CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims benefit of and priority to US Provisional Application

62/619,600 filed on January 19, 2018. Application 62/619,600 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Field

This application is related to the field of environmentally sustainable cleaning formulations.

Introduction

Formulations used in the cleaning, lubrication and protection of metals usually contain base oils, solvents and various additives for lubrication and protection of metals. Such formulations are used in the cleaning, lubrication, and corrosion protection of machinery, automotive and agricultural equipment, and firearms.

Furoate esters are a class of chemical compounds that can be made from renewable resources such as sugars, starch and ceilulosic materials. Furoate esters are chemical

compounds of structure wherein R is an alkyl moiety of 1-4 carbons. The alkyl "R" moiety can be a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl moiety. Methods of production of furoate esters are known, and described in publications such as US Patents 8,710,250, 9,102,644 and 9,108,940, and US Patent Application Publication 2014/0194633. Non-limiting examples of furoate esters include ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate (ET 408™, xF Technologies, Albuquerque, NM) and methyl 5-methyl-2-furoate (ME 408 ^m , xF

Technologies, Albuquerque, NM). These esters are useful for pharmaceutical, food, and fragrance molecules, as well as fuels and fuel additives. Furoate ester production is discussed in detail in US Patents 8,710,250, 9,102,644 and 9,108,940. Examples of furoate esters include compounds that are esters of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid, which can be derived from 5- chloromethyl-2 furaldehyde.

Formulations used in the cleaning, lubrication and protection of metals are needed that contain renewable materials or can be made from renewable chemicals so as to be ecologically sustainable while lessening dependence on petroleum sources. Summary

The inventors have developed compositions comprising furoate esters such as the ethyl and methyl furoate esters. These formulations can be used as metal cleaners for the cleaning, lubrication and/or corrosion protection of metal products.

In various embodiments, a composition of the present teachings can comprise at least one base oil and at least one furoate ester. In various embodiments, a composition of the present teachings can further comprise at least one metal protection additive, m various embodiments, a composition of the present teachings can further comprise at least one lubrication additive.

In various configurations, a metal cleaner of the present teachings can comprise 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil. In various configurations, a metal cleaner of the present teachings can comprise 3% to 60% by weight of at least one furoate ester, in various configurations, a metal cleaner can further comprise 0.1% to 15% by weight of at least one metal protection additive. In various configurations, a metal cleaner can further comprise 0.5% to 20% by weight of at least one lubrication additive.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise the at least one base oil in an amount of 20% to 50% by weight. In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise the at least one furoate ester in an amount of 3% to 60% by weight

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can include the at least one metal protection additive at 0.1% to 5% by weight, and the at least one lubrication additive at 1% to 15% by weight.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can include the at least one base oil at 35% to 50% by weight, and the at least one furoate ester at 10% to 40% by weight.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can include the at least one metal protection additive at 0.2% to 5% by weight, and the at least one lubrication additive at 1 % to 10% by weight

In some configurations, a base oil of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of a naphthenic oil, a synthetic oil, or a combination thereof.

In some configurations, a furoate ester of a composition of the present teachings can be ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate. In some configurations, a furoate ester of a composition of the present teachings can be methyl 5 -methyl- 2 -furoate.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can include ethyl 5- methyl-2-furoate, methyl 5-methyl-2-furoate, or a mixture of ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate and methyl 5-methyl-2-furoate.

In some configurations, a base oil of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, 280 cSt naphthenic oil, 16-17 cSt polyalphaoiefin oil, or a combination thereof.

In some configurations, a base oil of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of 22 cSt naphthenic oil.

In some configurations, a base oil of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist, of, or can consist essentially of 16-17 cSt polyalphaoiefin oil.

In some configurations, a base oil of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of a combination of 22 cSt naphthenic oil and 280 cSt naphthenic oil.

In some configurations, a base oil of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of a combination of 16-17 cSt polyalphaoiefin oil and 22 cSt naphthenic oil.

In some configurations, a lubrication additive of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of at least one active ingredient such as alkyl phosphate amine esters, inactive sulfurized olefin, sulfurized fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof.

In some configurations, a lubrication additive of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of alkyl phosphate amine esters.

In some configurations, a lubrication additive of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of an inactive sulfurized olefin.

