Technical field The technology disclosed herein relates generally to the field of communications networks, and in particular to methods for improving efficiency in communications networks, to a network entity, network device, computer programs and computer program products.

Background Wireless communications has experienced a rapid development and an increasing number of services are provided by many different operators. Users expect high quality and uninterrupted provision of the services even cross borders, which entails change of operator providing the services. In such so called roaming scenarios, it may be difficult for an operator of a network to estimate the number of roaming users roaming into a network and leaving a network and hence how to make best use of communication resources.

With an increasing number of operators, the market of providing wireless services is becoming competitive and tough. It is in the best interest of all the operators to find ways of improving their services and increasing user satisfaction. Sum m ary

An objective of the present teachings is to address and improve various aspects in wireless communications systems. A particular objective is to provide improvement in view of resource usage in such systems. Another particular objective is to increase user satisfaction. These objective and others are achieved by the methods, devices, computer programs and computer program products according to the appended independent claims, and by the embodiments according to the dependent claims.

The objective is according to an aspect achieved by a method of enabling improved efficiency in a first communications network based on relation metrics on a relation between a first operator of the first communications network and a second operator of a second communications network. The method is performed in a network entity and comprises: obtaining data relating to users having a subscription with the first operator and data relating to users having a subscription with the second operator; determining, based on the obtained data relating to users, a first metric giving number of users roaming to the first operator from the second operator and a second metric giving number of users roaming from the first operator to the second operator; and providing the first and second metrics as relation metrics to a network device of the first communications network for use in improving efficiency in the first communications network.

The method brings about several advantages. For instance, the method enables a dynamic roaming relation metrics to be provided based on user data. Based on these metrics the operator is able to increase network utilization and thereby obtain increased network efficiency, improved user satisfaction as well as a higher revenue.

The objective is according to an aspect achieved by a computer program for a network entity for providing a metric on a relation between a first and a second

communications network. The computer program comprises computer program code, which, when executed on at least one processor on the network entity causes the network entity to perform the method as above.

The objective is according to an aspect achieved by a computer program product comprising a computer program as above and a computer readable means on which the computer program is stored.

The objective is according to an aspect achieved by a network entity for enabling improved efficiency in a first communications network based on relation metrics on a relation between a first operator of the first communications network and a second operator of a second communications network. The network entity is configured to: obtain data relating to users having a subscription with the first operator and data relating to users having a subscription with the second operator; determine, based on the obtained data relating to users, a first metric giving number of users roaming to the first operator from the second operator and a second metric giving number of users roaming from the first operator to the second operator; and provide the first and second metrics as relation metrics to a network device of the first

communications network for use in improving efficiency in the first communications network. The objective is according to an aspect achieved by a method of improving efficiency in a first communications network based on a metric on a relation between a first operator of the first communications network and a second operator of a second communications network. The method is performed in a network device of the first communications network and comprises: providing, to a network entity, data relating to users having a subscription with the first operator; receiving, from the network entity, a first metric giving number of users roaming to the first operator from the second operator and a second metric giving number of users roaming from the first operator to the second operator; and adapting, based on the received first and second metrics, at least one parameter in the first communications network.

The objective is according to an aspect achieved by a computer program for a network device for improving efficiency in a first communications network. The computer program comprises computer program code, which, when executed on at least one processor on the network device causes the network device to perform the method as above.

The objective is according to an aspect achieved by a computer program product comprising a computer program as above and a computer readable means on which the computer program is stored.

The objective is according to an aspect achieved by a network device of a first communications network for improving efficiency in the first communications network based on a metric on a relation between a first operator of the first communications network and a second operator of a second communications network. The network device is configured to: provide, to a network entity, data relating to users having a subscription with the first operator; receive, from the network entity, a first metric giving number of users roaming to the first operator from the second operator and a second metric giving number of users roaming from the first operator to the second operator, and adapt, based on the received first and second metrics, at least one parameter in the first communications network.

Further features and advantages of the embodiments of the present teachings will become clear upon reading the following description and the accompanying drawings. Brief description of the drawings

Figure 1 illustrates schematically an environment in which embodiments according to the present teachings may be implemented.

Figure 2 is a sequence diagram illustrating a process according to an embodiment of the present teachings.

Figure 3 is a graph illustrating one aspect of the present teachings.

