METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RADIATING ELEMENTS OF AN ANTENNA

ARRAY

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to ET.S. Provisional Application No. 62/660,159, filed on April 19, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to wireless systems and specifically to radiating metamaterial structures.

BACKGROUND

[0003] In a wireless transmission system, such as radar or cellular communications, the size of the antenna is determined by applications, configuration of the antenna, the design and structure of the radiating elements, the transmission characteristics, goals of the system, manufacturability and other requirements and/or restrictions. With the widespread application of wireless applications, the footprint and other parameters allocated for a given antenna, or radiating structure, are constrained. In addition, the demands on the capabilities of antenna systems continue to increase, such as increased bandwidth, finer control, increased range and so forth. The present inventions provide power antenna structures to meet these and other goals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] The present application may be more fully appreciated in connection with the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are not drawn to scale and in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and wherein:

[0005] FIG. 1 illustrates an antenna system, according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0006] FIG. 2 illustrates a corporate feed for a transmission line array, such as for a radiating structure according to embodiments of the present invention; [0007] FIG. 3 illustrates antenna structures, according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0008] FIGs. 4 and 5 illustrate substrates having metamaterial superstrates and metamaterial loading elements, according to embodiments of the present inventions;

[0009] FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of an antenna array with a reactance control circuitry, according to embodiments of the present inventions;

[0010] FIG. 7 illustrates a portion of the antenna array with a reactance control circuitry, according to embodiments of the present inventions;

[0011] FIG. 8 illustrates a positioning of an antenna array element with a reactance control circuitry, according to embodiments of the present inventions;

[0012] FIG. 9 illustrates a portion of the antenna array with a reactance control circuitry, according to embodiments of the present inventions; and

[0013] FIG. 10 illustrates an antenna system with multiple metamaterial layers, according to embodiments of the present inventions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] The present inventions described herein provide antenna structures having radiating elements to increase performance for vehicular radar modules in particular. These include a variety of radiating elements and array structures. Each array of elements receives signals and power through a feed network which divides the power from a given source or sources to the various portions of the array and/or elements. This power distribution is referred to herein as a feed network and there are structures and configurations within the feed network designed to increase performance of the antenna. The feed network design provides a mechanism to control the radiated beam, such as for beam steering, as well as to craft the shape of the beam, such as through tapering.

[0015] The present inventions are described in the context of an antenna system 100, illustrated in FIG. 1. This embodiment and the examples provided herein are described in the context of a vehicular application; however, the present inventions are applicable in a wide-range of applications. This example is not meant to be limiting, but rather to provide a full example of the application of the present inventions. The concepts described herein are also applicable to other systems and other antenna structures. The inventions presented herein, along with variations thereof, may be used in communication systems or other applications that incorporate radiating elements and feed structures.

[0016] The system of FIG. 1 includes the components of an automotive radar system, such as to support autonomous driving and/or Automated Driver Assist Systems (“ADAS”) which provide automated information to the driver. The system 100 includes a central processing unit 102 controlling some of the modules and a communication bus 13 to communicate signals, information and instructions within the system 100. The system 100 includes a radiating structure 200 for generating over-the-air signals, which in this case are used as radar signals to transmit signals having a specific modulation and to receive reflections or echoes of the transmitted signals from which the system detects objects and derives various information about the detected objects. A transceiver 110 acts under operation of a transmission signal controller 108 to operate an antenna controller 112 that controls the radiating structure 200. The system 100 provides the derived information to a sensor fusion (not shown) through an interface to sensor fusion 104. The sensor fusion may also require raw data, the analog information received at the radiating structure 200. In this way the system 100 acts to achieve the goals of the automotive system.

[0017] As in FIG. 1, the antenna system 100 includes interfaces with other modules, such as through the interface to sensor fusion 104 where information is communicated between the antenna system 100 and a sensor fusion module (now shown). The antenna system 100 includes an antenna controller 112 to control the generation and reception of electromagnet radiations, or beams. The antenna controller 112 determines the direction, power and other parameters of the beams and controls the radiating structure 200 to achieve beam steering in various directions. The design of the system 100 determines the range of angles over which the antenna may be steered. Steering is to change the direction of the main lobe of a radiation beam toward a specific direction.

[0018] For example, where the beam has a boresight original direction approximately perpendicular to the plane of the antenna, the system 100 may steer the beam x degrees in a first angular direction and >' degrees in a second angular direction. The angles x and >' may be equal or may be different. The system 100 may steer the beams in an azimuth, or horizontal, direction with respect to the antenna plane or may steer in an elevation, or vertical, direction with respect to the antenna plane. A 2-dimensional antenna steers in both azimuth and elevation.

[0019] The antenna system 100 enables control of reactance, phase and signal strength in the feed network paths, referred to herein as transmission lines. A given transmission line is considered herein to be the path from a signal source to a given portion of the antenna array or to a given radiating element. The radiating structure 200 includes a power divider circuit, and so forth, along with a control circuit 130 therefor. The control circuit 130 includes a reactance control module (“RCM”) 120, or reactance controller, such as a variable capacitor, to change the reactance of a transmission circuit and thereby control the characteristics of the signal propagating through a transmission line. The RCM 120 acts to change the phase of a signal radiated through individual antenna elements of a radiating array structure 126. In some embodiments, the reactance controller 120 is a varactor that changes the phase of a signal. The reactance controller 120 in some embodiments is integrated into an amplifier, such as in a Low Noise Amplifier (“LNA”) for received signals and a Power Amplifier (“PA”) or High-Power Amplifier (“HP A”) for a transmit path.

[0020] The control circuit 130 also includes an impedance matching element 118 to match an input impedance at the connection to the radiating array structure 126. The impedance matching element 118 and the reactance control module 120 may be configured throughout the feed distribution module 116 or may be proximate one another. The components of the control circuit 130 may include control signals, such as a bias voltage, to effect specific controls. These control signals may come from other portions of the system 100, such as in response to an instruction from sensor fusion received through the interface 104. In other embodiments, alternate control mechanisms are used.

