Ohlsson, Sven (Solnedg�ngen 14, Partille, S-433 34, SE)
Perstorper, Mikael (Pinnharvsgatan 4 D, M�lndal, S-431 47, SE)
Larsson, Daniel (L�d�mnesgatan 21, G�teborg, S-416 79, SE)
Ohlsson, Sven (Solnedg�ngen 14, Partille, S-433 34, SE)
Perstorper, Mikael (Pinnharvsgatan 4 D, M�lndal, S-431 47, SE)
| 1. | A method for nondestructive determination of rigidity, strength and/or structural properties of preferably oblong and/or plateshaped objects (11), alternatively determination of the geometrical dimension of the object, through impact excitation and registration of resonance frequencies of natural modes of the object, characterized in, using resonance frequency from at least one of the natural modes of the object, which resonance frequency is obtained by bringing the object (11) in vibration by means of a stroking body (24, 31, 38), and substantially controlling the initiation of the motion of the stroking body (24,31,38) and subsequent physical impact in time and space by motion of the object (11). |
| 2. | Method according to claim 1, characterized in, that the natural modes include axial and/or flexural modes. |
| 3. | Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in, that module of shearing from torsional vibration is used for characterizing the object. |
| 4. | Method according to claim 1, characterized in, that resonance frequencies (fn exp) belonging to the natural modes with mode number n are measured, and that the measured resonance frequencies are compared with corresponding theoretical values (fn, then). |
| 5. | Method according to claim 4, Characterized in, that an overdetermination is carried out through comparison between measured and the theoretical values, which is used as basis for determination of values for rigidity and\or associated strength through mean value generation. |
| 6. | Method according to claim 4, characterized in, that an overdetermination is carried out through comparison between measured and the theoretical values, which is used as basis for determination of geometrical variation of rigidity and\or associated strength. |
| 7. | Method according to claim 4, characterized in, that an overdetermination is carried out through comparison between measured and the theoretical values, which is used as basis for detection of unhomogenisity via a statistical dispersal rate associated with mean value generation. |
| 8. | Method according to claim 4, characterized in, that an overdetermination is carried out through comparison between measured and the theoretical values, which are used as basis for excluding erroneous measurement results at unrealistical large statistical dispersal of an established rigidity rate determined from different resonance frequencies (fn). |
| 9. | Method according to claim 48, characterized in, that the overdetermination is carried out by assuming geometrical variation independency for rigidity of the object. |
| 10. | Method according to claim 1, characterized in, that the vibration response of the object is registered with at least one testing device (27), and that the resonance frequencies are determined through processing in a computer unit (100). |
| 11. | Method according to claim 10, characterized in, that the motion, form, mass and rigidity of the stroking body (24,31,38) are so determined that an adapted physical impact against the object, in respect of frequency and energy content, is obtained. |
| 12. | Method according to any of the claims 10 or 11, characterized in, that the momentum of the object is used to generate the physical impacts, or the object by motion stretches a spring (21) to produce said physical impact. |
| 13. | Method according to any of the claims 1012, characterized in, that the object (11) at the impact moment rests on a device (20) which simulates ideal boundary conditions for the natural modes that are analyzed. |
| 14. | Method according to any of the claims 1013, characterized in, that the resonance frequencies are determined through automatic scanning of the frequency spectrum produced through Fourier transformation of the vibration response and/or the acoustic pressure response. |
| 15. | Method according to claim 1, characterized in, that the object (11) is an essentially free vibrating, oblong object and the resonance frequencies fA n for different natural modes n are calculated by: fAn = (nl2L)(E/p) 05 where fA n = resonance frequency for axial mode No. n (Hz) n = mode number () L = length (m) E = coefficient of elasticity (N/m2) p = density (kg/m3). |
| 16. | Method according to claim 1, characterized in, that for flexural vibration and torsional vibration, the coefficient of elasticity for different natural modes of the objects is: E=4 (fL) where EA n = coefficient of elasticity (N/m2) for mode No. n, fA,, = resonance frequency for axial mode No. n (Hz), n = mode number (), L = length (m), p = density (kg/m3). |
| 17. | An arrangement for nondestructive determination of rigidity, strength and/or structural properties of preferably oblong and/or plateshaped objects (11), alternatively determination of the geometrical dimensions of the object through impact excitation and registration of the resonance frequency of the natural mode, which device includes at least one testing unit (18) essentially consisting of members (24,31,38) to produce the impact excitation and testing device (27) for registration of vibration resonances, characterized in, that the arrangement further includes means to bring the object in an essentially free vibrating condition, a unit (100) for processing collected vibration data and determination of the rigidity and/or strength of the object, alternatively the geometrical dimensions of the object, by means of resonance frequencies at least from one of the natural modes of the object. |