Figure 4 is a graph illustrating an aspect of the present teachings.

Figures 5a and 5b are graphs illustrating aspects of the present teachings.

Figure 6 illustrates graphically a few operator relations as determined according to the present teachings.

Figure 7 illustrates a flow chart over steps of an embodiment of a method in a network entity in accordance with the present teachings.

Figure 8 illustrates schematically a network entity and means for implementing embodiments of the method in accordance with the present teachings. Figure 9 illustrates a network entity comprising function modules/ software modules for implementing embodiments of the present teachings.

Figure 10 illustrates a flow chart over steps of an embodiment of a method in a network device in accordance with the present teachings.

Figure 11 illustrates schematically a network device and means for implementing embodiments of the method in accordance with the present teachings.

Figure 12 illustrates a network device comprising function modules/ software modules for implementing embodiments of the present teachings.

Detailed description

In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description with unnecessary detail. Same reference numerals refer to same or similar elements throughout the description .

Briefly, the present teachings provide methods in various embodiments for

quantifying operator relations for their roaming users. This enables the operators to provide improved service to their users, while also obtaining highest possible revenue. As mentioned in the background section, many users are roaming among different operators and the operators have different agreements with different operators. Further, the operators may also provide different agreements to their customers. The methods provide the operators one or more metrics, which enables them to improve various aspects, such as for instance improving quality of services for users, availability of services, and optimizing resource use in their

communications system, while also increasing their revenue.

A data based approach, described herein, has been developed in order to calculate roaming relation types between each pair of operators. The roaming relation types can, for instance, be used in their mutual relations in order to improve efficiency in their respective communications networks. The roaming relation type may, for instance, account for roaming users not using any services in the visited

communications network (such users being denoted silent users herein). Information on such silent users may be used in different ways, as will be described, for improving efficiency e.g. in terms of resource usage, quality and availability of services and economy.

Figure 1 gives schematically an overview of a system in which embodiments according to the present teachings may be implemented. The system 1 comprises one or more components which are involved in the relation calculation between a pair of operators. Two operators are shown, a first operator A and second operator B, each of which runs a respective communications network 10 A, 10B. The communications networks 10 A, 10B comprise a number of conventional nodes and devices, for instance, a Home Location Register (HLR) 2A, 2B, Call Detail Record (CDR) 3A, 3B.

The HLR 2A, 2B is a central database that contains details of each subscriber that is authorized to use the communications network 10 A, 10B. The HLR 2A, 2B stores, for instance, details of Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)cards issued by the operators, services that the subscriber has requested or been given, current location of subscribers (Visitor Location Register, VLR, may inform the HLR that a subscriber is now residing in a particular area covered by the VLR).

The CDR 3A, 3B is a record of a call or other communication transaction (e.g. text message). The CDR 3A, 3B comprises, for instance, metadata about the call such as subscriber phone number, phone number of the recipient, call duration, call type (voice, Short Message Service (SMS), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)) etc.

The present teachings suggest the introduction of some additional components. In particular, each communications network 10 A, 10B may comprise a Data Extraction entity 5A, 5B, which is responsible for data extraction from both the CDR 3A, 3B and the HLR 2A, 2B database systems. Each communications network 10 A, 10B may further comprise a Relation Management entity 4A, 4B.

A third party actor may also be involved, providing a third party system 6. The third party system 6 may comprise a data storage 8 , i.e. run by the third party actor, which data storage 8 receives updated data from the Data Extractions entities 5A, 5B of the communications networks 10 A, 10B. The third party system 6 may also comprise a Relation Calculations entity 7, by means of which the third party actor may provide an operator relations calculation service to the first and second operators A, B.

The operator relations service may be derived and provided by the third party. The third party may e.g. be a Clearinghouse which may provide this additional service besides conventional services, such as e.g. billing service, number portability service and other services currently provided by such Clearinghouse. The third party system 6 may be responsible for receiving collections of data on a regular basis from both of the first and second operators A, B, for storing these collections and then use them to calculate the mutual relation of the operators on a regular basis. Consequently, the third party system 6 comprises at least two components: a Data Storage 8 that is kept updated and a relation calculations function 7. The relation calculations function 7 is described in more detail later.

Besides the conventional CDR 3A, 3B data provided by each operator, additional data are needed from the HLR 2A, 2B. This extraction of data may be performed by the Data Extraction entity 5A, 5B in each operator's communications network 10 A, 10B. The data extraction entity 5A, 5B is responsible for providing the third party component information about user call records and billable quantities as well as information about silent users. The expression "silent user" is introduced and used herein and means a user who has registered in an operator's communications network, but does not use any service. Today, when a user roams into a new

operator's communications network the operator registers this in a network attachment registration procedure, but does not store any information relating to this. According to the present teachings, upon noticing that a roaming user enters the communications network, currently registered user locations may be stored in the HLR 2A, 2B. By storing information on registered users, silent users can be found.

Figure 2 illustrates a communication process and the system flow between the entities 7, 8 of the third party and the entities of the first operator A. It is noted that other operators, e.g. the second operator B, may have corresponding processes to the third party system 6. The relation calculated in this process is the relation between the first operator A and the second operator B.

At arrow 10 1, the HLR lOA of the communications network lOA run by the first operator A provides information on all subscribers (of the first operator) to the Data Extraction component 5A.

At arrow 102, the CDR 3 A provides the data concerning billable items produced by users roaming in the communications network 10 A of the first operator A and originating from the second operator B (i.e. the users having their subscriptions with the second operator B).

Next, at arrow 103, the data extraction entity 5A communicates with the third party system 6, and in particular with the data storage 8 thereof. More specifically, the data extraction entity 5A sends the extracted data to the data storage 8 of the third party system 6.

At box 104, the third party system 6 stores the received data in the data storage 8 , e.g. main memory thereof and fetches the corresponding data from the second operator B. The Relation Calculation entity 7 establishes the silent users for both operators and also the relations between operator A and B. At arrow 105, the third party system 6 , e.g. the Relation Calculation entity 7 thereof, sends the result back to operator A and B (only Operator A shown) . Each operator may then u se the result for optimizing network resource usage, optimize network capacity, adju st their charging plan s etc. Examples on how to establish the relation s between the first and second operators A, B are given later.

The data collected from each operator comprises CDR data containing information about the number of phone calls, SMS, amount of data traffic for all inbound u sers . Besides the CDR data, the data extraction entity 5A, 5B extracts also information available in the HLR 2A, 2B about all registered u sers . This information is, according to some embodiments, u sed to derive silent users. As mentioned earlier, a silent u ser is a u ser who has registered in a communications network, but does not u se any service therein .

A first example on how to calculate a relation between the first operator A and the second operator B is given next. The relation calculation may be based on u sing the following equations :

Q . . = P ^Routi r-^- _{+ c} . . _i2 )

l ^J ^Routi+Sji) ^y Routt ^1}

Relij = [hj Oij (3)

In the above equations:

Iij is the inbound relation from operator j to operator i (how many u sers of operator j roams into the network of operator j), Oij is the outbound relation from operator j to operator i (how many u sers of operator j is roaming into the network of operator i),

Ri„ is the number of non-silent (i.e. active in the sense that they u se at least one service) inbound u sers, Rout is the number of non-silent outbound u sers,

Si is the number of silent u sers in operator i from operator j,

R ij is the number of roaming users from operator j to operator /, α, β, and Cij are the system constants (described below) . The relation from operator j to operator i is the combination of inbound relation and outbound. The relation does need not to be symmetric, and is typically not.

The reasoning of the equations is given in the following:

1. Ratio of silent u sers and total roaming u sers : the operator may like to reduce the number of silent u sers, e.g. in order to increase communication resource u se, to reduce roaming costs, or in order to encourage them to use services provided by the operator and hence increase the revenue.

2. Cost of handling roaming users: there are extra risk and cost to handle roaming users versu s the operator's own u sers . For instance, data needs to be dynamically updated for the roaming u sers, and the operator has no way of knowing beforehand how much communications resources the roaming u ser will require. The own subscribers of an operator are typically more predictable and static. Further, the handling of roaming u sers may entail higher risks and costs compared to the own subscribers, e.g. in view of payment of services. This extra risk and cost is reflected by the parameters a and β. 3. The percentage of roaming u sers from one specific operator versu s total number of roaming u sers.

In the basic relation calculation, only number of u sers is con sidered . The relation can be further weighted by the services each u ser has u sed . For calculating such weighted relation s the R i _n and R _ou t in the above equations ( 1) and (2) are replaced by Sin and Sout below. in =∑ _{=l Wi} R\ in (4)

S, out =∑f= _{l i} ff, (5) , where M and N are number of available inbound and outbound services and Wi is the weight for each service. A more expensive or resource requiring service may, for instance, be given a higher weight wi.

Next, a few use case examples are given with reference to figures 3 , 4, 5a and 5b. Figure 3 illustrates a first use case, in which the capacity utilization is to be

maximized. In this use case the first operator A wants to maximize the network resource efficiency by activating silent users, assuming that the operator's network capacity and the number of home users are stable. Figure 3 shows an optimal point (vertical dotted line) where the first operator A achieves the maximum network utilization, while the number of silent users is at minimum. By the system and methods suggested herein, the first operator A is given knowledge of the silent inbound users of each foreign operator (e.g. the second operator B) by also

exchanging information for their own outbound users.

In the process of trying to minimize silent users, the first operator A is also aware of the proportion of the silent users from each foreign operator. This information can be used in order to find "room for improvement".

Figure 4 shows the enabled active users by the attractiveness of the operator, depending on, for instance, one or more of: price plan of the operator, quality of service provide or user experience parameters. As can be seen, the relation between the increase of attractiveness of an operator (e.g. improvement of quality of service) and the number of users it attracts is non-linear. Thus, room for improvement exists in foreign operators where the proportion of silent users against the active users is larger.

As an additional step, the increase of utilization of the network capacity will affect the network relation between a pair of operators. This potential relation improvement can be calculated by the equations provided earlier, in particular, equations ( 1), (2) and (3).

Figures 5a and 5b illustrate a second use case, in which the roaming fee is to be optimized. Assuming the total number of users travelling from, for instance, one country to another cannot be controlled and the profit for each outbound user is constant for each operator, when focusing in one pair of operators (a first operator A and a second operator B) the roaming revenue for each operator is respectively: fi ₁ = a ₁ l ₁₂ P ₁ + a ₂ 0 ₁₂ c _t (6)

R ₂ = a ₃ I ₂₁ P ₂ + a ₄ 0 ₂₁ c ₂ (7)

where:

I ₁₂ , I ₂₁ , 0 ₁₂ a.nd 0 ₂₁ are the Inbound and Outbound relations as defined earlier,

Pi and P ₂ are the price plans for the inbound users for each operator ci and c ₂ are the constant charging outbound fees for each operator a(i:4) are operator defined constants

One common goal for all the operators is to reduce the number of silent users and increase the number of users who will use their service for both inbound and outbound roamers, that is mutually decrease the roaming charges up to the point where maximum profit for both operators is achieved. In fact, a mutual agreement on price plans between a pair of operators can drive towards this goal.

Figures 5a and 5b show an example of such an optimization. It is assumed that the price plan range is normalized and same for all operators. The maximum profit of the first operator A is reached when equation (6) is maximized. However, since the outbound ratio (012) depends on the price plan of the second operator B, the optimal price plan should be agreed on between both sides. For the first operator A (and the second operator B respectively) the revenue is maximized when the gradient of the curve is equal by absolute size to the slope of the line, that is, when : α ^ i + a ₂ ^ c _{1 =} 0 (8 )

¹ dp ^z dp ¹ ' In a more generalized solution, based on the dataset from which the relation graph in figure 12 is derived, one can use a regression algorithm to derive the relation between the price plan and the profit, since it is complicated to express this relation with an analytics model. More specifically, each line of the graph in figure 6 corresponds to a price plan and a revenue value. It is possible to fit these into the curves depicted in figures 5a and 5b.

Figure 6 illustrates graphically a few operator relations as determined according to the present teachings. More specifically, figure 6 depicts the result of relation calculation among a group of operators. The thickness of the lines between a pair of nodes (which represent the operators) is an indicator of relationship strength . As mentioned in the background section the number of operators of communications networks are increasing and the method enables, as described herein, an operator to increase network efficiency, e.g. by reducing number of silent users. Each operator Operator 1, Operator 2,.. , Operator i+n may have multiple relations, in particular any number of relations to different operators. A first operator, Operator 1, may, as illustrated, have a relation to a second operator, Operator 2, and to a third operator, Operator 3. The first operator may have a higher number of inbound users (indicted by the thick line 100) to the second operator, than number of outbound users

(indicated by a thinner line 110). Based on the relation metrics the first operator may, for instance, plan resource use, adapt quality of services for users, adapt availability of types of services and increase revenue by adapting charging plans.

