BACKGROUND

[0001] Traditionally, military radar systems and other military radio frequency (RF) systems have been assigned specific portions of the electromagnetic spectrum to operate within. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has announced that certain portions of the electromagnetic spectrum that were previously allotted exclusively to military systems would now be auctioned off to the public. This could lead to a situation where militaiy radar systems will have to share electromagnetic resources with one or more other commercial or military RF systems, Advanced RF systems may also wish to allocate existing spectrum in a dynamic way. Techniques are tlierefore needed that will allow military radar systems to coexist with other RF systems in an efficient and timely manner.

SUMMARY

[0002] Concepts, systems, circuits, and techniques described .herein are capable of allowing militaiy radar systems to share electromagnetic resources with other RF systems, both military and commercial, in an efficient and timely manner. In some embodiments, the concepts, systems, circuits, and techniques allow a large number of RF users/systems to occupy an electromagnetic state space in a nearly optimal manner, with little to no overlap between fee systems. A multi -dimensional electromagnetic state space may he defined in which a plurality of radio frequency (RF) nodes are to operate. Hie

electromagnetic state space may have any number of coordinates from any number of different dimensions selected from, for example, the three spatial dimensions (x, y, ), amplitude, time, frequency^ polarization, orthogonal code, and/or others. The

electromagnetic state space may he filled with volume elements corresponding to the operational states of the radar and oilier nodes (e,g, _} communication nodes, etc) in the distributed system. The "electromagnetic state" may foe defined as a set of dimensional coordinates, where a coordinate consists of a scalar value for each dimension. For example, a radar beam may take up a large volume of physical space and this can be expressed using a plurality of 3 valued-pairs (x,y _> z). So each "node" in a system could very likely have a large number of up to ? dimensional "coordinates" associated with it. In a 7~dimensionai example, mathematically each node ma be expressed as a N x 7 matrix, where is the number of sets of coordinates associated with that particular node.

[0003] Each volume element may correspond to a particular radar or communication task or mission to be performed at a certain time. For example, one volume element may correspond to a search mode associated with a radar node to interrogate a particular region of space at a particular time, Another volume elemen may correspond to the transfer of a packet between first and second communication nodes at a particular time and frequency. Techniques are provided herein for packing the volume elements within the

electromagnetic volume (or state space) of interest in an efficient and timely manner, In some embodiments, techniques are provided that are capable of achieving results that are similar to those achievable by solving the NP-hard stochastic knapsack problem (i.e., a near-optimal result), but can be performed in real time with a realizable computational com lexity (i.e., in polynomial time). Thus, near optimal packing results .may be obtained in some embodiments in polynomial time. Although described in many planes herein as a technique to allow a radar system to share an electromagnetic state space with oilier systems, it should be appreciated that techniques and features described herein may also be used to allow any type of nodes to efficiently utilize a given electromagnetic state space. Thus, the techniques and systems are not limited to use with radar systems,

[0004] J accordance with one aspect of the concepts, systems, circuits, and techniques described herein, a niachine-irnplemented method for operating a radar system within a multi-dimensional electromagnetic state space, comprises; (a) identifying a plurality of nodes to operate within the electromagnetic state space, the plurality of nodes including a radar node and at. least one other node; (b) estimating an electromagnetic volume of each node within the plurality of nodes; (c) attempting to fit the estimated electromagnetic volumes of the p lurality of nodes within the electromagnetic state space without overlap, wherein attempting to fit includes modifying transmit parameters associated with one or more nodes; and (d) if the electromagnetic volumes of the plurality of nodes do not fit within the electromagnetic state space without overlap: (i) determining a reduced elecPOmagsetic volume for the radar node tha will allow the radar node to achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level; and (il) repeating attempting- to fit the estimated electromagnetic volumes of the plurality of nodes within the electromagnetic state space without overlap,

[0005J In one embodiment the method further comprises: before repeating attempting to fit the estimated electromagnetic volumes within the electromagnetic state space, determining a reduced electromagnetic volume for each, directly controllable node within die plurality of nodes, other than the radar node, tbat will allow the controllable node to achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level,

[0006] In one embodiment, the method further comprises: if the electromagnetic volumes of the plurality of nodes do not. fit. within the electromagnetic state space without overlap after multiple iterations of detenuining reduced electromagnetic node volumes for the radar node and the directly controllable nodes, removing one or more of the plurality of nodes from the electromagnetic state space,

[0007] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic state space is defined based upon the operational needs of the radar node.

39] In one embodiment, identifying a plurality of nodes includes analyzing signals received from the electromagnetic state space.

[0010] In one embodiment identifying a plurality of nodes includes checkin g one or more databases where users regi ste for use of electromagnetic resources.

] In one embodiment, determining a reduced electromagnetic volume tor the radar system includes using space-time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques.

[0012] In one- embodiment, the electromagnetic state space includes coordinates from at least 4 dimensions selected from the following: the three spatial dimensions (x, y _> z), time, frequency, polarization direction, and orthogonal code,

[0013] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic state space includes coordinates from the following six dimensions; the three spatial dimensions (x, y, z time, frequency, and polarization direction. [0014] In one mbodhnent, the electromagnetic state space includes coordinates from the following eight dimensions: the three spatial dimensions (x, y, z), time, frequency, polarization direction, orthogonal code, and amplitude.

[0015] In one embodiment, the method further comprises: if all of the nodes within the plurality of nodes fit within the electromagnetic state space without overlap:

determining whether to squeeze the nodes tighter together within the electromagnetic state space; and reducing a standoff range of the radar node if a determination is made to squeeze the nodes tighter together.

[0016] In accordance with another aspect of the concepts, systems, circuits, and techniques described herein, a radar system comprises: a radio frequency (RF) transmitter; an RF receiver; and at least one processor to allow the radar system to operate within an electromagnetic state space with one or more other- nodes without overlap between, nodes, the at least ne processor configured to: identify a pl urality of nodes to operate within the electromagnetic state space, the plurality of nodes including the radar system, and at least one other node; estim ate an electromagnetic volume of each node within the plurality of nodes; attempt to fit the estimated electromagnetic volumes of the plurality of nodes within the electromagnetic state space without overlap, wherein the attempt to fit includes modification of transmit parameters associated with one or more nodes; and if the electromagnetic volumes of the plurality of nodes do not fit within the electromagnetic state space without overlap: determine a. reduced, electromagnetic volume for fee radar node that will allow the radar node to achieve at least a minimum

effectiveness level; and repeat the attempt to fit the estimated electromagnetic volumes of the plurality of nodes within the electromagnetic state space without overlap.

[0017] In one embodiment, the at least one processor is further configured to: before repeating the attempt to fit the estimated electromagnetic volumes within the

electromagnetic state space, determine a reduced electromagnetic volume for each directly controllable node within the plurality of nodes, other than the radar node, that will allow the controllable node to achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level,

[0018] I one embodiment, the at least one processor is further configured to: if the electromagnetic volumes of the plurality of nodes do not fi t within the electromagnetic state space without overlap after multiple iterations of determining reduced electromagnetic node volumes, removing one or more of the plurality of nodes from the electromagnetic state space.

[001 ] In accordance with, a still another aspect of the concepts, systems _. , circuits, and techniques described hereto, a maehine-impiemented method for operating a radar system within a multi-dimensional electromagnetic state space, comprises: identifying a plurality of nodes to operate within the electromagnetic state space, the plurality of nodes including a. radar node and at least one other node; deterrnining a capacity of the electromagnetic state space; assigning an importance value to each node in the plurality of nodes;

estimating an electromagnetic volume of each node within the plurality of nodes; ranking the plurality of nodes based on value density; identifying a minimum number of highest ranking nodes within the plurality of nodes that will exceed the capacity of the

electromagnetic state space; attempting to fit electromagnetic volumes associated with less than the minimum number of highest ranking nodes into the electromagnetic state space without overlap, wherein attempting to fit includes modifying transmit parameters associated with one or more nodes; and if the electromagnetic volumes associated with the less than minimum number of highest ranking nodes do not lit within the electromagnetic state space without overlap: removing at least one overlapping node from, the

electromagnetic state space and adding at. least one other node to the electromagnetic state space to form a modified group of nodes; and attempting to fit electromagnetic volumes associated with the modified group of nodes into the electromagnetic state space without

[0020] In. one embodiment, the method further comprises: repeating removing at least one overlapping node and adding at least one other node and attempting to fit

electromagnetic volumes associated with the modified group of nodes into the

electromagnetic state space without, overlap until a maximum number of nodes have been Inserted into the state space wi

[0021] In one embodiment, removing at least one overlapping node from tire electromagnetic state space includes removing a lowest racking overlapping node,

[0022] I one embodiment, the method further comprises; if the electromagnetic volumes of all nodes within the plurality of nodes cannot be fit into the electromagnetic state space without overlap: determining a reduced electromagnetic volume for the radar node that will allow the radar node to achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level; and repeating ranking the plurality of nodes based on value density; identifying a minimum number of highest ranking nodes within the plurality of nodes that will exceed the capacity of the electromagnetic state space; and attempting to fit electromagnetic volumes associated with less than the minim m number of highest ranking nodes into the electromagnetic state space without overlap.

[0023] In one embodiment, the method further comprises: before repeating ranking the plurality of nodes, determ ing a reduced electrom gnetic volume for each directly controllable node within, the plurality of nodes, other than the radar node, that will allow the controllable node to achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] The foregoing features m y be more fully understood from the following description of the drawings in which:

[0025] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an environment within which a radar system may be called upon to operate;

[0026] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an actual measured electromagnetic spectrum within a region of interest at a particular point in time;

[0027] Fig, 3 is an exemplary representation of a multi-dimensional electromagnetic state space that has been packed in accordance with an embodiment;

[0028] Fig, 4 is a block diagram illustrating a radar system, architecture thai may be used within a radar system node in accordance with an embodiment;

[0029] Fig. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method for operating a radar system within an electromagnetic state space that is also occupied by one or more other nodes in accordance with an embodiment; and

[0030] Figs. 6-8 are portions of a flowchart illustrating another method for operating a radar system within an electromagnetic state space that is also occupied by one or more other nodes in accordance with an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031 ] Fig. ! s a diagram illustrating a exemplary environment 10 within which a radar system 12 may have to operate. The radar system 12 may be deployed to search for and/or track targets 14 within or proximate to the environment 10. A plurality of other radio frequency (RF) nodes may also be operative within the environment 10, For example _s one or more Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) base stations 16 may be operative within the emdronment 10 to provide wireless

communication services for one or more mobile or stationary subscriber stations 1.8, 20 _» 22, 24. Likewise, one or more cellular telephone base stations 26 may be operative within the environment to provide communication services to a plurality of cellular telephone users 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, In addition, one or more wireless fidelity (WiFi) wireless access points 38 may be operative within the environment 10 to provide network access for one or more user stations 40, 42, 44, 46, Other types of RF nodes may alternatively be present. Some of the RF nodes within the environment 10 may operate within the same portions of the electromagnetic spectrum as the radar system. 12, It would be beneficial if the radar system 10 could operate in an effective manner within the environment 10 while having little or no effect on the other RF nodes operating therein. As used he ein, effective operation for a radar system refers to the ability to achieve a given probability of detection with less than a given probability of false alarm.

[0032] Techniques, systems, and devices are provided herein that are capable of allowing a radar system (or any other type of RF system) to assess an electromagnetic environment in. a region of Interest, and to operate within that environment In an effective and efficient manner. The techniques, systems, and devices may define an

electromagnetic state space within which the radar system Is to operate and then determine electromagnetic vol umes ibr each of the nodes to operate therein. The electromagnetic volumes may then be "packed" into the electromagnetic state space in a manner that produces little or no "overlap" between nodes. This process may be repeated as time progresses so that the electromagnetic state space in continually updated to pack the node volumes in a highly efficient manner. As will be described in greater detail, the process of packing the node volumes may Include modifying operational parameters of one or more of the nodes to permit more nodes to fit within the volume. Ideally, the radar system will be able to operate alongside all of the other nodes that are currently occupying the state space. In some embodiments, however, techniques may be used to move one or more nodes out of the state space in certain circumstances, fa some implementations; the techniques, systems, and methods described herein may be used to achieve near optimal packing results in polynomial time.

[0033] As described, previously, a given node's volume may ^" be defined by its set. of coordinates along d»d½iensions. Two nodes (e.g., node A and node B) may be considered to be "o verlapping" if the sum of vol ume th t the nod es co-occupy in the d-dimensional state space is greater than a given threshold. For example, in one possible implementation, an overlap threshold may be defined as a 5% co-occupied volume. In this ease, two nodes will be considered overlapping if they have greater than a 5% co-occupied volume. Thus, if node A and node B have substantially the same coordinates (volume normalized to unity) except for the amplitude coordinate, and the amplitude associated with node A is only 4% of the am litude of node B, then, these nodes would be determined to not be overlapping.

[0034] Fig. 2 is a spectrum diagram, illustrating actual measured spectrum use within a region of interest As shown, signal components exist within the electromagnetic spectrum thai are associated with a large number of different RF systems. As shown, these systems may include, for example, these systems may include one or more of the following: a GSM system., a PCS system, a 3G or 4G cellular system, a WiFi system (IEEE 802,11), a WiMax system (IEEE 802.16), a CDMA system, and LTE cellular system, and various radar systems. Other types of RF systems are also possible. The actual systems that are active withi an environment of interest will, typically vary with, time. Some of these systems may create harmful interference in the other systems t t compromise system performance, In addition, these systems may be arranged within the region of interest in a very inefficient manner that does not make efficient use of the available electromagnetic resources. Techniques described, herem may be used to increase the efficiency with which the electromagnetic resources are utilized and also to reduce or eliminate overlap between different nodes in the environment. As will be described in greater detail, for embodiments tha involve a radar system, techniques are provided that allow a standoff range to be determined for use between the radar system and other commercial systems within the environment that will allow all nodes to operate

effectively. [0035] Fig. 3 is an exemplary representation of a multi-dimensional electromagnetic state space 50 that has been packed in accordance with, s embodiment. The

electromagnetic state space 50 is illustrated with three dimensions for ease of illustration.. However, any number of dimensions may be present (e.g., 5 or more, etc) in different implementations. The dimensions in Fig. 3 might include, for example, coordinates from the spatial dimensions x, y, and z, but other combinations are also possible. As shown., the electromagnetic state space 50 is divided, into a multitude of volume "bins ^'5 52 in each of the three (or more) dimensions. All of the bins 52 together form the state space 50, I some embodiments, the electromagnetic state space 50 may have a unity volume (i.e., the volume of the state space 50 is normalized to one). Thus, the mdividnal volumes of the three dimensional bins 52 may add ap to one in some implementations.

[0036] As shown, in Fig. 3, a radar node Rl and a number of e-oniniiKtication nodes CI, C2, C3 _> ... , Cn are packed into the electromagnetic state space 50. In the case where each node occupying fee stale space 50 may have a corresponding d-dfmensional normalized volume, ¾, where the nodes' state space is represented by a vector, such that each dimension is represented by a scalar coordinate where:

In other cases, where each node in the state space is represented by a d~dim.en.sional set of coordinates, other functions may be used to compute the node volume such as dividing the state space up into finite elements d computing the volume as summing the elements in the space that the node occupies. The normalized node volumes are packed into the unit sized electromagnetic state space 50 i a manner that results in no overlap Thus, referring to Fig. 3, radar node Rl may have a node volume 54, communication ode CI may be have a node volume 56, communication node C2 may be have a node volume 58, communication node C3 may be have a node volume 60, communication node Cn may be have a node volume 62, and so on. h addition, these node volumes will typically change with time based on the operational needs of the various nodes in the environment, as well as the entry and exit of nodes to/from the state space 50. As will be described hi greater detail, the shapes of some of the various node volumes 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 may also adapt over time. One or more control nodes (or other control units) may be provided that are operative for packing the node volumes into the state space in an efficient manner,

[0037] As described previously, in some implementations, the node volum.es 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 represent electromagnetic volumes used to perform some task or mission associated wife a corresponding node. For example, a first communication node may need to transmit a packet to a second communication node at a particular point in time. The first communication node may desire a certain "electromagnetic volume" to communicate that packet to the second communication node. This electromagnetic volume may be used as the node volume for packing purposes. As used herein, the term "electromagnetic volume" is used in a broad sense to encompass an extent of ail different electromagnetic dimensions being used by each node in a particular implementation. For example, in a simpler case, the eiectromagnetic volume may represent the physical volume occupied by a transmit antenna beam between a fi st communication node and a second

communication node during a wireless packet transfer operation. As is well known, a transmit antenna beam may have a beam width in both azimuth, and elevation. A transmit antenna beam may also have a maximum range based, at least in part, on. a power level used to transmit a corresponding signal. Thus, the beam (or the corresponding node) may be considered to occupy a certain defined volume in physical space,

[0038] The electromagnetic volume of a node Is not limited to 3-dimensional physical volume as described above, but may include other electromagnetic dimensions in various implementations. For example, frequency may he taken as one of the dimensions of an electromagnetic volume. Thus, two different communication links may be operative within a common physical space if their operational frequency ranges do not overlap, likewise, polarization direction ma be used as a dimension of an electromagnetic volume. Thus, even if there is commonality in both physical and frequency dimensions between two communication links, overlap can still be avoided by using different polarization directions for the links. Another possible dimension may be orthogonal codes. For example, in a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, two users may occupy the same physical space and the same frequency band if they each use a different orthogonal code during transmission. The data associated with the corresponding signals may then be extracted from the signals in a receiver by performing a correlation operation using a replica of the relevant code. Time is another possible dimension of an i u electromagnetic volume. Typically, as described above, time may be accounted for by the fact that fee configuration of the electromagnetic volume 50 may adapt from instant to instant. Other dimensions may also be considered as part of the overall electromagnetic volume in some implementations.

[0039] In some embodiments, a radar system node may act as a controller node to determine which nodes will operate within an electromagnetic state space. The radar system node may also determine how the various nodes will be packed within the state space. As described previously, the FCC plans on auctioning off licenses to various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum that were traditionally reserved for use by military radar systems. These licenses will most likely be acquired by one or more commercial wireless networking or wireless cellular commard cations carriers or other commercial entities. In the future, therefore, a military radar system may be called upon to operate within an electromagnetic state space that is already occupied by one or more other wireless nodes users. Thus, in some implementations, various features described herein may be used by a .radar system, node to allow the node to operate within a state space that is already occupied by one or more other nodes. The other nodes can be commercial nodes, military nodes, or a combination of the two. In some embodiments, features described herein may be used by a radar system node to pack a number of different nodes/users within an electromagnetic state space in an efficient manner, so that a large number of nodes can operate concurrently within fee space with little or no overlap,

[0040] Although described in various places herein in the context of a radar system, it should be appreciated that the concepts and features described herein are not limited to use with radar s stems or military systems. On fee contrary, features described herein may be used in many different contexts to achieve efficient utilization of electromagnetic resources with little or no overlap. In some embodiments, techniques are provided that enable near-optimal packing to be achieved within an electromagnetic state space with no overla

[0041] Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a radar system architecture 70 that, m be used within a radar system node in accordance with an embodiment. As illustrated, fee radar system architecture 70 may include: one or more digital processors 72, an

electromagnetic assignment processor 74, a radar transmitter 76, an operator interface 78, T/US2014/046642 digital storage 80, ami a radar receiver 82. The radar transmitter 76 may be coupled to a transmit antenna 90 through a transmit beamfonner 86 and the radar receiver 82 may be coupled to a receive antenna 92 through a receive beamfoimer 88. A bus 84 and/or other structure(s) may be provided for establishing interconnections between various components of the radar system architecture 70. The digital processors) 72 may include one or more digital processing devices that are capable of executing programs and/or procedures to provide functions and/or services for a radar system operator. The electromagnetic assignment processor 74 may include a digital processing device that is configured to identify nodes occupying an electromagnetic state space in which the radar system wishes to operate and to perform electromagnetic packing functions to pack the identified nodes within the state spa.ee in an efficient manner. Although illustrated as a separate unit, in some embodiments, some or all of the functions associated with fee electromagnetic assignment processor 74 may, instead, be performed within the processor(s) 72,

[0042] Digital storage 80 may include one or mere digital data storage systems, devices, and/or components that may be used to store data and/or programs for other elements of the radar system architecture 70, Operator interface 78 may include any type of device, component, or subsystem for providing an interface between an operator and the radar system. Radar transmitter 76 and radar receiver 82 may include any type of wireless transmitter and receiver that are capable of transmitting a desired radar waveform and receiving a corresponding return signal from a target, respectively. Although illustrated as separate units, it should be appreciated that the transmitter 76 and the receiver 82 may be implemented as a single transceiver unit As shown, in Fig. 4, radar transmitter 76 may be coupled to a t ansmit antenna 86 and radar receiver §2 may be coupled to a receive antenna.88, Although not shown, these antennas may also include beam steering and/or beam shaping functionality. In some embodiments, the transmit and receive functions may share a common antenna by utilizing an appropriate antenna sharing device (e.g., a duplexer, a switch, a circulator, etc.). In at least one embodiment, one or more

electronically steerable array antennas may be used.

[0043] Digital processors) 72 may include, for example, one or more general purpose microprocessors, digital signals processors (DSPs), controllers, microcontrollers, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), programmable logic device (PLDs), reduced mstruction set computers (RISCs), complex mstmction set computers (CISCs), multi-core processors, processor complexes, and or other processing devices or systems, including combinations of the above. Digit processors) 72 may be used to, for example, execute an operating system for a corresponding radar node. Digital processors) 72 may also be used to, for example, execute one or more application programs for the radar node, in addition, digital processor ⁸ ) 72 may be used to implement, either partially or fully, one or more radar functions for the radar system node. This may include, for example, radar waveform generation, beam steering, beam shaping, target acquisition, target tracking, return signal analysis, and or other functions. In some embodiments, the digital processors) 72 and/or the electromagnetic assignment processor 74 may be used to implement some or all of the techniques described herein for packing an electromagnetic state space in an efficient manner (e.g., the methods of Figs. 5-8, etc.).

[0044] Digital storage 80 may include any type of system, device, or component, or combination thereof, that is capable of storing digital information (e.g., digital data, computer executable instructions and/or programs, etc.) for access by processing devices or other components. This may include, for example, semiconductor memories, magnetic data storage devices, disc based storage devices, optical storage devices, read only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), non-volatile memories, flash memories, USB drives, compact disc read only memories (CD-ROMs), DVDs, Blu~Ray disks, magneto-optical disks, erasable programmable ROMs (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmable ROMs (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, and/or other digital storage suitable for storing electronic instructions and/or data.

[0045] It should be appreciated that the radar system architecture 70 of Fig. 4 represents one possible example of an arcMtecture that may be used in an implementation. Other architectures may alternatively be used As used herein, the term "node device" or "node" is used to describe any type of digital electronic device or system that .includes some form of wireless transmit and/or receive capability. This may include, for example, a laptop, desktop, notebook, or tablet computer; a personal digital assistant (PDA); a personal communication service (PCS) device; a personal navigation assistant (PNA); a cellular telephone, smart phone, or other wireless communication device; a wireless base station; a wireless access point; a mobile wireless transceiver; a pager; a wireless sensor U 2014/046642 device; a satellite commun cat n device or system; a radar device or system; a media player ha ng oomm «icaiion capability; a digital storage device wi h wireless

communication capability, and/or other devices and systems, It should be appreciated that all or pari of the various devices, processes, or methods described herein may be huplemented using any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software.

[0046] Figs. 5-8 include flow diagrams showing processes for operating a radar system within as electromagnetic state space that is also occupied by one or more other nodes in accordance with, various embodiments.

[0047] The rectangular elements in the flow diagrams (typified by element 102 in Fig. 5) are herein denoted "processing blocks" and may represent computer software instructions or groups of instructions. It should he noted that the flow diagrams of Figs. 5- 8 represent two exemplary embodiments of designs described herein and variations in such diagrams, which generally follow the processes outlined, are considered to he within the scope of d e concepts, systems, and techniques described and claimed herein.

[0048] Alternatively, the processing blocks may represent operations performed by functionally equivalent circuits such as a digital signal processor circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other circuitry . Some processing blocks may be manually performed while other processing blocks may be performed by a processor or other circuit. The flo diagxams do not depict the s nt x of any particular programming language. Rather, the flow diagrams illustrate the functional information one of ordinary skill in the art requires to fabricate circuits and or to generate computer software and or configuration information to perform the processing required of the particular apparatus, it should be noted that many routine program elements, such as initialization of loops and variables and the use of temporary variables are not shown. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. thai unless otherwise indicated herein, the particular sequence described is illustrative only and can be varied without departing f om the spirit of the concepts described and/or claimed herein. Thus, ^' unless otherwise stated, the processes described below are unordered meaning that, when possible, the sequences shown in Figs. 5-8 can be performed In any convenient or desirable order,

[0049] Fig. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 100 for operating a radar node within an electromagnetic state space that is also occupied by one or more other nodes T/US2014/046642 in accordance with an embodiment The method 100 may be practiced within or in association with, for example, a radar system node to be operated within the state space (e.g., within processors) 72 and/or electromagnelic assignment processor 74 of Fig. 4, etc), hi one possible scenario, the method 100 may be initiated in response to a decision to operate a radar within a particular region, of interest (e,g„, a particular city, etc.). The method 100 may then, be used to identi fy other wireless nodes operating within the region of interest and to determine bo to fit all of the nodes (including the radar node) within a

corresponding electromagnetic state space with little or no overlap between nodes, to the extent possible. The electromagnetic state space is a multidimensional state space that may be determined based on, for example, the particular needs of the radar system of interest, The electromagnetic state space may include any number of dimensions. The dimensions may include some combination of the following: the three spatial dimensions (x, y, z); frequency; polarization direction; time; and orthogonal code. Other dimensions are also possible. The electromagnetic state space may include a physical space (e.g., the airspace around New York City, etc) as well as other dimensional ranges (e.g., frequency ranges, polarizations, etc.) in some embodiments, in some implementations, electromagnetic node volumes are packed within a 0-dknensional state space consisting of the three spatial dimensions: frequency: polarization and time. In. some other implementations,

electromagnetic node volumes are packed within a 7-dimensional state space consisting of the three spatial dimensions; frequency; polarization; time; and orthogonal code. Other dimensional combinations may alternativel be used.

[0050] As shown in Fig. 5, the method 100 may first identify nodes to be operated within the electromagnetic state space (block 102). The nodes to be operated within, the electromagnetic state space will include the radar system of interest as well as the other nodes that are currently operating within (or plan to operate within) the state space. The identified nodes may include, for example, one or more commercial communication nodes and or one or more other military nodes (e.g., military communications nodes, etc.). In some embodiments, the identified nodes may also include, for example, one or more jammer nodes or malfunctioning nodes operating within the state space. For each identified node, a corresponding electromagnetic volume may be estimated. The electromagnetic volume may be defined with respect to a center locatio of the node (e,g., in. frequency, space, etc). P T/US2014/046642

[0051 ] The nodes that are currently occupying fee state space may be identified in a number of different ways. For example, in one approach, nodes may be identified fey sensing signals propagating within the dectromagnetic state space. Such signals will often include information that enable one to determine a corresponding wireless or cellular standard mat the signal is associated with. Once the standard is knows, information may be estimated, relating to certain transmit parameters of the corresponding transmitting node (e.g., using knowledge of the underlying standard). This knowledge may allow a d~ dimensional normalised volume ¾ to be estimated for the node. This may be done for each detected signal. Alternatively, or on addition, some communication nodes may be configured to self report current or future operational states. These operational states may be also be used to determine normalised volumes for corresponding nodes.

[0052] In another approach, other nodes within a state space may he identified by consulting a database where users may register for bandwidth, and other electromagnetic resources. Such databases may include, for example, various white space databases operated by companies such as Google and Ericsson. These databases typically include frequency and location allocations, fa some embodiments, databases of this type may be developed that operate with a larger number of electromagnetic dimensions. These dalabases may allow users to register for, for example, particular polarizations, orthogonal codes, time periods, etc. Such databases can be checked, to determine whether any nodes have registered, to operate within an electromagnetic state space for a particular time period. If nodes are found, information may be retrieved from the database that will allow a d- dimensional normalized volume ¾ to be estimated for each associated node.

[0053] In still another technique, a device or system with a high amount of processing power may be capable of listening to a surrounding en vironment to determine detailed information about nodes that are currently tcansntitdng within an electromagnetic state space. Such systems may be able to measure parameters such as, for example, angle of arrival, frequency, polarization, code. etc. based on signals sensed by a local receiver. One type of device o system that can perform, this type of fonction Is ^' blown as a radar warning receiver (RWR). Therefore, an RWR or similar device that is capable detecting transmitting military and commerci al nodes and of characterizing the corresponding signals may be used in some embodiments. The information collected in this fashion can be used to calculate or estimate normalized volumes ¾ for the c res onding nodes. As will be appreciated, any of the above techniques may be used individually to identify nodes and corresponding electromagnetic volumes in an electromagnetic state space of interest In some

embodiments, combinations of the above techniques may be used to determine node ia&miatioa Other techniques may alternatively bo used.

[0054] After nodes and corresponding electromagnetic volumes have been identified, an attempt may be made to insert or fit all of the identified nodes within the electromagnetic state space without overlap (block 104). Some of the nodes within the state space may be directly controll ble to some extent, by the radar system. For these nodes, one or more operating parameters of the node may be modified by the radar system as part of the insertion process. Thus, for example, the radar system may directly instruct (or request) one or more controllable nodes to use a certain frequency band, polarization direction, spatial layout, orthogonal code, transmit power level, data rate, etc. within the state space. Other nodes within the state space may not be directly controllable by the radar node. These nodes may be inserted into the state space in their current states. Typically, a military radar may have some control over other military nodes within a state space. However, military radars usually do not have any direct control over commercial nodes in a state spa.ce.