In some configurations, a lubrication additive of a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can be, can consist of, or can consist essentially of a sulfurized fatty acid ester.

In some configurations, a metal protection additive of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of a triazole metal protectant, a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, parachlorobenzotrifiuoride, a carrier oil comprising sulfonates, or a combination thereof.

In some configurations, a metal protection additive of a composition of the present teachings can be, can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of a triazole metal protectant.

In some configurations, a metal protection additive of a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can be, can consist of, or can consist essentially of a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives.

In some configurations, a metal protection additive of a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can be, can consist of, or can consist essentially of

parachlorobenzotrifiuoride.

In some configurations, a metal protection additive of a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can be, can consist of, or can consist essentially of a carrier oil, wherein the carrier oil can comprise 2% to 6% by weight, or about 2% to about 6% by weight, of at least one sulfonate, which can be, without limitation, calcium

dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate. In various configurations, the carrier oil can comprise 1% to 6% by weight, or about 1 % to about 6% by weight of at least one sulfonate, which can be, without limitation, calcium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 43.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 10% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil, about 33% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2-turoate, about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 12% by weight of a carrier oil comprising sulfonates, and about 1% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 43.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 10% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil, about 33% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate, about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 12% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates, and about 1% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 68% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about

5% of ethyl 5-memyl-2-furoate, about 12% by weight of parachlorobenzotrifiuoride, about

0.3% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 12% by weight of a carrier oil comprising sulfonates, and about 2% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 68% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 5% of ethyl 5-memyl-2-furoate, about 12% by weight of parachlorobenzotrifluoride, about 0.3% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 12% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates, and about 2% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 49% by weight of 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefm oil, about 16.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 12.8% by weight of ethyl S-methyl-2- furoate, about 1.9% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, about 0.1% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 12.4% by weight of a carrier oil comprising calcium dinonylnaphmalene sulfonate, about 1% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters, and about 6% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising inactive sulfurized olefin.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 49% by weight of 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefm oil, about 16.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 12.8% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2- furoate, about 1.9% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, about 0.1% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 12.4% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising calcium dinonylnaphmalene sulfonate, about 1% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters, and about 6% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising inactive sulfurized olefin.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 49.9% by weight of 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefm oil and about 16.1 % by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 12.3% by weight of ethyl 5- methyl-2-furoate, about 1.8% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, 0.1% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 11.9% by weight of a carrier oil comprising calcium dinonylnaphmalene sulfonate, about 2.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters, and about 5.8% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising sulfurized fatty acid ester.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 49.9% by weight of 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefin oil and about 16.1% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 12.3% by weight of ethyl 5- methyl-2-furoate, about 1.8% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, 0.1% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 11.9% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising calcium cunonylnaphthalene sulfonate, about 2.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters, and about 5.8% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising sulfurized fatty acid ester.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 42.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 8.0% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil, about 33.0% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2- furoate, about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 12.0% by weight of a carrier oil comprising sulfonates, about 1.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters, and about 3.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising inactive sulfurized olefin.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 42.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 8.0% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil, about 33.0% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2- furoate, about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, about 12.0% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates, about 1.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters, and about 3.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising inactive sulfurized olefin.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 42.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 8.0% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil, about 33.0% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2- furoate, about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising triazole metal protectant, about 12.0% by weight of a carrier oil comprising sulfonates, about 1.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters, and about 3.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising sulfurized fatty acid ester.

In some configurations, a composition of the present teachings can comprise, can consist of, or can consist essentially of about 42.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, about 8.0% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil, about 33.0% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2- furoate, about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising triazole metal protectant, about 12.0% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates, about 1.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters, and about 3.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising sulfurized fatty acid ester.

In some embodiments, the present teachings include methods of cleaning metal.

These methods include applying to a metal a formulation disclosed herein.

The instant disclosure sets forth, without limitation, the following aspects.

A metal cleaner of the present teachings can comprise t) 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil; and ii) 3% to 60% of at least one furoate ester. In some configurations the 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil can be 20% to 50% by weight of at least one base oil.

