MEASURED DURING OPERATING CONDITIONS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This Patent Cooperative Treaty (PCT) Application claims priority to United States

Non-Provisional Application Serial No. 13/331,368 filed on December 20, 2011, and United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/426,089, filed on December 22, 2010, which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Technical Field Of The Invention

The present invention relates to a process of aligning and retaining alignment of series of rotating equipment coupled together for cooperative operation. More

specifically, a method of determining an optimal torque value for footing or foundation bolts.

Background Art

Rotating machinery, equipment, or other devices can be provided in many form factors, such as an electrical motor, a combustion motor, a pump, a transmission or other gear box, and the like. Rotating equipment is commonly configured coupling at least two rotating devices together, referred to as a machine train. The configuration can couple two or more like devices together, such as motors, pumps, and the like to provide serial addition of power or parallel functionality, respectively. Alternatively, the configuration can couple two or more dissimilar devices together, such as coupling a motor and a transmission, coupling a motor and a pump, and the like to provide joint functionality. In any configuration, alignment between two adjacent components impacts the efficiency and reliability of the equipment.

Many factors can impact alignment between equipment. Alignment of the equipment dictates that the equipment remains stationary, and thus the alignment process is completed when the equipment is completion in a non-operational state. Additionally, the alignment process is commonly completed in an ambient environment. Unfortunately, this requirement removes a number of variables, which impact the alignment during operation, where those variables are only present during operation. Examples include thermal effects on each element of the equipment, balance of rotating elements, changes in compressive components such as soft feet, changes due to torsional effects, and the like. The operational environment commonly changes in temperature, which affects the mounting area, the equipment, and the like. In most operational scenarios, the equipment and operating environment increases in temperature, impacting the alignment between adjacent equipment.

Each individual machine arrangement is different resulting from each

arrangements unique characteristics. Even identical sets of machinery can dictate different terms for alignment. Factors of each configuration including location, mounting schematics, and the like affect the alignment.

Laser alignment was introduced in the 1980's. This process utilized one or more diode lasers and detectors (PSD's). The PSD's were able to detect fairly accurately (within 1 Corn's) relative positioning between two adjacent shafts. Information is provided to the service person through a display unit. The system determines what information needs to be conveyed to the service person in order to direct the service person on what is required to optimize alignment between two adjacent components. The display unit can be provided in any of many known form factors, including a computer, preferably comprising a wireless interface. Software converts the detector signals into a set of instructions in an understandable format for the operator or service person. Alignment or registration between two adjacent components is commonly defined in two components:

A. Angular misalignment

B. Parallel or offset misalignment

Parallel registration can be defined in two directions, horizontal and vertical, basically referring to respectively X-axis and Y-axis.

Another component that could be considered is end-to-end registration, ensuring sufficient gap is provided for thermal expansion, vibration, and the like. The fundamental setup of the laser alignment instrumentation has remained unchanged since its inception in the 1980's, including a diode laser based system with a detector and a portable computer with standard alignment software.

As technology has evolved, the technological advances have been integrated into the process. Examples include the introduction of wireless technology changed the method of data transfer from the laser/detector to the portable computer, by removing cables previously connecting therebetween. Although technology has advanced and aided the user in certain areas, the overall fundamentals of the process, including the hardware and respective software have remained unchanged over the years.

Most craftspeople that align machinery already understand the phenomenon of what is usually called machinery "soft foot." Soft Foot is a common term used for machine frame distortion. The distortion is caused when one or more feet of a machine differ in height from the others. This in turn may be due to differences when the machine was manufactured, a squishy footage with oil film etc. between foot and base, a bent foot, or it may be induced by a pipe to which the machine is attached (e.g. a pipe on top of a pump), which prevents the machine from touching all its feet to its base.

As many vibration specialists have never actually aligned machinery, they may have heard of "soft feet" but may not always understand the result in vibration. Soft feet can cause increased vibration amplitudes. Although "soft feet" does not necessarily magnify machine vibration, it should be reduced for many reasons, including preventing vibration magnification.

The current alignment process includes the following steps:

A. Position alignment equipment as directed for aligning two adjacent rotating machines;

B. Measure the soft foot;

C. Correct the soft foot;

D Measure the current alignment;

E. Enter a tolerance into the software, wherein the tolerance may be a target; F. Correct any misalignment between two adjacent rotating machines until the alignment is within the established tolerance or target; and

G. Record the measurements, such as entering the measurements into an

electronic database and optionally uploading the information to a remote database.

It is well know that unless soft foot conditions are checked, alignment may be impossible or the improvement in alignment may be short-lived.

The current alignment process is dependent upon the experience level of the alignment engineer. Most experienced alignment engineers are disappearing. Each configuration between adjacent rotating machines is different, thus being unique in alignment. The level of experience of the alignment engineer impacts the time and quality of the alignment. Lack of knowledge respective to the details is only a portion of the problem. The lack of awareness that results in not searching for the answer contributes to the problem. Another contributing factor is when the alignment engineer fails to apply the correct details, which is certainly a problem.