| 18. | The arrangement according to claim 17, characterized in, that the testing unit (18) includes a pivoting arm (19) arranged to be actuated through the motion of the object (11), which arm is arranged with a stroking body (24,31), which through action of a spring (21,29,33) causes a physical impact on the object. |
| 19. | The arrangement according to claim 17, characterized in, that devices (20) are arranged, on which the object (11) at impact moment rests, for simulation of free vibration condition of the object. |
| 20. | The arrangement according to claim 17, characterized in, that the testing device (27) consists of at least one microphone and/or laser as well as sensors and/or piezoelectric sensor. |
| 21. | The arrangement according to claim 17, characterized in, that the testing device measures contactless. |
| 22. | The arrangement according to claim 17, characterized in, that the computer unit (100) comprise means for collecting analogous data, an analogous/digital converter (102) for conversion of analogous data to digital data, unit for Fourier transformation of data (103), processing unit (104) for production of a frequency spectrum, processor unit for comparison, calculation and controlling (105; 107; 108) and memory unit for processing instructions as well as memory (106) for storing data. |
| 23. | The arrangement according to any of claims 17 to 22, characterized in, that the object (11) is timber with arbitrary length and crosssection, provided that the length is at least four (4) times larger than crosssection dimension. |
| 24. | The arrangement according to any of claims 1723, characterized in, that the testing unit (18) consists of an impact absorbing body (38), on which the object (11) is displaced by means of a stroking mechanism (37). |
| 25. | An assembly including an arrangement according to any of claims 1724, characterized in, that it further includes conveying means (13,35,36) for transporting the object (11) to the testing unit (18), a device (15) for operating convoying means, and possible marking and sorting units. |
| 26. | An assembly according to claim 25, characterized in, that the convoying means consist of a conveyer (35) having rubbery rough surface or transport chain (13) having carriers (14). |
| 27. | An assembly according to claim 25, characterized in, that a support member (20) consists of a band with rubbery surface arranged in guiding rails in which the band slides with low friction, that the band accelerates when the object comes into contact with the conveyers due to the high friction between the object and the band, so that the object rests on the band without relative motion during the measuring moment. |
The invention also relates to an assembly including an arrangement according to the invention.
Background of the invention When the constructional wood is mechanically strength sorted, the classification is generally based on evaluations of the coefficient of elasticity of the wood by statical bend load in a pliable direction. This coefficient of elasticity is correlated with the strength of the wood and thereby forms the basis for sorting into strength classes. However, these machines have limited performance and do not have satisfying capacity to characterize high strength wood. The majority of present sorting machines require that the wood be transported longitudinally through the machine, while in most cases it would be advantageous, from the production technique point of view, if the machines could manage to perform classification during the continuous cross convey of the wood.
In the laboratory environment, methods based on the measurement of fundamental resonance frequencies at bending and axial vibration, respectively, have shown to be considerably accurate than present machines when it applies to prediction of the bending strength,"Strength and stiffness prediction of timber using conventional and dynamic methods", by Mikael Perstorper, First European Colloquiums on Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood, University of Sopron, Hungary, September 21-23,1994, vol. 2. The problem with this method is that until now adaption to industrial conditions in respect of speed, automation and continuos flow has not been possible,.
Until now, one has merely utilized the fundamental resonance frequency at bending and axial vibration, respectively, for predication of strength properties. By using information from multi- channel modes a more reliable characterisation of the mechanical characteristics of the measured object is obtained.
SE 348 558 describes a nondestructive method that classifies the wood material by exposing the short end of the sample body for a physical hit to generate an energy wave in the sample body.
The wave extends in the longitudinal direction. The time for the passage of the energy wave between two sensors is measured and the sample body is classified depending on its coefficient of elasticity, which is determined by the speed of the energy wave and the density of the sample body.