In a third use case, the Quality of Service is optimized. The above equation (8 ) can also be used in quality of service optimization instead of fee optimization. For example, when the pairwise relation is unbalanced, operators can allocate more bandwidth or increase the number of available services for inbound users so as to encourage silent users to use their services or customize special services to the roaming users. Again, a mutual agreement based on the pairwise relation between two operators can achieve best user experience when applying the optimal quality of service.

Figure 7 illustrates a flow chart over steps of an embodiment of a method in a network entity in accordance with the present teachings.

A method 20 of enabling improved efficiency in a first communications network 10 A based on relation metrics on a relation between a first operator A of the first communications network 10A and a second operator B of a second communications network 10 A, 10B is provided. The method 20 is performed in a network entity 7 (e.g. as described in relation to figure 1). The method 20 comprises obtaining 21 data relating to users having a subscription with the first operator A and data relating to users having a subscription with the second operator B.

The method 20 comprises determining 22, based on the obtained data relating to users, a first metric IAB giving number of u sers roaming to the first operator A from the second operator B and a second metric OAB giving number of u sers roaming from the first operator A to the second operator B.

The method 20 comprises providing 23 the first and second metrics IAB, OAB as relation metrics to a network device 9 A of the first communications network 10 A for use in improving efficiency in the first communications network 10 A.

In an embodiment, the first and second metrics IAB , OAB , are determined by using equation s :

I _{AB = f} ^aRinA C^ + c _AB )

^Ats (aRin _A +S _AB ) Rin _A ^{Ats J LJ} ^Rout _A +S _BA ) Rout _A ^{Aa j}

, wherein :

IAB is the number of u sers roaming to the first operator (A) from the second operator B.

OAB is the number of u sers roaming from the first operator (A) to the second operator (B) . A u ser having a subscription with the first operator A has the first communications network 10 A (operated by the first operator A) as its home network.

Rm is the number of u sers roaming to the first operator A from the second operator B and u sing at least one service.

Rou _t is the number of u sers roaming from the first operator to the second operator and using at least one service. S _A is the number of silent users roaming to the first operator from the second operator. That is, S _A is the number of silent users roaming to the first operator from the second operator, i.e. the number of silent users roaming into the first

communications network lOA from the second communications network 10B. R _AB is the number of users roaming to the first operator from the second operator, a is a constant relating to cost of handling roaming users. β is a constant relating to cost of handling users having subscription with the first operator A.

C _AB is a constant relating to fees for the first operator A of users roaming to the second operator B.

In some embodiments, the improving efficiency comprises improving one or more of: use of communication resources, quality of services for users, availability of services and revenue for the first operator A. Thus, physical data such as parameters relating to communication resources or parameters relating to quality of service or other user experience parameters, to mention a few examples, may be processed according to the present teachings for determining operator relations.

The various embodiments and features that have been described can be combined in many different ways, further examples of which are given in the following with reference first to figure 8. Figure 8 illustrates schematically a network entity and means for implementing embodiments of the method in accordance with the present teachings.

The network entity 7 may, for instance, be a server, a virtual server or a virtual machine. The network entity 7 may comprise a processor 30 comprising any combination of one or more of a central processing unit (CPU), multiprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), application specific integrated circuit etc. capable of executing software instructions stored in a memory 3 1 which can thus be a computer program product. The processor 30 can be configured to execute any of the various embodiments of the method 20 for instance as described in relation to figure 7. The memory 3 1 of the network entity 7 can be any combination of read and write memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, magnetic tape, Compact Disc (CD)-ROM, digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu-ray disc etc. The memory 3 1 may also comprise persistent storage, which, for example, can be any single one or combination of magnetic memory, optical memory, solid state memory or even remotely mounted memory.

The network entity 7 may comprise an interface 33 for communication with other devices and/ or entities . The interface 33 may, for instance, comprise a protocol stack, for communication with other devices or entities . The interface may be u sed for receiving data input and for outputting data.

The network entity 7 may comprise additional processing circuitry 34 for

implementing the variou s embodiments according to the present teachings.

