2003137663 and 2003137664, both filed December 26,2003, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as if fully set forth herein.

Field of the Invention [0002] This invention relates to metrology, in particular to general purpose measuring devices for measuring variable values, and specifically to measuring devices capable of digital calculation or data processing in order to reduce errors in measurement. The invention can be used to make reference measurements of any measurable quantity.

Related Background Art [0003] Measuring methods and devices are used in a wide variety of applications. One example is determining bandwidth in information networks.

Another example is determining forces and moments in mechanical systems.

Still another example is conducting electrical measurements in electrical systems.

[0004] One important consideration in this field is the precision of measurements, because there is a need for increasing the precision thereof.

Increasing the precision of measurements without changing the setup of measuring devices can have a very significant and favorable economic value.

This is because in the process of conducting measurements, users, which may include, for example, individuals, groups, or entities, often need to make a single set of measurements highly precise in accuracy.

[0005] Another common problem users often face is that it is not always practical to purchase expensive measuring equipment for taking precise measurements. Moreover, hiring an outside measuring service to perform such measurements is also not always possible ; for example, there may not be any such services in a given geographical or technical area, or such services may be prohibitively expensive.

[0006] One, known method of increasing the precision of measurements, discussed in a Russian Federation patent application for invention N° 93041135, involves determining a measurement by mathematically processing the results of several different measurements, e. g. , in an electrical circuit. However, a drawback to this method is that it requires changing the way in which the object of measurement is connected to the electrical circuit. As a result, this method cannot be used in systems in which the elements are constantly powered on.

[0007] Another known method of increasing the precision of measurements is discussed in Patent RF N 2011996. In that method, in addition to the direct measurement of the parameter, additional parameters are measured and the true value of the measurement is determined in real-time based on the results of all the measurements. However, drawbacks to this method include that it requires using additional equipment, and that it is not able to adjust the results of the measurements taken over the entire period of measurement. Therefore, there is a need to improve upon the methods of increasing the accuracy of low-precision measuring procedures.

[0008] A known device for determining the value of a measurement that changes over time is described in certificate of authorship SU 1649460 Al, 5/15/91, G 01 R 19/00, and contains two approximate measurement modules that can give an

output signal for the value of the measurement and for three previously set parameters of the same type as the measurement. The device can indicate the relationship between the"true"value of a measurement and the measured value for each of the approximate measurement modules, as well as between the true value of the parameter and the measured value of the parameter for each of the approximate measurement modules in the form of linear relationship with undetermined constant coefficients. At the same time, the device can detect unambiguously determined relationships between the true value of the measurement and the measured value as measured by the approximate measurement modules, by selecting the values of these coefficients. The device can also determine the true value of a measurement based on this unambiguously determined relationship.

[0009] The principal disadvantages of this device are the inadequate precision of the measurements, such that the representation of the relationship between the true and measured values is limited by the linear function, as well as the inadequate universality and undesired complexity of the use of the device, since data on the true values of the parameter (a sample measure), measured with reference-level precision, are required in order to take measurements. A need exists, therefore, to provide a device, system, method, and program for reducing measurement errors, that do not suffer from the foregoing disadvantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] It is an object of this invention to provide an apparatus, system, method, and program for reducing measurement errors, and which overcome to foregoing problems.

[0011] It is another object of this invention to provide an apparatus, system, method, and program for processing measurement data.

[0012] It is a further object of this invention to provide an apparatus, system, method, and program for increasing the precision of measurements.

[0013] It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus, system, method, and program that can increase the precision of measurements inexpensively.

[0014] It is another object of the present invention to provide a widely available means to obtain increased accuracy in measurements, regardless of the type of measurements employed, and without requiring purchase of additional equipment.

[0015] It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus, system, method, and program for increasing the precision of measurements for users who do not have computer software or hardware for processing measurement results to increase their precision.

[0016] According to an aspect of the present invention, a method and a system, apparatus, and program that operate in accordance with the method, are provided, which achieve the foregoing objects. The method enables there to be an increase in the precision of processing measurement data through the ability to record a priori (predetermined) values of at least one parameter, to calculate coefficients of a functional relationship between the parameter and a true value of a measurement, and to exclude from the calculation clearly erroneous values of parameters.

[0017] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus for processing measurement data comprises at least a calculation module, a memory module having plural memory sectors, and at least one interface module. The interface module receives and outputs to the calculation module sequences representing detections of at least two corresponding measured parameters, obtained from an external source, such as external measuring stations and/or information processing/exchange devices. The calculation module forms and stores corresponding data arrays of those parameters in a first memory sector of the memory module. A second memory sector of the memory module stores blocks or arrays of data corresponding to each parameter and representing a functional relationship between the parameter and the true value of the measurement. A third sector of the memory module stores blocks (arrays) of coefficients of the functional relationships corresponding to each parameter.

These coefficients, which are calculated by the calculation module, and the blocks of data from the second memory sector are employed by the calculation module to calculate a substantial approximation of the"true"or actual value of

the parameter subjected to measurement, based on the value of the corresponding parameter.

[0018] The calculation module records the calculated substantial approximation of the true value in a fourth memory sector. For each of the parameters, the value of the parameter (calculated in accordance with the substantial approximation of the true value and in accordance with the corresponding parameter of the functional relationship, that is unambiguously given by the data in the second and third memory sectors of the memory module), corresponds with substantially maximum possible precision to the corresponding value of the parameter in the first memory sector of the memory module.

[0019] According to another aspect of the invention, substantial approximations of the true values of measurements, stored in the fourth memory sector, can be outputted from the apparatus through the interface module.

[0020] Some or all of the above components of the apparatus may be embodied in the form of a microchip on a single substrate, although in other embodiments other constructions may be provided.

[0021] Preferably, the memory module also includes a sector of constant memory, which contains programming code having instructions and routines for performing the method of this invention, including steps for calculating the coefficients of functional relationships along with the approximate true values of the measurements. Also, at least part of the second memory sector preferably includes a permanent memory storing sets of data representing previously determined functional relationships of various types of measuring instruments.

According to another aspect of the invention, the apparatus can record in the first memory sector a priori (predetermined) values of at least one parameter, and the greatest"acceptable"values of measurements can be employed as the a priori values of a parameter.

[0022] According to another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus can include at least one analog-to-digital converter, or external analog-to-digital converters may be employed, the input of which is adapted to be connected to corresponding source (s) (sensor) of signals indicating the measurements, and the

output of each analog-to-digital converter is used as the measurement value of a parameter, employed in the invention.

[0023] The calculation module preferably excludes clearly erroneous values of parameters from those already saved, and a fifth memory sector of the memory module stores information identifying values of parameters determined to be erroneous. Preferably, the calculation module produces an alarm signal when one of the parameters exceeds predetermined, or permissible, limits. The alarm signal may be outputted to the output-user interface and/or provided to the predetermined external destination through the interface module.

[0024] In addition, the device can be provided with input terminals connected to the interface module, and an output terminal.

