The present invention belongs to the technical field of metal cutting. More specifically the present invention belongs to the field of gen erating control command data for controlling a CNC-lathe to perform a turning operation by means of a turning tool.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND PRIOR ART

The present invention refers to a method to generating control command data for controlling a CNC-lathe. Turning is a form of metal cutting, which commonly is made using a computerized nu merical control (CNC) lathe. A metal blank is clamped by clamping means, such as jaws, and the metal blank is rotated by means of a spindle. The CNC-lathe typically comprises one or more machine interfaces, to which turning tools can be removeably clamped. The turning tool commonly comprises a turning insert, typically made from a wear resistant material such as cemented carbide. During the actual cutting, the turning tool is moved in relation to the metal work piece. This relative movement is called feed. The movement of the turning tool can be in a direction parallel to a rotational axis of the metal blank, this is commonly called longitudinal feed or axial feed. The movement of the turning tool can furthermore be in a di rection perpendicular to the rotational axis of the metal blank, this is commonly called radial feed or facing. Other angles of movement, or feed directions, are also possible, this is commonly known as copying or copyturning. The sequence from going into cut to going out of cut is known as a pass. The total of the passes made by one specific turning tool for removing a volume of material from a metal blank can be called a tool path. The tool path corresponds to the instructions or commands. Normally, a volume of material can be removed in many different ways. For example, the commands may differ with respect to factors such as feed direction, cutting depth, feed, cutting speed. Although a volume of material can be removed in numerous ways, not all ways are equal with respect to factors such as machining time, tool life, chip breaking. There is therefore a need for guidance in how to wisely select the command data.

A method for generating control command data for controlling a CNC-lathe to perform a turning operation by means of a turning tool is described in US 2016/0089760 A1 . In Fig. 4, it is explained that the cutting depth should be set to be a value greater than the nose radius of the turning insert.

Flowever, the inventors have found that there is a further need to generate command data in order for improving the result of the metal removal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a primary objective of the present invention to provide an im proved method for generating control command data. Especially, one objective is to improve how to select cutting depth.

This objective is achieved according to a method for generating control command data for controlling a CNC-lathe to perform a turn ing operation by means of a turning tool, the method comprises the steps of: selecting a representation of a metal blank; selecting a representation of a turning tool; selecting a volume of material from the metal blank to be removed by means of the turning tool, said volume being limited by an inner surface and an outer surface, said metal blank being limited by a peripheral surface, wherein the pe ripheral surface comprises the outer surface; and, based on the above, generating control command data for: commanding the turn ing tool to perform a first turning pass and a second turning pass, wherein the first and second turning passes are parallel or sub stantially parallel, wherein the first turning pass includes turning of the peripheral surface, wherein a maximum cutting depth of a sec- ond turning pass is greater than a maximum cutting depth for the first turning pass.

By such a method, the tool life can be improved. Since the outer surface is part of the peripheral surface of the blank, machining this surface may lead to more tool wear. This is because that a skin of a blank may be harder and/or having a more uneven surface.

The method is for generating control command data, such as NC- code (numerical control code), for controlling a CNC-lathe to per- form a metal-working turning operation by means of a turning tool. In other words, the method is for generating a turning tool path for a CNC-lathe. In this context, a CNC-lathe is any CNC machine tool sutable to perform a turning operation by means of a turning tool. The CNC-lathe comprises a machine interface to which machine interface a turning tool is connected or connectable.

The method may include the step of importing an electronic CAD (computer aided design) model, such as a STEP-file or a IGS-file, of a machined object, i.e. a desired shape of the blank after the turning operation. In other words, the method may include the method of importing a representation of a machined object.

A representation of a metal blank is selected. A representation of the metal blank may preferably be imported, preferably in the form of a CAD model, such as a STEP-file (such as defined in e.g. ISO 10303-21 ) or a IGS-file. Said representation may preferably be ob tained through a step of a geometry measurement of a physical metal blank, preferably by means of a coordinate measuring ma- chine (CMM). The metal blank is limited by a peripheral surface.

A representation of a turning tool is selected. Preferably, the turning tool is selected from an electronic tool library which preferably is a representation of turning tools from a tool magazine connected to or part of the CNC-lathe.