The prior art is also evident through a number of other patent documents. For example US 4,926,691 teaches a method to measure rigidity and the condition of a wooden structure, preferably poles dug in the ground. The first five resonance modes are used, which are measured by an accelerometer or velocity transducer. US 4,446,733 shows a system for inducing compressive stress in rigid objects for endurance tests. The sample object is hold firmly in a holder at a test moment. US 4,399,701 also shows a method for detecting degradation in wood, preferably wooden poles firmly dug in the ground. According to this document, grooves are arranged in the pole for insertion of acoustic transducers in the pole.
Two relatively complicated equipments are known through US 5,207,100 and US 5,255,565, which require complicated signal processing. US 2,102,614 describes a method for generating and discrimination of vibrations in an air plain propeller. The propeller is suspended by means of an elastic suspension member and a vibrator is connected to the centre of the propeller.
The object of the invention and its features The object of the invention is to provide a method for strength classification of a body, such as wood and other wood-based products in a more accurate, fast and effective way. Another object of the present invention is to provide an industrially applicable technical solution for determination of resonance frequencies of a body for purpose of strength sorting. In a preferred embodiment, the invention can be applied to sample objects, which primarily are continuously and transversely transported.
Experiments have shown that the invention can increase the production capacity, for example when classifying wood, about one hundred objects can be classified during one hour compared to the present forty.
These tasks have been solved by using resonance frequency from at least one of objects natural modes, which resonance frequency is obtained by bringing the object into vibration by means of a stroking body, and essentially controlling the initiation of the movement of the stroking body and following physical impact in time and space through movement of the object. The arrangement according to the invention includes means to bring the object in an essentially free vibration state, a unit for processing collected vibration data and determination of rigidity and/or strength of the object alternatively the geometrical dimension of the object by means of resonance frequencies at least from one of the object's natural modes.
Brief description of the drawings The invention will be described more detailed with reference to a number of embodiments illustrated in the enclosed drawings.
Fig. la-lc are natural modes of axial vibration for a free vibrating object.
Fig. 2 is an example of a corresponding frequency spectrum for vibration, according to fig. 1.
Fig. 3 schematically shows an embodiment of the invention arranged by a typical cross conveyor for wood.
Fig. 4 schematically shows a cross-section through the embodiment according to fig. 3.
Fig. 5-7 schematically shows a part of a testing unit according to the present invention and its operation sequence.
Fig. 8 and 9 show two additional embodiments of the testing unit according to the invention.
Fig. 10 is a schematic view of a part of another arrangement for classification of bodies according to the present invention.
Fig. 11 is an example of a basic function scheme for a control unit for classification of the bodies, according to the present invention.
Fundamental theory If a prismatic body is brought into vibration, for example through a physical impact in the
longitudinal direction of the body, different natural modes are identified having specific resonance frequencies fn and corresponding vibrations. The resonance frequencies of the natural modes and the vibrations are structural properties. No matter where on the body the measurement is carried out, same resonance frequency for a certain natural mode is obtained.
The figures 1 a-l c show the vibration for some natural modes with axial vibration for a free vibrating object. The vertical axises indicate motion to left by positive values and motion to right with negative values. Nods are zero points in an oscillation and maximums are called bellies or antinods. Fig. 1 a shows the natural mode whose resonance frequency is called the fundamental tone, fig. 1 b shows the second natural mode and fig. I c the third natural mode. The frequency spectrum in fig. 2 shows resonance frequencies f, to f3 belonging to the natural modes shown in fig. 1 a-l c. The axial vibration implies expansion and compression of the body.
The centrum of the body does not move in the first mode. In the second mode, two nods are obtained where the body does not move and so on. Also, other mods such as flexural and torsional mods occur and can be used.
The resonance frequencies are settled by the geometry of the object, density and elastic characteristics such as coefficient of elasticity E and modulus of shearing G. The resonance frequencies fA n for different natural modes n for axial vibration for of a free vibrating oblong object can be calculated as: f = (n/2L). (E/p)"-" where fA n = resonance frequency for axial mode No. n (Hz) n = mode number (-) L = length (m) E = coefficient of elasticity (N/m2) p = density (kg/m3) A corresponding relationship is found for flexural vibration and torsional vibration. If the resonance frequencies, density and geometry of the objects are definite, the objects coefficient of elasticity can be decided for different natural modes:
EA-n = 4 (fA n L) p/n (i).
In same way, the geometry and density can be decided if other parameters are known.
Different parts of a body have different extensions during the vibration depending on the natural mode. At free vibrating axial vibration, for the first natural mode the maximum extensions in the centre part are obtained, while the extensions adjacent to the ends become relatively marginal. For the second natural mode, the maximum extensions are obtained in other parts of the object and so on. In the same way, the density of the parts of the object, which moves mainly during the vibration have relatively considerable importance for the resonance frequency than the parts that move a little, i. e. the nods. Consequently, for the first axial mode the coefficient of elasticity of the middle part and the density of the ends decide the resonance frequency of the object. For an inhomogeneous object, in which the coefficient of elasticity varies in the length direction, for example wood, different measured values are obtained for the coefficient of elasticity EA n depending on the vibration mode. Thus, the differences in the coefficient of elasticity between different modes indicate the degree of inhomogeneity of the object.
The boundary conditions (the reserve conditions) are very important for evaluation of the dynamic characteristics of the object. Well-defined reserve conditions are obtained in laboratory environment, typically by hanging up the object in flexible springs, which simulate a free vibrating condition, so-called free-free suspension. The arrangement can be considered as a free-free suspension, if the vibrating mass of the springs is small in relationship to the mass of the object and if the fundamental resonance frequency of the system of object-spring is substantially lower than the object's lowest resonance frequency. Other types of boundary conditions are free disposition and fixed clamping. The latter apply for a beam in US 5,060,516.
Sorting of wood in respect of strength The invention is primarily intended for sorting objects in classes for which specific demands on strength °break and/or coefficient of elasticity E are made. In the present description, an application example of the invention for alternative axial vibration of wood is given, but of
course, the principle may be applied on other material and other vibrations.
The primary parameter for strength sorting of wood is bending strength. The criteria for an approved sorting (on safe side) is that maximum of 5 of 100 wood pieces may have a bending strength below a value established for each class. Thereby, predicting the bending strength of the timber is the most important criterion at comparisons between different machine operations is apparent that ability. With a good correlation (r2) between the output of the machine and the bending strength of the timber, higher share of timber in the higher sorting classes are obtained.
In laboratory environment it has shown that connection between dynamic determined coefficient of elasticity according to the present invention and bending strength is very good (r2 = 0.75) compared to conventional static bending sorting machines (razz 0.6). This is described, for instance in"Strength and stiffness prediction using conventional and dynamic methods"by Mikael Perstorper, First European Colloquiums on Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood, University of Sopron, Hungary, September 21-23 1994, vol. 2.
The method according to invention is primarily carried out by in length direction exposing the wood to be classified for a physical impact, which sets the wood in an axial vibration. The resonance frequencies for two or more natural modes are then detected with a sensor.
Corresponding elasticity modules are calculated according to equation (i) with knowledge of the density and length of the wood. Thereby, the wood is assumed to rest on supporting means, which simulates a floating condition. The sorting method is based on axial vibration, for instance because the boundary conditions are simpler to control for this mode form.
The mean value for coefficient of elasticities from the natural modes that are analyzed, Edynn constitutes the primary parameter for predication of bending strength. This mean value formation implies that more representative rate of the global coefficient of elasticity of the wood is obtained compared to usage of the first natural mode. The rigidity of the middle part is entirely critical in the latter case while one in the last case considers the impact of a considerable larger part of the wood.
The difference between the coefficient of elasticity from different natural modes is a measure
on the degree of inhomogeneity of the wood and can be part of an independent parameter for an improved predication of the strength. Generally, it is known that low strength wood is more inhomogeneous than high strength wood. Furthermore, the information on an object's degree of inhomogeneity may be of importance for other processes than strength sorting.
The risk for an error in measurement and interference, which could prevent a correct classification is diminished by over-determination of coefficient of elasticity. When generating the mean value a control for reasonableness is carried out whereby some natural mode results can be disregarded. Thereby, a more reliable predication and possibilities of error controlling are obtained.
The classification of the wood is carried out according to an established statistical connection between the mentioned mean value generating coefficient of elasticity EdY and intended mechanical characteristics such as bending strength °bend Obend = A + B'E, y, Alternatively, direct connection between resonance frequency and strength for an object at given length for different natural modes are used. This is tantamount to using a relevant mean value Pmean for the sorting group instead of measuring density for each entity.
The density can be measured by registering length, width, thickness and weight or by exploiting established contactless technics such as x-ray or microwaves. The length and, in applicable cases, also the thickness and width can be decided with commercially an available laser-based technic.
Detailed description of the embodiments Figs. 3 and 4 show a first simplified embodiment of an assembly 10, for example in a sawmill, for transportation of the object, in this case timber 11, which is to be classified at a measuring zone for nondestructive classification of the timber. With nondestructive is meant a testing operation that does not influence the characteristics of the object. The assembly 10 for instance includes a number of rails 12 on which endless transport chains 13 are provided having carriers
14. Driving means in form of driving assembly 15 and driving wheel 16 are provided to convey the timber 11 to and past a testing unit 18.
The timber 11 is cross conveyed by means of the conveyor chains 13 with the carriers 14 driving the timber forward continuously. The timber 11 normally rests directly on the chain 13 or slide on the rails 12, for example made of steel sections, in which the chains run, so-called chain supports.
The timber 11, whose one end is preferably clearly sawn in an angle without projecting large chips, is manually or automatically placed on the chains 11. As the timber parts can have different lengths, these are so placed on the chains that the timber ends come in contact with the testing unit lies in same line. When passing by the testing unit 18, the timber is given a physical impact in its length direction by means of a device that is shown in detail in fig. 5. At the impact moment a free vibration condition in respect of the axial vibration is simulated. This is achieved by the timber being brought to rest vertically on a support 20, whose rigidity with regard to the vibrations in longitudinal direction of the timber is low enough and whose co- vibrating mass is low enough.
To simulate a free vibration condition with regard to the axial vibration, the timber 11 can for instance be moved forward resting on the support members, including the conveyer 35 of rubber instead of chains or chain supports, e. g., shown in fig. 4. These conveyers 35 have plain regions 20, levels of which are sufficiently higher than the level of the chairts/chain supports, so that vertical bearing is only provided on the conveyer 35. However, the level of this plain region 20 is not so high that the carriers 14 loose contact with the timber. The support members are mounted slightly inclined so that the timber is gradually raised from the chains/chain supports.
To guide the timber onto the plain region and downwards again, the conveyer can also be provided with inclined slide bars. The rubber band runs in a loop having wheels 17 in both ends of the conveyer. The rubber band 35 on which the timber rests slides on a surface with very low friction. When the timber 11 is carried up onto the conveyer via the slide bars by means of the carriers 14, the friction between the timber 11 and the rubber band 35 is much higher than between the rubber band and underlying slide surface. Thus, the rubber band is brought to run along the surface. Consequently, the timber does not slide on the rubber band. The surface on
which the band run has edges so that the band cannot move laterally more than a few millimeters. Thus, the timber is loaded in its longitudinal direction by the impact mechanism without the rubber band sliding laterally on the smooth track surface.
The testing unit 18, according to figs. 5-7 includes an arm 19, which can swing in the vertical plane about an axis 35. When the timber 11 is carried froward, the arm 19 rotated anticlockwise and a spring 21 is stretched in a corresponding degree. When the timber 11 is carried further forward and reaches the position, according to fig. 6, the spring 21 is stretched to maximum. A slide spacer or wheel 23 attached to the arm presses against the end of the timber 22. In the next moment, the timber is moved further forward so that the arm 19 loses contact with the end of the timber 22. Thus the arm is turned back toward its rest position by action of the spring force, according to fig. 7. During this accelerating motion, the end of the timber 22 is encountered by a stroking body 24, attached to the arm 19 via a bar 25. This bar 25 has so low bending strength with regard to the bending in the plane that the bar 25 and its stroking body 24 has a fundamental resonance frequency smaller than a tenth of the lowest resonance frequency of the sample object at axial vibration. Thus the bar 25 and its stroking body 24 do not generate acoustic pressure with frequency components that can disturb the measurements.
A receiving member 26 is positioned so that the arm at impact does not bear on it.
Consequently, at the impact, the spring 21 presses the stroking body 24 against the end of the timber 22 so that the bar 25 is bend deformed. The high flexibility of the bar 25 results in that the power impulse from the timber piece at the impact is isolated from the arm 19. Thereby, no troubling acoustic pressure is originated from the vibrations in the arm 19 since the arm does not excite in a considerable extent.
