systems, by dynamically compensating for the internal wiring voltage drop across the facility or residential wiring. [0060] The EPU can be designed to work in a bi-directional digital communication network, which can be used to communicate to a central location the status of the EPU devices and the LV distribution network. This transmitted data can be used to modify the operation of the EPU devices to alleviate LV distribution network problems, and also the EPU power island can be isolated to operate as a "micro grid" (403 in FIG. 4), in that local power area, and because of the relaxed power quality tolerances on the LV distribution network, the LV distribution network or micro grid can operate with much wider power quality volatility, while the EPU's process that "dirty power" to deliver "clean power" at the POU. Also the digital data can be used on much wider power island areas, to modify the overall interaction and operation of the generators, transmission grid, DEG's, and EPU's to maintain the stability of the power system, but with the wider power quality tolerances on the Power System, because of the installation of EPU's, it allows much easier overall system control with increased distribution power quality volatility, while the EPU's still deliver high power quality "clean power" at the POU.

[0061] There are two ways to regulate voltage on the AC mains. One is by series voltage regulation, where the AC input and AC output are "decoupled" with only the differential voltage between the unregulated input AC voltage and the specified and fixed regulated output AC voltage being processed by the power electronics. The other method is by shunt current regulation, where the AC voltage is changed by injecting a specified current in shunt or parallel with the mains, and adjusting the level of the specified current being injected or absorbed by the power electronics interfacing with an internal storage device, such as a high voltage electrolytic capacitor. The shunt current regulation method, therefore, controls the AC mains line voltage by driving or absorbing a specified current interfacing with an internal storage device across the mains line impedance or resistance. [0062] The EPU voltage regulation in accordance to the embodiments of the present invention is by series voltage regulation methods including, but not limited to, the series AC high frequency voltage regulator techniques disclosed in United States Patent No. 9, 148,058, United States Patent Application No. 14/565,444, and PCT International Application No. PCT/CN2015/070538. The series voltage regulation methods have major advantages over the shunt current regulation method. The shunt current regulation method requires significant current to be generated to change the voltage differential under the conditions where the AC line impedance is very low. The AC line impedance is typically much less than 1 ohm, and in many cases can be less than 0.1 ohm, and is also changing depending on line conditions. Thus, the shunt current regulation method is inefficient and limited in its ability to drive sufficient current into the low line impedances to regulate the voltage over a wide range, and in some cases, with a very low line impedance cannot generate or absorb sufficient current to correct to the required voltage. The series voltage regulation method, as used in the present invention, is highly efficient, does not need an internal storage device such as an unreliable high voltage electrolytic capacitor necessary for the shunt configuration, and can regulate the AC output voltage over a very wide range of input AC voltages, is independent of line impedances, and can be operated independently as a standalone AC series voltage regulation AVR.

[0063] In one embodiment, the series voltage regulator in each of the energy processing units being a series alternate current high frequency voltage regulator defined in United States Patent No. 9,148,058, United States Patent Application No. 14/565,444, or PCT International Application No. PCT/CN2015/070538. Various embodiments of the aforesaid series voltage regulators are further characterized by:

1.) the first and third independently controllable switches are driven by a first pulse width modulation (PWM) signal; 2. ) the second and fourth independently controllable switches are driven by a second PWM signal;

3. ) the first and third active rectifiers are controlled (if applicable) by a signal derived from the first PWM signal;

4.) the second and fourth active rectifiers are controlled (if applicable) by a signal derived from second PWM signal;

5. ) wherein the first and second PWM signals are complementary with each other;

6. ) wherein the first and second PWM signals are either non- overlapping with an adjustable dead time between the first and second PWM signals or overlapping with an adjustable overlap time between the first and second PWM signals;

7. ) wherein the dead time and the overlap time can be dynamically adjusted based on output load level; and

8. ) wherein the first and second PWM signals are controlled based on cycle-by-cycle average value feedback, or cycle-by-cycle RMS value feedback.

[0064] FIG. 5 shows the configuration of an EPU in accordance to one embodiment of the present invention and the following table lists its operating parameters in addressing the aforesaid power qualify problems.