[0025] The interface module can output the substantial approximation of the true value of a measurement after the readout of the value of the parameter corresponding to that true value of the measurement. The interface module can receive and forward to the calculation module the output signals of at least two primary sensors, and the calculation module can determine whether there is a predetermined disparity between the output signals of the primary sensors, and if there is a disparity, it can determine the coefficients of functional relationships.

The calculation module preferably also has the ability to give a signal to the interface module indicating the size of the disparity, if any.

[0026] The proposed device is able to increase the precision of measurements due to the fact that the calculation module can determine the limits of permissible values of input parameters and delete from the first memory sector the values of input parameters that exceed the permissible values. The apparatus of the invention is capable of more universal application than are known devices, is less complex than such devices, and is easier to use, by virtue of at least some of its components being embodied in a universally adaptable microchip, as mentioned above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0027] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an apparatus (1) constructed according to a preferred embodiment of this invention, for processing measurement data.

[0028] FIG. 2 represents two heterogeneous sets of measurement results employed in a method of the present invention.

[0029] FIG. 3, consisting of FIGS. 3A and 3B, depicts a flow diagram of a preferred method performed according to the present invention.

[0030] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example of a system in which the apparatus (1) according to this invention can operate.

[0031] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a user terminal (70) that may be included in the system of FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0032] A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0033] Fig. 1 depicts an apparatus (1) for processing data representing measurements taken by an external measuring source, and preferably comprises a controller or calculation module (2) (shown as a"computing unit"in Fig. 1), a memory module (3), and an interface module (unit) (4). The calculation module (2) includes, for example, one or more microprocessors and/or logic arrays for performing arithmetic and/or logical operations required for program execution.

The apparatus (1) may include, for example, a server computer, PC, laptop, or any other type of personal computer and/or information exchange/processing device.

[0034] A user-input interface (la) and a user-output interface (lb) also may be provided in the apparatus (1). The interface (la) may include, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, a trackball, touch screen, and/or any other suitable type of user-operable input device (s), and the output-user interface may include, for example, a video display, a liquid crystal or other flat panel display, a speaker, a printer, and/or any other suitable type of output device for enabling a user to perceive outputted information, although for convenience, only the display (lb) is shown in Fig. 1.

[0035] The interface module (4) preferably is an electronic interface that is bidirectionally coupled to the calculation module (2), although in other embodiments predetermined unidirectional coupling may be employed instead, depending on applicable operating criteria. The interface module (4) may have a

construction such that its connecting terminals can be used both to receive input signals into the apparatus (1) and to output signals from the apparatus (1), or, in another embodiment, separate input and output terminals may be employed, depending on, for example, predetermined design criteria, the technical requirements of the external device (s) to which the interface module (4) may be connected, etc.

[0036] Referring also to Fig. 4, the interface module (4) is adapted to receive signals from an external source, such as, for example, one or more measuring sources or sensing stations (50) and (60), and/or from an information processing and/or exchange device (e. g. , a user terminal (70) ), either directly or through a communication network (40), such as the Internet or another type of network.

Such signals may represent, for example, parameter measurements taken by the measuring sources, such as stations (50) and (60) or another measuring source.

The interface module (4) forwards the signals that it receives to the calculation module (2).

[0037] It should be noted that, for convenience, Fig. 4 depicts the sensing stations (50) and (60) and user terminal (70), although it should be noted that the signals can be provided to the apparatus (1) from other sources as well. In general, the number of devices (40), (50), (70), and (1) that may be operating in the system can vary widely, depending on overall system design and usage requirements, and the like.

[0038] The sensing stations (50) and (60) (two are shown for convenience, but there may be or less more than two) are depicted in the illustrated example to include, in station (60), an approximate measurement module (62) and a sensor (61), and sensing station (50) includes a sensor (51) and an indirect measurement module (52).

[0039] The sensor (51) may be spaced apart from the sensor (61), and may even be physically distant therefrom, depending on predetermined design criteria, and their measurements can be obtained for use by the apparatus (1) regardless of the distance between the sensor (51) and (61). The sensors (51) and (61) are assumed to each provide an output signal in response to detecting a predetermined physical parameter or phenomenon, such as a predetermined type

of energy, temperature, liquid, pressure or mass flow, or any other measurable physical quantity. In an exemplary embodiment, the sensors (61) and (51) measure an electrical energy quantity, such as voltage and/or current, at different parts of a same electrical circuit (not shown). As an example, sensor (51) may be a voltmeter measuring the voltage output of a power generator located in one loop of the electrical circuit, and sensor (61) may be a voltmeter for measuring a voltage in another loop of the circuit powered by the same generator, or vice versa. As a further example, in a case where a quantity of fluid flow in a pipeline is being measured, fluid meters with operational precision may be employed to measure the quantity of fluid flow.

[0040] As another example, signals outputted from station (60) may represent detections made by an electrical power gauge measuring the power level in one branch of a circuit having a stabilized voltage, and the output signal represents the measured power in the circuit. Also by example, signal received from station (50) may represent detections made by a current sensor that detects the amount of current at a predetermined location in the circuit.

[0041] As a more general example, the outputted signals may represent instantaneous values of current and voltage in a circuit, measured by one or more electrical sensor instruments, or power values detected in a circuit branch adjacent to the circuit branch being analyzed, along with the power value detected in the analyzed branch.

[0042] In these examples, all of the aforementioned parameters directly or indirectly depend on the power of the current flowing in the circuit and can be used for precise determination of the true value of the electrical power flowing in the circuit.

[0043] As can be appreciated in view of this description, the sensors (51) and (61) can measure different types of parameters that are related through a predetermined relationship, depending on applicable operating criteria. For example, the sensor (51) may measure a parameter (e. g., current) that is related to the parameter (e. g., voltage) measured by the sensor (61) through a predetermined functional relationship (e. g. , in relation to power). However, for convenience, the present description is made in the context of the sensors (51)

and (61) both measuring the same type of electrical energy parameter (e. g., voltage), which also is within the scope of this invention, although the invention is not limited to that example only.

[0044] It should also be noted that, although the present invention is described in the context of measurements of electrical values, broadly construed, the invention is not limited for use only in conjunction with electrical measurements. Indeed, the apparatus (1), method, and program of the invention can perform mathematical processing of measurement results to increase the precision of any suitable types of physical measurements, whether electrical or not. For example, as pointed out above, in other embodiments the apparatus (1), system, method, and program can be used in the measuring of the frequency of oscillatory processes, to determine hydraulic and gas-dynamic parameters, such as pressure, rate or consumption of liquids and gases, to determine the parameters of a mechanical system, such as forces, displacements, and rotations, to determine the physical and chemical parameters of environments, including moisture, temperature, or concentration of substances, or to make measurements in data transfer devices, such as to determine network traffic.