A majority of rotating machines expand resulting from an operational temperature that is higher than an ambient temperature. A smaller number of rotating machines partially expand, such as proximate an operational or front end, and partially contract, such as proximate a non-operational or rear end, due to thermal changes across the machine. The thermal changes are a result of the operating conditions imposed upon the machine. One exemplary condition would be a refrigeration application.

Thus, what is desired is a process to determine and provide alignment guidance information to an alignment engineer for directing a process of aligning a pair of coupled rotating machines at ambient temperature, while the guidance information considers thermal expansion to optimize the alignment of the coupled machinery when the machinery is at an operational temperature. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method of determining a target bolt torque and acceptable elongation respective to mounting of two adjacent rotating machines in conjunction with an alignment process. In a first aspect of the present invention, a method of determining target alignment values comprising steps of: obtaining a computing device comprising a microprocessor, a digital data storage device, a user input interface enabling an alignment engineer to enter data, a display for providing information to the alignment engineer, circuitry providing operable

interconnectivity between components, an instruction set provided in a form of a automatic target calculation software program, and respective power to operate the computing device; entering material information respective to a pair of adjacently positioned rotating machines into the automatic target calculation software program; entering dimensional information respective to the pair of adjacently positioned rotating machines into the automatic target calculation software program; entering an ambient temperature respective to an environment surrounding each the adjacently positioned rotating machines into the automatic target calculation software program; entering an operational temperature respective to an environment surrounding each of the adjacently positioned rotating machines into the automatic target calculation software program; calculating an expansion of each of the adjacently positioned rotating machines; determining theoretical target alignment values based upon the calculated expansion of each of the adjacently positioned rotating machines; and completing an alignment process for aligning a pair of coupled shafts of adjacently located rotating machines utilizing the determined theoretical target alignment values. A second aspect of the present invention, a method of determining target alignment values comprising additional steps of: entering a theoretical ambient temperature into the automatic target calculation software program; entering a theoretical operational temperature into the automatic target calculation software program; calculating theoretical target alignment values; aligning the adjacently positioned rotating machines using the theoretical target alignment values; measuring actual operational temperatures of the adjacently positioned rotating machines; entering the actual operational temperatures of the adjacently positioned rotating machines into the automatic target calculation software program; measuring actual thermal expansion of the adjacently positioned rotating machines; entering the actual thermal expansion of the adjacently positioned rotating machines into the automatic target calculation software program; and calculating optimal target alignment values based upon calculation utilizing the actual operational temperature data and the actual thermal expansion data. These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will be further understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art by reference to the following written specification, claims and appended drawings, which follow. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the nature of the present invention, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 presents an elevation view of an exemplary pair of adjacent rotating machines illustrated in desired alignment;

FIG. 2 presents an elevation view of the exemplary pair of adjacent rotating machines introduced in FIG. 1, the illustration demonstrating parallel misalignment therebetween in accordance with a vertical registration;

FIG. 3 presents an elevation view of the exemplary pair of adjacent rotating machines introduced in FIG. 1, the illustration demonstrating angular misalignment therebetween;

FIG. 4 presents a top view of the exemplary pair of adjacent rotating machines originally introduced in FIG. 1, the illustration demonstrating a desired alignment therebetween;

FIG. 5 presents a top view of the exemplary pair of adjacent rotating machines introduced in FIG. 4, the illustration demonstrating parallel misalignment therebetween in accordance with a horizontal registration;

FIG. 6 presents a top view of the exemplary pair of adjacent rotating machines introduced in FIG. 4, the illustration demonstrating angular misalignment therebetween;

FIG. 7 presents an exemplary alignment overview block flow diagram;

FIG. 8 presents an exemplary set of monitored conditions used for predicting and optimizing alignment between coupled machines;

FIG. 9 presents an exemplary generic process for each individual machine;

FIG. 10 presents a side view of the exemplary pair of adjacent rotating machines introduced in FIG. 1, the illustration introducing an impact of thermal expansion of each machine; FIG. 11 presents a side view of an exemplary rotating machine detailing a positional delta of the coupling end of the shaft between an ambient condition and an operational condition;

FIG. 12 presents a side view of an exemplary pair of coupled shafts of the exemplary pair of adjacent rotating machines introduced in FIG. 1, the illustration showing the shafts in a target alignment condition;

FIG. 13 presents a side view of the exemplary pair of coupled shafts presented in FIG. 11, the illustration showing the shafts repositioned due to thermal expansion of the adjacent rotating machines; and

FIG. 14 presents an exemplary target alignment value calculation flow diagram, which considers thermal expansion of the rotating machinery.

Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the described embodiments or the application and uses of the described embodiments. As used herein, the word "exemplary" or "illustrative" means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any implementation described herein as

"exemplary" or "illustrative" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. All of the implementations described below are exemplary implementations provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims. For purposes of description herein, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "rear", "right", "front", "vertical", "horizontal", and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as oriented in FIG. 1. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary

embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise.

Rotating machinery commonly involves coupling adjacent machines together for operation as illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 6. Misalignment between adjacent rotating machines can impact the configuration in a variety of ways, including premature failure. The following are examples of the impact of premature failure caused by misaligned machinery:

- Increased frequency of replacing parts, such as bearings, couplings, seals, and the like, which result in additional operational costs including replacement parts and labor;

- Increased logistic costs, including materials procurement, inventory holding costs, materials management costs, and the like;

- Increased frequency of interventions, including man hours, materials, tools, transportation, and the like, and thus adding associated intervention costs to the overall operating budget; and - where applicable, impacts from resultant downtime of the machinery, including reduction in productivity, reduced labor efficiencies (revenue per labor cost), reduced real estate efficiency (revenue per area of real estate), lost revenue, and the like.

Alignment of the rotating machinery is accomplished while the machinery is in a non-operational state. The alignment process considers any relation between two adjacent pieces of rotating machines. The term machine can refer to any device comprising a rotating mechanism, and should be considered synonymous with machine, equipment, device, apparatus, and the like.

In the exemplary embodiment, a mounted first rotating machine assembly 100 is located adjacent to a mounted second rotating machine assembly 150. The exemplary mounted first rotating machine assembly 100 and mounted second rotating machine assembly 150 are motors, wherein it can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the mounted first rotating machine assembly 100 and mounted second rotating machine assembly 150 are only exemplary and could include any rotating machinery, including electrically operated motors, combustion motors, transmissions, pumps, and the like.

The mounted first rotating machine assembly 100 and mounted second rotating machine assembly 150 are mounted upon a surface by a series of mounting feet 112, 114, 162, 164. The mounting feet 112, 114, 162, 164 enable adjustments for alignment, absorb vibrational energy, and support the mounted rotating machine assemblies 100, 150. Each rotating machine assembly 100, 150 includes a rotating shaft. The rotating shaft can extend outward from one or both ends of the rotating machine assembly 100, 150. The exemplary embodiment includes a rotating shaft having an end extending from each end of the rotating machine assembly 100; the respective shaft being described as including a first shaft portion 120 extending from a first end of the first rotating machine 110 and a second shaft portion 124 extending from a second, opposite end of the first rotating machine 110, which terminates at a second shaft portion coupling end 126. Similarly the exemplary rotating machine assembly 150 comprises a rotating shaft having an end extending from each end thereof; the respective shaft being described as including a first shaft portion 170 extending from a first end of the second rotating machine 160, which terminates at a second shaft portion coupling end 172 and a second shaft portion 174 extending from a second, opposite end of the second rotating machine 160.

Each rotating machine 110, 160 includes a rotating machine base 112, 162. A series of feet 114, 116, 164, 166 are attached to each rotating machine base 112, 162, respectively. The feet 114, 116, 164, 166 are generally secured to a supporting surface by a series of threaded mounting fasteners 118. Alignment shims 119 can be inserted as deemed necessary to aid in alignment between abutting shaft ends, such as the first shaft portion 120 and second shaft portion 174 shown in the exemplary illustrations.

Considering the fact that there is no revolutionary change in technology that could be applied in the hardware the software side has significant potential.

Over the number of years, the software has been developing into a "mature" stage where basically all alignment situations or applications are covered. Examples include: normal shaft alignment, cardan shaft alignment, spacer shaft alignment, soft foot measurement using laser/sensor. The software could hold the "anticipated alignment values" in different formats.

Alignment Targets (anticipated alignment values) were calculated and expressed in different formats. For example, angular target per 100mm or angular target as "gap" on coupling diameter or simply on the "feet" of the machine. In turbo-machinery it is quite common to use "reverse-rim" as a format to express the alignment target. There is only one problem there, if the specified target is expressed in one format and the software shows the results in another format it is very confusing to the operator to be able to judge whether the alignment values that were measured are correct, according the specified target.

Considering the example above, the software has a critical function in the process to bring clarity to the operator. The software should support the alignment engineer during the entire process of alignment and in every detail.

This philosophy requires a very accurate definition of the alignment process in terms of:

- Scope, essentially what needs to be covered. - Detailed levels: it is noted that one missed/wrong detail could cause failure of the machine.

- Sequence of the activities.

The present invention provides a process for aligning mating shaft portions of coupled machines 110, 160, more specifically, as presented in the exemplary illustration, the first shaft portion 120 of the first rotating machine 110 and the second shaft portion 174 of the second rotating machine 160. The first shaft portion 120 and second shaft portion 174 are coupled via an inter-machine coupler 199. Alignment between the first shaft portion 120 and second shaft portion 174 is critical to the operation and reliability of the system. Each of the FIGS. 1 through 6 include a portion of the illustration

representative of the rotational axis of each of the shafts 120, 170, illustrated as a representative first shaft rotational axis 220 and a representative second shaft rotational axis 270. The ends of the representative first shaft rotational axis 220 are referenced as a representative first shaft coupling end 222 and a representative first shaft available end 226. Similarly, the ends of the representative second shaft rotational axis 270 are referenced as a representative second shaft coupling end 272 and a representative second shaft available end 276. The representative first shaft coupling end 222 and representative second shaft available end 276 are representative of the coupled section of the mating shaft portions, more specifically the first shaft portion 120 of the first rotating machine 110 and the second shaft portion 174 of the second rotating machine 160. The desired alignment positions the representative first shaft rotational axis 220 and representative second shaft rotational axis 270 in a parallel relation in both an elevation target alignment 210 (vertical registration) (FIG. 1) and a plan target alignment 211 (horizontal

registration) (FIG. 4) during operation of the train of the rotation machine assemblies 100, 150.

The alignment process utilizes alignment equipment, such as straight edges, dial gauges, shaft alignment lasers, and the like. The process is commonly supported by software, which provides step-by-step guidance to an alignment engineer through the process of aligning adjacent, coupled rotating machines 110, 160. The computer and respective software utilize data defining the initial alignment between the representative first shaft rotational axis 220 and representative second shaft rotational axis 270 to calculate and provide instructions to the alignment engineer, which direct the necessary adjustments. The computer includes a microprocessor, which is operated by a series of instructions provided by programming. Memory storage media is provided in data communication with the microprocessor. One or both rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 can be adjusted in accordance with a vertical adjustment 230 to compensate for a vertical offset 212 as illustrated in FIG. 2. One or both rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 can be adjusted in accordance with a horizontal adjustment 234 to compensate for a horizontal offset 213 as illustrated in FIG. 5. In addition to linear offsets, the rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 can be positioned having an angular offset, including an elevation angular offset 214, as demonstrated in the illustration presented in FIG. 3 and a plan angular offset 215, as demonstrated in the illustration presented in FIG. 6. One or both rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 can be adjusted in accordance with an elevation angular adjustment 232 to compensate for an elevation angular offset 214. Similarly, one or both rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 can be adjusted in accordance with a plan angular adjustment 236 to compensate for a plan angular offset 215. The methods of adjusting the linear relation and / or angular relation would be consistent with those known by those skilled in the art.

As previously mentioned alignment process is completed when the equipment is in a non-operational state, and preferably at an ambient temperature condition. One significant drawback of this process is that the alignment changes when the equipment is subjected to factors that only occur during operation. Examples of these are rotational torsion applied between the shafts, torsional forces applied to shaft bearings, thermal expansion of the various components, strain subjected to the mounting hardware 118 and feet 114, 116, 164, 166, and the like. Any misalignment during operation can affect uptime of the equipment 110, 160, long term reliability of the various components, efficiency of the system, and the like.

The present invention provides an improved method of aligning the representative first shaft rotational axis 220 and representative second shaft rotational axis 270, where the alignment process determines optimal alignment of the machinery 110, 160 when the rotating machine assemblies, 110, 160 are in operation by using data previously obtained during operation. The improved or predictive alignment method is described in the exemplary rotating machinery predictive alignment process 400 presented in FIG. 7. Considering the current offering and the Gap the solution is to establish a structure (process) that is not only a predefined and static process, but a predefined dynamic process that can be adapted to each individual situation or setup of rotating equipment to be able to capture all details that are potentially a risk for premature failure. Although the arrangement can provided general information for similar configurations, the actual date would beset be suited specifically for the individual machine setup and would be used to optimize the sequence of the process where desirable. The process is considered to be dynamic, because it anticipates also to environmental changes that influence the result of the process. The predictive alignment process initiates with a start step 402. The rotating machine assemblies, 110, 160 are inspected in accordance with a provided procedure (step 404). The alignment engineer determines if any operational correlation information is available. The alignment engineer proceeds in completing an initial alignment process between the two rotating machines 110, 160 as directed by instructions provided by the procedure (step 406). Operation of the equipment is then initiated (step 410). The mounted first rotating machine assembly 100 and mounted second rotating machine assembly 150 are preferably outfitted with various monitoring devices, which are placed in signal communication with a data recording device, such as a computer. The system would be monitored and the respective data would be recorded (step 412). The computer would include a data storage media, such as a magnetic media integrated into a hard drive, a non-volatile memory device such as a solid state data recording media, and the like. The signal communication interface can be provided by either cabling or a wireless communication protocol. A microprocessor can be integrated into the computer for deciphering the signal information, directing storage of the data, and correlating the information respective to the alignment status. Examples of the environment and equipment conditions that are monitored in accordance with step 412 are presented in FIG. 8 and will be subsequently described herein.

In parallel, the alignment monitoring system additionally monitors and records machine alignment and operational efficiency (step 414). The environment and equipment conditions data is correlated to the machine alignment and efficiency data to determine alignment characteristics and how the data can be utilized when aligning the system at an ambient, non-operation state to optimize alignment during operation (step 416). The system can optionally monitor the alignment, compare the actual alignment against acceptable or target data, and determine if the rotating machines 110, 160 need realignment (step 418). Alternatively, the rotating machines 110, 160 can be inspected to determine if the rotating machines 110, 160 need realignment (step 418). If the rotating machines 110, 160 do not need realignment, the process continued monitoring the assemblies 100, 150 and recording the respective data. If the rotating machines 110, 160 need realignment, the rotating machines 110, 160 are placed in a non-operational state and the alignment engineer obtains and utilizes the information gathered during operation (step 420) to correlate the alignment between the rotating machines 110, 160 to the required positional relationship therebetween, where the rotating machines 110, 160 are in optimal alignment during operation. The predictive alignment process utilizes the obtained data to determine predictive alignment values. Once the required positional relationship is calculated, the alignment engineer then completes the alignment process (step 422) in accordance with the predictive values. The assemblies 100, 150 and respective environment can be monitored, as described in step 412 by any of many different factors. The data is preferably recorded locally and / or uploaded to a central database for reference at a later date. A series of exemplary factors are presented in FIG. 8, including:

Recording original alignment values as recited in step 502. This is preferably completed during or immediately following the alignment process.

Attaching strain gauges to predetermined components and / or locations on the assemblies 100, 150 to monitor mechanical strain values (step 504). Examples of the components and / or locations can include a housing of the rotating machine 110, 160; the rotating machine base 112, 162; the mounting feet 114, 116, 164, 166; the coupled portion of the shafts 120, 174; and the like. The strain gauges would be monitored either in a continuous manner or cyclical where data is recorded over spatial time intervals.

Attaching one or more monitoring devices to the mounting feet 114, 116, 164, 166 to determine or monitor soft foot conditions (step 506). The monitoring devices can measure acceleration (vibration), strain, deformation, and the like. Monitor and record torque values of the threaded mounting fasteners 118 (step 508). This can be accomplished by manually or automatically measuring and recording the respective torque values for each threaded mounting fastener 118.

Monitor and record torque values of fasteners utilized within the inter-machine coupler 199 (step 510). This can be accomplished by manually or automatically measuring and recording the respective torque values for each fastener utilized by the inter-machine coupler 199.

Monitoring and recording the axial distance between the mounted first rotating machine assembly 100 and mounted second rotating machine assembly 150 (Step 512). This can include measurements between the first rotating machine 110 and second rotating machine 160, including the axial distance between the central locations of each machine 110, 160 to determine any change in axial distance therebetween, the axial distance between each respective edge to determine any angular change therebetween, and the like.

Monitoring and recording the axial distance between the first shaft portion 120 and first shaft portion 170 (Step 514). This can include measurements between the first shaft portion coupling end 122 and second shaft portion coupling end 176, including the axial distance therebetween; the horizontal offset therebetween, and the vertical offset therebetween. This can include a method of determine any off-balance scenario between each shaft first shaft portion 120 and first shaft portion 170.

Monitoring and recording the radial positioning and clearance of the shafts 120, 124, 170, 174 within the bearings (step 516).

Monitoring and recording the chocking materials and any changes in the respective properties (Step 518). This can include monitoring the thickness, nominal heights, deflections, dimensions, material grade, type / brand used, surface status, contact area, and the like.

Monitoring and recording the machinery system for any leakages that might occur at any seals or other potential area where leakages might occur (step 520).

Monitoring and recording the oil levels of the machinery system (step 522). Monitoring and recording various elements for wear, lubrication, load, or any other element that could impact the lifecycle of the coupling including the inter-machine coupler 199, the first shaft portion coupling end 122, and the second shaft portion coupling end 176; the threaded mounting fasteners 118 and / or other fasteners; the chocking materials, the shafts 120, 170, the bearings, the seals, and the like (step 524).

Monitoring and recording any correlation between vibrational measurements and alignment related items (step 526).

Monitoring and recording any correlation between lubrication inspections or results of any related analysis and alignment related items (step 528).

Monitoring and recording any correlation between internal disturbance or deviation of geometry in rotating components and alignment related items (step 530).

Monitoring and recording any correlation between operational conditions and alignment scope activities, results, or analysis (step 532). This can include environmental temperature changes, equipment temperature changes, environmental pressure changes, environmental humidity changes, and the like.

Monitoring and recording any correlation between a transfer of power from a first shaft to a second shaft and the alignment of the coupled shafts of adjacent rotating machines (step 534).

Each of the monitored and recorded data points collected can be analyzed against alignment data obtained at the same point in time during operation. The alignment information obtained during operation can also be compared against alignment information when the rotating machines are in a non-operational condition. The analysis can provide coefficients, tables, or other correlating data that can be utilized to modify non-operational alignment information to calculate and provide predictive operational alignment information to the alignment engineer for use during the alignment process. The monitored and recorded data is preferably recorded and stored within a digital data storage media, such as a common magnetic hard drive, a solid state memory media, such as a non-volatile memory circuit, and the like. The information can be stored locally on a personal computer or remotely at an information data server. The step of monitoring and recording environmental and equipment conditions 412 of the rotating machinery predictive alignment process 400 determines and records series of various types of data. The collected data and results of subsequent analysis of the data provide a predicted optimal alignment configuration for the rotational machinery system. As the volume of recorded data increases, the accuracy of the predicted optimal alignment configuration for the rotational machinery system also increases. The predicted optimal alignment configuration can be correlated to a non-operational configuration, enabling the alignment engineer to optimally align the rotating machines 110, 160 when the machines are in a non-operational state, while targeting optimal alignment when the rotating machines 110, 160 are in operation.

The alignment engineer would prepare for execution of the predictive alignment process by following the preparation process flow 600 presented in FIG. 9. The alignment engineer refers to the alignment process procedure to initially identify common and specific tools required for the alignment process (step 610). These can include alignment tools (such as lasers, dial meters, and the like), sockets, wrenches, pliers, cantilevers, screwdrivers, star drive bits, wedges, torque wrenches, and the like. In addition to tools, the alignment engineer needs to obtain materials for execution of the alignment process. The procedure identifies the common and specific materials required for the alignment process (step 620). Several exemplary items that could be suggested for use during the alignment process (step 620) can include the following:

A plurality of shims (referenced by block 621), where the procedure would identify a series of shims having dimensions defined by a length, a width, and a thickness. The procedure may additionally include a specific material or several suggested materials.

A plurality of steel chocks (referenced by block 622), where the procedure would identify a series of shims having dimensions defined by a length, a width, and a thickness.

A plurality of resilient chocks (referenced by block 623), where the procedure would identify a series of properties, including a deflection specification, a limiter specification, a load height, a presetting value for alignment target (in both an initial installation configuration and in a settled configuration) min. and max height in all installed situations. One or more epoxy resins (referenced by block 624): where the procedure would identify a series of properties, including: dimensions (length and width), nominal thickness, target hardness, net volume, gross volume, damming materials needed, temperature logging, checkpoints pollution, defined sprayed areas, static and dynamic loads and related max accepted limits table (manufacturer, classification societies), offset values for alignment targets and the like.

Vibracons (referenced by block 625): where the procedure would identify a series of properties, including: nominal height, min/max height, nominal, min/max load on the element, applied bolt and related torque, offset values for alignment targets, and the like.

Bolts (referenced by block 626): where the procedure would identify the properties, such as the grade and dimensions of the foundation bolts and other fastener hardware for each component. The dimensioning contains: M-size or UNC/U FAVW with the pitch value of the thread. Also the procedure would identify the total length of the bolt. In addition to the physical properties of the bolts / fasteners, the procedure would additionally provide the torque force required for assembly and any details regarding lubrication (where applicable). The torque force is either entered manually or calculated or retrieved by the instrument. Also the elongation (target) is stated and a warning (optionally presented in green/yellow/red) can be made available to the alignment engineer to inform the alignment engineer if the entered value would be structurally adequate. A clamping length is required to be included to determine the anticipated and allowable elongation of the mounting fastener.

In general the end result of the alignment job is an alignment summary report that states all relevant details to be captured. The exemplary report includes three or more different situations:

- As found configuration

- As specified (specifications and guidelines as stated in the structure)

- As corrected configuration

Thermal Expansion Compensating Target Alignment Value Calculator

Objects are known to change dimension when subjected to thermal changes. An Alignment target is a value that anticipates on different variables and conditions that can influence the alignment value.

The alignment target is applied in the situation where the main conditions of the rotating machinery include the following: - The rotating machinery is in a non-operational condition.

- The rotating machinery temperature is stable at an ambient temperature.

One method of determining alignment targets relating to thermal expansion is to utilize theoretical calculations. Of course there might be a difference between reality and theory, however this is a beginning and a step closer to the ideal alignment situation as compared to completing an alignment excluding any considerations towards thermal expansion. To further complicate the theoretical calculations, the rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 can be exposed to a condition where the temperature varies across the assembly 100, 150. Examples of impact of thermal expansion are illustrated in FIGS. 10 through 13.

The rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 can be subjected to similar or different thermal environments 700, 750, as presented in the exemplary illustration in FIG. 10. The mounted first rotating machine assembly 100 can be subjected to a first thermal environment 700 and the mounted second rotating machine assembly 150 can be subjected to a second thermal environment 750. The first thermal environment 700 and second thermal environment 750 can be similar, where the rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 are located in one environment, or the first thermal environment 700 and second thermal environment 750 can be dissimilar, where the rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 are located in two different environments, where the rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 are separated by a physical barrier (such as a wall) or a thermal gradient.

The focal point of the alignment process is to alignment adjacent, coupled shaft sections 120, 174 to one another when the rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 are in an operating condition. The alignment process is completed when the rotating machine assemblies 100, 150 are in an ambient condition. The alignment engineer should anticipate the repositioning of the shaft portion coupling ends 122, 172 between the ambient and non-operating condition and operating condition. Each rotating machine assembly 100, 150 expands in both a vertical direction and a horizontal direction as illustrated in FIG. 11. The original position of the shaft portion coupling end 122 can be determined by measurements from the shaft portion coupling end 122 to the closest respective threaded mounting fastener 118. A ambient vertical shaft position 770 determined by taking a vertical measurement between the shaft portion coupling end 122 and the closest respective threaded mounting fastener 118. A ambient horizontal shaft position 780 determined by taking a horizontal measurement between the shaft portion coupling end 122 and the closest respective threaded mounting fastener 118. As each rotating machine 110, 160 begins operating, the temperature of the operating environment 700, 750 changes (generally increasing) from an ambient temperature (Ta) to an operating temperature (To) within the operating environment 700, 750. The change in temperature causes dimensional changes of the rotating machine 110, 160, including vertical thermal expansion 710, 760 and linear horizontal thermal expansion 712. The vertical thermal expansion 710, 760 is commonly linear, as the rotating machine 110, 160 are generally subjected to a consistent temperature along a vertical direction of the rotating machine 110, 160. The linear horizontal thermal expansion 712 relates to a consistent change along an entire horizontal length of the rotating machine 110, 160. Alternatively, in applications where the rotating machine 110, 160 is subjected to a variance in temperature along the length of the rotating machine 110, 160, the rotating machine 110, 160 can be subjected to a non-linear horizontal thermal expansion 762

(FIG. 10). The non-linear horizontal thermal expansion 762 can include expansion in one portion of the rotating machine 110, 160 and contraction in another, based upon the change between the ambient temperature and the operating temperature. Similarly, it is understood that the vertical thermal expansion 710 may be non-linear under certain conditions.

In practice, when the rotating machine 110, 160 is at operating temperature, the shaft portion coupling end 122 is positionally adjusted, referred to as an operating shaft portion coupling end 722. The operating position of the operating shaft portion coupling end 722 can be determined by measurements from the operating shaft portion coupling end 722 to the same closest respective threaded mounting fastener 118. An operating vertical shaft position 772 is determined by taking a vertical measurement between the first shaft portion coupling end 122 and the bottom of the rotating machine base 112. A vertical thermal offset 774 can be calculated by determining the difference between the ambient vertical shaft position 770 and the operating vertical shaft position 772. A operating horizontal shaft position 782 determined by taking a horizontal measurement between the operating shaft portion coupling end 722 and the closest respective threaded mounting fastener 118 or other fixed location thereof. A horizontal thermal offset 784 can be calculated by determining the difference between the ambient horizontal shaft position 780 and the operating horizontal shaft position 782.

The operating vertical shaft position 772 of each rotating machine 110, 160 are compared to each other to determine the relational offset between each of the operating shaft portion coupling ends 722. The relational offset can be calculated and presented having any dimension relation understood by the alignment engineer. In the exemplary illustration presented in FIG. 13, the offset is presented between operating shaft portion coupling ends 722, including an operating shaft horizontal span 802 and an operating shaft vertical offset 810. The horizontal span can alternatively be described as a difference between the ambient shaft horizontal span 800 and the operating shaft horizontal span 802, illustrated as a thermal horizontal offset 804.

The concept of the present invention is to utilize measured values of each of the rotating machines 110, 160 while operating to improve predictive alignment target information, including operational temperature of various components, operational temperature of the environment, the operating vertical shaft position 772, the operating horizontal shaft position 782, and the like. The system can utilize both calculated values of anticipated thermal expansion and a predictive location of the operating shaft portion coupling end 722 and compare that information with the actual operating shaft portion coupling end 722 measured during operation.

The alignment process can utilize an automatic target calculator in accordance with the exemplary automatic target calculator process flow diagram 900 presented in FIG. 14. The automatic target calculator process flow diagram 900 initiates with a start step 902. The alignment engineer enters information respective to the various components of the rotating machines 110, 160 into the automatic target calculator as directed in step 904. The component information can include any information useful in calculating the expansion of the rotating machine 110, 160, including component shapes, dimensions, locations, material properties, any insulation, restraint locations, and the like. The alignment engineer enters dimensional information defining the location of the first shaft portion coupling end 122 respective to the closest mounting foot 114, 166 in accordance with step 906. The dimensional information would include the ambient vertical shaft position 770 and the ambient horizontal shaft position 780. The alignment engineer continues, entering the theoretical operational temperature of each rotating machine 110, 160 into the automatic target calculator as directed in step 908. The theoretical operational temperature can be entered in any of a variety of formats, including a value, a formula, an index table, and the like, depending upon the anticipated operating conditions. Additionally, the alignment engineer enters the theoretical ambient temperature of each rotating machine 110, 160 into the automatic target calculator as directed in step 910. The automatic target calculator utilizes the entered information to calculate a theoretical expansion of each machine (step 912), thus determining a theoretical operating shaft portion coupling end 722 and respective target alignment values, in accordance with step 914. The alignment tooling, such an alignment laser, can include one or more temperature sensors. The temperature sensors can be in signal communication with the automatic target calculator, whereby the data obtained by the temperature sensors can be automatically downloaded to the automatic target calculator. The automatic target calculator can continuously receive temperature data and utilize the updated data to ensure the output target alignment data is optimized.