[0055] It may next he determined whether all of the nodes were successfully fit within the state space without overlap (block 1 6). If the nodes all lit (block 106-Y), it may next be determined whether the nodes are to be squeezed tighter together within the electromagnetic state space (block 108). If the nodes are squeezed tighter together, more room may be opened up within the state space to insert additional nodes. Thus, electromagnetic state space will be utilized more efficiently . If H e nodes are not to be squeezed tighter together (block 108-N), the method 100 may be terminated ( ock 112). If this occurs, the node parameters at tins time will be used for all of the nodes. If the modes are to be squeezed tighter together (block 108-Y), the standoff range of the radar system, may next be reduced (block 110), The standoff range is a margin value associated with the radar system that dictates how close the radar may be operated with respect to commercial nodes to prevent interference with such systems. The standoff range may be reflected within the node volumes of the radar system and the various nodes. After the standoff range has been reduced, fee method 100 may return to block 1.04 and an attempt to insert all nodes into the state space may be repeated. [0056] In some embodiments, there may be a maximum number of limes (e.g., one or more times) that a decision to s ueeze the nodes tighter may be made after all nodes have been fit within the electromagnetic state space. Thus, the method 100 may automatically terminate (block 12) after the maximum number of times has been reached in some implementations.

[0057] Returning now to block 106, if all of the nodes cannot be fit within the electromagnetic state space without overlap (block 106-N), a reduced elec^magnetic volume may be determined for the radar node that will still allow the radar to achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level (block 114). The reduced electromagnetic volume may be achieved by, for example, reducing a transmit beamwidtb. of the radar, reducing a transmit power level of the radar, and or modifying some other transmit parameter or combination of transmit parameters of the radar, In some embodiments, well-known space time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques may be used by the radar node to reduce the electromagnetic volume thereof Other techniques may also, or alternatively he used.. In some embodiments, me minimum effectiveness level may he represented as some fraction of a normal performance level of the radar (e.g., 95%, etc.). A reduced electromagnetic volume may also be determined for one or more other nodes in the state space that will allow the nodes to achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level (block 11.6), h some embodiments, this will only involve nodes that are directly controllable by the radar node. The other nodes may use the same minimum effectiveness level as the radar node or different values.

[0058] After the electromagnetic volumes of nodes have been reduced in blocks 1 14 and \ 16, the method 100 may return to block 104 and an attempt to insert all nodes into the state space may be repeated. If the nodes again do not fit, blocks 1 4 and 116 may be repeated until all of the nodes fit hi blocks 114 and 116, the electromagnetic volume associated with the corresponding nodes may be reduced to the point that achieves the minimum

effecti eness level in one step or over multiple steps or Iterations.

[0059] If further reduction of the eleetmmagnetic volumes of the nodes is not possible (because, for example, the minimum effectiveness has been reached), then one or more of the other nodes may be completely removed from the electromagnetic state space in block 16. After one or more nodes have been removed from the state space, the method may return to block 104 and an attempt to insert the remaining nodes into the state space may be repeated. Eventually all remaining nodes will be able to lit within the electromagnetic state space (block 106-Y).

[0060] As described previously, some of the nodes in the state space may e directly co trollable by fee radar node (ie„, controllable using commands, instructions, or requests) and others ma not Thus, is block 116, reduced electromagnetic volumes may first be determined tor one or more nodes that are directly controllable. If this does .not allow all of the nodes to fit within the electromagnetic state space, one or more controllable nodes may be instructed io leave the state space in block 116. Alternatively, or in addition, the radar system may decide to remove one or more of the non-controllable nodes from the state space using an "indirect" control technique. For example, in one approach, the radar system may direct a high power beam toward a non-controllable node to force the node to move from the state space or to cease transmitting. After one or more nodes have been removed hi this fashion, the method may return to block 104 and an attempt to insert the remaining nodes into the state space may be repeated.

[0061 ] Figs. 6-8 are portions of a flowchart iHustrating another exemplary method 120 for operating a radar node within an electromagnetic state space that is also occupied by one or more other nodes hi accordance with another embodiment. Nodes operating within an electromagnetic state space may first be identified and cor es onding d-dimensional normalized electromagnetic volumes £¾ may be determined for the nodes (block 124).

Techniques for identifying nodes and. corresponding electromagnetic volumes # _{ have been described above. Importance values or priority valises may also be determined for the identified nodes at this point. The importance (or priority) values will depend on the relative importance of fee nodes. As will be described in greater detail below, these importance values may be used to determine an order in. which the nodes will be inserted into the state space, hi a simplest approach, a binary importance value scheme may be used where, for example, commercial nodes are given an importance value of 1 and military nodes are given an importance value of 2 (the higher value implying higher importance). In other embodiments, a more complex priority or importance scheme may be used.