Power Quality Problems Input to EPU Output to ]sj ₀ ^ _es

Fast electronic control

1) Rapid voltage change V up to ± 25% V ± 2% eliminates rapid voltage changes

Eliminates low

2) Low frequency voltage

V up to ± 25% V ± 2% frequency voltage change

changes Eliminates under voltage ) Under voltage dips V drop to -25% V ± 2%

dips

Eliminates voltage ) Over voltage surges V up to +25% V ± 2%

surges ) Over voltage spikes and V up to ± 25% Eliminates over voltage

V ± 2%

noise Noise protected spikes and noise ) Voltage unbalance V / phase ± 10% ^{V 1} P ^{hase ± Balance volta§e}

2% unbalance ) Voltage harmonics THD up to ± THD ± 3% Elements major voltage

10% harmonic

PF > 0.5 Load PF corrected at ) Power factor PF > 0.98

load PF input

I / phase ± Load current unbalance ) Current unbalance I / phase ± 10%

2% corrected at input

10) Frequency deviation F ± 5% F ± 1% Frequency derivation corrected

EPU output voltage is

11) DEG grid interface regulated so the DEG

Fixed

control electronics grid interface operates distribution nominal

shutoff eliminating normally and excess

network regulated

DEG energy recovery DEG energy flows

voltage

and FIT for the user bidirectionally back to the distribution network.

[0065] In another embodiment, since energy savings due to the tightly regulated voltage at the output of the EPU delivered directly to the customer POU, and since the EPU can deliver, very tight controlled voltage tolerance, for example <1%, (which any other form of distribution voltage regulation cannot deliver such a tight tolerance voltage from the pole to the customer POU), it is possible to capture even more energy savings by dynamically controlling the voltage at the output of the EPU. Since there are legislated maximum voltage drops allowed across the internal wiring (e.g. maximum 3% in the U.S., and up to maximum 5% in Australia), if the voltage at the output of the EPU can be remotely set at the furthest one or more mains outlets in the facility or house (e.g. as shown in FIG. 6) by remote communication means (e.g. wireless module based on i.e. WiFi, Zigbee, LoRa, Sigfox, or any other suitable home area networking (HAN), power line communication (PLC), etc.), the voltage at one or more of the mains receptacle can transmit its voltage reading continuously, such that as the loads change in the house wiring, the output voltage of the EPU dynamically changes to allow the minimum voltage across the house wiring. For example, in the U.S., the remote mains receptacle voltage can now be set at say 110 VAC, lower, and the remote sensing and communication of that voltage changes the output of the EPU dynamically to maintain the voltage 110 VAC, or lower, at the mains receptacle for maximum energy savings.

[0066] In yet another embodiment, since energy savings due to the tightly regulated voltage at the output of the EPU delivered directly to the customer POU, and since the EPU can deliver, very tight controlled voltage tolerance, for example <1%, (which any other form of distribution voltage regulation cannot deliver such a tight tolerance voltage from the pole to the customer POU), it is possible to capture even more energy savings by dynamically controlling the voltage at the output of the EPU. Since there are legislated maximum voltage drops allowed across the internal wiring (e.g. maximum 3% in the U.S., and up to maximum 5% in Australia), in this preferred embodiment, referring to FIG. 7, the internal control system of the EPU detects the facility or residence load current, and as that will increase the voltage drop across the internal facility or residential wiring, as the current increases, the output of the EPU, increases also, to compensate for the increasing voltage drop within the facility. FIG. 7, as an example of a 230AC nominal voltage system, shows the linear (but could be any shaped) voltage change vs. load, the voltage adjustments of maximum 3% and 5% for full load. Anyone skilled in the art can use different voltages (linear or non-linear) vs. load, and tolerances without negating the core principle of this invention, which is an adaptive voltage control of the EPU at the customer POU using load current to not only control the output voltage of the EPU to compensate for internal wiring voltage drop, but also allow the output of the EPU to be set at even a lower voltage than the legislated minimum for additional energy savings and compensation for the falloff of efficiency of the EPU under low loads.