[0021] For structures incorporating a dielectric substrate to form a transmission path, such as a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (“SIW”), a layered antenna design, or a folded antenna design, reactance control may be achieved through integration with the transmission line, such as by inserting a microstrip or strip line portion that will support the RCM. Where there is such an interruption in the transmission line, a transition is made to maintain signal flow in the same direction. Similarly, the reactance control structure may require a control signal, such as through a DC bias line or other control means, to enable the system 100 to control and adjust the reactance of the transmission line. Some embodiments of the present invention include a structure(s) that acts to isolate the control signal from the transmission signal. In the case of an antenna transmission structure, the isolation structure may be a resonant control module that serves to isolate DC control signal(s) from AC transmission signals.

[0022] The present inventions are applicable in wireless communication and radar applications, and in particular those incorporating radiating elements, such as meta-structure (“MTS”) or metamaterial (“MTM”) structures capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves using engineered radiating structures. Additionally, the present inventions provide methods and apparatuses for generating wireless signals, such as radar signals, having improved directivity, reduced undesired radiation patterns aspects, such as side lobes. The present inventions provide antennas with unprecedented capability of generating Radio Frequency (“RF”) waves for radar systems. These inventions provide improved sensor capability and support autonomous driving by providing one of the sensors used for object detection. The inventions are not limited to these applications and may be readily employed in other antenna applications, such as wireless communications, 5G cellular, fixed wireless and so forth.

[0023] In cellular systems, the present inventions enable systems of ultra-wide band in millimeter wave spectrum at high frequency, making these systems dense, ultra-fast, low latency, reliable, and expansive. There is more capacity for devices, data and communications from unified connectivity. The present inventions enable for hyper connected view for 5G wireless systems to provide higher coverage and availability in dense networks. These new services include machine- to-machine (“M2M”), Internet of things (“IoT”) applications with low power and high throughput.

[0024] In various examples, the system 100 has antenna beam steering capability integrated with Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (“RFICs”), such as millimeter wave ICs (“MMICs”) for providing RF signals at multiple steering angles. The antenna may be a meta-structure antenna, a phase array antenna, or any other antenna capable of radiating RF signals in millimeter wave frequencies. A meta-structure, as generally defined herein, is an engineered structure capable of controlling and manipulating incident radiation at a desired direction based on its geometry. The meta-structure antenna may include various structures and layers, including, for example, a feed or power division layer to divide power and provide impedance matching, an RF circuit layer with RFICs to provide steering angle control and other functions, and a meta-structure antenna layer with multiple microstrips, gaps, patches, vias, and so forth. The meta-structure layer may include a metamaterial layer. Various configurations, shapes, designs and dimensions of the beam steering antenna may be used to implement specific designs and meet specific constraints.

[0025] The present inventions provide smart active antennas with unprecedented capability of manipulating RF waves to scan an entire environment in a fraction of the time of current systems. The present invention provides smart beam steering and beam forming using MTM radiating structures in a variety of configurations, wherein electrical changes to the antenna are used to achieve phase shifting and adjustment reducing the complexity and processing time and enabling fast scans of up to approximately 360° field of view for long range object detection. [0026] The present invention supports a feed structure 116 having a plurality of transmission lines (not shown in FIG. 1) configured with discontinuities within the conductive material and having a lattice structure of unit cell radiating elements proximate the transmission lines. The feed structure 116 has a coupling design to provide paths for an input signal through the transmission lines, or a portion of the transmission lines, in the feed structure 116.

[0027] The present embodiments illustrate the flexibility and robust design of the present invention in antenna and radar design. In some embodiments, the coupling design forms a power divider structure that divides the signal among the plurality of transmission lines, wherein the power may be distributed equally among the N transmission lines, or may be distributed according to another scheme, wherein the N transmission lines do not all receive a same signal strength. For example, tapering may be introduced by reducing the signal strength as it moves toward a given direction(s). This results in focusing the power according to the directivity of the beam while reducing side lobes of the beam.

[0028] The feed structure 116 of the present embodiments includes impedance matching element 118 and reactance control 120. The feed structure 116 is coupled to the transmission array structure 124 which has N transmission paths that are formed to guide the transmission signal through the transmission array structure, which is proximate to and underlying the radiating array structure 126. In the present embodiment, transmission signals propagate through paths in the transmission array structure 124 and radiate up to excite the radiating elements of the radiating array structure 126. A radiating element, such as unit cell element 20, radiates the signal over the air. Together the elements of radiating array structure 126 form a directed radiation beam. The layout of system 100 of FIG. 1 is drawn to illustrate functional operations and is not drawn as the system 100 is physically configured.

[0029] In some embodiments, the impedance matching element(s) 118 incorporate reactance control element(s) 120 to modify a capacitance or reactance of elements of the radiating array structure 126. The impedance matching element 118 may be configured to match the input signal parameters with radiating elements, and therefore, there are a variety of configurations and locations for this element 118. The impedance matching element 118 and the reactance control module 120 may include a plurality of components, a single component, an ASIC, or other structure so as to achieve the given function in the desired circuit.

[0030] As described in the present invention, a reactance control mechanism 120 is incorporated to adjust the effective reactance of a transmission line within transmission array structure 124 and/or a radiating element within radiating array structure 126, wherein said transmission line feeds radiating elements. Such a reactance control mechanism 120 may be a varactor diode having a bias voltage applied by a controller (not shown). The varactor diode acts as a variable capacitor when a reverse bias voltage is applied. As used herein, the reverse bias voltage is also referred to herein as reactance control voltage or varactor voltage. The value of the reactance, which in some examples is capacitance, is a function of the reverse bias voltage value. By changing the reactance control voltage, the capacitance of the varactor diode is changed over a given range of values. Alternate embodiments may use alternate methods for changing the reactance, which may be electrically or mechanically controlled. In some embodiments of the present invention, a varactor diode may also be placed between conductive areas of a radiating element. In the present embodiment, the reactance control module 120 changes a phase of the transmission signal through multiple paths resulting in a directed radiation beam having the desired beam shape.