[0045] Referring again to Fig. 4, the sensors (61) and (51) preferably make detections and provide corresponding output signals over a same predetermined time period, but at distinct points in time, so that the signals from the sensors (61) and (51) are not eventually received at the apparatus (1) simultaneously. Those signals may be outputted from the sensors (51) and (61) at a same or different frequency, as long as they are outputted at different points in time. By virtue of the sensors (51) and (61) outputting signals over a same time period, the apparatus (1) is able to recognize that the signals originated from those sensors (51) and (61) as opposed to from other sensors (not shown) that may transmit signals over a different time period. Preferably, the interval between measurements taken by the sensor (51) is greater than the interval between measurements taken by the sensor (61).

[0046] The approximate measurement module (62) and the indirect measurement module (52) each represent a separate physical component or components that undesirably introduce some error quantity into the measurements made by the

sensors (61) and (51), respectively. By example only, if the sensors (61) and (51) are analog devices, the modules (62) and (52) may be A/D converters that introduce an error quantity into the measurements, wherein the error quantity depends on a characteristic error inherent in the respective modules (62) and (52).

In another examples, the modules (62) and (52) may be voltage-frequency converters with a counter, depending on the application of interest. As another possible example, the modules may represent the cumulative components of the system that introduce error (or a cumulative error) in paths between the sensors and calculation module (2). Preferably, the relative error rate (i. e. , characteristic error) inherent in the indirect measurement module (52) is less than that of the approximate measurement module (62). Also, although in the illustrated example the modules (62) and (52) are depicted as being physically separate from the sensors (61) and (51), respectively, in other examples the modules and sensors may be integrally formed.

[0047] By virtue of the characteristic error inherent in the modules (62) and (52), their output signals represent the original measurements made by the sensors (61) and (51), respectively, but varied by (plus or minus) an error value corresponding to the characteristic error inherent in the respective modules (62) and (52). For convenience, these output signals are hereinafter referred to as uncompensated parameter measurement signals, and may include random and systematic errors (described below). The measurements may vary over time owing to, for example, error fluctuations.

[0048] Similar uncompensated parameter signals may be outputted from the user terminal (70) to the apparatus (1) as well. For example, those signals may represent previously taken measurement values stored in the terminal (70), or transferred to the terminal (70) from other sensing stations (not shown) in real- time or not in real-time, wherein respective signal sets may have similar error portions as described above in connection with modules (52) and (62), respectively (i. e. , the error of one set is greater than the error of the other set), or the terminal (70) may provide only one of such sets of signals.

[0049] One or more components of the system of Fig. 4 may conform to various types of technology standards, such as, for example, PXI, VXI, IEEE 1451.4 (TEDS), FIELDBUS technologies, or any other suitable types of technologies.

[0050] Referring to Fig. 5, the user terminal (70) is shown in. more detail. The terminal (70) can communicate with the apparatus (1) through network (40), and may include, for example, a PC, laptop or other remote personal computer, a personal digital assistant, or the like. The user terminal (70) has a data input device (74) and a data output device (75).

[0051] The data input device (74) is a user interface that may include, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, a trackball, a touch screen, and/or any other suitable type of user-operable input device (s). The data output device (75) may include, for example, a video display, a liquid crystal or other flat panel display, a standard monitor with a CRT or an LCD, a speaker, a printer, and/or any other suitable type of output device for enabling a user to perceive outputted information.

[0052] The user terminal (70) further comprises a controller (76) and an associated data storage device (72), as well as an electronic interface (71) for bidirectionally coupling the controller (76) to an external communication path, such as one connected to, for example, network (40) (Fig. 4). The data input device (74), the data output device (75), and the data storage device (72) are all communicatively coupled to the controller (76). The controller (76) controls the overall operation of the user terminal (70), and includes, for example, one or more microprocessors and/or logic arrays for performing arithmetic and/or logical operations required for program execution. The data storage device (72) represents one or more associated memories (e. g. , disk drives, read-only memories, and/or random access memories), and stores temporary data and instructions, as well as various routines and operating programs that are used by the controller (76) for controlling the overall operation of the user terminal (70).

The device (72) also stores a program that enables the terminal (70) to perform a method of this invention, to be described below, and to communicate with the apparatus (1) through, for example, network (40).

[0053] Referring again to Fig. 1, the memory module (3) of the apparatus (1) will now be described. The memory module (3) is bidirectionally coupled to the calculation module (2), and preferably includes one or more associated memories (e. g., read-only memories, and/or random access memories), which may be in the form of, for example, memory microchips and/or hard or soft magnetic disks.

The memory module (3) stores, preferably in a memory sector (11) to be described below, temporary data and instructions, and also stores various routines and operating programs that are used by the calculation module (2) for controlling the overall operation of the apparatus (1). For example, the memory sector (11) of the memory module (3) preferably stores a program according to the invention that includes routines and instructions for performing the method of this invention, which will be described below.

[0054] Preferably, memory module (3) includes plural memory sectors, such as memory sectors (5), (6), (8), (10), (11), and (12), and the calculation module (2) operates under the control of the program (according to the invention) stored in the memory sector (11) for storing various types of information in the sectors (5), (6), (8), (10), and (12), and for retrieving such information from the sectors, when the information is obtained in corresponding steps of the method described in detail below. For example, first memory sector (5) is employed to store data arrays of each read in parameter value, and second memory sector (6) is employed to store a data block (7) corresponding to each parameter Third memory sector (8) of the memory module (3) stores blocks of coefficients of functional relationships (9), calculated by the calculation module (2), corresponding to each of the parameters. The coefficients and data blocks (7) are employed to determine a substantial approximation of true values of measurements based on a measured value of the corresponding parameter, in a manner as will be described below. The fourth memory sector (10) of the memory module (3) stores the substantial approximations of the true values of the measurements calculated by the module (2).

[0055] The program stored in memory sector (11), which preferably is a permanent memory, also enables the calculation module (2) to calculate the coefficients of functional relationships, and the substantial approximation of the

true values of a measurement, in addition to enabling the module (2) to store/retrieve information in/from the various memory sectors.

[0056] Referring to memory sector (6), at least part (13) of that sector preferably is a permanent memory that stores sets of data representing predetermined functional relationships for various types of measuring instruments or sources.

The fifth memory sector (12) preferably stores information that is used to identify erroneous parameter values.

[0057] The apparatus (1) also may include one or more analog-to-digital (A/D) converters (not shown) in the path connecting the interface (4) to the calculation module (2), which converter (s) also can introduce an error into the uncompensated parameter measurement signals that traverse the path, although for convenience no A/D converters are shown in the apparatus (1).

[0058] The manner in which the apparatus (1) operates will now be generally described.

[0059] Signals representing values of two or more parameters detected in or otherwise provided from external sources, such as sensing stations (50) and (60) or terminal (70) are applied to the input of the interface module (4) and then forwarded to the calculation module (2).