In various configurations, the at least one base oil can be selected from the group consisting of a naphthenic oil, a synthetic oil, and a combination thereof. In some

configurations, the at least one base oil can be selected from the group consisting of 22 cSt naphthenic oil, 280 cSt naphthenic oil, 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefin oil, and a combination thereof. In some configurations, the at least one base oil can be 22 cSt naphthenic oil. In various configurations, the at least one base oil can be 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefin oil. In various configurations, the at least one base oil can be a combination of 22 cSt naphthenic oil and 280 cSt naphthenic oil. In various configurations, the at least one base oil can be a combination of 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefin oil and 22 cSt naphthenic oil.

In various configurations, the at least one furoate ester can be selected from the group consisting of ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate, methyl 5-methyl-2-furoate, and a combination thereof. In some configurations, the at least one furoate ester can be ethyl 5 -methyl- 2-furoate.

In various configurations, the metal cleaner can further comprise iii) 0.1% to 15% by weight of at least one metal protection additive; and iv) 0.5% to 20% by weight of at least one lubrication additive. In some configurations, iii) the 0.1% to 20% by weight of at least one metal protection additive can be 0.1% to 5% by weight of at least one metal protection additive; and iv) the 0.5% to 15% by weight of at least one lubrication additive can be 1% to

15% by weight of at least one lubrication additive. In various configurations, the at least one lubrication additive can be selected from the group consisting of alkyl phosphate amine esters, inactive sulfurized olefin, sulfurized fatty acid ester, and a combination thereof. In various configurations, the at least one lubrication additive can comprise alkyl phosphate amine esters. In various configurations, the at least one lubrication additive can comprise an inactive sulfurized olefin. In various configurations, the at least one lubrication additive can comprise a sulfurized fatty acid ester. In various configurations, the at least one metal protection additive can be selected from the group consisting of a triazole metal protectant, a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, parachlorobenzotriiluoride, a carrier oil comprising sulfonates and a combination thereof. In various configurations, the at least one metal protection additive can be selected from the group consisting of a triazole metal protectant, a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, parachlorobenzotrifluoride, at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates and a combination thereof. In various configurations, the at least one metal protection additive can comprise a triazole metal protectant. In various configurations, the at least one metal protection additive can comprise a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, hi various configurations, the at least one metal protection additive can comprise parachlorobenzotrifluoride. In various configurations, the at least one metal protection additive can comprise at least one carrier oil comprising 2% to 6% by weight of at least one sulfonate. In various configurations, the at least one metal protection additive can comprise at least one carrier oil comprising 1% to 6% by weight of at least one sulfonate. In various configurations, the at least one sulfonate can be calcium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate.

In some configurations, in a metal cleaner of the present teachings, i) the 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil is 35% to 50% of at least one base oil; and ii) the 3% to 60% of at least one furcate ester is 10% to 40% of at least one furoate ester. In some configurations the metal cleaner can further comprise, iii) 0.2% to 5% of at least one metal protection additive; and 1% to 10% of at least one lubrication additive.

In various configurations, i) the 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil can be about 43.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil and about 10% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil; ii) the 3% to 60% of at least one furoate ester can be about 33% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2 -furoate; iii) the 0.1% to 15% of at least one metal protection additive can be about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant and about 12% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates; and iv) the 0.1% to 15% by weight of at least one lubrication additive can be about 1 % by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters.

In various configurations, i) the 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil can be about 68% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil; ii) the 3% to 60% of at least one furoate ester can be about 5% of ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate; iii) the 0.1% to 15% by weight of at least one metal protection additive can be about 12% by weight of parachlorobenzotrifluoride, about 0.3% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, and about 12% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates; and iv) the 0.5% to 15% by weight of at least one lubrication additive can be about 2% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters.

In various configurations, i) the 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil can be about 49% by weight of 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefin oil and about 16.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil; ii) the 3% to 60% of at least one furoate ester can be about 12.8% by weight of ethyl S-methyl-2-furoate; iii) the 0.1% to 15% by weight of at least one metal protection additive can be about 1.9% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, about 0.1% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant, and about 12.4% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising calcium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate; and iv) the 0.5% to 15% by weight of at least one lubrication additive can be about 1% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters and about 6% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising inactive sulfurized olefin.