[0031] With respect to a radiating element, changes in varactor voltage produce changes in the effective capacitance of the radiating element. The change in effective capacitance changes the behavior of the radiating element and in this way the varactor may be considered as a tuning element for the radiating elements in beam formation. In some embodiments the reactance control elements 120 are positioned within the radiating array structure 126, such as between conductive portions of an element, such as unit cell element 20 having a metamaterial or metastructure design.

[0032] The reactance control mechanism 120 enables control of the reactance of a fixed geometric transmission line. Transmission lines are defined as conductive paths from the source signal to an input to the radiating array structure 126, wherein the radiating elements are arranged or organized as super elements, which may be rows, columns or portions of the radiating array structure 126. One or more reactance control mechanisms 120 may be placed within a transmission line. Similarly, reactance control mechanisms 120 maybe placed within multiple transmission lines to achieve a desired result. The reactance control mechanisms 120 may have individual controls to provide a change in reactance of one or more transmission lines. In other embodiments, multiple reactance control mechanisms 120 have common control, such as a single bias voltage applied to multiple reactance control mechanisms 120. In some embodiments, control applied to a first reactance control mechanism acts as a trigger to other control mechanisms, such as where a modification to a first reactance control mechanism is a function of a modification to a second reactance control mechanism. Some embodiments position reactance control elements 120 in some but not all of the transmission lines of transmission array structure 124. Each design is purposed to achieve a desired goal. In a flexible design, these reactance control elements 120 may be enabled, controlled and disabled.

[0033] In the vehicular applications described herein, the reactance control module 120 enables fast beam steering so as to achieve a sweep of the field of view from the vehicle. This may be a rastered scan, a patterned scan, an ad hoc scan or other design, where the radar signal is tasked with detecting objects that my impact the safety and/or performance of the vehicle. The scan may be controlled by a perception engine that identifies an object or condition and directs the radar beam accordingly. These inventions, therefore, support autonomous driving at various levels with improved sensor performance, all-weather/all-condition detection, advanced decision-making algorithms and interaction with other sensors through sensor fusion. This is because electromagnetic signals are not hindered by dark environments, rainy environments, foggy environments and so forth, which prefers radar over other sensors that rely on more favorable environmental conditions. The radar signals and perception results may be combined with a variety of other type sensors in a vehicle so as to optimize performance and security.

[0034] The configurations described herein optimize the use of radar sensors, as radar is not inhibited by weather conditions, such as for self-driving cars. The ability to capture environmental information earlier than other sensors makes the radar sensors significantly preferable aids to control a vehicle, allowing anticipation of hazards and changing conditions. The sensor performance is also enhanced with the radiating structures and configurations described herein, enabling long-range and short-range visibility to the vehicle controlled s) and sensor fusion. In an automotive application, short-range is considered within 30 meters of a vehicle, such as to detect a person in a cross walk in front of the vehicle; and long-range is considered to be 200 meters or more, such as to detect other cars, trucks, and obstacles on a highway. This considers the presence of mobile and stationary objects, as well as the movement of an object. The present inventions provide automotive radars capable of reconstructing the world around them and are effectively a radar“digital eye,” having true 3D vision and capable of human-like interpretation of the world.

[0035] Many of the present inventions apply modulation schemes and configurations that enable discovery of range, velocity, acceleration, cross-sectional area, and angle of arrival. The present embodiments consider the use of Frequency Modulated Continuous Waveform (“FMCW”), which transmits a waveform having a sawtooth, triangular or other shape from with information is extracted. [0036] In some embodiments, a radar system steers a highly-directive RF beam that can accurately determine the location and speed of road objects. These inventions are not prohibited by weather conditions or clutter in an environment. The present inventions use radar to provide information for 2D image capability as they measure range and azimuth angle, providing distance to an object and azimuth angle identifying a projected location on a horizontal plane, respectively, without the use of traditional large antenna elements.

[0037] The present invention provides methods and apparatuses for radiating structures, such as for radar and cellular antennas, and provides enhanced beam steering by adjusting the phase of one or more element of an array. The use of FMCW as a transmitted signal in the autonomous vehicle range, which in the US is approximately 77 GHz and has a 5 GHz range, specifically, 76 GHz to 81 GHz, reduces the computational complexity of the system, and increases the vehicular speed attainable with autonomy. The present invention accomplishes these goals by taking advantage of the properties of shaped structures coupled with novel feed structures. In some embodiments, the present invention accomplishes these goals by taking advantage of the properties of MTS or MTM structures coupled with novel feed structures.

[0038] Meta-structures and metamaterials derive their unusual properties from structure rather than composition and they possess exotic properties not usually found in nature. The antennas described herein may take any of a variety of forms, some of which are described herein for comprehension; however, this is not an exhaustive compilation of the possible embodiments of the present invention. The reactance control mechanisms in the antennas change a behavior of the meta-structures and/or metamaterials and thus change the direction of a transmitted beam. In other words, the process adjusts a reactance of a radiating element and that results in a change in phase of the signal transmitted from that element. The phase change steers the beam, wherein a range of voltage controls corresponds to a set of transmission angles. A capability of the system is specified as the range of transmission angles.

[0039] The following discussion refers to a vehicular radar system application; this is provided for clarity of understanding and not as a limiting application. Self-driving cars, or autonomous vehicles, are described with respect to specific levels of capabilities. Levels 3 to 5 have autonomous driving features, while Levels 0 to 2 do not. These embodiments are also applicable to ADAS, which provide information to the driver for increased awareness.