Said turning tool may be selected manually or automatically.

Said turning tool is preferably selected with account taken to geo metrical and other limitations such as the shape of the turning tool, the shape of the inner surface, the shape of the machined object, requirements for surface quality of the machined object, the orienta- tion of the turning tool in relation to the metal blank, the orientation of the machine interface, the geometry of means for for clamping the metal blank to a spindle of the CNC-lathe, the material of the metal blank etc.

The turning tool is selected to be suitable for machining in a direc- tion from the below defined start position to the below defined end position, along the inner surface.

The turning tool preferably comprise a tool body and a turning insert mounted in an insert seat of the tool body. The tool body is mount ed in, or connected to the CNC-lathe.

The turning insert preferably comprises a first cutting edge, a sec ond cutting edge and a convex nose cutting edge connecting the first and second cutting edges. Preferably, a nose angle formed be tween the first and second cutting edges is less than or equal to 85° in a top view. The nose cutting edge may have a shape of a circular arc, or may have a shape that deviates slightly from a perfect circu lar arc. The nose cutting edge preferably has a radius of curvature of 0.2-2.0 mm. The first and second cutting edges are preferably straight in a top view. Alternatively, the first and second cutting edges can be slightly convex or concave, with a radius of curvature that is more than two times greater, and preferably more than ten times greater, than the radius of curvature of the convex nose cut- ting edge.

The inner surface is formed solely or at least to the greatest extent or at least partly by the nose cutting edge. The inner surface is a rotationally symmetrical around a rotational axis A1.

The first cutting edge is preferably arranged or orientated to be ac- tive at an entering angle of 10-45°, preferably 20-40°. The entering angle is the angle between the feed direction and the active cutting edge, which in this case is first cutting edge.

A volume of material to be removed from the metal blank by means of the turning tool is selected.

It is not necessary that said volume is selected after the turning tool is selected. In other words, the method may include the steps of se lecting the turning tool prior to selecting the volume, or the method may include the steps of selecting the volume prior to selecting the turning tool.

Said volume being limited by an inner surface, where said ma chined object preferably comprises the inner surface, and an outer surface, wherein the peripheral surface of the metal blank compris es the outer surface. A distance from the machined object to the outer surface is greater than a distance from the machined object to the inner surface.

Said volume is selected such that said volume can be removed us ing the selected turning tool.

The turning operation is for removing at least a portion of said vol ume.

An end position is preferably selected. The end position is defined as a point or section along the inner surface where the turning tool is positioned when said volume has been removed.

The turning tool is commanded or controlled to perform a first, i.e. intial, turning pass and a second, i.e. subsequent, turning pass. The second turning pass is performed after the first turning pass. A turn ing pass is defined chronologically as the time between going into cut and going out of cut. The first and second turning passes are spaced apart and parallel or substantially parallel. Each of the first and second turning passes are at least partly linear.

The first turning pass includes turning of the peripheral surface. Preferably, during the second turning pass a volume of material is removed which is between the inner surface and a volume of mate rial removed during the first turning pass.

The method preferably comprises the step of selecting a maximum cutting depth for the turning tool.

The method preferably comprises the step of selecting a recom mended cutting depth for the turning tool.

A maximum, i.e. greatest, cutting depth of a second turning pass is greater than a maximum, i.e. greatest, cutting depth for the first turning pass.

The respective maximum cutting depths for the first and second turning passes, respectively, are each preferably less than or equal to the recommended cutting depth for the turning tool.

The method preferably comprises the step of arranging the turning tool such that the second cutting edge forms a back clearance an- gle which preferably is more than 90°, preferably more than 100°, during at least a portion of the turning pass. The second cutting edge is a trailing edge. In other words, the angle between the feed direction, i.e. the direction of movement of the turning insert, and the second cutting edge is preferably less than 90°, preferably less than 80°.

The maximum cutting depth of second turning pass is preferably less than or equal to the recommended cutting depth for the turning tool.

Preferably, the method comprises the further steps of: selecting a maximum cutting depth for the turning tool; and selecting the maxi mum cutting depth for the second turning pass and the maximum cutting depth for the first turning pass to each be less than or equal to the maximum cutting depth for the turning tool. In other words, the cutting depth during the first and second turning passes, prefer- ably during all turning passes, is less than or equal to the selected maximum cutting depth of the turning tool. A maximum cutting depth for the turning tool, i.e. a upper threshold or upper threshold function for the turning tool, is selected. The maximum cutting depth is the upper threshold or upper threshold function for the turning tool depending of a feed direction of the turning tool, taking the shape of the inner surface and the orienta tion of the turning tool into consideration. The maximum cutting depth can be understtod as a distance away from and perpendicular to the inner surface.

The method may preferably include the step of selecting a recom- mended cutting depth for the turning tool. Said recommended cut ting depth may be equal to or preferably less than the maximum cutting depth for the turning tool.

The maximum cutting depth or upper threshold function may prefer ably be selected to correspond to a point along the first cutting edge or along the second cutting edge.

The maximum cutting depth may be selected to one specific value, for longitudinal turning in one direction of movement (feed direc tion), and a different value for longitudinal turning in an opposite direction. For one or more feed directions, the value may be zero. Thus, the maximum cutting depth can be understood as an upper threshold function which depend on the direction of feed.

Preferably, the method comprises the step of selecting a recom mended cutting depth for the turning tool.

The method comprises the step of selecting a maximum cutting depth for the second turning pass and a maximum cutting depth for the first turning pass to each be less than or equal to the maximum cutting depth for the turning tool.

Preferably, the maximum cutting depth for the second turning pass is equal to the recommended cutting depth.

The first and second turning passes may be linear, such as e.g. parallel to a rotational axis of the metal blank.

The cutting depth for the first and second turning passes, respec tively, may be constant.

Preferably, the second turning pass includes machining a cylindrical surface, wherein said cylindrical surface is longer, measured along a rotational axis of the metal blank, than all other metal cylindrical surfaces which form part of the inner surface. According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further steps of: selecting the volume of material such that the inner sur face comprises at least one part surface which is cylindrical, conical or planar; calculating respective lengths of the part surfaces; setting a base line along the longest of the above lengths and commanding the turning tool to move at least partly along or parallel to the base line during the first and second turning passes. The inner surface comprises at least one part surface or sub surface which is either cylindrical, i.e. all points at a constant dis tance from the rotational axis of the metal blank; conical, i.e. all points at a linearly increasing or decreasing distance from the rota tional axis of the metal blank; or planar, i.e. in a plane.

Said lengths are measured along a rotational axis of the metal blank if the surface is cylindrical, perpendicular to said rotational axis if the surface is planar, and along the envelope surface and towards the rotational axis if the surface is conical.

A base line, i.e. a virtual line, is set or selected along the longest of the above lengths.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further step of: commanding the turning tool to form the part surface associated with the base line during the second turning pass.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further steps of: commanding the turning tool to remove the volume of ma terial through a sequence of turning passes, wherein a maximum cutting depth for the turning pass associated with the base line is greater than a maximum cutting depth for the first turning pass.

The first turning pass is preferably the turning pass associated with the most outer line. The maximum cutting depth for the turning pass associated with the base line is measured perpendicular to the sur- face associated with the base line.

The respective maximum cutting depths for the all turning passes after the first turning pass until the turning pass associated with the base line are less than or equal to the maximum cutting depth of the turning tool, preferably equal to the recommended cutting depth for the turning tool.

The method preferably comprises the steps of selecting a minimum cutting depth for the turning tool, and selecting the respective cut ting depths for all turning passes to be greater than or equal to the minimum cutting depth of the cutting tool.

According to an embodiment, the turning passes are parallel or at least partly parallel.

Preferably, said parallel turning passes are spaced apart by a dis tance which is equal to the recommended cutting depth of the turn ing tool.

Preferably, the method comprising the further step of:

commanding the turning tool to move in the same direction during at least two or more, preferably all, of the turning passes.

By such a method, a tool path may be generated or chosen in an easy way.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further steps of: selecting a minimum cutting depth for the turning tool, se lecting a recommended cutting depth for the turning tool, selecting respective cutting depths for each of the turning passes, starting from the first turning pass, as equal to:

the recommended cutting depth of the turning tool

if

the maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line MODULO recommended cutting depth for the turning tool is greater than or equal to the minimum cutting depth for the turning tool;

or if not, equal to:

the maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line

divided by

FLOOR [maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line divided by the recommended cutting depth of the turning tool] if (the maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line divided by

FLOOR [maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line divided by the recommended cutting depth of the turning tool]) is less than or equal to the maximum cutting depth for the turning tool; or if not, equal to:

[the maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line minus the minimum cutting depth for the turning tool]

divided by

FLOOR [the maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line divided by the recommended cutting depth for the turning tool];

where MODULO is an operator that finds the remainder after divi sion of one number by another, and

where FLOOR is a function that takes as input a real number and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to said real number.

The parentheses“(““)” above have been added in order to clarify the calculations. The subject-matter within the parentheses should therefore not be understood as optional or likewise.

By such a method, the machining time can be reduced and/or the chip breaking can be improved. The above formula or flow chart is a method for calculating cutting depths for parallel turning passes, starting from the first i.e. most outer pass. Thereafter, the turning tool is commanded to machine each pass at the calculated depth of cut. The maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line is to be understood as the dis- tance from the base line to the outer surface, or, if the outer surface has been machined, to the border between machined and un machined volume of material.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further step of: reducing a feed rate when going out of cut.

By such a method, the tool life can be improved. The feed rate is thus reduced for at least one, preferably more than one turning pass. Feed rate is normally measured in millimeters per revolution. Preferably the reducing of feed rate starts between 1 and 10 mm, more preferably 2 - 8 mm, before going out of cut. Preferably, the feed rate is reduced by 10 - 70 %, more preferably 20 - 50 %, compared to a feed rate before a selected feed rate, i.e. the feed rate before reduction. According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further step of: commanding the turning tool to go into cut along an arc during at least one of the turning passes.

By such a method, the tool life can be improved.

Said arc is preferably tangent to the inner surface and is preferably tangent to the direction which the turning tool moves away from the inner surface.

Preferably, said arc is a circular arc. Preferably, said circular arc has a radius of curvature thereof which is 1 - 10 mm, even more preferably 2 - 5 mm.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further step of: selecting the inner surface such that the inner surface comprises a 90° corner.

The nose angel of less than or equal to 85° give the advantage that a 90° corner, i.e. two wall surfaces being perpendicular to each other, can be machined with one nose portion of the turning insert, without any reorientation of the turning insert. The two wall surfaces comprises one flat surface which is perpendicular to the rotational axis, and one surface having a constant distance in relation to the rotational axis.

The method preferably comprises the step of commanding the turn- ing tool to move away from said flat surface.

A 90° corner in this context is a 90° corner which preferably is an external corner formed on or at an external or outer surface of a metal work piece, such that the cylindrical wall or cylindrical sur face, preferably aolong or parallel to the base line, is facing away from the rotational axis. This is in contrast to any corner which may be formed on or at an internal or inner surface inside a bore con- centric with the rotational axis. The circular or curved segment is in a cross section in a plane comprising the rotational axis in the shape of an arc, in the shape of a quarter of a circle or a quarter of a shape which is substantially a circle, which has the same radius of curvature as the nose cutting edge of the turning insert. The cir- cular or curved segment alternatively has a greater radius of curva ture than the nose cutting edge of the turning insert.

The method preferably comprises the step of commanding the turn ing tool to move away from said 90° corner. According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further steps of: selecting a chip thickness value for the turning tool, and selecting a feed rate such that the feed rate is equal to the chip thickness value divided by the sinus function of an entering angle, where the entering angle is defined as an angle between a direction of feed and a main cutting edge of the turning tool.

Said chip thickness value may be selected manually, or may prefer ably be imported from a database, preferably with the material of the metal blank taken into account.

Said feed rate is a recommended feed rate for the turning tool.

In other words, the method comprises the step of commanding the turning tool to move in a speed in relation to the rotation of the met al blank and in relation to the direction of feed according to the cal culation above. Feed rate is preferably set in millimeters per revolu- tion. The chip thickness value is preferably set in millimeters.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further step of: commanding the turning tool to move in a direction away from the inner surface towards the outer surface during at least one of the first and second turning passes. The turning tool is preferably commanded to move away from the inner surface the turning tool is commanded to move away from the inner surface as a cutting depth reaches a value which is equal to or greater than recommended cutting depth for the turning tool, or: as the turning tool reaches a predifened position.