In various configurations, i) the 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil can be about 49.9% by weight of 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefin oil and about 16.1% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil; ii) the 3% to 60% by weight of at least one furoate ester can be about 12.3% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate; iii) the 0.1% to 15% by weight of at least one metal protection additive can be about 1.8% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives, 0.1% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant and about 11.9% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising calcium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate; and iv) the 0.5% to 15% by weight of at least one lubrication additive can be about 2.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters and about 5.8% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising sulfurized fatty acid ester.

In various configurations, i) the 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil can be about 42.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil and about 8.0% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil ii) the 3% to 60% of at least one furoate ester can be about 33.0% by weight of ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate; iii) the 0.1% to 15% by weight of at least one metal protection additive can be about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising a triazole metal protectant and about 12.0% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates; and iv) the 0.5% to 15% by weight of at least one lubrication additive can be about 1.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters and about 3.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising inactive sulfurized olefin.

In various configurations, i) the 20% to 70% by weight of at least one base oil can be about 42.8% by weight of 22 cSt naphthenic oil and about 8.0% by weight of 280 cSt naphthenic oil; ii) the 3% to 60% of at least one furoate ester can be about 33.0% by weight of ethyl S-methyl-2-furoate; iii) the 0.1% to 15% by weight of at least one metal protection additive can be about 0.2% by weight of a metal protection additive comprising triazole metal protectant and about 12.0% by weight of at least one carrier oil comprising sulfonates; and iv) the 0.5% to 15% by weight of at least one lubrication additive can be about 1.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising alkyl phosphate amine esters and about 3.0% by weight of a lubrication additive comprising sulfurized fatty acid ester.

In some configurations a method of cleaning metal in accordance with the present teachings can comprise applying to a metal any formulation in accordance with the present teachings. In various configurations, the metal can comprise a metal surface.

In various configurations, a method of the present teachings can comprise applying a formulation of the present teachings to a metal surface. A metal surface that can be cleaned can be, for example and without limitation, the surface of a metal which is fabricated or forged, such as, without limitation, sheeting, plating, billets, and objects manufactured from metal, such as, without limitation a firearm or an automobile.

Brief Description of the Drawings

FIG. 1 illustrates the 1R spectrum of K-CORR* 1227.

Detailed Description

The inventors have developed a variety of metal cleaning, lubrication and corrosion prevention formulations using ethyl 5-methyl-2-furoate (ET 408™; xF Technologies, Inc., Albuquerque, NM) and methyl 5-methyl-2-furoate (ME 408™; xF Technologies, Inc., Albuquerque, NM). These formulations can comprise: one or more base oils such as, but without limitation, either naphthenic oils or synthetic oils such as the polyalphaolefins (PAOs), and one or more furoate esters. These formulations can further comprise one or more metal protection additives and one or more lubrication additives.

The inventors have found that certain combinations of furoate esters with the other materials can result in phase separations into two or more liquid layers, or precipitation of solids or sludge which can render such combinations unusable for metal cleaning, lubrication or corrosion prevention. In view of such problems, the inventors have developed formulations comprising furoate esters. In these formulations, furoate esters are mixed with base oils and other additives. In various configurations, formulations of the present teachings can comprise furoate esters mixed with base oils and other additives in proportions which the inventors have determined do not cause reactions or phase separations. The formulations can exhibit useful cleaning and solvation properties.

In some configurations, formulations with useful cleaning properties include ones comprising a furoate such as ET 408™ (xF Technologies, Inc., Albuquerque, NM). These formulations can be used, for example, for removal of a mixture of oily and carbonaceous residues (such as firearm residue) from metal or metal surfaces. Some examples of metal surfaces that can be cleaned include sheeting, plating, billets, and the surfaces of objects made out of metal. Examples of metal surfaces that can be cleaned include firearms, automobiles, counters, appliances, desks, household fixtures such as plumbing and metal light fixtures, household tools, and industrial fixtures such as manufacturing equipment and power tools.

Formulation components

Base oils. Base oils can include any of a number of oils that can be used as a base stock for an oil-based formulation. A base oil, for example, can have a viscosity amenable to being blended to achieve a desired viscosity of a formulation of the present teachings. The normal viscosity units used are centipoise (cP) and centistoke (cSt) and they are usually specified either at 40° C or 100° F. Unless otherwise noted, a formulation of the present teachings can be specified by type of oil, and the viscosity of the oil can be measured by ASTM D445 at 40° C and can be reported in centiStokes (cSt).