A network entity 7 is provided for enabling improved efficiency in a first

communication s network 10 A based on relation metrics on a relation between a first operator a of the first communication s network 10A and a second operator B of a second communications network 10 A, 10B. The network entity 7 is configured to:

- obtain data relating to u sers having a subscription with the first operator A and data relating to u sers having a subscription with the second operator B,

- determine, based on the obtained data, a first metric IAB giving number of users roaming to the first operator A from the second operator B and a second metric OAB giving number of u sers roaming from the first operator A to the second operator B, and

- provide the first and second metrics IAB, OAB as relation metrics to a network device 9 A of the first communication s network 10 A for u se in improving efficiency in the first communication s network 10 A.

The network entity 7 may be configured to perform the above step s e.g. by comprising one or more processors 30 and memory 3 1, the memory 3 1 containing in struction s executable by the processor 30 , whereby the network entity 7 is operative to perform the step s. In an embodiment thu s, a network entity is provided for enabling improved efficiency in a first communication s network. The network entity comprises one or more processors and memory, the memory containing in structions executable by the processor, whereby the network entity is operative to: obtain data relating to users having a subscription with the first operator and data relating to users having a subscription with the second operator, determine, based on the obtained data, a first metric IAB giving number of u sers roaming to the first operator from the second operator and a second metric OAB giving number of u sers roaming from the first operator to the second operator, and provide the first and second metrics IAB, OAB as relation metrics to a network device of the first communication s network for u se in improving efficiency in the first communication s network. In an embodiment, the network entity 7 is configured to determining the first and second metrics IAB , OAB , by u sing equation s: j _ aRin _A , RAB _J_ ^ _\

A ^{B ~} (aRin _A +S _AB ) ^Rin _A ^{AB LJ} ^Rout _A +S _BA ) Rout _A ^{Aa j}

In the above equation s: IAB is the number of u sers roaming to the first operator A from the second operator B.

OAB is the number of u sers roaming from the first operator A to the second operator B.

Rm is the number of u sers roaming to the first operator A from the second operator B and u sing at least one service, Rout is the number of u sers roaming from the first operator to the second operator and using at least one service.

SA is the number of silent u sers roaming to the first operator from the second operator.

RAB is the number of u sers roaming to the first operator from the second operator. a is a constant relating to cost of handling roaming u sers. β is a constant relating to cost of handling users having subscription with the first operator A.

C _AB is a constant relating to fees for the first operator A of users roaming to the second operator B. In an embodiment, the network entity 7 is configured to improve efficiency by improving one or more of: use of communication resources, quality of services for users, availability of services and revenue for the first operator A.

The present teachings also encompass a computer program 32 for a network entity 7 for enabling improved efficiency in a first communications network. The computer program 32 comprises computer program code, which, when executed on at least one processor on the network entity 7, causes the network entity 7 to perform the method 20 according to any of the described embodiments.

The present teachings also encompass computer program products 31 for a network entity for enabling improved efficiency in a first communications network. The computer program product 3 1 comprises the computer program 32 for implementing the embodiments of the methods as described, and a computer readable means on which the computer program 32 is stored. The computer program product, or the memory, thus comprises instructions executable by the processor 30. Such

instructions may be comprised in a computer program, or in one or more software modules or function modules. The computer program product 3 1 may, as mentioned earlier, be any combination of random access memory (RAM) or read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, magnetic tape, Compact Disc (CD)-ROM, digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu-ray disc etc.

Figure 9 illustrates a network entity comprising function modules/ software modules for implementing embodiments of the present teachings. The function modules can be implemented using software instructions such as computer program executing in a processor and/ or using hardware, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays, discrete logical components etc., and any combination thereof. Processing circuitry may be provided, which may be adaptable and in particular adapted to perform any of the steps of the method 20 that has been described in various embodiments. A network entity is provided for enabling improved efficiency in a first communication s network based on relation metrics on a relation between a first operator of the first communications network and a second operator of a second communications network. The network entity comprises first module 4 1 for obtaining data relating to u sers having a subscription with the first operator and data relating to users having a subscription with the second operator. Such first module 41 may, for instance, comprise receiving circuitry for receiving the obtained data relating to users, and/ or processing circuitry adapted to obtain such data, e.g. by a request operation . The network entity comprises second module 42 for determining, based on the obtained data, a first metric IAB giving number of u sers roaming to the first operator from the second operator and a second metric OAB giving number of u sers roaming from the first operator to the second operator. Such second module 42 may, for in stance, comprise processing circuitry adapted to determine such first and second metrics.