[0060] Referring to Fig. 1, the signals that are inputted through the interface module (4) are counted by the computing module (2) and then recorded in the memory module (3). A data array of values of each parameter is created and stored in the first memory sector (5) of the memory module (3) (values Y1 and Y2 referred to in the method below). According to an aspect of this invention, it is possible to record in the first memory sector (5) a priori (predetermined) values of at least one parameter (Yi), preferably using the predetermined limiting (e. g., greatest possible) values of the measurement as the a priori values. Such data can be obtained through the interface module (4) from elements (50), (60), and/or (70) or other sources (not shown) that may be in communication with the apparatus (1). In the case of at least the terminal (70), the data can be accompanied by, for example, at least one aggregate of data describing the profile of a remote user (or terminal (70) ) and containing a data block identifying the user or terminal. The user terminal (70) transfers to the apparatus (1) such

information for storage in the first memory sector (5) to allow the apparatus (1) to perform the method of the invention to calculate the principal functional relationship between the measurement results and a"true"value of the measurement, according to the invention. The results of the measurements are stored in the first memory sector (5) for use in the method of the invention to further increase the accuracy of other received measurement data. Results of at least some of these calculations, including those showing a disparity between the measurement results and the true value, are then transferred to the user terminal (70).

[0061] In the second memory sector (6) of the memory module (3), a block or array of data (7) corresponding to each of the parameters is stored by the calculation module (2) (e. g., results of formulas (F 11) to (F5) described below are stored in sector (6), wherein ko characterizes the linear functional relationships).

Each data block (7) stored in the second memory sector (6) corresponds to each of the parameters and represents a functional relationship between that parameter and the substantial approximation of the"true"value of the measurement.

Preferably, the data blocks (7) are characterized primarily by the format of data storage in the memory module (3) (for example, formatted as memory microchips), in connection with which the memory module (3) is primarily an indicator determined by constructively realized logical elements. Also, the second memory sector (6) may store, for example, a database identifying types of sensing station devices, and indicating the error rate for each type. According to one embodiment of the invention, this information can be used to recognize the type of measuring device which took the measurement values represented by the signals received at the apparatus (1), for subsequent use of the values in the method to be described below (as, for example, Y1 values, or, in another embodiment, as Ya values, referred to below).

[0062] Using the program stored in the permanent memory sector (11) of the memory module (3), the calculation module (2) calculates and records in the third memory sector (8) of the memory module (3) the coefficients of the functional relationships (e. g., the results of formulas (F19) to (F20) below, including kl, 2 (%), are stored in sector (8)). Using the information (e. g., data block (s) (7) ) from the

second memory sector (6), along with the information (e. g., the coefficients of functional relationships) from the third sector (8), the calculation module (2) calculates and records in the fourth memory sector (10) the substantial approximation of the true values of the measurements, such that the value of each parameter, (calculated in accordance with the substantial approximation, and in accordance with the functional relationship for that parameter, as unambiguously given by the data in the second and third memory sectors of the memory module), corresponds with the maximum possible precision to the value of that parameter in the first memory sector (5) of the memory module (e. g., the result of formula (F15) below is stored in the fourth memory sector). The calculation module (2) excludes clearly erroneous values of parameters and stores in the fifth memory sector (12) information allowing the identification of erroneous parameter values (e. g., a result of formula (F19) is stored in the fifth memory sector).

[0063] Furthermore, using the interface module (4), there is a readout of the sequence of the values of at least two parameters, based on the substantial approximation of the true value of the measurement, and there is an output of the data from the fourth memory sector (10) of the memory module (3).

[0064] It should be noted that the term"true value"is used herein to indicate the value (quantity) of a parameter as determined with the substantially maximum possible accuracy (i. e., a substantial, approximation of the actual quantity), because in practice the actual true value cannot be determined with absolute precision. This is due not only to limitations in the precision of determining error, but also to the limitations in the precision in representations of the measurement, determined, for example, with the maximum quantity of significant digits in the numbers that can be processed by a computer system, such as apparatus (1). For convenience, the terms"true value"and"substantial approximation of the true (or actual) value"are used interchangeably herein.

[0065] The method according to which the apparatus (1) operates according to a preferred embodiment of this invention, will now be described in even greater detail, with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B.

[0066] At block 20 detections are made by external sensors, such as for example, sensors (61) and (51), in the above-described manner, and then are processed by

the respective modules (62) and (52) at block 22. For example, in a case where the modules (62) and (52) are analog-to-digital converters, the sensor outputs are A/D-converted by the modules (62) and (52), which, in the present example, introduce an undesired error into those outputs, depending on the characteristic error inherent in those respective modules. Uncompensated parameter measurement signals outputted by the modules (62) and (52) are then provided to the apparatus (1). It should be noted that similar signals also may be provided from the user terminal (70), although for convenience the following description of Fig. 3 is made in the context of the signals being supplied from the stations (50) and (60) only. Nonetheless, the method proceeds in essentially the same manner in the case where one or more sets of such signals are supplied from the terminal (70), wherein if only one set is supplied the other set is provided in the apparatus (1) separately.

[0067] The calculation module (2) responds to receiving the initial signals from the respective modules (62) and (52) by, for example, identifying the sensors from which the received signals originated (by recognizing, for example, a predetermined unique identification code included in the signals), and also recognizing the types and number of the sensors and the type of parameter (s) detected thereby. These identification and recognition functions may be performed in accordance with any suitable, known identification and recognition technique (s), and will not be described in further detail herein.

[0068] A high-precision error compensation procedure according to the present invention then is performed. During the procedure, which, for example, may be initiated by a user entering a predetermined command into the apparatus (1), first values Y1 representative of the uncompensated parameter measurement signals outputted by the indirect measurement module (52) (over the predetermined time period) and provided to the apparatus (1), are stored in memory module (3) in a first array of such values (block 24). Second values Y2 representative of the uncompensated parameter measurement signals outputted by the approximate measurement module (62) (over the predetermined time period) also are provided to the apparatus (1) and stored in the memory module (3), but in a second array that includes such values, at the block 24.

[0069] Next, at block 26 the calculation module (2) performs a number of procedures. First, an arithmetic mean of the measurement results is determined.

As an example, the array of first values Y1 and the array of second values Y2 are each subdivided into a first subset and a second subset thereof, wherein, each subset includes a predetermined number (e. g., five) of the respective first or second values. The first values of the first subset of first values are sized in the equation (Fll) and the first values of the second subset of first values are summed in equation (F12), and each sum is divided by nl2 : where: n represents the number of first values; ysl represents a first value (originally outputted by module (52) ) ; yll represents an average of the first subset of first values; and F2l represents an average of the second subset of first values.

[0070] The second values of the first subset of second values are summed in the equation (F21) and the second values of the second subset of second values are summed in equation (F22), and each sum is divided by nl2 : where: n represents the number of second values; y12 represents a second value (originally outputted by module (62)) ; 1 represents an average of the first subset of second values; and Y22 represents an average of the second subset of second values.

