Ib
Villy
Ib
Villy
| 1. | A method of erecting the outer walls of a building so that they maintain stay temperature inside the building with a minimum energy consumption, both when the ambient temperature is low and when it is high, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i z e d by erecting the outer walls of the building from metal plates, in particular steel or iron plates, as a loadbearing structure, which extends a distance down into the constant heat area of the earth, and which are insulated interiorly on the upper portion to slightly below ground level with a high insulation value. |
| 2. | A method according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that the lower portion of the metal plates from half above ground level is thicker or is supplemented by additional metal plates. |
| 3. | A method according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that the lower portion of the metal plates from above ground level is even thicker or is supple¬ mented by further metal plates. |
| 4. | A method according to any of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d by digging an insulation layer into the ground, said insulation layer extending from the area where the metal plates of the building go down into the earth, and extending away from the building. |
| 5. | A method according to any of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d by also insulating the building on the outer side of the metal plates above ground level. |
| 6. | A building, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that its outer walls consist of metal plates, in particular steel or iron plates, which extend a distance down into the con¬ stant heat area of the ground, and which are insulated on the inner side on the upper portion to slightly below ground level with a high insulation value. |
| 7. | A building according to claim 6, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that the lower portion of the metal plates from half above ground level is thicker or is supplemented by additional metal plates. |
| 8. | A building according to claim 7, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that the lower portion of the metal plages from k above ground level is even thicker or is supple¬ mented by further metal plates. |
| 9. | A building according to any of claims 68, c h a ¬ r a c t e r i z e d in that an insulation layer is pre¬ sent in the ground, said insulation layer extending from the area where the metal plates from the building go down into the ground, and extending away from the building. |
| 10. | A building according to any of claims 69, c h a ¬ r a c t e r i z e d in that the building is also insu¬ lated on the outer side of the metal plates above ground level. |
The invention concerns a method of the type stated in the introductory portion of claim 1.
The object of the invention is to provide a method of erecting the outer walls of a building so that with a minimum consumption of energy - corresponding to the free heat from a few individuals, use of refrigerators, freezers, TV and consumption of electricity for lighting purposes - a stay temperature is maintained inside the building, both when the ambient temperature is low like in the winter, and when it is high like in the summer.
The term stay temperature is taken to mean room tempera¬ ture, about 20°C, in case of dwellings, and of course other temperatures in case of buildings for domestic ani- mals or cold stores.
The stated object is obtained according to the invention in that the method stated in the opening paragraph is cha¬ racterized by the features defined in the characterizing portion of claim 1.
As stated, the load-bearing steel plates of the building extend a distance down into the constant heat area of the earth. For the Danish climate, this means ' that the steel plates extend 1-1.5 m down into the ground, while, if the building is to be erected e.g. at Thule, they are to ex¬ tend considerably further down.
The steel plates, which may form the load-bearing struc- ture of the building instead of traditional structures of e.g. bricks and concrete, serve as heat conductors to and
from the earth volume or earth magazine lying below the building.
In the summer the heat passes through the steel down into the earth in a depth with a prevailing temperature of ÷8°C and is stored there. This results in a very significant increase in the temperature in the earth magazine.
In the winter, where we need supply of heat, the heat goes the other way up through the steel plates, from the earth and upwardly toward the roof. An average temperature for the year is maintained in this manner in the steel plates.
It is thus clear that there is a very great temperature difference between the surface temperature in the outer walls of traditional buildings and the surface temperature in the steel plates on a cold winter day.
In case of a temperature in a winter night of e.g. -4°C in the surface of an outer wall and thus a temperature diffe¬ rence of 24°C to a stay temperature of 20°C, and the stated temperature of -4°C is compared with the +8°C of the steel plate originating from the heat in the earth magazine, the steel plate entails that the temperature difference will only be 12°C, and it is this feature which entails that energy consumption for heating is avoided.
From this starting point, the +8°C of the steel plate, the building is insulated to the desired stay temperature of e.g. 20°C inside the building, this temperature being maintained by the free heat (the amount of heat liberated by the inhabitants together with domestic appliances, light, radio, TV, etc.). Thus, it does not matter whether the building is erected in the northern part of Norway or in Sahara, the thickness of insulation being merely regu¬ lated. In Denmark, a thickness of insulation corresponding
to about 40 cm mineral wool thickness will be suitable for maintaining a desired temperature. This insulation thick¬ ness will thus maintain the 20°C because of the free heat liberated inside the building, and because the steel plates, as mentioned, are kept at +8°C by means of the heat from the earth magazine, even though the ambient tem¬ perature is -4°C.
In case of a severe winter which does not follow a warm summer, there will be a heat energy supply deficiency at the end of the winter. The heat of the earth, which is +8°C in Denmark, as mentioned, is used for balancing this heat deficiency. In case of an extended cold period of 10°C in a very severe winter calculations show that the temperature of the steel plates can be lowered to +2.8°C, e.g. still above zero, whereas in case of traditional buildings ;the -10°C would have penetrated far into the outer walls.