Examples of base oils suitable for formulations of the present teachings include naphthenic oils and synthetic oils, such as polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Naphthenic oils suitable for use in formulations of the present teachings include 22 cSt naphthenic oil and 280 cSt naphthenic oil. Synthetic oils for use in formulations of the present teachings include 16-17 cSt polyalphaolefm oil. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many other oils may be used while achieving a like result.

Metal protectant additives. A metal protectant additive as used herein is a corrosion inhibitor which can deactivate a metal with which it comes into contact. Metal protectants suitable for use in formulations of the present teachings include, for example and without limitation, triazoles, a mixture of amino acid and imidazoline derivatives (i.e., structural analogues of imidazoline), parachlorobenzotrifluoride, and sulfonates, such as but without limitation, calcium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate. Examples of triazole metal protectants include ashless liquid yellow metal deactivators, such as that sold under the trade 1181116 K.~ CORR* NF-200 (King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT).

Suitable mixtures of organic acids and imidazoline derivatives for formulations of the present teachings include mixtures such as an organic amino acid and an imidazoline derivative, such as, for example, an oil soluble, liquid corrosion preventive additive with an infrared spectrum as depicted in FIG. 1; such a corrosion preventative additive is sold under trade name K-CORR* 1227 (King Industries, Norwalk, CT). K-CORR® 1227 contains 50- <60% of a carboxylate derivative with CAS number 110-25-8 and 50-<60% of an imidazole derivative. This imidazole derivative is soluble in water.

Imidazole is an organic compound having the formula (CH)2N(NH)CH, i.e., ⁿ Imidazole is a heterocycle containing a 1,3-C3N ₂ ring. Derivatives of imidazole (i.e., structural analogues of imidazole), commonly referred to as imidazoles, contain the l,3-C3N ^r 2 ring but feature varied substituents. Examples of imidazoles include, for example but without limitation, imidazole trifluoromethanesulfonate salt, imidazole-2-carboxylic acid, imidazole- 2-boronic acid, l-(m-tolyl)imidazole, l-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, lH-imidazole-4- carbothioamide, benzimidazole (BZIM), aminobenzimidazole, and methylimidazole.

Members of the imidazole family include imidazole compounds and imidazolium salts such as imidazolium chloride, imidazolide, imidazolate salts such as sodium imidazolide, which can be formed from imidazole or imidazoles. Furthermore, in some configurations, an imidazole can be functionalized with the addition of functional groups such as amine, nitro, phenol, extending from nitrogen-containing functional groups, mixtures of organic acids and imidazoline derivatives include mixtures such as an organic amino acid and an imidazoline derivative, such as, for example, an oil soluble, liquid corrosion preventive additive with an infrared spectrum substantially as depicted in FIG. 1 ; such a corrosion preventative additive is sold under trade name K-CORR* 1227 (King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT). K-CORR* 1227 contains 50-<60% of a carboxylate derivative with CAS number 110-25-8 and 50- <60% of an imidazole derivative. This imidazole derivative is soluble in water.

Parachlorobenzotrifluoride (CAS 98-56-6, also 4-chlorobenzotrifluoride or PCBTF) can be obtained from various chemical manufacturers such as The Chemical Company, at about 99% purity. Carrier oils comprising sulfonates include those sold under the trade name NA-SUL ^® CA/W1146 (King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT). Further carrier oils comprising calcium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate are available in several formulations, including those sold under trade names NA-SUL ^® CA-HT3 (King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT) and NA- SUL* CA-1082 (King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT). The formulations and examples of the present teachings indicate the % weight of the commercial formulations used, not the % weight of the active ingredients therein.