[0071] A transpose of Yl't and Y2Ican be represented by (F3) below, and a transpose and 2 can be represented by (F4) below: [0072] A ratio ko represents a first general approximation of a multiply- systematic effect in the error in the indirect measurement module as a proportion (ko-1), and essentially is a difference between the averages of the second and first subsets of second values to a difference between the averages of the second and first subsets of first values. The ratio ko is determined using the following equation (F5) (preferably the middle portion is employed in the calculation), based on the averages determined above.

[0073] A linear operator Trepresenting the sensing station (60) can be represented in matrix form (F6) below, and, based thereon, another form of the above formula (F5) can be obtained, as represented by formula (F7) below. where E"is a unit vector as follows: [0074] In the process of real technical measurements, the approximate measurement module (62) can introduce a multiply-systematic error effect

(factor), and thus disturbances in the linear operator T occur, where the influence of disturbance can be represented by the following expression: T(#)=T + ##T where: X represents a disturbance value caused by external influencing factors. E. g., at least part, if not all, of the disturbance % may be caused by the multiply-systematic effect of the module (62).

[0075] It is known that linear operators of the type T () are characterized by their own ambiguous functions with two branches. For example, in a publication by Kato T., entitled"Theory of Disturbance of Linear Operators", pp. 62-67, M: Mir (1972) (hereinafter"the Kato publication"), a description is given of an example analysis resulting from research, of the disturbance (perturbation) of individual characteristic values (eigenvalues) of a disturbed operator of the following type: [0076] Thus, a"perturbed"form of formula (F7) can be represented as shown in the following expression (10).

[0077] Based on the definition of eigenvectors, two eigenvalues of linear operator T are 1, 20, and thus eigenvectors us, 2 of T'can be obtained through the following equations (Fl ll) and (F112), which generally relate to a matrix of eigenvectors: <BR> <BR> T'#u1,2(#) = #1,2(#)#u1,2(#) (F111)<BR> <BR> <BR> (T'-#1,2(#)#E)#u1,2(#) = 0 (F112) where:

E is a unit vector and u is a vector representing a single matrix (with one diagonal).

[0078] According to the definition of eigenvectors, and based on the form of formulas (F5) and (F10), values kl and k2 are obtained based on formula (F14) : where: kl represents one possible value of the approximation of the multiply-systematic effect in the error in the indirect measurement module (52) as a proportion (ki-1) ; and ka represents another possible value of the approximation of the multiply-systematic effect in the error in the indirect measurement module (52) as a proportion (k2-1).

[0079] Based on the above expression (F14), a multi-valued function (F15), defining the equation of a straight line (disposed at an angle), can be represented by: yi2 = k1,2#yi1 + a0 (F15) [0080] After block 26, control passes to block 28 where data obtained based on at least some of the foregoing formulas is stored in the memory module (3).

Thereafter, control passes through connector A to block 30 of FIG. 3B. At block 30, a determination is made as to whether kl or k2 should be selected as being closest to ko) using a target function formed using min-max criteria. For example, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, this procedure first includes assignment of the required type of function, using expression (F 18) :

where: xi represents a theoretical"true"value of the measurement; \-is a transformation function representing the sensing station (50); yil represents measurement values taken by sensing station (50) and stored in module (3); and ao is a value representing a common (systematic) effect expressed as an additive correction. Generally, value ao is near zero, and is less than the multiplicative systematic error.

[0081] Also, a constraint zone is formed based on the following formula (F19) : yi2 - #j(yi1)#i (F19) where: yil represents a first value, influenced by kl and k2 (through formulas (F14) and (F15) ) (i. e., a signal from the indirect measurement module (52) and stored in memory module (3); y12 represents the second value (i. e., a signal from the approximate measurement module (62) and stored in memory module (3) ) ; and vi represents a predetermined error constraint value defining the limit of acceptable yi2 values. values. The predetermined error constraint value preferably is substantially equal to a predetermined characteristic error inherent in the approximate measurement module (62), although in other embodiments other values may be employed instead, such as, for example, a characteristic error inherent in the module (52).

[0082] Thereafter, the criterion function His formed as represented in formula (F20) (block 30). [0083] The formula (F20) employs only those values that are determined to satisfy the formula (F19), and determines essentially a difference between

(ko-kl) and (ko-k2). The lesser difference is then selected, as is the corresponding value kl or k2 [0084] Thereafter, control passes to block 32, where the calculation module (2) calculates a value for xi based on formula (F18) above, using values determined to satisfy formula (F19) as well as the result of formula (F20). The resulting calculated value xi is stored in the memory module (3) and, in one embodiment, can be provided from the apparatus (1) to a predetermined external destination, such as an information processing apparatus (e. g. , (70) ), server, or the like (not shown), either directly or through network (40) (block 34). Thereafter, at block 36 the calculation module (2) uses the result from formula (F18) and a second valuer (originating from module (62) ) in performing formula (F21) below, to calculate a corresponding error A, '. that includes both random and systematic components: DI = yl-x1 (F21) [0085] It should be noted that in formula (F21) second value (s) yi2 (originating from the approximate measurement module (62) ) preferably are employed rather than first value (s) (originating from the indirect measurement module (52)).

Those second values may be ones received in real time from sensing station (60), or, in another embodiment, they may be previously received and/or stored second values, depending on predetermined operating criteria. In other embodiments of the invention, values from the module (52) may be used in formula (F21) instead, depending on the application of interest.

[0086] The random component (of the above error), which also is referred to as a random effect, is then calculated by calculation module (2) using equation (F22) (block 36): where: Arand represents the random component ; and D represents a known mathematical dispersion.

[0087] Moreover, according to an aspect of this invention, the systematic component (also referred to as a systematic effect) is calculated by the calculation module (2) using equation (F23): #syst = trend(#x) (F23) where: A,. yt represents the systematic component (also referred to as the systematic effect) of sensing station (60) (e. g., particularly module (62) ), in the exemplary embodiment described herein; and trend (Ax) represents a trend function.

[0088] The error coefficients determined in the foregoing manner in formulas (F21) to (F23) are then stored in the memory module (3) at block 40, and/or can be provided from the apparatus (1) to the predetermined external destination referred to above.

[0089] Thus, when uncompensated parameter measurement signals are received by the calculation module (2) from the approximate measurement module (62) (after the value xi has been obtained by module (2) ), random and systematic errors that may be included in the signals are substantially compensated for by the module (2), based on a random error value A,,,, and systematic error value ASySt calculated using formulas (F22) and (F23), respectively. As a result, the module (2) generates corresponding compensated signals that are substantially close in value (or at least closer than the corresponding value outputted from module (62)) to the actual value of the corresponding parameter (phenomenon) subjected to measurement by the sensor (61) (block 42). Information outputted from the calculation module (2) represents the compensated signal (s) (as well as a reference magnitude of the measured parameter) and is forwarded to the display (lb), which responds to receiving the information by presenting it to the user (block 44). That same information also can be forwarded to the predetermined external destination through the interface module (4). In the foregoing manner, the measurements originating from the sensor (61) and provided to the calculation module (2) are corrected to improve their accuracy.