The network entity comprises third module 43 for providing the first and second metrics IAB, OAB as relation metrics to a network device of the first communication s network for u se in improving efficiency in the first communications network. Such third module 43 may, for in stance, comprise tran smitting circuitry for tran smitting such first and second metrics .

It is noted that one or more of the modules 41, 42, 43 may be replaced by units.

Figure 10 illu strates a flow chart over steps of an embodiment of a method in a network device in accordance with the present teachings . The method 50 is provided of improving efficiency in a first communications network 10 A based on a metric on a relation between a first operator A of the first communication s network 10 A and a second operator B of a second communications network 10 A, 10B. The method 50 is performed in a network device 9A of the first communications network 10 A.

The method 50 comprises providing 51, to a network entity 7, data relating to u sers having a subscription with the first operator A. The method 50 comprises receiving 52, from the network entity 7, a first metric IAB giving number of u sers roaming to the first operator A from the second operator B and a second metric OAB giving number of u sers roaming from the first operator A to the second operator B.

The method 50 comprises adapting 53 , based on the received first and second metrics IAB, OAB, at least one parameter in the first communication s network 10 A. By adapting 53 one or more of the parameter the efficiency in the first communication s network 10 A can be improved in view of, for in stance, resource utilization, u ser experience, quality of services, and/ or obtained revenue.

In an embodiment, the at least one parameter is one or more of: cost of a service, number of communication resources, quality of services for u sers, availability of services, number of services, number of roaming u sers using a service in the first communications network lOA and number of silent u sers in the first communications network 10 A.

In various embodiments, the method 50 comprises receiving, from the network entity 7, a set of relation metrics /A/, OAJ for each operator j with which the first operator A has a roaming agreement.

In various embodiments, the method 50 comprises minimizing number of silent users roaming to the first operator A from one or more operators j with which the first operator A has a roaming agreement, by adapting 53 one or more of: cost of a service, cost of roaming and available communication resources . In various embodiments, the method 50 comprises determining the number of silent users roaming in the first communications network 10 A based at least on the received first and second metrics IAB, OAB, and wherein the adapting 53 comprises adapting one or both of the number of services provided in the first communications network lOA and the number of silent u sers in the first communication s network 10 A such as to balance at least the first metric IAB and the second metric OAB-

In various embodiments, the adapting 53 comprises adapting number of

communication resources in the first communication s network 10A such as to balance the first metric IAB and the second metric OAB-

Figure 11 illu strates schematically a network device and means for implementing embodiments of the method in accordance with the present teachings. The network device 9A may, for instance, be a server, a virtual server or a virtual machine. The network device 9A may comprise a processor 60 comprising any combination of one or more of a central processing unit (CPU), multiprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), application specific integrated circuit etc. capable of executing software instructions stored in a memory 61 which can thu s be a computer program product. The processor 60 can be configured to execute any of the variou s embodiments of the method 50 for instance as described in relation to figure 10.

The memory 61 of the network device 9A can be any combination of read and write memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, magnetic tape,

Compact Disc (CD)-ROM, digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu-ray disc etc. The memory 61 may also comprise persistent storage, which, for example, can be any single one or combination of magnetic memory, optical memory, solid state memory or even remotely mounted memory. The network device 9A may comprise an interface 63 for communication with other devices and/ or entities . The interface 63 may, for instance, comprise a protocol stack, for communication with other devices or entities . The interface may be u sed for receiving data input and for outputting data.

The network device 9A may comprise additional processing circuitry 64 for implementing the variou s embodiments according to the present teachings.

A network device 9 A of a first communications network 10 A is provided for improving efficiency in the first communication s network lOA based on a metric on a relation between a first operator A of the first communication s network 10 A and a second operator B of a second communications network 10 A, 10B. The network device 9A is configured to:

- provide, to a network entity 7, data relating to users having a subscription with the first operator A,

- receive, from the network entity 7, a first metric IAB giving number of users roaming to the first operator A from the second operator B and a second metric OAB giving number of users roaming from the first operator A to the second operator B, and - adapt, based on the received first and second metrics IAB, OAB, at least one parameter in the first communications network 10 A.

