A Yankee cylinder is generally used in the manufacture of sufficiently stiff board grades which are suitable for packages, for example, for biscultjcookic packages, cosmetic packages, etc. and one side of which is additionally required to have good surface properties. After the treatment with a Yankee cylinder, the board surface which has been against the Yankee cylinder is subjected to surface treatment. After the surface treatment, the board web is further subjected to final calendering, when needed. The web treated with a Yankee cylinder is given good surface properties, good bulk and stiffness and low shrinkage at the edges.

The most important quality properties of board produced by a Yankee cylinder before coating are in a range: bulk 1. 4-dm31kg, Bcndtsen rougilness 50-250 ml/min and PPS-sl0 roughness 3. 5-7.5 am.

One problem with the use of a Yankee cylinder is its runnability. The Yankee cylinder can be run only in a relatively narrow operating window. The web must be sufficiently moist when it arrives at the Yankee cylinder in order that it should properly adhere to the hot and smooth outer surface of the shell of the Yankee cylinder by the action of adhesion. On the other hand, the web must not be Loo moist when it arrives at the Yankee cylinder in order that it shall have time to dry sufficiently on the Yankee cylinder. If the web does not have time to dry sufficiently on the surface of the Yankee cylinder, it cannot be detached from the surface of the cylinder at the trailing end of the cylinder. Separation of the web from the hot outer surface of the Yankee cylinder takes place by means of a doctor. The above-mentioned runnability problems havs Umiced the running speed

of the Yankee cylinder with bom ! grades of this kind to a range of below about 600 m/min. Typically, the running speeds of the Yankee cylinder are in a range of about 200-400 m/min, Moreover, the shell of the Yankee cylinder, the diameter of which may be as large as 7 m, shall meet strict requirements in respect of deformation, thermal conductivity, wear and corrosion, with the result that the Yankee cylinder will be relatively expensive. In addition, an impingement device is normally used in connection with the Yankee cylinder.

The above-mentioned board grades can also be produced without a Yankee cylinder, in which connection the web can be provided with desired surface properties by means of a wet stack calender. The wet stack calender is formed of a multinip hard nip calender, but the calendering process totally differs from conventional hard nip calendering. The wet stack calender makes use of moisture gradients. The web is dried before the wet stack calender such that its moisture content is only about 1-2 %. On the wet stack calender, water boxes are used in connection with 1-3 rolls for forming a film of water onto the oser surface of the roll shell before a nip. This water film is pressed onto the surface of the web in the nip. The relatively thick web is moistened only from the surface thereof, in which connection, by the action of simultaneous pressure, the web is calcndered more on the surface as compared with the over-dried interior of the web. This kind of calendering results in a good smoothness to bulk ratio, i. e. good smoothness is obtained, however, without losing too much bulk. Surface treatment and possibly final calendering of the web are carried out after the wet stack calendering.

Rulmability problems are also associated with the wet staclc calendering. If the pressure distribution in the nips provided with water boxes is not sufficiently uniform, water can pass through the nip, forming a pocket of water underneath the web. This causes web breaks at the next nip. Since bulk is a critical factor with board grades, it must be possible to operate the calender with an optimal nip pressure required by each board grade, which pressure is sufficiently uniform in the entire area of the nip allowing the use of water boxes. The wet stack calender

is designed so that the number of rolls can be varied therein and deflection- compensated rolls are placed such that a sufficiently uniform nip pressure is achieved in the nips provided with water boxes. In the wet stack calender, wrinkles are also readily formed in the web, in particular in a web having a low basis weight.

The applicant's US Patent 5,938,895 discloses one wet stack calender with a water box positioned in connection with a profiling nip formed by a deflection- compensated roll placed in the middle of the calender. US Patent 5, 522,312 discloses a wet stack calender in which a metering device is used in connection with a water box for controlling the thiclrness and uniformity of a water film applied to a calender roll. The water is transferred from the calender roll to the web at a nip. US Patent 5,607,553 discloses a wet stack calender in which the water boxes have been replaced by water spray devices for spraying water in the form of droplets to a reversing roll of the calender. The water is transferred from the reversing roll to the web at a nip.

13ecause of the above-mentioned limitations, in the case of the above-mentioned board grades it would be desirable to replace the Yankee cylinder and the wet stack calender with some new improved arrangement. As one new arrangement, trials have been carried out with the long nip calender known in itself, but so far the results have not been good enough.

By a long nip calender is meant a calender in which a nip is formed between a eatable steel roll and a belt. In the long nip calender, the nip pressure can be adjustable in the cross direction (CD) of the machine, in which connection it is possible to profile, for example, the caliper of paper The long nip calender can be formed of a belt calender in which a belt is passed as guided by auxiliary rolls around one of the nip rolls, i. e. the roll operating as a backing roll for a thermo roll. Tht, a long nip is formed between a thermo roll and the other nip roll loading the belt. The most common long nip calender is a shoe calender in which

a belt is arranged to run around a stationary support structure and in which the bell is loaded against a thermo roll by means of a loading shoe positioned inside the loop of the belt and supported on the support structure. The long nip is formed in the shoe calender between the thermo roll and the shoe loading the belt. Thus, the length of the nip is determined by the loading shoe of the shoe calender. The method according to the invention is primarily suitable for use in connection with the above-mentioned shoe calender.

In the prior art shoe calenders which are in use, the length of the nip is typically in a range of 50-70 mm, i. e. the dwell time of the web in the nip is considerably less than 10 ms. The surface temperature of the thermo roll serving as the backing roll of the shoe roll is in a range of 80-200 °C and the maximum pressure of the nip is in a range of 5-10 MPa. The hardness of the calender belt of the shoe calender is in a range of 80-100 ShA. Longer nips of about 270 mm have been used in presses based on the shoe roll.

Jn the method according to the invention, good calendering results have been totally unexpectedly achieved by calendering the web with a shoe calender in a parameter range that is contrary to the present preconception of a person skilled in the art.

The main characteristic features of the method according to the invention are set forth in the characterizing part of claim 1.

In trials carried out on a shoe calender, it was unexpectedly found that by operating the shoe calender with parameter values that considerably differ from the parameter values known until now, a good calendering result was achieved in particular with the above-mentioned board grades. In the shoe calender, a nip was used which was considerably longer than normal such that a nip dwell time of over 10 ms, advantageously over 20 ms, was achieved. In addition, a very low nip pressure of below 3 MPa, advantageously below 1 MPa, and a higher than normal

surface temperature of over 200 °C, advantageously over 250 °C in the thermo roll were used, The web surface pressed against the thcrmo roll was also subjected to water moisturizing before the shoe calender.

In the method according to the invention, it is also advantageous to use a calender belt having a hardness of below 100 ShA, preferably below 80 ShA.

The method according to the invention is described in the following with reference to the accompanying figure, to the details of which the invention is not intended to be exclusively confined.

The figure schematically shows a shoe calender to which the method according fo the invention can be applied. The shoe calender comprises here a shoe roll 10 and a eatable backing roll 20, i. e. a thermo roll. The shoe roll 10 is formed of a stationary support structure 11 and a belt shell 12 rotating around it-The belt shell 12 is loaded against the thermo roll 20 by means of a loading shoe 13 provided inside the belt shell 12 and supported on the support structure 11 by means of two rows of actuators 14a, 14b spaced from each other in the machine direction. The actuators 14a, 14b are advantageously formed of a cylinder-piston construction.

The loading shoe 13 comprises lubricant feed ducts 15, by which a lubricant can be fed into a lubricant pocket 16 between the belt shell 12 and the frontal surface of the loading shoe 13, from which pocket it forms a lubricant film between the loading shoe 13 and the belt shell 12. A long nip N is formed between the belt shell 12 shaped by the loading shoe 13 and the outer surface of the shell of the thermo roll 20.

A web W is passed into the long nip calender from the direction shown by the arrow S. The web W surface to be pressed against the thermo roll 20 is moisturized by means of a moisturizing device 30 before the web W is passed into the long nip N. The moisture content of the web W before the moisturizing device 30 can be in a range of 1-20 %, advantageously in a range of 1-10 %. The

moisturizing is accomplished by spraying atomized water onto the surface of the web in an amount of 1-20 g/m. Water is sprayed onto the surface of the web W such that its time of action before the nip is about 0.1-2 s. The aim here is that only the web W surface to be placed against the thermo roll 20 is moisturized, When needed, surface active agents can also be mixed into the water used for moisturizing in order to assist water to penetrate into the surface structures of the web, The length L of the long nip N has been chosen according to the running speed at each particular time such that the dwell time of the web W in the long nip N is over 10 ms, advantageously over 20 ms. For example, at a running speed of 1500 m/min, the length of the nip shall be about 500 mm in order to achieve 4 dwell time of 20 rns.

The loading shoe 13 is loaded so that the web W is subjected in the nip N to a compression pressure of below 3 MPa, advantageously a compression pressure of below I MPa. The compression pressure naturally also has a lower limit, the desired calendering effect not being achieved at pressures lower than this lower limit. According to present knowledge, this lower limit is approximately about 0.1 MPa.

The thermo roll 20 is heated so that the temperature of the outer surface of its shell is over 200 °C, advantageously over 250 °C. The thermo roll 20 can be heated by circulating in the thermo roll a heating medium which is heated in a heating device provided outside the thermo roll. The thermo roll 20 can additionally be heated, for example, with an induction heater 40 placed in connection with the outer surface of the shell of the thermo roll 20 or inside the thermo roll. For example, water, steam or oil can be used as a heating medium.

In the trials carried out it was found that, for example, the web used for the manufacture of board grades known under the trade names White Lined

Chipboard (U/LC) and Folding Box Board (fob) could be calendered by the shoe calender provided with the above-mentioned parameter values such that the quality of the calendered product was as good as or superior to the quality of corresponding board produced on a Yankee cylinder.

The most important quality properties of a web calendered by the method according to the invention before coating are thus in at least the following range : bulk 1. 4-1. 6 dtn/lcg, Bendtsen roughness 50-250 ml/min, and PPS-slO roughness 3.5-7.5 . tit.

The use of a Yankee cylinder and, as its alternative, of a wet stack calender can be replaced with the method according to the invention in the manufacture of at least the board grades WLC and FBB of the above-mentioned type, As a result of this, the efficiency of board manufacture can be increased considerably. The running speed of a Yankee cylinder is in a range of less than about 600 m/min and other runnability problems are associated with a wet stack calender. By contrast, considerably higher running speeds can be achieved with the shoe calender according to the invention, and its runnability is good. The method according to the invention can be applied to a shoe calender so that running speeds of even over 2000 rn/min are achieved. The shoe calender does not in itself set any technical limitations to the calendering speed.

The claims are presented in the following and the details of the invention may differ within the inventive idea defined by said claims from the disclosure given above by way o f example only.