Lubrication additives. Lubrication additives that can be used in formulations of the present teachings include, for example and without limitation, wear inhibitors, lubricity agents, extreme pressure agents, and friction modifiers. Non-limiting examples of such additives include metal dialkyldithiophosphates, metal diaryldithiophosphates, alkyl phosphates, tricresyl phosphate, 2-alkyl-4-mercapto-l,3,4-thiadiazole, metal

dialkyldithiocarbamates, and metal dialkylphosphorodithioates, wherein the metal can be, for example and without limitation, zinc, molybdenum, or tungsten. Other examples of lubrication additives include phosphorized fats, phosphorized olefins; sulfurized fats, sulfurized olefins and sulfurized paraffins; fatty acids; sulfurized carboxylic acids and their salts, esters of fatty acids, organic molybdenum compounds, molybdenum disulfide, graphite, and borate dispersions. In various configurations of formulations of present teachings, a lubrication additive can be or can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of a carboxylic acid and its salts, an olefin, and/or a fatty acid ester. In some configurations, a lubrication additive can be an alkyl phosphate amine ester, an inactive sulfurized olefin, or a sulfurized fatty acid ester. In some configurations, an alkyl phosphate amine ester lubricant can be present in an additive such as an ashless rust and corrosion inhibitor or an antiwear additive, such as, for example but without limitation, that sold under the trade name NA-LUBE* AW- 61 10 (King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT). A sulfurized fatty acid ester can be present in inactive sulfur carriers such as that sold under the trade name NA-LUBE* EP-5210 (King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT). Its typical properties, according to the manufacturer, include Sulfur Content 10.0%; Active Sulfur Content (ASTM D 1662): <1.0%; Color (ASTM D 1500 neat): 3.5; Viscosity @ 40"C (ASTM D 445, DIN 51 550): 25 mm2 ^/ s (cSt); Density @ 20.0°C (ASTM D 941): 0.95g/ml; Weight Per Gallon @ 25°C: 7.91 lbs.; Hash Point, COC (ASTM D 92, DIN 51 376): 170°C (338°F). An inactive sulfurized olefin can be present in extreme pressure lubricant additives such as, for example, that sold under the trade name EP- 5120 (King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT). The formulations and examples of the present teachings indicate the % weight of the commercial formulations used, not the % weight of the active ingredients therein.

Furcate esters. Furoate esters that can be used in a composition of the present teachings include, for example and without limitation, ethyl S-methyl-2-furoate (ET 408™, xF Technologies, Albuquerque, NM) and methyl 5 -methyl-2- furoate (ME 408™, xF

Technologies, Albuquerque, NM). ET 408™ (xF Technologies, Albuquerque, NM) furoate ester used in die examples described herein is a commercial grade product that includes minor amounts of methyl furoate and ethyl levulinate. The inventors have determined that these minor impurities do not negatively affect the function of the primary furoate ester.

The furoate ester designated ET 408™ (xF Technologies, Albuquerque, NM) is defined as approximately 95% ethyl furoate, 2.5% methyl furoate and 2.5% ethyl levulinate. The component amounts of furoates in formulations of the present teachings are based on the commercial formulations, not based on the use of pure ethyl furoate or pure methyl furoate. However, the inventors have determined that purities of up to 99% of either ET 408™ (xF Technologies, Albuquerque, NM) or ME 408™ (xF Technologies, Albuquerque, NM) will not significantly change the results. The commercial product ME 408™ can have minor amounts of ethyl furoate and ethyl levulinate, and is supplied commercially by xF

Technologies, Albuquerque, NM at 97% purity.

Examples

The present teachings including descriptioas provided in the Examples that are not intended to limit the scope of any claim or aspect. Unless specifically presented in the past tense, an example can be a prophetic or an actual example. The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrate the present teachings. Those of skill in the art, in light of the presen t disclosure, will appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings. As used in the present description and any appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context indicates otherwise.

The chemical compounds listed in the examples can be provided by commercial suppliers. In the examples herein, furoate esters ME 408™ and ET 408™ are supplied by xF Technologies, Albuquerque, NM.

Various standard tests can be used to measure the properties of a formulation of the present teachings, such as standards set by ASTM (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA). Viscosities can be measured by ASTM D445. Corrosion, and therefore the ability to protect metals from rust, can be measured by ASTM Bl 17, Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus and ASTM D1748 Rust Protection by Metal Preservatives in the Humidity Cabinet Lubrication can be measured by ASTM D4172, Wear Preventative Characteristics of Lubricating Fluids (Four-Ball Method).