[0040] Starting with the most independent type control, Level 5 is fully automated driving without any input from the driver; hence there is no need for a steering wheel, brakes, accelerator and so forth, as the automobile is fully autonomously supervised. The Level 5 vehicle, as defined by the National Highway Safety Board (“NTHS”), is capable of performing all driving functions under all conditions. The driver may have the option to control the vehicle, but this is not required. Full automation has no human driver and is solely a passenger vehicle. Level 5 is the goal of current design efforts and has the most stringent requirements. The Level 5 vehicle must comprehend environment and circumstances and react accordingly. Once Level 5 is achieved, the next developments will relate to interfacing and communicating with other vehicles, V2V, and safety considerations, such as how to manage an unavoidable accident. Level 4 is highly automated; the vehicle is capable of performing all driving functions under certain conditions. The driver has the option to control the vehicle as Level 4 is not fully autonomous. In a Level 4 vehicle driving is managed autonomously almost all the time, with a few limited circumstances, such as poor weather conditions. In rain or snow, the vehicle may not allow engagement of self-driving capabilities. Level 3 is conditionally automated, where a driver is needed, but the vehicle is capable of monitoring the environment. The drive must be alert and ready to take control of the vehicle at all times when the vehicle systems are no longer capable. The driver is able to take their eyes off the road but is still required to take over at a moment’ s notice when the system is no longer capable given a situation or environment. An example of a Level 3 feature is to trigger automated driving at slow speeds, such as stop and go traffic up to a maximum speed. These may be implemented where barriers separate oncoming traffic.

[0041] The lower levels have no independent operation but have no automation to varying levels of automation. Level 2 is partially automated; the vehicle has combined automated functions, like acceleration and steering, but the driver must remain engaged with the driving tasks and monitor the environment at all times. Level 2 vehicles can assist with both steering and braking at the same time, but still require full driver attention; these are capable of Automated Cruise Control (“ACC”) and lane centering to steer the car so as to maintain a position in the center of a lane. Current Level 2 vehicles enable the driver to take their hands off the steering wheel, while cameras are aimed at the driver to detect inattentiveness and disable the automated steering, requiring the driver to take control. There are a few vehicles that currently fall into Level 2 at this time. Level 1 is driver assisted where the vehicle is controlled by the driver, but some driving assist features may be included in the vehicle design. A Level 1 vehicle can assist with steering or braking, but generally not at the same time, such as ACC to handle braking so as to keep a specified distance from the car in front of you. Level 1 vehicles have been in production for quite some time as of the time of the present invention. Level 0 has no automation; the vehicle is controlled fully by the driver with minimal to no driving assist features. Level 0 has no self-driving capabilities at all; these were still in production as of 2010.

[0042] In the developing vehicle systems, the percentage of automation and independent capabilities are increasing, requiring the vehicle to sense its environment and circumstances and react accordingly. Sensors must perform fast enough to respond at least as quickly as a human driver; and as sensors are computer controlled, it is expected that they outperform human driving capabilities. Radar is an ideal sensor for vehicle control as it not only is able to perform under almost all-weather conditions and throughout the day and night, but it provides information from an analog signal with very little processing. In comparison, the data must be managed by extensive digital processing in a camera sensor. The radar system’s reduction in latency enables faster response times that are required when a vehicle is travelling at high speeds, such as over 60 mph.

[0043] Additionally, sensors must scan a large field of view, meaning that typical sensors must scan that area over a time period. To scan an area, e.g., a field of view, with a radar sensor requires beam steering to change the direction of a main lobe of a radiation pattern. Conventionally this was done by switching the antenna elements or providing a signal to different antenna elements at different times. Similarly, some systems change the relative phases of the RF signals driving the antenna elements. These methods are controlled by digital systems to control directivity of the main lobe of the beam. Throughout this discussion we will refer to the antenna direction as the direction of the main lobe of the beam.

[0044] There are different methods to generate a radiation beam, digital beam forming and analog beam forming. Analog uses phased array antenna structures which combine at an RF center frequency, with each element or group of elements having a different phase. The signals from all the elements are transmitted from one transmit source, referred to herein as a transmit channel or path. The received signals are also combined to form a single input to a receive channel and down- converted as one signal.

[0045] Digital Beam Forming (“DBF”) applies individual transmit channels to each antenna element, or group of elements. Multiple independent beams steered in all directions are formed in the DBF process, which improves dynamic range, controls multiple beams and provides control of amplitude and phase quickly. Down converting to an Intermediate Frequency (“IF”) and digitizing the signals is realized at each individual antenna element, or group of elements. The signals are received and processed individually for combination at summing point. [0046] The present invention uses inventive analog beam forming techniques to provide the benefits of both analog and digital processing. Control of the antenna elements to generate and direct a beam is done in the analog domain. Processing and control are done in the digital domain, applying perception capabilities to quickly and accurately understand the environment and circumstances of the vehicle. The present inventions change the reactance of one or more antenna elements, or groups of elements, so as to form the shape and direction of the beam and also to change the directivity of a beam.

[0047] Returning to FIG. 1, a system 100 according to the present invention, has a radiating array structure 126 coupled to an antenna controller 112 to control the behavior of antenna elements of radiating array structure 126, a central processor 102 controlling operation of the radar system 100 and the individual components therein, and a transceiver 110 to generate a radar transmit signal and receive the reflections, echoes or return signals. The transceiver 110 may be a single unit capable of transmit and receive functions or may be multiple units, including a receive unit and a transmit unit, each handling the respective signals. A transmission signal controller 108 generates the specific transmission signal, such as an FMCW signal, which is used as for radar sensor applications as the transmitted signal is modulated in frequency, or phase.