[0090] It should be noted that, although not described herein for convenience, additional procedures/calculations also may be performed in the module (2) to standardize the value (s) from the stations (50) and/or (60) and/or terminal (70) to

ensure that they are processed in a same workable format that depends on the application of interest. For example, in a case where it is expected that a voltage detected by sensing station (60) differs by a predetermined factor from a voltage detected by sensing station (50) because of the stations'given locations within an electrical circuit (as determined based on the circuit design), voltage values obtained from one or both stations can be weighted as deemed necessary to account for the factor, and the output value from the calculation module (2) can be modified, if deemed necessary, to account for any such weighting. Also, in embodiments where the sensors (61) and (51) measure different types of parameters (e. g. , current and voltage), the calculations preferably also account for this difference as well by converting values derived from a predetermined one of the sensors from one format (i. e., current) to another selected format (e. g., voltage), based on the predetermined relationship through which the parameter types are related (and, e. g., the circuit design), so that values of the same type are obtained for each sensor (61) and (51) for use in the formulas. These calculations may be performed in accordance with any suitable known formatting/converting techniques. Similar procedures may be performed for signals received from the terminal (70) as well.

[0091] Also, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention, the output from the module (2) is generated only after a signal is applied to the module (6) from the module (52) (or a corresponding signal from terminal (70) or a Yi value otherwise provided in apparatus (1) ), and the output from module (6), resulting from the above calculations, is maintained the same until a next signal received from module (52) is applied to and processed by the module (2) (or the module (2) processes a next subset of values received from module (52), depending on the embodiment employed).

[0092] Also, it should be noted that, according to one embodiment of the invention, the signals that are subjected to compensation are the same signals for which the error is determined. However, in other embodiments the signals that are subjected to compensation may be ones that are received at module (2) after the error is determined based on earlier received and stored signals (i. e., based on values stored earlier in memory module (3)). In some embodiments, at least

some earlier obtained values used to perform compensation for later-received signals may include, for example, eigenvalues and/or one or more results from at least one of the formulas (F21) to (F23) calculated for earlier-received signals.

[0093] Also, according to an embodiment of this invention, values calculated by formulas (F 18), (F21), (F22), and/or (F23) are outputted from the module (2) to the predetermined destination external to the apparatus (1), through the interface module (4). Such outputting may be performed upon each value or selected group of values being calculated, or at some time later after the value (s) have been stored in memory module (3), and may occur either automatically or in response to a predetermined event occurring, such as a predetermined time being reached or a predetermined command being inputted through the input-user interface (la). Additionally, those values may be outputted from apparatus (1) either together with, or separately from, the corresponding first and second values that originally were received from the sensing stations (50) and (60) or terminal (70) and used to generate the values from the mentioned formulas.

[0094] According to another aspect of the invention, the calculation module (2) preferably excludes clearly erroneous values (e. g., values falling outside a predetermined range) of parameters from those already saved, and the fifth memory sector of the memory module stores information identifying values of parameters determined to be erroneous. Preferably, the calculation module produces an alarm signal when one of the parameters exceeds predetermined, or permissible, limits. The alarm signal may be outputted to the output-user interface and/or provided to the predetermined external destination through the interface module (4). Formula (F19) is but one example of a manner for determining such erroneous values.

[0095] According to another aspect of the invention, after the interface module (4) receives and forwards to the calculation module (2) the output signals of the sensing stations (50) and (60) or terminal (70), the calculation module (2) determines whether there is a predetermined disparity between the output signals of the sensing stations (50) and (60), and if there is a predetermined disparity, the procedure depicted in Fig. 3 is then performed based on those signals. The calculation module (2) also can generate a signal indicating the size of the

disparity, if any, to the display (lb) and/or through the interface module (4) to a predetermined external destination. As but one example, this signal may indicate a result of at least one of the formulas (F21) to (F23).

[0096] The apparatus (1) is able. to further increase the precision of measurements due to the fact that the calculation module (2) can determine the limits of permissible values of input parameters and delete from the first memory sector the values of input parameters that, after comparison to a predetermined permissible range of values, are determined to exceed limits of the range.

Formula (F19) is but one example of how this is performed. If a false solution is determined in that formula, the values that caused that result can be deleted from the first memory sector and initial values altered using a known technique, such as, for example, smoothing as described in, e. g., S. M. Berry et al.,"Bayesian Smoothing and Regression Splines for Measurement Error Problems" (2000), http: citeseer. ist. psu. edu/379214. html) [0097] According to another aspect of the invention, in the process of exchanging data on the results of measurements, data can be exchanged between a user terminal (70) and the apparatus (1) only after the completion of a procedure to identify the user and/or user terminal (70) and confirm that the identification data matches a user/terminal profile.

[0098] For example, after the formation of all necessary or possible databases and the installation of the appropriate software in apparatus (1), a remote party (user) can be given access to the apparatus (1). For this purpose, a connection is established between the user terminal (70) and the apparatus (1). If access is to be made through the Internet, for example, the user of terminal (70) specifies a predetermined Internet Protocol (IP) address of the apparatus (1) or a predetermined Internet Universal Resource Locator (URL), associated with apparatus (1). Subsequently, a connection is established between the devices (1) and (70) by the standard communication protocol procedure. The further exchange of information and processing of the information exchanged between those devices are performed in a standard way, for example by exchanging information in hypertext markup language (HTML) format using a suitable browser installed on the user terminal (70). It is to be understood that the term

"browser"as used herein relates to a program designed for rapid exchange of information and graphics via the Internet, for example Internet Explorer or Netscape. The connection may be made, for example, using terminals (70) in the form of computers with modems (not shown), or network adapters (not shown) connected to the apparatus (1) through telephone lines or Internet nodes, and the like.

[0099] According to one embodiment of this invention, in order to ensure security in accessing measurement information and to prevent unauthorized access to the apparatus (1), data can be exchanged between the user terminal (70) and the apparatus (1) only after the completion of a procedure to identify the user and/or terminal (70) and verify that user identification data matches the user profile. When use of the procedure for increasing the precision of measurements services is provided for payment, credit, or on a trial basis, an aggregate of data is created, containing the user profile and information about the limit on operations to process the user's measurement results. The size of the established limit can be determined by the amount paid by (or a credit given to) the user for the services, for example. When the apparatus (1) processes measurement results, the limit on operations to process the user's measurement results can be changed (e. g., further limited or reduced), and the data describing the disparity between the true value and the measurement result can be sent to the user terminal (70), assuming the limit set for that user is within the previously set range of values. Depending on the settings of the system, data is transferred in whole or in part, or through a menu system.

