The present invention relates to a method for constructing flat templates or cup templates on transparent bases or integrated into software, suitable for dental arch design or construction in odontotechnics and odontiatry.

The term "flat template" means a template suitable for the superior dental arch while the term "cup template" means a template suitable for the inferior dental arch.

An ideal form for dental arch design or construction is an objective which has always been pursued by researchers.

Several curve types have been conceived for knowing the transverse distance between the latero-posterior teeth and for graphically reproducing the' entire arch line (Pont, Campion, Gaillard, Izard,

Bonwill, Stanton, Hawley; Korkhaus, Herbst, etc.).

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for constructing flat templates or cup templates on transparent bases or integrated into software, suitable for dental arch design or construction in odontotechnics and odontiatry, which enable the design to be differentiated in relation to different factors, including tooth sizes, arch forms, tooth forms and compensation curves.

These and other objects are attained according to the present invention by a method for constructing flat templates and cup templates on transparent bases or integrated into software, suitable for dental arch design or construction in patients, comprising the steps of: determining the biotype to which said patient pertains in relation to the four biotypes of the Martiny embryogenetic classification; determining the biotype to which said patient pertains; identifying the slope of the Von Spee and Wilson curves; digitizing the superior and inferior dental arches, digitizing the individual teeth; determining the dimensions of a flat template and of a cup template based on the information obtained in the previous steps; positioning said flat template and said cup template in the three spatial planes; defining the positions of the teeth on said flat template and said cup template; adjusting the final position of said teeth to lead to maximum intercuspation harmonic relationship between the superior and inferior dental arch.

Further characteristics of the invention are described in the dependent claims.

This solution has various advantages compared with the solutions of the known art.

The final result of the present invention is an instrument, defined as biovolumetric templates, which enable a reference criterion to be obtained for spatially positioning or constructing the teeth in the dental arches which is valid for any type of design within the odontotechnics and odontoiatry field.

The described working logic can be applied onto transparent bases or integrated into software. By means of proportional codes, the software enables an infinite range of biovolumetric templates to be created, identifiable on the basis of the height of the teeth and of differentiated Von Spee and Wilson curves, while maintaining the cardinal points on the growth vectors and maintaining the form of the arches in relation to the biotypes.

The method described herein enables a first class equilibrium relationship to be created by aligning the dental cardinal points on the growth vectors; enables different dental arch forms to be created by aligning the superior and inferior vestibular cusps on the arcs differentiated in relation to the biotypes; enables different dental forms to be created by using a proportional code which differs between the growth cones for the teeth in relation to the biotypes; enables the Von Spee and Wilson compensation curves to be created using the cup template; and enables physiological asymmetries to be created in harmony with the rest of the body within a corporal individual physiology using template symmetry parameters to quantify and control these asymmetries.

By means of proportional codes, the software advantageously enables a vast range of biovolumetric templates to be created by modifying the size of the arcs on the basis of the size of the patient's teeth and the cup curvatures at the base of the Von Spee and Wilson curves for the patient, while maintaining the cardinal points on the growth vectors and maintaining the form of the arches in relation to the biotypes, scaling being effected using "O" as non-movable reference point.

If initial work is done in building up a computerized file by scanning commercial and cast teeth, the software makes virtual dental arches available, in the case of case of casts with the forms of integral natural teeth in relation to the four biotypes, which can be proportionally increased or decreased.

This virtual cast file, combined with the biovolumetric templates, enables virtual prostheses to be designed which can be individualized by dimensionally varying cup templates and teeth on the basis of the patient's characteristics.

The virtual design is then produced using different machines on the basis of the device to be obtained and the material used.

The characteristics and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the ensuing detailed description of one embodiment thereof, illustrated by way of non-limiting example in the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 shows a base template in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 2 shows a complete set of teeth with certain reference points, in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 3 shows a modified base template, in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 4 shows, for each biotype, the relative form of the body, the relative form of the face, the relative form of the dental arch, and the relative form of the teeth, in accordance with the present invention; Figure 5 shows for each biotype the relative template, in accordance with the present invention;

Figures 6a and 6b show respectively the Wilson curve and the Von Spee curve, in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 7 shows the distance between the cusps of the upper and lower teeth used to define the proportional code, in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 8 shows schematically for each biotype the relative flat template with the relative proportional code points, in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 9 shows schematically for each biotype the relative cup template with the relative proportional code points, in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 10 shows schematically the reference points for positioning the flat templates in the three spatial planes, in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 11 shows schematically the reference points for positioning the cup templates in the three spatial planes, in accordance with the present invention;

Figures 12, 13, 14 and 15 show the reference points for digitizing the teeth, in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 16 shows the superior and inferior dental arch including teeth, limited to the upper and lower teeth, in accordance with the present invention.

In the light of the studies of Edmondo Muzy, published in the book "Indirizzo Antropometrico in Ortopedia Oro-Facciale" (Anthropometric direction in orofacial orthopedics), a vertical line Y1 is drawn in the plane Y, a point A is taken on said line and a circle is drawn of radius equal to the sum of the width of the central incisor, lateral incisor and canine tooth of one side; from point B, at which the circle intersects the vertical, the circle is cut at the same distance on both sides to obtain the points C and D.

A square is then drawn with base distance C-D, after which the diagonals XY1 and XY2 of the square are drawn, they crossing at O to determine the position of a line X1 in the plane X, perpendicular to the line Y1 of the plane Y.

The distance C-G is then taken and used as radius to draw a circle having A is its centre, to hence obtain the points B1-C1-D1.

In this manner two perpendicular lines X1 and Y1 are hence determined, with a further two lines XY1 and XY2 inclined at 45° with common meeting point at O.

Said lines represent dental growth vectors, and as long as dental arches with a physiological Angle class 1 relationship can be observed, tooth parts will be present extending in a position relationship and mutual equilibrium relationship, aligned along these growth vectors.

The Applicants have noted that this position and equilibrium relationship concept is consistent with the physiological posture criterion.

In this respect in posturology, a body is considered to be in physiological posture when between determined body parts defined as cardinal body parts, a position and equilibrium relationship arises which results in their mutual alignment along lines perpendicular to the floor.

It is the same logic for dental growth vectors, provided that in physiological Angle class 1 relationships, the position and equilibrium relationship between certain dental parts defined as dental cardinal points remains aligned along lines.

Dental cardinal points within the superior dental arch include the mesials of the centrals along the line Y1 , the distals of the canines and the mesials of the premolars along the lines XY1 and XY2, the mesio-lingual point of the centric cusp of the first molars along the line X1.

Cardinal points within the inferior dental arch include the mesials of the centrals along the line Y1 , the vestibular tip of the first premolars along the lines XY1 and XY2, the centric fossa of the first molars along the line X1.

Then while preserving the equilibrium relationship between the cardinal points along the growth vectors, different sizes and forms of the dental arches will be obtained according to the teeth size or the pertaining biotype.

To display these differences, a base template is firstly constructed using the statistical dental measurements of the Caucasian populations of the Wheeler book "Functional anatomy of the tooth and its occlusion". From an addition of the diameters of the central incisive, lateral incisive and canine on one side equal to 22.5 mm, the first circle is obtained, from which the path of the anterior teeth along the curve CBD is obtained.

For the path of the posterior teeth, an ellipse is constructed, the centre I of which is along the growth vector (axis) Y1 and distant 24 mm from the points C and D, this distance being the sum of the first premolar, second premolar and the molar on one side.

The minor axis L of the ellipse is determined by the sum of the central incisive and lateral incisive in the arc multiplied by four, equal to 52 mm; to determine its major axis M the focal points of the ellipse are aligned along the line Y1 , the distance between them being increased until the front focal point coincides with the point N, the intersection between CD and Y1 ; the path of the posterior teeth from the points C and D is obtained from the ellipse perimeter.

The circle and the ellipse join together to hence obtain an arc R, which serves to align the vestibular cusp tips of the superior arch; the same duplicate arc S positioned internally to the first, at a distance of 2.75 mm (measurement derived from one half the thickness of the incisal edge of the inferior centrals 1.5 mm, added to the radius A/B1 ), is used to align the vestibular cusp tips of the inferior arch. The reference point T for the incisive papilla is positioned along the growth vector (axis) Y1 at a distance of 7.5 mm from the point B on the arc R.

From this base template representing the average of all tooth sizes and dental biotypes, the template is varied on the basis of the biotype.

On the basis of the biotype, according to the endoblast, mesoblast, cordoblast, ectoblast classification there are different body mass arrangements; successive odontoiatry studies have shown the same volumetric logic in the face forms, in the dental arch forms, and in the tooth forms.

Beginning with "Ricketts pentamorphic arch forms" and based on the study of teeth casts collected by the Applicants over the years, the base template arc was differentiated on the basis of the biotypes. In this respect based on the biotype, a different volumetric relationship is created between the position of the centric cusps of the first molars along the growth vector (axis) X1 , and the position of the mesials of the centrals B along the growth vector (axis) Y1.

Hence by maintaining the construction position of the growth vectors and the point A unaltered as the biotype changes, the anteriority of the premaxilla (first construction circle) and the interarch distance between the posterior teeth (minor ellipse axis) change.

To harmonize the arc volumes on the basis of the biotype, the following measurements are modified compared with the base template: radius of first construction circle A/B, minor ellipse axis P/Q, and position of 1st ellipse centre, as in Table 1. TABLE 1 Radius 1st Ellipse minor Position ellipse circle axis centre

Base template 22.5mm 52mm 4.515 from O

Endoblast -1 mm -3mm -1 mm

Mesoblast -0.5mm +4mm +0.5mm

Cordoblast +0.5mm +1 mm 0mm

Ectoblast +2mm -1 mm -2mm

The circle and ellipse are joined together by the arc path from 2nd premolar right to 2nd premolar left, at the 1st molar distance P-Q equal to the ellipse minor axis, for the 2nd/3rd molar region the connection being made on the basis of cast technology.

Consequently as the premaxilla anteriority varies, there are adaptations to the distance between the incisive papilla and the position of the centrals, point T: endoblast 6.9 mm, mesoblast 7.2 mm, cordoblast 7.8 mm, ectoblast 8.7 mm.

In this manner different arc forms are obtained, to act as a guide for aligning the tips of the vestibular cusps of the upper and lower arch in relation to the biotype.

The arc width is in relation to the tooth diameters used in the construction of the biovolumetric templates, however teeth exist with larger or smaller diameters than those used in construction, hence increasing or decreasing the arc widths in proportion to the tooth diameters, but as long as the dental arches are in Angle class 1 relationship the dental cardinal points always extend along the growth vectors, with the arch forms being maintained in relation to the biotypes.

For the superior arch the biovolumetric templates hence obtained will always have a flat reference, whereas for the inferior arch, on the basis of the Von Spee and Wilson studies, a cup (from a sphere of radius 100) is created to form curves in the plane X and Y.

The Von Spee curve is an imaginary curve observed in the sagittal plane, along the vestibular flank of the dental arches.

Starting from the condyle head, it is tangential to the cusp of the lower canine tooth and to the disto-vestibular cusps of the lower rear; geometrically it forms part of a circumference with its cavity facing upwards, its centre being approximately located at the nasion, also called the anteroposterior compensation curve, because with its progress it is able to compensate the curved path of the mandible during the protrusion movement.

In contrast, the Wilson curve is an imaginary curve observed in the frontal plane, along the mastication plane.

It forms part of a circumference with its cavity facing upwards, its centre being located approximately at the nasion, it being due to the characteristic inclination of the posterior teeth proceeding in the distal direction, the lower teeth being progressively more inclined lingually, whereas the upper teeth are more inclined vestibularly; it is also called the frontal compensation curve as it compensates the dimensional discrepancy existing between the two dental arches. Consistently with the proportional logic applied in the templates, if the teeth are broken down into their constituent parts, i.e. the three growth cones for the anterior teeth and the cusps for the posterior teeth, a proportional code can be applied to the distances which are to be statistically measured.

Beginning from the statistical studies of Alberto Battistelli on the distances between the cusps of the posterior teeth, collected in the working logic "Geometrical Functional Anatomy", and on the basis of the teeth casts collected by the Applicants over time, the distances between the central growth cones of the anterior teeth and the cusps of the posterior teeth were measured.

Statistical data have emerged consistent with the statistical studies of Battistelli and Wheeler, the proportional code hence obtained being applied proportionally to the base template, using as point O in the superior arch the distances between the centric cusps of the 1st molar aligned along the growth vector (axis) X1 and their vestibular cusps aligned along the arc R; and using in the inferior arch the centric cusps of the 1st premolar aligned at the points C1-D1 both along the growth vectors XY1 and XY2 and along the arc S; all the other distances were inserted from these points O in succession, by interpolation.

The proportional code is then integrated into the templates associated with the biotypes.

This objective is achieved by setting a proportion relationship for the anterior teeth:

distance C-D base template : distance C-D biotype template = distance anterior teeth base template : X (distance anterior teeth biotype template);

and a proportion relationship for the posterior teeth:

distance C-P base template : distance C-P biotype template = distance posterior teeth base template : X (distance posterior teeth biotype template).

The method of the present invention enables a 1st class equilibrium relationship to be created by aligning the dental cardinal points along the growth vectors, and different dental arch forms to be created by aligning the vestibular cusps of the upper and lower teeth along the arcs differentiated in relation to the biotypes.

To position the templates in the three spatial planes, in relation to the jaw and mandible, bone and muscle landmarks are used (the landmarks are anatomical formations used as references).

In orthodontics the desired dental movement is simulated, this involving as its final result a new overall intercuspid relationship and a new occlusal plane, this situation making it necessary to re-impose the occlusal plane.

To achieve this, we use the teeth which originated the patient's occlusal plane, hence to the rear the two upper sixths, first permanent teeth to erupt in the superior arch and to the front the lower incisors, first permanent teeth to erupt in the inferior arch.

We now fix the virtual occlusal plane, which has as its rear landmarks the mesiopalatal centric cusps of the molars and as its front marker the median between the two tallest tips of the centrals. We this have a reference plane for spatially evaluating the other teeth.

After providing the template sagittally and horizontally with the bone and muscle landmarks, we position the flat template in frontal projection while maintaining the rear constraint of the flat template, with the virtual plane and the two mesiopalatal centric cusps, but we modify frontwards of the virtual plane by lowering the template by 2/2.5 mm which in the literature represents the over-jut of a normally dimensioned mouth with Angle class 1 relationship.

We now pass to positioning the lower cup template; after providing the template sagittally and horizontally with the bone and muscle landmarks, we position the cup template in frontal projection while maintaining the front constraint of the flat template, with the virtual plane and the median between the two tallest points of the centrals, but modifying rearwards of the virtual plane by raising the template by 2/2.5 mm which in the literature represents the distance between the centric fossa of the 1st lower molar (where the mesiopalatal centric cusp of the 1st upper molar is to be positioned), and the centric cusp of the 1st lower molar (which will be positioned in the centric fossa of the upper molar).

After positioning the flat template and cup template in the three spatial planes and coupling them together, the design is undertaken by displacing the teeth on the basis of the references expressed by the biovolumetric templates.

The template references are symmetrical, the design either having as its objective a symmetrical ideal mouth with Angle class 1 relationship linked to the biotype and tooth size of the patient to be rehabilitated or, taking account of the sectorial asymmetries which we all possess, the design having as its objective the overall equilibrium of the Stomatognathic Apparatus, an integral and constituent part of the postural equilibrium of the body, hence, after evaluating them by careful analysis, harmonizing them with the intrinsic physiological asymmetries of each individual.

In the maxilla the landmarks are: the raphe (line indicating the contact or fusion edges of two parts of one or two symmetrical anatomical formations) for the horizontal plane aligned with the growth vector (axis) Y1 ; for the sagittal plane, aligned with the growth vector (axis) X1 , the resultant median between three landmarks expressing the position of the 1st upper molar, such as the point of maximum depth of the raphe V, the centre of the zygomatic incisura Z, the tip of the mesio-vestibular cusp W or, in absence of the teeth, the centre of the depression situated externally to the crest (always present after its extraction).

In the inferior arch, the landmarks are: for the horizontal plane, aligned with the growth vector (axis) Y1 , the central vestibular frenule 1 , the central lingual frenule a, and the position of the raphe carried by the superior arch 4 (after recovering the correct intermaxillary relationship by bite therapy if necessary); for the sagittal plane, aligned with the growth vectors XY1 and XY2, the median between three landmarks expressing the position of the 1st lower premolar, such as the vestibular lateral frenules 2-3, the lingual lateral frenules 2a-3a, and the tip of the vestibular cusp of the 1st lower premolar 5; if these landmarks are missing either for the maxilla or for the mandible others can be added from normal experience, provided they express the position of the dental cardinal points.

Both for the superior arch and for the inferior arch the reference for the frontal plane is the occlusal plane.

If flat templates/cup templates are used on transparent bases, the flat template is rested on the tips of the cusps and of the incisal edges in the inferior arch, if teeth are lacking, wax masticons are constructed as in the literature, which simulate the dental elements; if virtual flat templates/cup templates are used the occlusal plane obtained from the median of the heights of the front incisal edges and of the tips of the cusps of the posterior teeth as far as the first molar.

The advantage of using the software is to create, by means of a proportional code, an infinite range of biovolumetric templates, definable on the basis of the size of the teeth and on differentiated Von Spee and Wilson curves, but maintaining the cardinal points on the growth vectors and the arch form in relation to the biotypes.

Hence, the procedure preferably comprises the following steps.

Evaluating the patient, to identify the most appropriate biovolumetric flat template and cup template.

Thus the following volumes and forms are observed: body, face, dental arches, then by comparing the intrinsic characteristics of each biotype with the characteristics of the patient the pertaining biotype is determined (endoblast, mesoblast, cordoblast, ectoblast).

The slope of the Von Spee and Wilson curves is identified and consequently the most appropriate cup template curvature, or the slope with a 100 radius cup template, is used.

The slope is evaluated by T.A.C., radiography or by models, by examining the mean height of the posterior teeth cusps.

The superior and inferior dental arches and the individual teeth are digitized.

Digitizing is done using a measuring instrument able to utilize all systems of the literature.

Specifically, digitizing is achieved using a scanner. The techniques used can be of various types: from structured light to laser light and contact techniques. The model to be digitized is placed in the measuring instrument and the process started; the instrument determines a series of points on the surface of the model. The instrument software transforms the series of points obtained in this manner into a known volume which the CAD can utilize.

To create a virtual cast, or to effect virtual movements within a dental arch (for example orthodontic treatment) the entire dental arch and all the individual teeth have to be scanned.

in order to be scanned, an individual tooth must have determined characteristics and references:

- integral tooth for cast technology, current tooth state for any other situation;

- a simulated root along at least 10 mm; - three points on the vestibular surface indicated by A, B, C;

- a point at the vertex of each growth cone or cusp indicated by D; for frontal teeth only the central growth cone will be taken into account, to be indicated by D; for the posterior teeth the cup points will be taken into account. On the premolars, D will indicate the vestibular cusp and D1 the palatal cusp, on the molars D will indicate the mesiovestibular cusp, D1 the mesiopalatal cusp, D2 the distovestibular cusp and D3 the distopalatal cusp;

- an axis system positioned on the axis along the tooth indicated by E-E;

- a point on the tooth barycentre indicated by F.

The flat template or cup template dimensions are evaluated, which must be consistent with the patient's teeth dimensions.

To achieve this the mesiodistal diameters from the 2nd premolar on the left to the 2nd premolar on the right are added plus the sum of the tooth portion of the 1st molars which goes from the mesial side to the centric cusp D1 in the superior arch or to the centric fossa in the inferior arch, these sums being made equal to the distance on the flat template or cup template between the two points passing through the intersection of the growth vector (axis) X1 and the arcs R for the superior arch and S for the inferior arch.

In the case of partial edentulism, depending on the extent, the measurements of the contralateral teeth are used, or the Wheeler statistical measurements are used, from which a proportional relationship between the teeth is obtained, e.g. central incisive mesiodistal diameter 8.5 mm, lateral incisive mesiodistal diameter 6.5 mm, canine mesiodistal diameter 7.5 mm, even if the patient has only a single tooth, we assume a central with mesiodistal diameter of 9 mm, then we can apply the Wheeler proportional relationship and obtain the mesiodistal diameter of the other teeth.

In the case of total edentulism, a statistical rule present in the literature is applied, which states that the distance between the points of the palatine lines plus 4 mm is equal to the sum of the mesiodistal diameters of the four frontal incisives, then from this sum the Wheeler proportional relationship is used to obtain the mesiodistal diameter of the other teeth.

The flat template and cup template are positioned in the three spatial planes using the bone and muscle landmarks.

In the maxilla the landmarks are: for the horizontal plane the raphe, aligned with the growth vector (axis) Y1 ; for the sagittal plane the median resulting from three landmarks expressing the position of the 1st upper molar, such as the point of maximum depth of the raphe V, the centre of the zygomatic incisura Z, the tip of the mesio-vestibular cusp W or, in absence of the teeth, the centre of the depression situated externally to the crest (always present after its extraction), aligned with the growth vector (axis) X1.

In the inferior arch, the landmarks are: for the horizontal plane the central vestibular frenule 1 , and the position of the raphe carried by the superior arch 4, aligned with the growth vector (axis) Y1 ; for the sagittal plane, the median resulting from three landmarks expressing the position of the 1 st lower premolar, such as the vestibular lateral frenules 2-3, the lingual lateral frenules 2a-3a, and the tip of the vestibular cusp 5, aligned with the growth vectors XT1 and XY2; if said landmarks are missing either for the maxilla or for the mandible others can be added from normal experience, provided they express the position of the dental cardinal points.

Both for the superior arch and for the inferior arch the reference for the frontal plane is the occlusal plane as far as the 1st molar (the occlusal plane being an imaginary plane resulting from the median of the heights, of the incisal edges of the frontals and of the tips of the cusps of the posterior teeth), the flat template then being rested on the superior arch and the cup template on the inferior arch, if of transparent material, on the incisal edges and on the highest tips of the cusps; if virtual, they are positioned on the resultant median of the heights of the incisal edges and tips of the cusps as far as the 1 st molar; if teeth are lacking, wax masticons are constructed, initially with dimensions as in the literature, which will then be functionalized on the patient using the procedures as in the literature which simulate the dental elements.

In the case of orthodontic treatment the patient's teeth are used, whereas in prosthetic treatment the patient's teeth, natural teeth of cast technology based on the biotype, or commercial artificial teeth can be used depending on the actual case.

The following method is used to position the teeth:

- each point on the flat template or on the cup template corresponds to a point on the growth cones or cusps of the teeth;

- to position the teeth on the flat templates or cup templates a part of the points D are used: central growth cones on the incisives and on the canines, vestibular cusps for the premolars and molars.

These points are made to coincide with those positioned on the template arc R for the superior arch and those positioned on the cup arc S for the inferior arch.

There are then the mesiopalatal cusp of the first upper molar and the centric fossa of the first lower molar, which are made to coincide with the growth vector (axis) X1.

The commencing point is the upper molar, the fulcrum of the Stomatognathic equilibrium.

With this method it is simple to position the teeth while maintaining a 1st class dental equilibrium relationship, respecting the characteristic volumes of the treated patient on the basis of the biotype and the patient's teeth dimensions.

The final operation consists of positioning the CAD manipulator to correspond with the system of axes and to rotate the teeth, to harmonize maximum intercuspation relationship between the superior arch and inferior dental arch.

Starting from ideal references, i.e. flat templates, cup templates, proportional codes between cones and cusps, this harmonization requires further adaptation to the dental position, to achieve an occlusal relationship suitable for the individual treated case, which deviates from initial ideal symmetry by different extents depending on the actual case.

The dental arch models must maintain the individual real spatial relationship between the maxilla and mandible, hence they should be mounted in an articulator with the traditional or postural facial arc and brought into mutual relationship in maximum intercuspation, or if necessary in the relationship achieved after recovering the intermaxillary physiological relationship, obtained by: manual repositioning, bit therapy or other medical procedures considered correct.

The entire model is then transferred to software by the scanner, using the digital spatial positioner.

The first upper molars are firstly positioned on the biovolumetric flat template (coincidence: centric cusp tips D1 with growth vector X1 - vestibular cusp tips D/D2 with arc R and proportional code points) in succession, then the second upper premolars (coincidence: vestibular cusp tips D with arc R and proportional code points), then the first upper premolars (coincidence: vestibular cusp tips D with arc R - proportional code points and mesial side with growth vector (axis) XY1/2).

At this point the cup template is used to position the first lower premolars (coincidence: vestibular cusp tips D with growth vector (axis) XY1/2 - arc S and proportional code points) in succession, then the lower canines and the lower lateral incisives (coincidence: central growth cone D, with arc S and proportional code points), the lower central incisives (coincidence: central growth cone D, with arc S - proportional code points and mesial side with growth vector Y1.) The upper flat template is then considered, also using the already positioned lower teeth, to align in succession:

- the canines (coincidence: distal side growth vector XY1/2 -central growth cone D, with arc R and proportional code points),

- the lateral incisives (coincidence: central growth cone D, with arc R and proportional code points),

- the central incisives (coincidence: central growth cone D, with arc R

- proportional code points and mesial side with growth vector Y1 ). The lower cup template is then considered, also using the already positioned upper teeth, to align in succession:

- the second lower premolars (coincidence: vestibular cusp tips D with arc S and proportional code points),

- the first lower molars (coincidence: centric fossa with growth vector X1 - vestibular cusp tips D with arc S and proportional code points).

With the positioning as far as the first molars, the Stomatognathic Apparatus is in equilibrium, the second and third upper and lower molars have parameters which are too variable to be always lead back to the flat templates or cup templates and are therefore positioned by harmonizing their position with the work carried out up to this point and with the patient's alveolar processes.

The template references are symmetrical; the design can develop either having as its objective an ideal symmetrical mouth, with Angle class 1 relationship in relation to the biotype and to the size of the teeth of the patient to be rehabilitated; or, taking account of the sectorial asymmetries which we all possess, the design having as its objective the overall equilibrium of the Stomatognathic Apparatus, an integral and constituent part of the postural equilibrium of the body, hence, after evaluating them by careful analysis, being harmonized with the intrinsic physiological asymmetries of each individual.

If working with flat and cup templates on plastic material supports, the arches and teeth are not digitized, and as the arcs R and S are not variable they are used as reference points for alignment thereon or, proportionally, they are withdrawn outwards or inwards to obtain larger or smaller volumes than the biovolumetric templates, to respect the biotype.