[0062] A capacity (C) of d e electromagnetic state space may also be determined (block 126), Techniques for determining theoretical capacity of a state space are well known in the art. As will be ap reciated, the capacity will depend, at least hi part on the number and type of dimensions used, to define the state space,

1Q U 2014/046642

[0063] As described above, a normalised electromagnetic volume ¾ may be detennined for each of the nodes to be operated within the state space. The electromagnetic olume ¾ may have the form S _t = (aj, f, .... , af). A sizing function may next be used to develop a scalar volume value (or size) for each of the identified nodes based on the corresponding normalized electromagnetic volume £ (block 128). in one approach, a simple dot product may be used as a sizing function (e.g., a dot product of the normalized electromagnetic volume ¾ with, itself, etc.). Other sizing functions may alternatively be used. Hie various identified nodes may next be ranked based on "value density" (block 1.30). Value density may depend, for example, on the importance value of the node and the corresponding scalar volume value. For example, in one embodiment, the value density may be computed as a ra io of the importance value to the scalar volume size. Using this approach, the nodes may be ranked in order as follows:

where v are the importance values and /(¾) is the sizing function, A minimum index value (x) of ranked nodes may next be detennined that overflo w s the capacity of the electromagnetic state space (block 1.32). That is, the index x is deterrnined where the combination of the first x nodes in the ranking order exceeds the capacity C, while the combination of the first x-1 nodes in the ranking order does not

[0064] Turning now to Fig. 7, an attempt is now made to insert the ranked nodes / ^:::: I , ... , x~l into the electromagnetic state space (block 134). As described previously, the insertion process may involve modifyiag one or more operating parameters of certain controllable nodes to allow them to fit within the state space. Non-controllable nodes may be inserted without modification, it may next be dete mined whether any overlap exists amongst the inserted nodes (block 136). As will be described in greater detail, if overlap exists, overlapping nodes will need to be removed, hi at least one embodiment, overlap may be detennined using a bin approach. That is, the electromagnetic state space may be divided into a multitude of bins, with each dimension of the space being parsed, into segments. Each node will then maintain a data structure corresponding to the bins of the state space. For each data, structure, the bins of the state space will have a binary value of, for example, one P T/US2014/046642 if the bin is occupied by the corresponding node and zero f the bin is not occupied by the node. Overlap may then be identified by adding up the data structures. That is, if any bin of the result of the summation is greater than L there is overlap. Oilier techniques for identifying overlap may alternatively be used.

[0065] If overlap is identified (block 136-Y), then one or more overlapping nodes may be removed from the state space (block 1.38). The overlapping node(s) having the lowest rank will be removed. After one or more overlapping nodes have been removed, a next ranked node, if any, may be added to the state space (block 140). During a first iteration, this may include node x. Overlap is again tested in block 136, and the process of removing and adding nodes may be repeated. If no overlap is found in block 136 (block 136-N), then it may next be determined whether either the capacity C of the state space has been reached or there are no more ranked nodes that can be added to the state space (block 142). If the answer to both of these questions is no (block. 142-N), then a next ranked node may be added to the state space and the above described process is repeated, if the answer to either of these questions is yes (block 142-Y), then it may next be determined if the capacity has been exceeded. If so, the last node added to the state space may be removed (block 1.44),

[0066] Turning now to Fig, 8, it may next be determined whether all of the nodes were successfully inserted into the state space without overlap (block 146). If so, it may then be determined whether it is desired to squeeze the nodes into a smaller volume (block 148). As described previously (in connection with method 100 of Fig. 5), if this is not desired (block Ϊ48-Ν), the method 120 may terminate (block 150). If it is desired (block 148-Y), then the radar standoff may be reduced (block 152) and the method 120 may return to block 128 of Fig. 6, The node insertion process will then be repeated with, the new standoff value.

[0067] If all of the nodes were not successfully inserted into the state space (block 146-N), then a reduced electromagnetic volume may be determined for the radar that will still allow the radar to achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level (block 154). As described previously, is some embodiments, well-known space time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques may be used by the radar node to reduce the electromagnetic volume. Other techniques may also, or alternatively be used. A reduced electromagnetic volume may also be determined for one or more other nodes in the state space that will allow the 14 046642 nodes to still achieve at least a minimum effectiveness level (block 156), The method 120 may then return to block 128 of Fig. 6 and the node insertion process will be repeated with, the reduced electromagnetic node volumes. In some embodiments, the node volumes of the radar and the other nodes (e.g., controllable nodes) may be reduced to a level th t achieves the xwwsrmm effectiveness level on the first iteration of method 120. In other embodiments, the node volumes may be reduced In steps during successive iterations of method 120, As described previously, if reducing node volumes does not allow all nodes to fit within the electromagnetic state space, one or more nodes can be deactivated or moved from the space.

[0068] In fee methods described above, techniques and fe tures are described In the context of a radar node attempting to operate within an occupied state space. It should be reiterated, however, thai these methods ma also be implemented in connection with other node types (e.g.., other military nodes or commercial nodes).

[0069] la some embodiments, features or techniques described herein may be implemented as instructions and/or functional data structures stored on non-transitory machine readable media. Examples of non-transitory machine readable medi include magnetic disks, compact disc read only memories (CD-ROMs), DVDs, Bin-Ray disks, magneto-optical disks, erasable programmable ROMs (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmable ROMs (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, flash memories, USB drives, and/or other types of media suitable for storing electronic instructions or data,

[0070] Having described exemplary embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments Incorporating their concepts may also he used. The embodiments contained herein should not be limited to disclosed embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the a ended claims. Ail publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference h their entirety.