[0048] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the functional modules may be combined or expanded to increase functionality. The transceiver signal controller 108 may have predefined signal formats or may receive instructions from a sensor fusion or other vehicle control. Continuous wave radar transmits at a known stable frequency. Radio energy is transmitted and received from reflections off objects, referred to herein as targets. The use of a continuous wave signal enables the measurement of Doppler effects and provides a system that is relatively immune to interference from stationary objects and slow-moving clutter. Doppler effect on the frequency of a returned signal, reflection, gives a direct and accurate measure of the radial component of a target’s velocity relative to the radar system. Here the Doppler effect is the difference in frequency of the transmitted wave and the received wave and corresponds to the velocity data of objects detected. It is a measure of how the object’s motion altered the frequency of the received signal. The time taken for the signal to return provides the distance to the target, referred to as the range. The combination of range and Doppler information gives accurate information as to targets in the environment. These techniques provide highly accurate information as to range and velocity from a same signal. The circuitry to process such signals is also reduced as signal processing is performed after mixing the signals received at the antenna elements so the operations are performed in the analog domain reducing latency and computational lag as compared to camera and other computationally-intensive operations. Systems relying on optical data are not only limited in environmental and circumstantial operation but also rely heavily on extensive computation. Still further, radar provides safety compared to other systems employing pulse radiation with high peak power, such as laser solutions referred to as lidar.

[0049] Therefore, an FMCW signal is considered in the examples herein as it enables the radar system 100 to measure range and velocity of the target, detected object. This type of detection is a key component of automotive systems to enable autonomous vehicles. Other modulation types may be incorporated according to the desired information and specifications of a system and application. Within FMCW formats, there are a variety of modulation patterns that maybe used within FMCW, including triangular, sawtooth, rectangular and so forth, each having advantages and purposes. For example, sawtooth modulation may be used for large distances to a target and using the Doppler frequency change; a triangular modulation expands the information available from the Doppler frequency information to determine acceleration of a target, and other waveforms present different capabilities. Other modulation schemes may be employed to achieve desired results.

[0050] The received radar information is stored in a memory storage unit 128, wherein the information structure may be determined by the type transmission and modulation pattern. The stored information may be processed in parallel with radar operation to detect patterns and enable the system 100 to improve operation. In some embodiments, machine learning is used to process received information and predict a class of object or other object identification. These systems may employ pattern-matching techniques, such as using neural network techniques.

[0051] The transmission signal controller 108 may also be used to generate a cellular modulated signal, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (“OFDM”) signal. The transmission feed structure 116 may be used in a variety of systems. In some systems, the signal is provided to the system 100 and the transmission signal controller 108 may act as an interface, translator or modulation controller, or otherwise as required for the signal to propagate through a transmission line system.

[0052] The present invention is described with respect to a radar system 100, where the radiating structure 200 includes a feed distribution module 116 having an array of transmission lines feeding a radiating array structure 126. In FIG. 1, the components of the radiating structure 200 are illustrated as individual modules based on function for clarity of understanding; however, these may be combined with each other, such as to position the reactance control module 120 within the feed distribution module 116. Similarly, the transmission array structure 124 described herein is positioned proximate to and underlying the radiating array structure 126.

[0053] The transmission line has various portions, wherein a first portion receives a transmission signal as an input, such as from a coaxial cable or other supply structure, and a second portion where the transmission path is divided into individual paths to each antenna element or group of elements. The transmission array structure 124 includes a dielectric substrate(s) sandwiched between conductive layers. The transmission signal propagates through the substrate portion, wherein conductive structures are configured for power division. In the present embodiment, the power division is a corporate feed-style network resulting in multiple transmission lines that feed multiple antenna elements or groups of elements.

[0054] Arrangement of the antenna elements into individual paths through a group of antenna elements is referred to as a super element. In a symmetric array of antenna elements, a super element may be a row or column of the array. Each super element includes a dielectric substrate portion and a conductive layer having a plurality of slots. The transmission signal radiates through these slots in the super elements of the transmission array to an array of MTM elements positioned proximate the super elements. In the embodiment presented herein the MTM array is overlaid on the super elements, but a variety of configurations may be implemented. The super elements effectively feed the transmission signal to the MTM array elements, from which the transmission signal radiates. Control of the MTM array elements results in a directed signal or beamform.

[0055] Continuing with FIG. 1, the radiating structure 126 includes individual radiating elements, which are individual unit cells. These cells may have a variety of shapes, dimensions and layouts. For an MTS or MTM unit cell, specifically, the design may be defined by degrees of freedom resulting from the variety of conductive structures and patterns. These characteristics and makeup determine how a received transmission signal is radiated from the radiating array structure 126. The elements of the radiating array structure 126 may be configured in a periodic arrangement of unit cells, wherein the dimensions of the unit cells are smaller than a transmission wavelength.

[0056] In embodiments employing MTM or MTS unit cells, each element may have unique properties, such as a negative permittivity and permeability resulting in a negative refractive index, and so forth. In some embodiments, these structures may be classified as Left-Handed Materials (“LHM”). The use of LHM enables behavior not achieved in classical structures and materials. As seen in the present inventions, interesting effects may be observed in propagation of electromagnetic waves, or transmission signals. These type elements may be used for several interesting devices in mm wave, microwave and terahertz engineering such as antennas, sensors, matching networks, and reflectors, such as in telecommunications, automotive and vehicular, robotic, biomedical, satellite and other applications.

[0057] The radiating elements are structures engineered to have properties not found in nature and are typically arranged in repeating patterns. For antennas, these elements may be built at scales much smaller than the wavelengths of transmission signals radiated from them, with properties derived from the engineered and designed structures rather than from the base material forming the structures. Precise shape, dimensions, geometry, size, orientation, arrangement and so forth result in the smart properties capable of manipulating EM waves by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves.