In case of high summer temperatures with great incident sunlight the steel plates, as mentioned, conduct the heat down into the earth and thereby contribute to keeping down the temperature in the interior of the building. The structure thus acts as air condition.
The steel plates do not have a great effect at mean tem¬ peratures, but the effects occur at the high and the low temperatures, the latter being of great importance in Den¬ mark in the winter.
Additional advantages are obtained according to the inven¬ tion because the load-bearing structure of the building is steel plates in contrast to the traditional building mate¬ rials. This results in a great reduction in the costs of erecting the building. To this should be added that ini¬ tial expenditure' on furnace installations, radiators,
pumps and equipment is saved. Further, the annual heating expenditure on oil, gas or electricity is saved. In this connection, however, the most important aspect is that the invention provides for complete elimination of air polu- tion from our shimneys.
A supplementary advantage of this steel structure is that it is proof against collapse, which is important in the earthquake regions. Buildings, where the length, i.e. the diagonal, does not exceed 30 m, do not collapse in case of earthquakes, because the steel plates react in unison.
As stated in claim 2 and in claim 3, the metal plates may be supplemented from a distance above ground level to a distance below ground level so as to achieve a better heat transport to and from the earth. These additional metal plates may optionally be bent slightly from the load-bear¬ ing metal plate in the ground, so that they obtain contact with or ' thermal coupling to other parts of the earth, which is a poor heat conductor.
The insulation layer mentioned in claim 4 can contribute to increasing the temperature in the earth magazine, and this also reduces the transmission loss through the floor in the winter. The insulation layer suitably has an extent of 1.5 m and extends in practice obliquely downwardly from the building owing to the rainwater.
As stated in claim 5, it may be expedient to insulate the building on the exterior of the metal plates above ground level. This may contribute to reducing the temperature of the metal plate on very hot days, so that the temperature inside the building does not get to high, and so that the plates do not expand because of direct incident sunlight. Further, this also reduces the need for thermal energy from the earth magazine to keep the correct temperature in
the steel plates in the winter.
The invention also concerns a building. This building is characterized by the features defined in the characteriz- ing portion of claim 6 and by the additional characte¬ ristics stated in claims 7-10.
The invention will be explained more fully below with re¬ ference to the drawing, whose sole figure shows a vertical section through part of a building according to the inven¬ tion.
The building 1 shown in the drawing consists of a load- bearing structure of steel plates 2, which are 12 mm thick in the chosen example. The steel plates 2 extend from the ceiling 3 of the building and are dug or pressed about 1- 1.5 m down below the surface of the ground 4.
The steel plates have a suitable width and are intercon- nected with vertical sealing joints so that they cannot expand or contract in case of changes in temperature. Of course, openings are cut in the steel plates for windows and doors.
On the inner side of the steel plates 2 there is attached an insulation 5 with an insulation value as desired, ob- tionally corresponding to 40 cm mineral wool, which ex¬ tends a distance below a floor 6, said distance suitably corresponding to the thickness of the insulation (not shown) below the floor 6.
An insulation layer 7 of a suitable thickness, here 60 cm, is provided on top of the ceiling 3.
An additional steel plate 8 with a thickness of 6 mm is attached exteriorly to the steel plate 2. The steel plate
8 extends from about half above ground level, in this case 1.15 m, to just as much below ground level.
A further steel plate 9 with a thickness of 6 mm is attached exteriorly to the steel plate 8. The steel plate
9 extends from about above ground level, in this case 55 cm, to just as much below ground level.
An insulation layer 10, which corresponds to 40 mm mineral wool thickness in the shown example, is attached to the outer side of the steel plates 2, 8 and 9.
An insulation layer 11, corresponding to e.g. 30 cm mine¬ ral wool thickness is dug into the ground. The insulation layer 11 extends from the area where the steel plates 2, 8 and 9 of the building 1 go down into the ground. The insu¬ lation layer 11 has an extent of about 1.5 m away from the building and extends obliquely downwardly owing to rain¬ water.
An angle-iron foundation (not shown) may be hurried in the ground below the upper edge of the steel plates ' 2. The lower edges of the steel plates 2 may be supported in this foundation in the right angle of the angle irons so that the building does not sink.
To protect the steel structure against corrosion, low electric power of e.g. 40 watts is used, which is fully sufficient.
The invention may also be utilized in connection with existing buildings, it being possible to cover the exte¬ rior of the existing building with metal plates extending a distance down into the constant heat area of the earth. The existing building then fully or partially constitute the insulation of the metal plates on the inner sides. Of
course, openings are cut in the metal plates in alignment with windows and doors in the existing building, if the windows and the doors are to be maintained. Further, the metal plates mounted on the building may be insulated on the outer side above ground level if desired.