A contactless microphone 27 is arranged for recording the emerged sound waves in the timber 11. The microphone 27 is so provided that it, at the impact moment, is essentially in the middle of the width of the timber piece. The microphone 27 is placed so that it at the impact moment can collect the radiated acoustic pressure from the end of the timber, originating from the resonance vibrations generated by the impact. An alternative embodiment is to detect the vibration of the object with laser-based sensors. Alternatively, a number of microphones can be arranged in series, if the width of the timber varies, whereby the recording from the most
correctly positioned microphone can be used.
The microphone is connected to a computer unit (not shown), function of which is described later.
One possible method to achieve the necessary flexibility is shown in fig. 8, according to which a more stiff bar 15 via a joint 28 is fastened to the arm 19 and a tension spring 29 provides for the flexibility. The tension spring 29 is biased slightly towards a receiving member 30 to ensure same initial position for the stroking body 24 at each attempt. Yet another embodiment is shown in fig. 9. The cylindrical stroking body 31 is arranged running in a tube 32 with an isolating pressure spring 33 at the bottom. The tube is rigidly attached to the arm 19 via a bar 34.
The mass of the stroking body as well as its geometry and modulus of elasticity with its stop face is in addition fitted to the spring rigidity and dimension of the arm and the bar so that the physical impacts generate/excite vibrations having a frequency content that covers the resonance frequencies to be detected.
Another method to avoid exciting of the arm is to design the receiving member so that impacts are damped.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 10, the timber 11 is displaced on the slide bars 36. Rails 36 are arranged rollable or with surfaces having very low friction, at least at the testing zone, i. e., the area that extends in front of the testing unit 18. A stroking mechanism 37, for example a pneumatic motor or a hydraulic piston is arranged at one side of the conveying rails 36. When the timber 11 passes the mechanism 37, it is detected and a compressed air blow displaces the timber laterally towards a rigid impact absorbing body or end stop 38 arranged close to the microphone 27. The collision of the timber with the end stop 38 generates a controlled impact excitation of the timber piece in axial direction (lengthwise). The frequency content in the impact is such that the two first axial vibration modes can be excited for all timber pieces to be sorted. Just next to the holder-on a microphone 27 is located, which records the acoustic pressure and transfers it to the computer unit. Since the timber length can vary, the stroking
mechanism 37 is arranged movable relative to the movement plane of the timber or its impact strength can be varied with regard to the length of the timber so that all timber lengths are given impact with same strength.
The assemblies, for example according to figs. 3,4 or 10, are assumed to be located in a sawmill or other wood refining industry as part of the process where the timber is cross conveyed, for instance in so-called trimmer. In an assembly according to the present invention a timber piece with varying length of about 2-5 m can be classified in the ongoing process during a time period of just one to two seconds.
Generally, the frequency contents in the impacts are such that the first two axial vibration modes can be excited for all timber pieces intended to be sorted. The reflected sound from the end of the timber, recorded by the microphone 27 contains same frequency content as the impacts gave raise to. The frequencies that coincide with the two lowest axial resonance frequencies of the timber piece will exhibit strong increased acoustic pressure levels in relation to the remaining frequencies. Also, adjacent frequencies will exhibit high amplitudes.
Fig. 11 schematically shows a block diagram for a computer unit, which partly can control the assembly and partly processes the sound received from the microphone. The sound recorded by the microphone 27 is amplified in an amplifier 101 and the analog response signal in a time unit is analogue to the converted 102 and Fourier transformed 103 digitalized"signal"in the frequency plane, whereby an acoustic pressure spectrum 104 is created.
The resonance frequencies in this spectrum can then simply be decided by means of an algorithm scanning 105 the spectrum after corresponding high amplitude values. When the two actual resonance frequencies have been estimated, the values are compared to reasonable values for actual length, which is found stored in a database 106 by the computer unit 100, which manages the measurement and calculation procedure. When said control has been carried out, a mean value 107 for the estimated coefficient of elasticity Edyn according to equation (i) is calculated. By using a statistical connection between the coefficient of elasticity and bending strength the timber piece can be classified 108 according to the strength classes that are valid according to standards or other demands in force.
If the standard is changed the classifying value and/or the interval is simply changed in the computer unit 100, which can operate as a control unit of the sorting machine. When the timber piece has been associated with a strength class, the timber piece is marked for ocular inspection and control 109.
The machine also generates information for guiding each individual timber piece to right"line" in a later working moment.
In connection with the measurement of the resonance frequency, also, the information about mass density and timber length are fetched from the computer unit 100.