[0058] In the system 100 of FIG. 1, the radiating structure 200 includes an impedance matching element 118 and a reactance control element 120, which are implemented to improve performance, reduce losses and so forth. In some embodiments a reactance control module, or RCM 120, includes a capacitance control mechanism controlled by antenna controller 112 to control the phase of a transmission signal as it radiates from radiating array structure 126. The antenna controller 112 in the present embodiment may employ a mapping of the reactance control options to the resultant radiation beam options. This may be a look-up table or other relational database used to control the reactance control module 120.

[0059] In a radar embodiment, the antenna controller 112 receives information from within system 100. In the illustrated embodiments, information comes from the radiating structure 200 and from the interface 104 to a sensor fusion module. This embodiment is to implement a vehicular control system but is applicable in other fields and applications as well. In a vehicular control system, a sensor fusion module typically receives information (digital and/or analog form) from multiple sensors and then interprets that information, making various inferences and initiating actions accordingly. One such action is to provide information to an antenna controller 112, wherein that information may be the sensor information or may be an instruction to respond to sensor information and so forth. The sensor information may provide details of an object detected by one or more sensors, including the object’s range, velocity, acceleration, and so forth. The sensor fusion may detect an object at a location and instruct the antenna controller 112 to focus a beam on that location. The antenna controller 112 then responds by controlling the transmission beam through the reactance control module 120 and/or other control mechanisms for the radiating structure 200 to change the direction of the beam. The instruction from the antenna controller 112 acts to control radiation beams, wherein a radiation beam may be specified by parameters such as beam width, transmit angle, transmit direction and so forth. In this way, the system 100 may generate broad width beams and narrow, pencil point beams.

[0060] In some embodiments, the antenna controller 112 determines a voltage matrix to apply to the reactance control mechanisms within the RCM 120 coupled to the radiating structure 200 to achieve a given phase shift or other parameters. In some embodiments, the radiating array structure 126 is adapted to transmit a directional beam without incorporating digital beam forming techniques, but rather through active control of the reactance parameters of the individual elements in array 126 that make up the radiating array structure 126.

[0061] Transceiver 110 prepares a signal for transmission, such as a signal for a radar device, wherein the signal is defined by modulation and frequency. The signal is received by each element of the radiating structure 200 wherein the phase of the radiating array structure 126 is adjusted by the antenna controller 112 to shape and steer the beam. In some embodiments, transmission signals are received by a portion, or subarray, of the radiating array structure 126. Subarrays enable multiple radiation beams to operate sequentially or in parallel. The present embodiments consider application in autonomous vehicles as a sensor to detect objects in the environment of the car. Alternate embodiments may use the present inventions for wireless communications, medical equipment, sensing, monitoring, and so forth. Each application type incorporates designs and configurations of the elements, structures and modules described herein to accommodate their needs and goals.

[0062] In system 100, a signal is specified by antenna controller 112, which may be in response to an Artificial Intelligence (“AI)” module 134 from previous signals, or may be from the interface to sensor fusion, or may be based on program information from memory storage 128. There are a variety of considerations to determine the beam formation, wherein this information is provided to antenna controller 112 to configure the various elements of radiating array structure 126, which are described herein. The transmission signal controller 108 generates the transmission signal and provides the same to feed distribution module 116, which provides the signal to transmission array structure 124 and radiating array structure 126.

[0063] As illustrated, radiating structure 200 includes the radiating array structure 126, composed of individual radiating elements discussed herein. The radiating array structure 126 may take a variety of forms and is designed to operate in coordination with the transmission array structure 124. Individual radiating elements in radiating array structure 126, such as unit cell element 20, correspond to elements within the transmission array structure 124. One embodiment is illustrated in which the radiating array structure is an 8 x 16 cell array, wherein each of the unit cell elements has a uniform size and shape; however, alternate and other embodiments may incorporate different sizes, shapes, configurations and array sizes. When a transmission signal is provided to the radiating structure 200, such as through a coaxial cable or other connector, the transmission signal propagates through the feed distribution module 116 to the transmission array structure 124, through which the transmission signal radiates to radiating array structure 126 for transmission through the air. In FIG. 1, the transmission array structure 124 and the radiating array structure 126 are illustrated side-by-side, but the configuration of the present embodiment positions the radiating array structure parallel to the transmission array structure as illustrated herein.

[0064] The impedance matching element 118 and the reactance control module 120 may be positioned within the architecture of feed distribution module 116; one or both may be external to the feed distribution module 116 for manufacture or composition as an antenna or radar module. The impedance matching element 118 works in coordination with the reactance control module 120. The embodiment illustrated enables phase shifting of radiating signals from radiating array structure 126. This enables a radar unit to scan a large area with the radiating array structure 126. For vehicle applications, sensors seek to scan the entire environment of the vehicle. These sensors then may enable the vehicle to operate autonomously, or may provide driver assist functionality, including warnings and indicators to the driver, and controls to the vehicle. The present invention is a dramatic contrast to the traditional complex systems incorporating multiple antennas controlled by digital beam forming. The present invention increases the speed and flexibility of conventional systems, while reducing the footprint and expanding performance.

[0065] FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of radiating structure 200 having feed distribution module 116 coupled to transmission array structure 124, which feeds radiating array structure 126. The feed distribution module 116 extends and couples to the transmission array structure 124. The radiating array structure 126 of this embodiment is configured as a lattice of unit cells radiating elements (FIG. 1). The unit cells are MTS or MTM engineered conductive structures that act to radiate the transmission signal and/or to receive the reflected signal. The lattice structure is positioned proximate the transmission line array structure 124 such that the signal fed into the transmission lines of the array structure 124 are received at the lattice.