The theoretical position of the operating shaft portion coupling end 722 has a high probability to differ from the actual position of the operating shaft portion coupling end 722 during operation as a result of a variety of factors, each of which are not considered by the standard thermodynamic formulas. Examples of these factors include dimensional tolerances, differences in material properties, fatigue of components, slippage between components, and the like. The alignment engineer enters the actual ambient and operating temperature of each rotating machine 110, 160 into the automatic target calculator as directed in step 916. The alignment engineer can additionally enter any relational thermal expansion information into the automatic target calculator as directed in step 918. The automatic target calculator utilizes the actual ambient and operating temperature as well as any relational thermal expansion information to calculate more realistic target alignment values in accordance with step 920. The alignment engineer utilizes the resultant target alignment values to complete an alignment process of the coupled pair of shafts 120, 174 extending between adjacently positioned rotating machine 110, 160, as directed in step 922. The alignment engineer verifies alignment of the coupled pair of shafts 120, 174 extending between adjacently positioned rotating machine 110, 160, as directed in step 924. The verification is preferably completed while the rotating machine 110, 160 are in an operational state.

The process can be completed initially using theoretical alignment data and record the respective position information and ambient temperature. The alignment engineer would place the rotating machines 110, 160 into an operational condition and obtain thermal and alignment data. The alignment engineer would enter the thermal and alignment data obtained during operation into the automatic target calculator and us the new data to recalculate optimal target values.

Consideration of thermal expansion in the alignment process is provided to better optimize the operating alignment between a pair of coupled shafts. Calculated predictive thermal expansion provides partial improvement in the process. The alignment process can be further enhanced by taking actual measurements of thermal expansion of the rotating machines 110, 160 during operation, and utilizing that information to predict optimal alignment between a pair of coupled shafts when in operation. The automatic target calculator provides a method for accomplishing the desired result.

The automatic target calculator ensures a current and realistic alignment target that is adapted to the actual ambient temperature.

Since many modifications, variations, and changes in detail can be made to the described preferred embodiments of the invention, it is intended that all matters in the foregoing description and shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalence. Ref. No. Description

100 mounted first rotating machine assembly 100

110 first rotating machine 1 10

112 rotating machine base 1 12

114 first mounting foot 1 14

116 second mounting foot 1 16

118 threaded mounting fastener 1 18

119 alignment shim 1 19

120 first shaft portion 120

122 first shaft portion coupling end 122

124 second shaft portion 124

126 second shaft portion coupling end 126

130 foundation mount apertures 130

150 mounted second rotating machine assembly 150

160 second rotating machine 160

162 rotating machine base 162

164 first mounting foot 164

166 second mounting foot 166

170 first shaft portion 170

172 first shaft portion coupling end 172

174 second shaft portion 174

176 second shaft portion coupling end 176

190 foundation 190

199 inter-machine coupler 199

210 elevation target alignment 210

21 1 plan target alignment 21 1

212 vertical offset 212

213 horizontal offset 213

214 elevation angular offset 214

215 plan angular offset 215

216 effective linear distal offset representation 216

217 effective linear distal offset 217

218 effective angular offset 218

220 representative first shaft rotational axis 220

222 representative first shaft coupling end 222

226 representative first shaft available end 226

230 vertical adjustment 230

232 elevation angular adjustment 232

234 horizontal adjustment 234

236 plan angular adjustment 236

270 representative second shaft rotational axis 270

272 representative second shaft coupling end 272

276 representative second shaft available end 276

rotating machinery predictive alignment process 400 400

600 preparation process flow 600 rotating machine 1 10,

700 first thermal environment 700 160

702

710 vertical thermal expansion 710

712 linear horizontal thermal expansion 712

714

716

717

718

719

720

722 operating shaft portion coupling end 722

730

732

740

742

744

750 second thermal environment 750

762 non-linear horizontal thermal expansion 762

760 vertical thermal expansion 760

770 ambient vertical shaft position 770

772 operating vertical shaft position 772

774 vertical thermal offset 774

776

778

780 ambient horizontal shaft position 780

782 operating horizontal shaft position 782

784 horizontal thermal offset 784

786

788

790

800 ambient shaft horizontal span 800

802 operating shaft horizontal span 802

810 operating shaft vertical offset 810

804 thermal horizontal offset 804