In some examples, a test for cleaning ability is the Firing Residue test used for firearms cleaning, MIL-PRF-63460(F). Briefly, this test involves burning S grams of gunpowder, removing loose residue and then measuring the weight loss of the burnt-on residue removed by the cleaning fluid under controlled conditions. In these conditions only limited mechanical action is used thereby requiring the formulation to dissolve the residue to loosen it from the substrate. A score of 40% is considered acceptable in certain products such as CLP products intended for all three functions of cleaning, lubricating and protection in firearms.

The formulations were also tested to make sure they do not cause corrosion on metals including steel, aluminum, copper, magnesium, brass, and zinc.

Example 1

This example illustrates Formulation I of the present teachings.

Table 1 Formulation 1

The viscosity of the above formulation (Formulation 1) under ASTM D445 40° C was 14.5 cSt Lubrication was tested under ASTM D41724-ball scar and yielded a lubrication value of < 0.1 mm (0.8 mm is the value for a standard machine oil). Under ASTM Bl 17 Salt Spray Fog Corrosion, the time was > 120 hours. Under M1L-PRF-63460(F) Firing Residue Removal, the formulation had 73.8% removal (40% is acceptable.) For the ASTM D1748 Humidity Chamber Test, the time was > 900 hours.

Example 2

This example illustrates Formulation 2 of the present teachings.

Table 2 Formulation 2

The viscosity of this formulation (Formulation 2) was tested under ASTM D445 40° C and yielded a viscosity of 17.3 cSt. The formulation had an ASTM D41724-ball scar lubrication value of < 0.2 mm (0.8 mm is the value for a standard machine oil). The formulation had an ASTM Bl 17 Salt Spray Fog Corrosion time of > 109 hours. The formulation had MIL-PRF-63460(F) Firing Residue Removal of 67.3% (40% is considered acceptable). The formulation had an ASTM D1748 Humidity Chamber Test time > 900 hours.

Example 3

This example illustrates Formulation 3 of the present teachings.

Various tests were run to determine the properties of the above formulation

(Formulation 3). ASTM D44540° C yielded a viscosity of 15.5 cSt. The formulation had an ASTM D4172 4-bail scar lubrication value of < 0.55 mm (0.8 mm is the value for a standard machine oil). It also had an ASTM Bl 17 Salt Spray Fog Corrosion time of > 109 hours. The Military Specification Firing Residue Removal was 72.2% (40% is acceptable).

Example 4

This example illustrates Formulation 4 of the present teachings.

Table 4 Formulation 4

Several tests were run to determine the properties of the above formulation (Formulation 4). ASTM D445 40° C yielded a viscosity of 14.7 cSt. The ASTM D41724- ball scar lubrication value was < 0.4 mm (0.8 mm is the value for a standard machine oil). The Military Specification Firing Residue Removal was 73.4% (40% is acceptable).

Example 5

This example illustrates Formulation 5 of the present teachings.

Table 5 Formulation 5

Component Amount (% Weight)

The ASTM D445 40° C viscosity of me above formulation (Formulation 5) was 14.6 cSt.

Example 6

This example illustrates Formulation 6 of the present teachings.

Table 6 Formulation 6

The ASTM D445 40° C viscosity of the above formulation (Formulation 6) was 14.7 cSt.

Example 7

This example illustrates Formulation 7 of the present teachings.

Table 7, Formulation 7

Formulation 7 has a 40° C viscosity of 14.5 cSt (14.0 minimum required) It has a 4- ball lubrication value of < 0.1 mm (less than 0.8 mm required). It went 120 hours in the Salt Spray test with no spots. It scored 73.8% in the Firing Residue Removal Test (40% minimum required). It passed the Humidity Chamber (900 hours) with no spots. It passed the Produced Corrosion test.

Example 8

This example illustrates comparative tests between Formulations 1-7.

Table 8

Viscosity was measured under ASTM D445 40°C, wherein a minimum of 14.0 was required. Lubrication was measured using ASTM D41724-ball scar. Using this test, a standard machine oil has a lubrication value of 0.8 mm. Salt Spray Fog Corrosion was measured under ASTM Bl 17. Firing Residue removal was measured under United States Military Specification MIL-PRF-63460(F), which specifies 40% as an acceptable value. Humidity chamber test was performed under ASTM D1748.

All publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference, each in its entirety, except that to the extent that if any material incorporated by reference is inconsistent with the express disclosure herein, the language in this disclosure controls.