[00100] Subsequently, the user terminal (70) transfers to the apparatus (1) the results of measurements (and other information, such as profile information and the like) to allow the apparatus (1) to calculate the principal functional relationship between the measurement results and a (theoretical) "true"value of the measurement. The results of the measurements are stored, e. g., in the first memory sector of the apparatus (1) after receipt thereby, and on the basis of the measurement results and other necessary data (such as, e. g., Yl or Y2 data), the apparatus (1) determines the principal functional relationship between measurement results and the true value of the measurement, in the manner

described above. Results of at least some of these calculations, including those showing a disparity between the measurement results and the true value, are then transferred to the user terminal (70). The data can be exchanged using standard data transfer protocols for remote information systems.

[00101] According to another aspect of the invention, in order to increase the precision of measurement results requiring an increase in the precision of an entire array of information on the measurements, the principal functional relationship is determined again after each transfer of measurement results from a user terminal (70) to the apparatus (1).

[00102] According to still another aspect of this invention, in another example of processing measurement results, a permissible range of values for the measurement results is assigned, and the apparatus (1) verifies whether the measurement results are within the permissible range of values. If the measurement results are outside the permissible range, a warning is sent from apparatus (1) to the user terminal (70) indicating that the measurement results are inaccurate. Formula (F19) is but one example of a procedure to verify if results are within a predetermined, or permissible, range.

[00103] For measuring devices of the same type, the relationship of the initial parameters to the"true"values can be determined by checking the measuring devices of various users or by comparing the results of measurements taken by several users. This data can then be stored in the memory module (3) of the apparatus (1) and can be used by users who lack the equipment to verify results themselves. A substantial increase in the precision of the measurement results can also be achieved.

[00104] In addition, the data necessary to determine the precise functional relationship may include information on the type of the measuring device and the conditions in which it is used, for example, the temperature at which the measurements were taken, how long the device had been in operation at the time of the measurement, and information on other parameters measured with that device.

[00105] Similarly, the error rate of the measurement results calculated relative to the corresponding true value can be used as the data representing the disparity

between the true value and the results of measurements. These error values may also be obtained from the measurement results of several users or the results of checking the devices. An example of taking measurements that can permit a highly accurate determination of the error rate of a device is presented in Russian Federation patent application No. 93041135.

[00106] In addition, the type of the device used to take measurements, for which the relationship of measurement error to measurement value is known, can be used as the information sufficient for the apparatus (1) to compute the principal functional relationship between measurement results and true value.

[00107] In order to allow several users to work with the databases on particular types of measuring devices or sensors, the second memory sector (6) can be employed to store a database of the types of devices, indicating for each type of device the relationship of the error rate to the measured value. When one is selected, based on, for example, measurements provided from a particular type of measuring device, database values associated with the lower error rate for that type of device are used for Yl in the above formulas and values associated with the higher error rate for the device are used for Y2, vice versa depending on applicable operating criteria.

[00108] Databases also can be created not only for devices of the same type, but also for objects of measurement of the same type. Such objects could include, for example, chemical substances, or amplifiers for which it is necessary to determine the spectral (frequency) characteristics. In this case, characteristics of the object permitting at least an approximate determination of the status of the object at various moments in time are used as to identify data (Yi orY2) sufficient to determine the principal functional relationship between the measurement results and the"true"value. In addition, having this information makes it possible to verify the accuracy of the data obtained from the measuring devices.

For this purpose, a permissible range of values is assigned to the measurement results. The apparatus (1) verifies that the measurement results are within the permissible range of values, and if the results of the measurements exceed the permissible range of values, a warning signal is sent to the user terminal (e. g., 70) that the measurement results are inaccurate.

[00109] When measuring mutually dependent parameters of one object, in order to determine the principal functional relationship between the measurement results and the true value, the measurement results of various measuring instruments that are dependent on the true value preferably are used.

[00110] One way of using the method includes determining, for a given type of device, an additional functional relationship between measurement results and true value by taking the data describing the nature of that additional functional relationship and computing the coefficients of the additional functional relationship, together with the coefficients of the principal functional relationship and the true values, determined in accordance with the principal and additional functional relationships and the corresponding principal and additional functional relationships by the results of the measurements.

[00111] At the request of a user, when it is necessary to obtain an array of the most precise possible data on measurement results, the principal functional relationship can be determined again after each transfer of measurement results from the user terminal (70) to the apparatus.

[00112] It can be understood in view of the above description that the method of Fig. 3 can be performed in cases where both Yl and Y2 values are received at apparatus (1) from terminal (70), or in cases where only Y1 orY2 values are received at the apparatus (1) from the terminal (70), wherein in the latter case the method uses other suitable provided values as Ya (or Y1) values. For example, those latter values may be ones that are selected from pre-stored measurement values in the apparatus (1), or may be compensated values that were previously obtained as a result of performing the method for earlier-received signals (from, e. g., the terminal (70) or another source), or other provided suitable measurement values. Where pre-stored values are used, according to one embodiment they can be retrieved for use in the method based on the apparatus (1) recognizing that they are associated in some predetermined manner with the signals received from the sending sources, such as sources (5), (60), and/or (70). For example, values associated with (i) the type of measuring device that generated the signals originally, (ii) a profile of the user and/or user terminal (70) and/or station (50), (60), and/or (iii) a specific type of parameter (e. g., voltage, current, mechanical

parameter, etc) being measured, may be selected for use in the formulas as the Y and/orY2 values Those values may be ones originated from the same terminal (70) or from other sources, or they may be values (received from any such terminal/source) that have been previously compensated using the method of Fig.

3.

[00113] Having described the above method and various aspects of this invention is detail, mathematical theory upon which this invention is based will now be described.

[00114] As modern computer technology develops and the computational power of computer complexes and individual processors increases, the ability to solve systems of equations is limited only by whether the initial data are consistent with the requirement for a solution. The following analysis of the ability to increase the precision of measurement results confirms that the method used in this invention is consistent with that requirement.

[00115] A basis of the principal on which the error correction performed by the calculation module (2) operates is the effect of ambiguousness. The effect of ambiguousness, which is the basis of the technical result produced by this invention, is illustrated in diagram 2.

[00116] In particular, the principal problem in increasing the accuracy of processing technical measurements on the basis of mathematical methods of processing the results of measurements is eliminating systematic constituent errors in the measurements, which generally account for more than 90% of total errors in measurement. Traditional mathematical methods of processing data examine a set of measurement results as a homogenous aggregation Q, and therefore they do not allow for the reduction of systematic constituent errors without conducting additional highly precise measurements. The invention, on the other hand, provides a method for obtaining virtual reference measurements based on the use of two (or more) heterogeneous sets of measurement results (Cl 1 922 in Fig. 2), and on that basis, reduces systematic constituent errors in measurements as well as incidental errors.

[00117] If measurements are represented as a function of unknown incidental and systematic constituent errors in measurement, then an equation that is a

function of only a single set of measurement results will be unsolvable.

However, by examining the results of the measurements as two heterogeneous sets, a system can be obtained that is made up of two equations that are a function. of two unknowns, namely, incidental and systematic constituent errors of measurement. Such a system is solvable, and can take into account known measurement results and computational errors to evaluate the true value of a measured parameter. For example, the coefficients of a functional dependency that is a function of unknown incidental and systematic constituent errors of measurement are determined on the basis of multiple measurements with a consistently changing (decreasing or increasing) determining parameter.

[00118] By example, as the two heterogeneous sets of measurement results (Q1 Q2 in Fig. 2) the following can be used, respectively: a set of results of multiple measurements, obtained as the measured parameter changes (decreases or increases) consistently, and a set of a priori information representing the measured parameter at each moment of time of the measurement.

[00119] The method of processing measurements depends on the use of reliable a priori information representing the measured parameter at each moment of time of measurement. Generally, such a priori information is very frequently present in the process of measurement, and if the necessary a priori information about the measured parameter is absent, it can be obtained on the basis of additional measurements that need not be extremely precise. The fact that the accuracy of measurement is elevated to the reference level as a result ensures that a very significant effect is achieved in this case as well.

[00120] It follows that the discovery of ambiguity in the relationship between the true value of a measured parameter and the results of measurements allows the formulation and solution of the system indicated above from two mutually independent equations, and on that basis ensures reference-level precision in the measurements, taking into account the incidental as well as the systematic errors.

[00121] The physical origin of this effect of ambiguity in whether the true value of a parameter is consistent with the results of the measurements will now be examined. The interaction of the measured parameter and the means of measurement (MM) occurs on the potential field of the measured parameter,

which generally is accompanied by a transformation of the potential energy between two points with different potentials into different forms of energy in the method of measurement. During measuring, the measuring instrument or gauge can disturb the object of measurement and introduce an error in the result of measurement.

[00122] A principal idea of a measurement procedure is the transformation of a closed mutually exclusive (isomorphic, as known in abstract algebra) system, "object of measurement-MM", into a unidirectional (homomorphous) system.

This ideal condition with unidirectional (homomorphous) connections, "object of measurement-MM", corresponds to the true value of the measured parameter.

The actual value of the measured parameter differs from the true value by the size of the measurement error.

[00123] Assume that on the object of measurement during the time of measurement ti, a set of values of the measured parameter S is observed, and the output of the measuring device records the set of measurement results J. Let where sl l and s21 are the values of the measured parameter on the first point of the first object of measurement at the moment in time tl and t2, respectively, and si2 and s22 are the values of the measured parameter on the second point of the second object of measurement at the moment in time tl and t2.

[00124] Then J=2 21> (2") where j 11 and j12 are, for example, direct current voltage values at the moments in time tl and t2.

[00125] In this example the measuring instrument can be represented by a linear operator T, where wherein D is the linear operator representing the nature of the conversion.

It should be noted that technical measurements virtually always involve converting

potential energy (two different potentials) from the object of measurement in the measuring instrument. Therefore, the linear operator of the type represented by expression (3") is a general form of recording conversions of a signal of measuring information in measuring instruments.

[00126] Formula (4") represents a mathematical conversion of coordinates, most frequently used in the process of technical measurements.

[00127] As described above, in the process of real technical measurements, disturbances of the linear operator T exist due to external influencing factors, where the influence of disturbance can be represented by the following expression: T(#) = T + ##T (5") where X is some small disturbance due to external influencing factors.

[00128] As also described above, it is known that linear operators of the type T (X) are characterized by their own ambiguous functions with two branches (see, e. g., Kato T., Theory of Disturbance of Linear Operators, M: Mir, 1972). The Kato publication describes an example analysis resulting from research, of the disturbance (perturbation) of individual characteristic values of a disturbed operator of the following type: [00129] Characteristic values represented by of the operator T (X) of the type (6') in essence are the branches of one double valued analytical function, (1+% 2) 1/2, i, e,, its area of determination (definitional domain) has so-called exclusive (exceptional) points x=i, in which incrementation of characteristic values during splitting represents an infinitely large quantity in comparison with the change in the operator itself T (, In the aforementioned publication by Kato, an evaluation is made for the radius of convergence of a perturbation theory series. The radius of convergence is represented by the expression ro=l.

[00130] The ambiguity of the characteristic values (7") of the disturbed operator (6") is manifested in the process of restoring the functional dependence (relationship) according to the results of the measurements. Therefore, consider multiple measurements, when the value of the physical amount on the object changes (increases or decreases) consistently, or evenly. The errors of multiple measurements represents the sum of two components, namely, the incidental component that is symmetrical relative to the true value of the measured amount, and the asymmetrical systematic component. The incidental component that is symmetrical relative to the true value of the measured amount is reduced rather easily by using traditional mathematical methods of processing measurement results, which examine a homogenous set of measurement results, corresponding to a closed mutually exclusive (isomorphic, as known in abstract algebra) system "object of measurement-MM." [00131] In order to reduce the asymmetric component, which is a systematic constituent that is asymmetrical relative to the true value of the measured amount, it is necessary to examine the set of measurement results as a varying heterogeneous (non-homogeneous) aggregation, corresponding to unidirectional (homomorphous, according to abstract algebra) system"object of measurement- MM."One part of the heterogeneous aggregation of measurement results may conditionally correspond to the information (indicators) of the object of measurement, and another part to the respective indicators of the means of measurement. Applying mathematical methods of restoring the functional dependency (relationship) according to the measurement results relative to these calculations, it is possible to reduce not only the incidental, but also the systematic component of error. Such algorithms for processing measurement results transform the system"object of measurement-MM"from a closed mutually-exclusive (isomorphic, in the language of abstract algebra) system into a unidirectional (homomorphous in the language of abstract algebra) system To the extent that, as noted above, the true value of the measured parameter corresponds to this ideal condition with unidirectional (homomorphous) connections"object of measurement-MM", the described information conversion can be considered to be standard, or referential. Certainly, despite its

informational nature, this method of increasing the precision of measurements has the primary features (properties) of a referential standard. These features include invariability, repeatability, comparability, and constancy. All of these features are attained by moving measured values closer to true magnitudes of measured values, due to the unidirectional (homomorphous) nature of the connections"object of measurement-MM." [00132] A principal advantage of the method described herein is that it does not necessarily require the use of references to make reference measurements.

[00133] The method is suitable for processing the measurement results of any types of gauges. By example only, the method can be used to measure, together or separately, active, reactive, or full capacity, losses in insulation, energy consumption for the needs of a power system itself, current and voltage, full, active, or reactive resistance in the circuits, and other parameters.

When used in information networks, the invention can allow the precise determination of bandwidth and attenuation coefficients of separate communication channels. In another example, the invention can allow the measurement of the status and volumes of network traffic in telephone and data transfer systems. In mechanical systems, the invention can allow the determination of force, moments, and transmitted capacity. The invention can also be used in hydraulic and pneumatic systems with characteristics similar to those of electrical networks.

[00134] The apparatus (1) for processing measurement data can be made either in the form of a computational complex using a personal computer or in the form of a microchip on a single substrate.

[00135] While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.