[0066] FIG. 2 illustrates a feed distribution module 116 that provides a corporate feed dividing the transmission signals received for propagation to multiple super elements. Each super element is a row or column of the radiating array structure 126. In this embodiment, the feed distribution module 116 is a type of power divider circuit. The input signal is fed in through the various paths. This configuration is an example and is not meant to be limited to the specific structure disclosed.

[0067] Within the feed distribution module 116 is a network of paths, wherein each of the division points is identified according to a division level. The feed distribution module 116 receives input signals, which propagate through the network of paths to the transmission array structure 124. In this embodiment the paths have similar dimensions; however, the size of the paths may be configured to achieve a desired transmission and/or radiation result. In the present example, the transmission line 144, or path portion, is at LEVEL 1, which is the level of paths feeding the super elements of the transmission array structure 124. The transmission line 144 includes a portion of reactance control module 146, which acts to change the reactance of the transmission line 144 resulting in a change to the signal propagating through the transmission line 144 to the super elements 140, 141. The portion of reactance control module 146 is incorporated into transmission line 144 in the present embodiment. There are a variety of ways to couple the reactance control module 146 to one or more transmission lines. As illustrated, the other paths of LEVEL 1 have reactance control mechanisms that may be the same as that of transmission line 144.

[0068] The transmission lines of the feed distribution module 116 reside in the substrate of the radiating structure 200. Transmission line 144 is coupled to super elements 140 and 141, such that the reactance control module 146 effects both super elements. Note, the reactance control mechanism may be positioned otherwise within the paths leading to one or more super elements and may be distributed across the super elements in a patterned fashion, random or otherwise.

[0069] FIG. 3 illustrates a top view of a super element layer 201 which is part of the transmission array structure 124 within radiating structure 200, according to some embodiments. The radiating structure 200 is a composite substrate, having multiple layers, wherein the layer 201 illustrated is formed of two conductive layers and a dielectric layer, substrate 150, therebetween. A substrate, such as a Rogers material, having specific parameters, such as low dielectric loss, and so forth, that are applicable to high frequency circuits may be used. For example, a Rogers CLTE- AT product exhibits thermal and phase stability across temperature and is used in automotive radar and microwave applications. The layer 201 illustrated is a portion of substrate 150 wherein transmission lines are configured for propagation of a transmission signal from the input to each transmission line.

[0070] As illustrated in FIG. 3, a pair or set of transmission lines forms a super element of slotted transmission lines 152. The signal propagates through the super elements 152, radiating through discontinuities in the conductive surface 165. The radiating array structure 126 (not shown in FIG. 3) is positioned above the conductive surface 165 and includes the MTS or MTM elements that receive the signals from layer 201 and generate the transmission beams. Each element of the radiating array structure 126 is designed and configured to support the specified radiation patterns. In this embodiment, the radiating array structure 126 is configured to overlay the conductive surface 165 of layer 201. This portion of the transmission array structure 124 includes multiple super elements 152, each of which behave similar to a slotted wave guide but are positioned to feed the signal to radiating array structure 126. The radiating elements of the present invention may take any of a variety of forms, including MTS, MTM, conductive patches and combinations thereof.

[0071] To improve performance and reduce losses, the present embodiment positions iris structures 166 in the substrate 150 to direct and maintain the radiated signals to the radiating array 165. Irises may be positioned in a variety of configurations depending on structure and application of the antenna array. The location of iris structures 166 is an example, where two irises are positioned opposite a slot with respect to centerline 170.

[0072] The antenna structure of FIG. 3 may be referred to as a type of Slotted Wave Guide Antenna (“SWGA”), wherein the SWGA acts as a feed to the radiating array structure 126. The SWGA portion includes the following structures and components: a full ground plane, a dielectric substrate, a feed network, such as direct feeds to the multi-ports transceiver chipset, an array of antenna or complementary antenna apertures, such as slot antenna, to couple the electromagnetic field propagating in the Substrate Integrated Waveguide (“SIW”) with radiating structures located on the top of the antenna aperture. The feed network may include passive or active lump components for matching phase control, amplitude tampering, and other RF enhancement functionalities. The distances between the radiating structures may be much lower than half the wavelength of the radiating frequency of the transmission signal. Active and passive components may be placed on the radiating structures with control signals either routed internally through the radiating structure 200 or externally through, or on upper portions of, the substrate.

[0073] Alternate embodiments may reconfigure and/or modify the radiating structure 200 to improve radiation patterns, bandwidth, side lobe levels, and so forth. The SWGA loads the radiating structures to achieve the desired results. The antenna performance may be adjusted by design of the radiating structure 200 features and materials, such the shape of the slots, slot patterns, slot dimensions, conductive trace materials and patterns, as well as other modifications to achieve impedance matching and so forth. The substrate may incorporate two portions of dielectric separated by a slotted transmission line positioned therebetween. The slotted transmission line sits on a substrate 150, wherein each transmission line is within a bounded area; the boundary is a line of vias 162 cut through the conductive layer 165. The slots 160 are configured within the conductive layer 165 and spaced as illustrated in FIG. 3, where, in the present embodiment, the slots 160 are positioned symmetrically with respect to a center line of a super element. For clarity of understanding, FIG. 3 illustrates the slots as equidistant from a center line, such as centerline 170, where slots 174 and 176 are on opposite sides of the centerline 170 but are equidistant to the center line 170 and staggered along the direction thereof. Each bounded transmission line is referred to herein as a“super element,” such as super element transmission lines 152.

[0074] A small portion of a super element is illustrated in the cut-out, having slots 174, 176 with respect to the center line 170. The boundary vias 162 form the transmission line. The slots are staggered and have a distance in the x-direction of dx. The distance in the y-direction from the edge of a slot to the boundary via is given as dB, and the distance from the centerline 170 to the slot is given as dC. These dimensions and positions may be altered to achieve a desired resultant beam and steering capability.