[0067] In yet another embodiment, since energy savings due to the tightly regulated voltage at the output of the EPU delivered directly to the customer POU, not only are energy savings created through the reduction of KW by the loads, through conservation voltage reduction (CVR) effect, and also reduced KVAR since reactive power is proportional to the applied voltage squared, but also the real power in KW peaks are reduced. Hence, the peak demands, that customers in some countries are now being billed as a peak demand tariff, are also reduced, with lower billings for customers, typically up to 7% reduction, depending upon the load, applications, and billing system. Further, in this embodiment, to reduce the peak demand even further, a small rechargeable battery is added, not for back up storage, but specifically designed only as small as possible and only enough capacity to only reduce further the peak demand and hence customer billing. For example in many applications, such as small houses or condominiums, a small rechargeable battery of less than 1 KWHr or 2 KWHr, so specifically not large enough for, and not aimed at, back up storage, but very limited in capacity, and only incorporated into the EPU, either internally or externally, to eliminate or significantly reduce the peak demand, to only reduce customer billing peak demand tariff.

[0068] In yet another embodiment, since energy savings due to the lower tightly regulated voltage at the output of each EPU delivered directly to the customer POU, not only energy savings are achieved through the reduction of KW by the loads, energy savings are also achieved through conservation voltage reduction (CVR) effect and reduced KVAR. Since reactive power is proportional to the applied voltage squared, the total apparent power KVA demand from the grid will be reduced due to the reduction in the load of real power consumption in KW and the reactive power in KVAR in the reduced output voltage of the EPU. Also, the reverse action can be accomplished by increasing the EPU tightly regulated voltage at the output of each EPU delivered directly to the customer POU. This way, not only is energy used by the load increases through the increase of KW by the loads through reverse of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) effect and also increased KVAR since reactive power is proportional to the applied voltage squared, the total apparent power KVA demand from the grid will increase due to the increase in the load of real power consumption in real power KW and the reactive power in KVAR in the increased output voltage of the EPU. Hence, by local or remote control over a digital communication and control system of the EPU output voltage, or preferably the control over more than one EPU as multiple EPU's in an array across or along a distribution network, changing the output voltages of these EPU's changes the total power demand in KVA from the grid, and in turn the grid voltage.

[0069] The grid voltage can be increased with lower EPU output voltages due to lower KW and KVAR or total KVA demand from the grid since lower power consumption by the load connected at the point of load output of each EPU, or the grid voltage can be decreased with higher EPU output voltages due to higher KW and KVAR or total KVA demand from the grid by the load connected at the point of load of the EPU outputs. Therefore, with an array of remotely controlled (via a digital communication network) EPU's across or along a distribution network, it is possible to control and change the grid voltage, due to the changing power demand from the grid, by changing the EPU's output voltages. Also with the real time high resolution and fine granularity of power quality data being monitored and transmitted to the SCADA, or the distribution control room, through a bidirectional digital communications network, from each EPU at each point of load, by adjusting the individual EPU output voltages across or along the network through the bidirectional digital communication network, it allows the grid voltage to also be finely adjusted, in real time, along the whole or even portions of the distribution network, that may include, but not limited to, all distribution networks and microgrids of all kinds and sizes. [0070] The embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented using general purpose or specialized computing devices, computer processors, or electronic circuitries including but not limited to digital signal processors (DSP), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and other programmable logic devices configured or programmed according to the teachings of the present disclosure. Computer instructions or software codes running in the general purpose or specialized computing devices, computer processors, or programmable logic devices can readily be prepared by practitioners skilled in the software or electronic art based on the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0071] In some embodiments, the present invention includes computer storage media having computer instructions or software codes stored therein which can be used to program computers or microprocessors to perform any of the processes of the present invention. The storage media can include, but are not limited to, floppy disks, optical discs, Blu-ray Disc, DVD, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, flash memory devices, or any type of media or devices suitable for storing instructions, codes, and/or data.

[0072] The foregoing description of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art.

[0073] The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalence.