Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a method for controlling an injection molding system with a mold having an inner sur face and at least two groups of cavities, each cavity being confined by the inner surface. The group of cavities further has precisely one pressure sensor being arranged at the inner surface in an area of each group of cavities. Each group of cavities is at least partly surrounded by a tempering unit. The method comprises the steps of determining a pressure in at least one cavity of each group of cavities of the at least two groups of cavities, determining a reference pressure for each group of cavities, determining a difference between the reference pressure and the pressure in at least one group of cavities, and controlling the difference to become minimum. The invention further relates to a controller for performing the method according to the invention. The invention also re lates to a use of the controller according to the invention. The invention further relates to an injection molding system comprising a controller according to the invention.

Background Art

[0002] Conventional injection molding systems frequently comprise a mold with a plurality of cavities to produce a plurality of articles simultaneously. To do so, molten mate rial, often referred to as resin, is loaded into a tubular passage called a runner. Usually, the runners are tempered to maintain the material therein in a processible form. The pro- cessible material flows from the runner through a gate valve, also called a nozzle, into the cavities of the mold. A mate rial is processible, if the materials form allows it to be flown through from the runner through the gate vale into the cavity of the mold. Depending on the material, temperature ranges of the tempered runner differ. The material in the cavities is then tempered and hardens into articles. In case of thermoplastics, tempering of the material in the cavities refers to cooling of the molten plastic and in case of rubber or thermosetting material being cured by heat, tempering re fers to heating of the material in the cavities. The mold is opened and the articles are ejected. A particular challenge of such injection molding systems having multiple cavities is to produce articles of uniform outer and inner condition in each of the multiple cavities of a mold. Outer and inner con dition refers for example to size, weight, density, density distribution, and other conditions or properties of the arti cles .

[0003] US 5,518,389 discloses a multi-cavity mold with in dependently controlled heated runners to make the amount of resin charged into the cavities uniform from one cavity to the next. The weight of each molded article is compared to an average weight of the molded articles. The difference is used to adjust the temperature of the heated runners. If, for ex ample, the weight of a molded article is lower than the aver age weight of the molded articles, the temperature of the corresponding heated runner is increased to allow for more resin to flow into the corresponding cavity of the multi cavity mold. However, as the weight of the articles cannot be measured while the article is being molded, but rather after the article has been molded, the process for adjusting the temperatures in the heated runners requires several molding cycles and does not prevent from the production of articles being out of the weight tolerance. It is also suggested to provide a control unit for controlling the circulation and the temperature of the coolant which flows through the mold, i.e. to set and control the temperature and flow rate of the coolant .

[0004] US 6 090 318 A discloses a process for controlling the hot-runner heating of a multi-cavity injection mold. To obtain simultaneous filling of all cavities, the pressure patterns in all cavities are detected as well as the time du ration from the beginning of filling until a chosen reference pressure is reached for each cavity. The temperatures of the individual heating systems of the individual hot runners are controlled to bring the time durations of the individual cav ities more in line. A simple though time-consuming control of the mold filling can be achieved by lowering the hot-runner temperatures of the cavities filled first, i.e. being first in their pressure patterns, and/or raising the hot-runner temperature of those cavities filled last. To reduce errors, the pressure-time integral determined for each cavity can be taken into account for controlling the hot-runner tempera tures. A further optimization includes detecting the maximum pressure in each cavity in addition, and taking this into ac count in the hot-runner temperature control. To achieve a fast filling of all cavities, the mean values of above men tioned time durations, integrals and maximum values are de termined, and the difference thereof to the continuously measured values is controlled to become minimum. The ultimate effect of the disclosed process is to bring the filling times of the individual cavities very close together, so that the pressure patterns for several cavities are virtually congru ent. However, this kind of control does not ensure all pres sure patterns to be congruent. To overcome this issue, the application of fuzzy logic methods is suggested.

[0005] However, the uniformity of articles produced using above mentioned devices and processes still is not always satisfying .

Summary of the invention

[0006] It is the object of the invention to create a meth od pertaining to the technical field initially mentioned that allows for an improved uniformity of the articles produced thereby. It is also an object of the invention to create a controller for performing the method according to the inven tion.

[0007] The solution of the invention is specified by the features of claim 1. According to the invention, the method for controlling an injection molding system comprises several steps. The injection molding system comprises a mold having an inner surface and at least two groups of cavities being confined by the inner surface. A group of cavities comprises at least one cavity. The group of cavities further has pre cisely one pressure sensor being arranged at the inner sur face in an area of a cavity of each group of cavities. The pressure sensor determines the pressure for the group of cav ities. Each group of cavities is at least partly surrounded by the tempering unit. The method comprises the steps of: a) determining a pressure in a cavity of each group of cav ities of the at least two groups of cavities, b) determining a reference pressure for each group of cavi ties, c) determining a difference between the reference pressure and the pressure in at least one cavity, and d) controlling the difference to become minimum by e) manipulating an energy flow of a tempering unit.

[0008] It has turned out that the method according to the invention provides excellent balancing of the shrinking of a plurality of articles produced simultaneously with the injec tion molding system. As a consequence, the uniformity of the articles produced simultaneously is improved. In particular, the method according to the invention allows for a compensa tion of disturbances related to each group of cavities.

[0009] The mold of the injection molding system can con sist of two halves. When the mold is closed, that is to say the two halves are arranged together, the inner surface of the mold confines at least two groups of cavities, each com prising at least one cavity. For a group of cavities compris ing of more than one cavity, the cavities are identical in shape and size. The number of cavities comprised in a group of cavities may not always be evenly distributed. For exam ple, one group of cavities of the at least two groups of cav- ities can comprise a first number of cavities, while another group of cavities of the at least two groups of cavities can comprise a number of cavities different from the first number of cavities.

[0010] The cavities of the at least two groups of cavities have an identical shape and size. The cavities of the at least two groups of cavities are separated from each other. However, the cavities of the at least two groups of cavities are connected with runners which allow each cavity to be sup plied with a processible material. A runner serves as a transportation channel from a material source to a cavity. A cavity serves as a form for an article to be produced. There fore, a cavity is different from a runner. The material can be pressed into each cavity for simultaneously forming an ar ticle in each cavity. The expression "pressed into each cavi ty" has in particular the meaning of "applied under pressure into each cavity" or "injected under pressure into each cavi ty". If the mold has at least two groups of cavities, each group of cavities comprising at least one cavity, at least two articles can be formed simultaneously having identical shapes and sizes. However, the mold can preferably have a number of cavities. For example, the mold can have two, three, four, ten, twenty, fifty, or any other natural number of cavities. In this case, it is possible to produce two, three, four, ten, twenty, fifty, or any other natural number of articles simultaneously. When the mold is opened, all of the just formed articles can be ejected. As already men tioned, it has turned out, that the uniformity of all of said just formed articles is improved compared to the prior art. Deviations from uniformity of the outer and inner condition, for example deviations on size, weight, density, density dis tribution, and other conditions or properties of the articles are minimized.

[0011] Precisely one pressure sensor is associated with each group of cavities of the at least two groups of cavities for determining a pressure in a cavity of the group of cavi ties. This pressure determined in a cavity of the group of cavities is referred to as the "pressure of the group of cav ities". It is known that articles produced by some cavities of the mold show a satisfactory uniformity in the articles produced. If cavities showing a satisfactory uniformity in the articles produced are identified, these cavities may be grouped into a group of cavities. For this group of cavities one pressure is measured by precisely one pressure sensor be ing arranged in any of the cavities of the group of cavities. Thus, the number of pressure sensors needed for a given mold can be less than the number of cavities of the mold, render ing the grouping of cavities into a group of cavities cost efficient while maintaining a satisfactory uniformity in the articles produced. The expression "satisfactory" depends on the requirements of the articles and may be different for each application of an article. The pressure in each group of cavities is therefore determined individually. If there is at least one pressure sensor associated with each group of cavi ties of the at least two groups of cavities, the mold in to tal comprises at least two pressure sensors. Each pressure sensor is arranged at the inner surface in an area of a cavi ty of each group of cavities, that is to say where the inner surface is confining a cavity. [0012] In one embodiment, a pressure sensor can be placed in a borehole which extends from each cavity to an outer sur face of the mold. Each borehole is separate from the other boreholes. In another embodiment, a pressure sensor comprises a force sensor and an ejection pin used to eject an article from a cavity when the mold is open. An ejection pin extends from each cavity to an actuator arranged at an outer surface of the mold. The force sensor is arranges between actuator and ejection pin. The material inside the cavity presses the material against the ejection pin. Thus the pressure inside the cavity is measured. In another embodiment the pressure sensor is a strain gauge located close to the cavity in a borehole extending almost up to the cavity. The material in side the cavity presses against the inner walls of the mold in the area of the cavity, resulting in a strain of the bore hole proportional to the pressure in the cavity. Thus the pressure inside the cavity is measured by the strain gage.

[0013] The expression "determining" has in particular the meaning of "measuring", "sensing" or "calculating". The ex pression "determining a pressure" has in particular the mean ing of "measuring or sensing a pressure", that is to say measuring or sensing a pressure at a predetermined time, at predetermined times, or over a period of time to measure or sense a pressure pattern.

[0014] Each group of cavities is at least partly surround ed by a tempering unit for tempering the inner surface in cavities of each group of cavities. Tempering of the inner surface in cavities of each group of cavities is performed by manipulating an energy flow within the tempering unit. The expression "energy flow" has in particular the meaning of "transferring energy from one position in space to another position in space". An energy flowing from one position in space to another position in space is for example heat energy transferred to the inner surface in cavities of each group of cavities, commonly referred to as "heating", or heat energy transferred away from the inner surface in cavities of each group of cavities, commonly referred to as "cooling". This allows for tempering the inner surfaces of cavities in each group of cavities individually. As there is one tempering unit associated with each group of cavities of the at least two groups of cavities, the mold in total comprises at least two tempering units. Each group of cavities can be completely surrounded by a tempering unit, or at least essentially com pletely, that is to say without that the tempering unit in terferes with a runner or runners. Each tempering unit is ar ranged to provide a tempering power. The expression "temper ing power" is a measure for the physical heat energy trans ferred to or from one position in space to another position in space per time unit. The expression "tempering" has in particular the meaning of "cooling and/or heating".

[0015] The expression "controlling" has in particular the meaning of "applying a control function" in a feedback loop, as for example a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) func tion, a feed-forward function, and/or combinations thereof.

[0016] The expression "controlling the difference to be come minimum" has in particular the meaning of "controlling the difference to become essentially zero", or in other words, an "ideal" controlling of the difference would lead to a zero difference, however, a real controlling of the differ ence might lead to values slightly different from zero, that is to say minimum.

[0017] The expression "reference pressure" has in particu lar the meaning of "setpoint pressure", that is to say the setpoint pressure is the input of a pressure control func tion, or to be more precise, the input of a subtracter being ahead of the control function.

[0018] The pressure in a cavity of a group of cavities corresponds with the pressure of the material in the cavity, if a material is present.

[0019] In the special case of a mold with exactly two groups of cavities, it is possible to use the measured pres sure in a cavity of a first group of cavities of the two groups of cavities as a reference pressure for a second group of cavities of the two groups of cavities. Thereby, the dif ference between the reference pressure and the actual pres sure in the first group of cavities is always zero, even without being controlled to become minimum. In this special case it is only necessary to determine a difference between the reference pressure and the pressure in the second group of cavities and to control said difference to become minimum. In other words, the pressure in the second group of cavities is following the pressure in the first group of cavities.

[0020] In the case of a mold with for example more than two groups of cavities, the pressures of all groups of cavi ties except for the pressure in the first group of cavity can follow the pressure in the first group of cavities. In this context, step c) of "determining a difference between the reference pressure and the pressure in at least one group of cavities" can in particular have the meaning of "determining the differences between the reference pressure and the pres sure of all groups of cavities except for the first group of cavities" (whereby the first group of cavities serves as the reference group of cavities, that is to say as the group of cavities with the pressure of which serves as a reference pressure for the other group of cavities) .

[0021] According to a preferred embodiment of the inven tion, the step c) of "determining a difference between the reference pressure and the pressure in at least one group of cavities" includes the step of "determining a difference be tween the reference pressure and the pressure in each group of cavities, and wherein step d) and e) of "controlling the difference to become minimum by manipulating an energy flow of the tempering unit" includes the step of "controlling each difference to become minimum by manipulating an energy flow of each tempering unit".

[0022] This allows for a reference pressure which may be different from any of the pressures in the groups of cavi ties. The method according to the invention ensures that in this case the pressures in all groups of cavities will follow said reference pressure.

[0023] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, step d) of "controlling the difference to become minimum" includes the step of "controlling the difference to become minimum at a predetermined time". [0024] The predetermined time can be any time during the injection molding process which is representative for a shrinking of an article produced thereby. For example, the predetermined time can be the time at the end of a tempering phase of the mold, before the article is ejected from the mold .

[0025] However, the predetermined time can be also any other time, preferably any time while the pressure in a group of cavities is declining.

[0026] It is also possible to control the difference to become minimum at several predetermined times, for example at several predetermined times while the pressure in the group of cavities is declining.

[0027] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, step d) of "controlling the difference to become minimum" includes the step of "controlling the difference to become minimum over a predetermined period of time.

[0028] Thereby, the balancing of the shrinking of the ar ticles produced simultaneously can be further improved.

[0029] During the predetermined period of time, all steps a) to e) of the method according to the invention might be performed several times. In other words, the control feedback loop might have a faster frequency than the frequency of the pressure difference to be controlled. [0030] Alternatively, as mentioned above, controlling the difference of pressures of groups of cavities to become mini mum can be performed at a predetermined time, only.

[0031] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, step b) of "determining a reference pressure for each group of cavities" includes the step of "determining a reference pressure by averaging the pressures of each group of cavity".

[0032] A reference pressure determined, that is to say calculated, in this way allows for smaller differences be tween the pressure in each group of cavities and the refer ence pressure, consequently leading to less effort regarding controlling the difference to become minimum and, therefore, achieving a very reliable method for controlling an injection molding system.

[0033] Alternatively, the reference pressure can be deter mined by calculating a root mean square (RMS) value of the pressures in each group of cavities.

[0034] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises a step f) of "storing the reference pressure in a memory".

[0035] This allows for determining the reference pressure once and then storing the reference pressure in a memory to make the reference pressure available for future control loops without the need for re-determining the reference pres sure again every time a control loop is performed. Also, for example after a switch-off of the injection molding system, the method according to the invention allows for a reasonable reference pressure to be available at the very beginning of a production process, before a reference pressure determined otherwise might be available.

[0036] The memory can be a random access memory (RAM) and/or a memory, for example an EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) , which can store the reference pressure even when being switched off.

[0037] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, step e) of "performing the controlling of the dif ference to become minimum by manipulating an energy flow of the tempering unit" includes the step of "manipulating a tem pering energy flow of the tempering unit".

[0038] It has turned out that the method according to the invention works well in particular during a period of time when the inner surface of the mold is tempered by the temper ing units. Depending on the material used to form an article, "tempered" can have the meaning of "heated" or " cooled".

[0039] However, the method according to the invention can also be performed during any other period of time, for exam ple, when the inner surface of the mold is not tempered by the tempering units, or even when the inner surface of the mold is tempered by the tempering units.

[0040] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, step e) of "performing the controlling of the dif ference to become minimum by manipulating an energy flow of the tempering unit" includes the step of "manipulating a flow of a tempering medium through the tempering unit".

[0041] A tempering medium, as for example a liquid, is a very efficient and effective means to provide an energy flow. The tempering medium can be circulating in the tempering unit. The tempering medium can be pre-tempered (pre-heated or pre-cooled) and/or stored so that an energy flow might be in stantly available. Also, temporally fast changes of the ener gy flows are possible, resulting in a temporally fast change of the tempering temperature. Such a temporally fast change can be for example a temporally fast change from heating to cooling, or for example from moderate cooling to extreme cooling. The expression "temporally fast" is depending on the dimensions and physical properties of elements of the temper ing unit the tempering medium is circulated in as well as di mensions and physical properties of the mold and refers to a time unit between a few milliseconds to several minutes.

[0042] Alternatively or in addition, electrical heating and/or thermoelectric cooling can be used. A tempering unit can comprise a thermoelectric cooling, for example by a Pel- tier heat pump. In addition or as an alternative, the temper ing unit can comprise for example an electrical heater to provide a heating power.

[0043] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, step e) of "performing the controlling of the dif ference to become minimum by manipulating an energy flow of the tempering unit" includes the step of "manipulating a valve of the tempering unit". [0044] A valve is a very efficient and effective means to manipulate a flow rate of a tempering medium.

[0045] Preferably, the valve is a servo valve. A servo valve allows for a direct connection to an output signal of a controller. A servo valve is electrically controllable. Pref erably, the valve is arranged outside the mold and/or adja cent to a controller.

[0046] Alternatively or in addition to the valve, a pump can be used to manipulate a flow rate of the tempering medi um.

[0047] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises a step g) of "deter mining a temperature of a material in a cavity of each group of cavities or of the tempering medium of the tempering unit of a group of cavities or of the inner surface of a cavity of the at least two group of cavities".

[0048] Determining a temperature of a material in a cavity of each group of cavities or of the tempering medium of the tempering unit of a cavity of each group of cavities or of the inner surface of a cavity of the at least two groups of cavities allows for a feed-forward controlling. As the tem perature of the inner surface has a significant influence on the shrinking of the articles, said temperature can be used as a feed-forward function as to support the quality of the pressure control.

[0049] Determining said temperature has also the advantage that a cascade controlling is possible. Cascade controlling means that there are two controllings (controllers or control functions) , for example two PID controllings, arranged with one controller controlling the setpoint of the other. For ex ample, the pressure controller for manipulating a tempering unit acts as an outer loop controller, which controls the pressure in the cavity. The other controller, for example a temperature controller or a flow rate controller, acts as in ner loop controller, which reads the output of the outer loop controller as setpoint and provides as an output a signal for manipulating a tempering unit, and in particular for manipu lating a flow rate of a tempering medium in a tempering unit.

[0050] It has turned out that the working frequency of the control function or the controller is increased and the time constant of the object to be controlled is reduced by using cascaded PID controllers.

[0051] Determining said temperature has also the advantage that an inlet temperature of a tempering medium can be con trolled .

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the tempering units are operated in a temperature range of 0°C to 472°C.

[0053] According to another aspect of the invention, a controller for performing the method according to the inven tion comprises: a) an input for receiving a pressure of a cavity of each group of cavities of at least two cavities of a mold of an injection molding system, each group of cavities com prising of at least one cavity, b) an input and/or a calculator for receiving and/or calcu lating, respectively, a reference pressure for each group of cavities, c) a subtracter for calculating a difference between the reference pressure and the pressure in at least one group of cavities, d) a control function for controlling the difference to be come minimum, and e) an output for manipulating an energy flow of a tempering unit .

[0054] Such a controller is well suited for performing the method according to the invention. The controller can be im plemented as a conventional analog controller, and/or the controller can be implemented as a digital controller com prising a microcontroller, a microprocessor and/or a digital signal processor. In the latter case, the controller further might comprise software. In particular, the control function of the controller can be implemented in form of a software which can be stored and/or executed in a memory of the micro controller, the microprocessor and/or the digital signal pro cessor.

[0055] In particular, a digital controller allows for an easy and simple retrofit of existing injection molding sys tems. Essentially, an exchange or update of the control func tion for controlling the difference to become minimum is re quired, that is to say a software update is required, if the needed hardware is already existing. The needed hardware in- eludes a mold with at least two groups of cavities as well as pressure sensors and tempering units as explained above.

[0056] Therefore, according to another aspect of the in vention, a control function is adapted to control the differ ence between the reference pressure and the pressure in a group of cavities to become minimum by manipulating an energy flow of a tempering unit.

[0057] Preferably, the controller is arranged inside the injection molding system and outside the mold.

[0058] The controller is adapted to perform all the steps of the method according to the invention, or a part of the steps, in any combination and in any particular sequence.

[0059] According to another aspect of the invention, the controller according to the invention is used in an injection molding system.

[0060] According to another aspect of the invention, an injection molding system comprises a controller according to the invention and a mold which has: a) an inner surface, b) at least two groups of cavities, each being confined by the inner surface, each group of cavities comprising at least one cavity, c) at least one pressure sensor being arranged at the inner surface in an area of each group of cavities, d) at least two tempering units, wherein each group of cav ities is at least partly surrounded by one tempering unit, and wherein each tempering unit is arranged to provide a tempering power.

[0061] Other advantageous embodiments and combinations of features come out from the detailed description below and the entirety of the claims.

Brief description of the drawings

[0062] The drawings used to explain the embodiments show:

Fig. 1 an injection molding system,

Fig. 2 a mold with two groups of cavities, pressure sen sors and tempering units,

Fig. 3 a typical pressure distribution for different groups of cavities of a mold over the time according to the prior art,

Fig. 4 a method for controlling the pressures in the dif ferent groups of cavities of a mold according to the in vention,

Fig. 5 a pressure distribution for different cavities of a mold over the time according the invention.

[0063] In the figures, the same components are given the same reference symbols. Preferred embodiments

[0064] Fig. 1 shows an injection molding system 1 compris ing a mold 2 and a controller 30. The controller 30 controls the injection molding system 1 and is arranged outside the mold 2.

[0065] Fig. 2 shows a mold 2 in a closed configuration. The mold may comprise two halves which are arranged together at an inner surface 4 of the mold 2. The inner surface 4 con fines two groups of cavities 3, each comprising at least one cavity 8, which cavities 8 are separated and spaced from each other. Each group of cavities 3 is surrounded by a tempering unit 5 for individually tempering the group of cavities 3 with its respective cavities 8. At the inner surface 4 in an area of each group of cavities 3, or in other words at the inner surface 4 of one cavity 8 of each group of cavities 3, a pressure sensor 6 and an optional temperature sensor 7 are arranged for measuring the pressure and the temperature of a material in each group of cavities 3, respectively. A proces- sible material can be pressed via runners (not shown) and nozzles (not shown) into each cavity 8 to form at least two articles (not shown) simultaneously. In an open configuration of the mold 2 (not shown) , the two halves of the mold 2 are separated from each other for ejecting the two articles.

[0066] Fig. 3 shows a typical pressure 10 distribution for different groups of cavities 3 of a mold 2 over the time 20 during a conventional injection molding process according to the prior art. A pressure 11 of a first group of cavities of the mold 2, a pressure 12 of a second group of cavities of the same mold 2, and a pressure 13 of a third group of cavi ties of the same mold 2 start to rise at the same initial rising time 21, when material is being pressed into a cavity comprising the pressure sensor of each group of cavities. However, pressures 11, 12, 13 reach their peak values at slightly different peak times 22. Also, at the predefined time 23, the pressures 11, 12, 13 have different values.

[0067] Fig. 4 shows a method for controlling the pressures 11, 12, 13 in the different groups of cavities 3 of the mold 2, and an implementation of the method in the form of a con troller 30. From a reference pressure 31, the actually meas ured pressures 11, 12, 13 are subtracted by subtracter 32 to determine a difference pressure 33 between the actually meas ured pressures 11, 12, 13 and the reference pressure 31. It is possible to have a bundle of difference pressures 33, that is to say one difference pressure 33 for each measured pres sure 11, 12, 13. Difference pressure 33 is the input of the control function 34 like for example a PID function. Control function 34 outputs an intended flow rate 35 of a tempering medium. The intended flow rate 35 forms an input of valve 36 which is adapted to establish an actual flow rate of the tem pering medium corresponding to the outputted intended flow rate 35. A pressure sensor (not shown) arranged in a cavity 8 of each of the group of cavities (not shown) measures the ac tual pressures 11, 12, 13 in each group of cavities. Said ac tually measured pressures 11, 12, 13 are, as already men tioned, an input of subtracter 32.

[0068] Fig. 5 shows a pressure 11, 12, 13 distribution for different groups of cavities 3 (not shown) over the time 20 according to the invention. As the difference pressure 33 (see Fig. 4) is controlled to become minimum, the pattern of the reference pressure 31 and the patterns of the measured pressures 11, 12, 13 are essentially identical.

[0069] In summary, it is to be noted that the different aspects of the invention and the different embodiments there of solve the object of the invention well.

List of reference symbols

1 injection molding system

2 mold

3 group of cavities

4 inner surface

5 tempering unit

6 pressure sensor

7 temperature sensor

8 cavity

10 pressure

11 pressure in a first cavity

12 pressure in a second cavity

13 pressure in a third cavity

20 time

21 initial rising time

22 peak time

23 predetermined time

24 predefined period of time

30 controller

31 reference pressure

32 subtracter

33 difference

34 control function

35 flow rate of a tempering medium

3 6 valve