Said predefined position is defined as a intersection between the inner surface and one of the above defined lines. When reaching said predefined position, said turning tool is commanded to move away from said predefined position and away from the inner surface along said line.

The turning tool when commanded to move in a direction away from the inner surface is preferably moved along one of the above de fined lines, i.e. the line intersecting the inner surface and in the in- tersection defining said predermined position.

According to an embodiment, the turning tool comprises a tool body and a turning insert mounted in an insert seat of the tool body, wherein the turning insert comprises a first cutting edge, a second cutting edge and a convex nose cutting edge connecting the first and second cutting edges, and wherein a nose angle formed be tween the first and second cutting edges is less than or equal to 85° in a top view. The first cutting edge is an active cutting edge. The second cutting edge is an inactive cutting edge. The second cutting edge is inac tive for all turning passes.

According to an embodiment, the nose cutting edge has a radius of curvature of 0.2-2.0 mm, and wherein the first and second cutting edges are straight in a top view.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises the further step of generating control command data for commanding the turning tool in all turning passes to move either radially, without longitudinal a component, or in the same longitudinal direction. In other words, all passes are either without longitudinal compo nent, i.e. solely or purely radial, i.e. towards the rotational axis and perpendicular to the rotational axis, i.e. facing, or in the same direc tion longitudinally, i.e. with the same longitudinal component, i.e. in the same direction along the rotational axis. In the same direction longitudinally should therefore be understood as either profiling, comprising both a radial and a longitudinal component, or only with a longitudinal component, i.e. parallel to the rotational axis. To clarify, all turning passes are either radially or in the same longitu- dinal direction or a combination of thereof.

According to an embodiment, a computer program is provided com prising control command data for controlling a CNC-lathe to perform a turning operation, generated according to any of the above de- scribed methods.

According to an embodiment, a computer program is provided for generating command data by a any of the above described meth ods.

Said computer program is preferably a CAM software.

An aspect of the invention relates to a method for partitioning, or dividing, a volume of material from a representation of a metal blank into sub-portions, said volume being limited by an inner sur face and an outer surface, said metal blank being limited by a pe ripheral surface, the peripheral surface comprises the outer surface, comprising the steps of: identifying part surfaces of the inner sur face which are cylindrical, conical or planar; calculating respective lengths of the part surfaces; setting a base line along the longest of the above lengths; arranging lines within the volume of material, wherein said lines are parallel to the base line, wherein said lines represent borders between adjacent sub-portions, and wherein the base line and an outer line adjacent to the base line is spaced apart by a distance which is greater than a perpendicular distance be tween a most outer line and the outer surface. Said volume of material is to be understood as a representation of a volume of a material.

Partitioning the volume of material is a pre-machining step which can assist e.g. a machine operator in selecting a tool path. By parti tioning according to the method above, the first turning pass may have a lower cutting depth than a subsequent pass, thereby improv ing the tool life. This is due to that an outer surface may have varia tions in diameter and/or a more difficult surface to machine. The in- ventors have found that having a relatively lower firt cutting depth is advantageous with respect to tool life, i.e. tool wear or insert wear.

According to an aspect of the invention, the method for partitioning, or dividing, a volume of material comprises the further steps of: se- lecting a turning tool, and

selecting a recommended cutting depth for the turning tool, and ar ranging the lines such that a distance between adjacent lines is equal to the recommended cutting depth of the turning tool. Preferably, distances between adjacent lines are constant. Prefera bly, the turning tool comprises a tool body and a turning insert mounted in an insert seat of the tool body, wherein the turning in sert comprises a first cutting edge, a second cutting edge and a convex nose cutting edge connecting the first and second cutting edges, and wherein a nose angle formed between the first and sec ond cutting edges is less than or equal to 85° in a top view. Prefer ably, the nose cutting edge has a radius of curvature of 0.2-2.0 mm, and wherein the first and second cutting edges are straight in a top view.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will now be explained in more detail by a de scription of different embodiments of the invention and by reference to the accompanying drawings.

Fig. 1 is a perspectic view showing a metal blank. Fig. 2 is a perspectic view showing a machined object.