[0075] FIG. 4 illustrates super elements, such as super element 152, positioned with length along the x-direction. The portion of transmission array structure 124 has boundary vias 162 positioned along the length of the super element 152 in the x-direction. Iris structures 190 are formed through the conductive layer 165 at the positions illustrated and act to contain the radiation pattern within each super element to improve the strength of the radiated signal through the slots 160. The iris structures 190 are illustrated as two vias opposite a slot. The distance between sets of iris structures 190 in the x-direction is di, the distance between the slot 160 and the set of iris structures 190 in the y-direction is ds, and the distance between the set of iris structures 190 and the edge of a slot is illustrated as de. The various distances, positions and configurations of iris structures 190 may be adjusted, changed and designed according to application. These may be implemented at various location along the super elements and may include any number of vias depending on the desired radiation pattern and antenna behavior. In the present embodiment, the iris structures 190 are vias and each iris 190 is similarly shaped and sized as other iris structure 190. Other embodiments may implement different shapes, configurations and sizes to achieve a desired result for an application, such as that of FIG. 5 which illustrates a portion of a transmission array having iris structures 190 positioned closer to an edge of the slots.

[0076] FIG. 5 illustrates a top composite view of portions of radiating structure 200, as in FIG. 1, wherein radiating array structure 126 is positioned proximate transmission array structure 124, as illustrated, the radiating array structure 126 sits above the transmission array structure 124 in the z-direction, which is the direction in which signals will radiate. The radiating array structure 126 is made up of a pattern of MTM elements. These are positioned with respect to the super elements of transmission array structure 124. For example, dashed lines delineate the super element 152; a corresponding subarray 191 interacts with super element 152 for transmission of signals. The radiating array structure 126 is configured to receive a transmission signal from the slots of the super elements 152. The radiating array structure 126 may be coupled to the transmission array structure 124 having one or more layers therebetween. In some embodiments, there is an air-gap built into the layering between the various layers of the radiating structure 200. The signal from super element 152, for example, is received by subarray 191 and radiated over the air.

[0077] In some embodiments of a transmission array structure 124 and a radiating array structure 126, the super elements of transmission array structure 124 are positioned lengthwise along the x-direction and enable scanning in that direction. In the examples provided herein, the x-direction corresponds to the azimuth or horizontal direction of the radar; the y-direction corresponds to the elevation direction; and the z-direction is the direction of the radiated signal. The radiating array structure 126 is a periodic and uniform arrangement of unit cells positioned to interact with the super elements.

[0078] In some embodiments the irises are vias formed through all or a portion of the layers of substrate 150. The irises are illustrated in the figures as cylindrical, but may take on other shapes, such as rectangular prism shapes and so forth. The vias are lined with a conductive material and act as an impedance to the wave propagating through the super elements. [0079] As described herein, various conductive structures are used to configure the transmission paths and to maintain signal within those paths. In some cases, vias such as boundary vias 162 are formed along super elements and/or around groupings of radiating elements, and termination vias 164 which form a terminal end to a super element(s). The vias are holes formed from one conductive layer to another, such as from conductive surface 165 through substrate 150 to conductive layer 167. These holes may be filled with a conductive material, or may be holes lined with conductive material. The size, shape, configuration and placement of vias is a function of the design, application and frequency of the applied system, such as a radar system.

[0080] As in FIG. 3, the slots are formed within the conductive surface 165 or conductive layer. These enable signals propagating through paths formed in the substrate to radiate through the slots to an upper layer, wherein the upper layer has a plurality of radiating elements. The conductive layer 165 also has iris structures 166 configured within the design. These are also formed as vias through the substrate and are designed to further focus the electromagnetic energy in the desired path. The distance from a slot to an iris or set of irises, di, may be a function of design and there may be a range of values over which this distance may change. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the irises are configured as two vias proximate one another and positioned in the x- direction. There may be iris structures that have more or less vias, and vias may be positioned in a variety of patterns. The distance between the irises, dii, may also be adjusted and the irises may not be configured symmetrically about the centerline. The illustration is provided for clarity but physical implementations are not limited to the illustrated configuration.

[0081] Super element 152 of FIG. 4 is outlined for clarity and is defined by the boundary vias 162. Not all of the boundary vias 162 are illustrated, however, they repeat as those illustrated. There are other methods that may be implemented to maintain the integrity of a transmission path that would work in some situations. In some examples, a phase control 130 (FIG. 1) provides changes in phases of signals provided to the radiating array structure 126. Such phase control 130 changes the phase of signals propagating through transmission array structure 124 and/or presented to radiating array structure 126.

[0082] The present inventions provide methods for supplying transmission signals to radiating elements through multiple layers including dielectric layers and conductive layers. Radiating element arrays are positioned over a set of layers such that the radiating elements transmit the signals over the air. The present inventions are applicable to several wireless applications and are particularly applicable to radar applications. [0083] The present inventions provide methods and apparatuses for radiating a signal, such as for radar or wireless communications, using a lattice array of radiating elements and a transmission array and a feed structure. The feed structure distributes the transmission signal throughout the transmission array, wherein the transmission signal propagates along the rows of the transmission array and discontinuities are positioned along each row. The discontinuities are positioned to correspond to radiating elements of the lattice array. The radiating elements are coupled to an antenna controller that applies voltages to the radiating elements to change the electromagnetic characteristics. This change may be an effective change in capacitance that acts to shift the phase of the transmission signal. By phase shifting the signal from individual radiating elements, the system forms a specific beam in a specific direction. The resonant coupler keeps the transmission signal isolated and avoids any performance degradation from any of the processing. In some embodiments, the radiating elements are MTM elements. These systems are applicable to radar for autonomous vehicles, drones and communication systems. The radiating elements have a hexagonal shape that is conducive to dense configurations optimizing the use of space and reducing the size of a conventional antenna.