The timber length can be determined by means of known commercial laser techniques 110 in close connection to the resonance frequency measurement. The timber piece density can be decided according to one of two alternatives. In the first one, wave technique 111 and laser- based length measurement 112 are used, whereby the mass M and further geometrical dimensions, cross section dimensions T, B are obtained.
The other alternative is carried out by means of microwave technology 113, whereby density (and moisture ratio) is obtained explicitly 114. However, no"complete"mean values for density are obtained, but a mean value based on one or a pair of points along the timber piece. These technics are available on the market.
The density p can also be decided by means of microwave technology. Also, this technic gives information about the moisture ratio, which is a significant parameter for coefficient of elasticity. The moisture ratio may otherwise be assigned an assumed value based on the climatic conditions at proceeding storage. The length L and the cross section dimension B and T are intended to be measured by means of laser technique, which today is used in several sawmills.
The measured data from such a commercial equipment is transmitted to the computer unit of the sorting machine. Timber length L is obtained by means of laser-based length measuring technique.
The marking is carried out ocularly readable to be used and controlled in later product stages.
The assembly can leave information about the sorting result to the control unit to enable physical separate storing of the timber in different strength classes after each timber unit leaving the sorting machine. Data storage should partly satisfy the different demands as a basis for statistics and partly satisfy the demands directed by the certifying authorities in connection with a reliability control and calibration etc.
The method can be applied on objects of wood of any length and cross-section. When classifying oblong objects the length can preferably be at least 4 times larger than cross-section dimensions. The object can be logs of wood, poles, or blocks such as boards, boarding, glulam beams and laminated wood beams. The method can also be applied to I-beams with a rib and flanges of wood or wood-based material.
Instead of contactless microphones also piezoelectric sensors can be used to.
Additional Applications The method and the device according to the present invention can in principle be applied to any rigid, preferably prismatic object on which theory of elasticity can be apply, such as brick blocks, concrete panels, cement stabilized haydite elements, elements of steel, plastic, gypsum etc., with a view to determine some of the parameters, such as coefficient of elasticity, dimension or density.
In forgoing description it has been anticipated that analyzes are based on more modes within one and same type of vibration form. Another method to achieve over-determinating of coefficient of elasticity is to study both the axial and flexural modes. By means of the flexural vibration, the coefficient of elasticity can be decided in a similar way as for axial vibration, however, it is required that the cross section geometry of the object is measured exactly.
Usually, the timber has longitudinal, frequently throughout, cracks which originate from timber drying. These cracks, which frequently appear at the ends reduce the capacity to hold against lateral forces on the timber. One can simply say that the shear strength of the timber is low.
Existence of these kinds of cracks is consequently important for strength sorting. Presently, these cracks are estimated visually by educated sorters since no machine is yet found for reliable
detection.
By deciding the module of shearing (G) from torsional vibration, the existence of cracks can however be decided. These types of cracks also reduce the torsional stiffness of the object.
Thus, a remarkable lowering of the evaluated module of shearing of the object is achieved. A low module of shearing from torsional vibration is consequently an indicator of existence of longitudinal cracks.
Moreover, it can be noted that one with the present method can decide the density of the object in weightless state provided that the coefficient of elasticity, geometry and resonance frequency are known.
Also, the geometrical dimensions for different objects, described above, can be decided through the method according to the present invention.
While we have illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the invention, it is obvious that several variations and modifications within the scope of the enclosed claims can occur.
Designation Numeral 10 Assembly 11-Timber (object) 12-Rail 13 Chain 14 Carrier 15 = Driving assembly 16 = Driving wheel 17 Wheel 18 = Testing unit 19 Arm 20 Support members 21 = Spring 22 The timber end 23 Wheel/slide spacer 24 Stroking body 25 = Bar 26 Receiving member 27 Microphone 28 Joint 29 = Tension spring 30 Receiving member 31 Stroking body 32-Holder 33 Pressure spring 34 Bar 35-Rubber band 36 Rail 37 Stroking mechanism 38 Holder-on 39 Axis 100 Computer unit 101 Amplifier 102 A/D-converter 103 Unit for Fourier transform 104 Processing unit 105 Processor unit 106 Data collection unit 107 Calculating unit 108 Classification unit 109 Marking 110 Measuring unit 111-Scale unit 112 Measuring unit 113 Microwave unit 114 Density calculation unit