The network device 9A may be configured to perform the above step s e.g. by comprising one or more processors 60 and memory 61, the memory 61 containing in struction s executable by the processor 60 , whereby the network device 9 A is operative to perform the step s. In an embodiment thu s, a network device is provided for improving efficiency in a first communications network. The network device comprises one or more processors and memory, the memory containing instruction s executable by the processor, whereby the network entity is operative to: provide, to a network entity, data relating to u sers having a subscription with the first operator; receive, from the network entity, a first metric IAB giving number of u sers roaming to the first operator from the second operator and a second metric OAB giving number of users roaming from the first operator to the second operator; and adapt, based on the received first and second metrics IAB, OAB, at least one parameter in the first communications network.

In an embodiment, the at least one parameter is one or more of: cost of a service, number of communication resources, quality of services for u sers, availability of services, number of services, number of roaming u sers using a service in the first communications network lOA and number of silent u sers in the first communications network 10 A.

In various embodiments, the network device 9A is configured to receive, from the network entity 7, a set of relation metrics IAJ, OAJ for each operator j with which the first operator A has a roaming agreement.

In various embodiments, the network device 9A is configured to minimize number of silent u sers roaming to the first operator A from one or more operators j with which the first operator A has a roaming agreement, by adapting 53 one or more of cost of a service, cost of roaming and available communication resources .

In various embodiments, the network device 9A is configured to determine the number of silent u sers roaming in the first communication s network 10 A based at least on the received first and second metrics IAB, OAB, and wherein the adapting 53 comprises adapting one or both of the number of services provided in the first communications network lOA and the number of silent u sers in the first communications network 10A such as to balance at least the first metric IAB and the second metric OAB-

In various embodiments, the network device 9A is configured to adapt by adapting number of communication resources in the first communication s network 10A such as to balance the first metric IAB and the second metric OAB-

The present teachings also encompass a computer program 62 for a network device 9A for improving efficiency in a first communications network. The computer program 62 comprises computer program code, which, when executed on at least one processor on the network device 9A, cau ses the network device 9A to perform the method 50 according to any of the described embodiments.

The present teachings also encompass computer program products 61 for a network device for improving efficiency in a first communications network. The computer program product 61 comprises the computer program 62 for implementing the embodiments of the methods as described, and a computer readable means on which the computer program 62 is stored . The computer program product, or the memory, thu s comprises instructions executable by the processor 60. Such instructions may be comprised in a computer program, or in one or more software modules or function modules . The computer program product 61 may, as mentioned earlier, be any combination of random access memory (RAM) or read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, magnetic tape, Compact Disc (CD)-ROM, digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu- ray disc etc.

Figure 12 illu strates a network device comprising function modules/ software modules for implementing embodiments of the present teachings . The function modules can be implemented u sing software in structions such as computer program executing in a processor and/ or u sing hardware, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays, discrete logical components etc., and any combination thereof. Processing circuitry may be provided, which may be adaptable and in particular adapted to perform any of the step s of the method 50 that has been described in variou s embodiments. The network device comprises a first module 71 for providing, to a network entity, data relating to u sers having a subscription with the first operator A. Such first module 71 may, for in stance, comprise transmitting circuitry for transmitting such first and second metrics, thereby providing the data relating to u sers . The network device comprises a second module 72 for receiving, from the network entity, a first metric IAB giving number of u sers roaming to the first operator A from the second operator B and a second metric OAB giving number of u sers roaming from the first operator A to the second operator B. Such second module 72 may, for in stance, comprise receiving circuitry and/ or processing circuitry adapted for receiving such metrics .

The network device comprises a third module 73 for adapting, based on the received first and second metrics IAB, OAB, at least one parameter in the first communication s network. Such third module 73 may, for instance, comprise processing circuitry adapted for performing such adaptation of the at least one parameter. It is noted that one or more of the modules 71, 72, 73 may be replaced by units.

The invention has mainly been described herein with reference to a few

embodiments . However, as is appreciated by a person skilled in the art, other embodiments than the particular ones disclosed herein are equally possible within the scope of the invention , as defined by the appended patent claims .