Fig. 3 is a side view showing the machined object in Fig. 2 and a turning tool.

Fig. 4 is a cross section showing a number of passes where the machined object in Fig. 2 is formed from the metal blank in Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 is a cross section showing a number of passes where the machined object in Fig. 2 is formed from a metal blank.

Fig. 6 is a cross section showing a number of passes where a machined object is formed from a metal blank.

Fig. 7 is a cross section showing a number of passes where a machined object is formed from a metal blank.

Fig. 8 is a cross section showing a number of passes where a machined object is formed from a metal blank.

Fig. 9 is a side view showing a machined object and a turning tool.

Fig. 10 is a side view showing a machined object and a turning tool.

Fig. 1 1 is a cross section showing an inner surface and an outer surface.

Fig. 12 is a cross section showing an inner surface and an outer surface.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Reference is made to Fig. 1 , which in a perspective view show a metal blank 2 being limited by a peripheral surface 80, and ratatable around a rotational axis A1. The metal blank 2 may be represented by a 3D model. The metal blank may be from cast ma terial, or from a forged material. The metal blank may be a ma chined object. The metal blank may have a substantially cylindrical shape such as in Fig. 1 , or may have any other shape. For exam ple, the metal blank may comprise a hole, such as a hole concentric around the rotational axis. The peripheral surface 80 comprises an outer surface 4 which is a boundary surface or limit for a volume of material to be removed from the metal blank, thereby forming or generating a machined object.

Reference is now made to Fig. 2, which in a perspective view show a machined object 81 or a machined component. The machined ob- ject 81 may be represented by a 3D model. The machined object 81 is rotatable around a rotational axis A1 , and is symmetrical around the rotational axis A1 . The rotational axis A1 is the same for both the metal blank 2 and the machined object 81. The machined object 81 is made from the metal blank 2 through a turning process, i.e. a metal cutting proces, and the volume of the machined object 81 smaller than the volume of the metal blank 2. The machined object 81 comprises an inner surface 3, where the inner surface 3 is a boundary surface or limit for a volume of material to be removed from the metal blank 2. The inner surface 3 comprises at least part surfaces 21-26 can be cylindrical as for part surfaces 21 , 23 and

25, i.e. all points at a constant distance from the rotational axis A1 of the machined object 81. The part surfaces may be conical, i.e. all points at a linearly increasing or decreasing distance from the rota tional axis of the metal blank, such as part surface 26. The part sur- faces may be in a plane perpendicular to the rotational axis A1 , such as part surfaces 22 and 24. The inner surface may comprise additional part surfaces, such as curved part surfaces.

For each of said part surfaces 21 -26, a respective length 31 -36 can be defined. Said length 31-36 is measured along a rotational axis A1 if the surface is cylindrical, see 31 , 33, and 35; perpendicular to said rotational axis A1 if the surface is planar, see 32 and 34; and along the envelope surface and towards the rotational axis if the surface is conical, see 36. As can be seen, part surface 33 is the longest.

Reference is now made to Fig. 3, which show a machined object 81 from Fig. 2 in a side view, as well as a turning tool 7 connected to a CNC-lathe (not shown) through a machine interface 85. The turning tool 7 comprise a tool body 81 and a turning insert 82 mounted in an insert seat of the tool body 81. The turning insert 82 comprises a main cutting edge 19, a secondary cutting edge 83, and a convex nose cutting edge 84 connecting the first and second cutting edges 19, 83. The nose cutting edge 84 generates the inner surface 3 of the machined object 81. The turning tool 7 comprises a front end and a rear end, whereby a longitudinal axis A2, i.e. a center axis, extends from the front end to the rear end. The rear end is connect- ed to the machine interface. The front end comprises the insert seat. The longitudinal axis A2 is perpendicular to the axis of rotation A1 of the machined object 81 .

The turning insert 82 is mounted in the insert seat such that a bi sector extending equidistantly from the first and second cutting edges forms an angle of 35-55° in relation to the longitudinal axis A2 of the tool body.

In Fig. 3, the turning tool 7 is moved along the inner surface 3, gen erally towards the right hand side, starting from the start position 10 and moving towards the end position 1 1 .

The first cutting edge 19 is an active cutting edge. The second cut ting edge 83 is an inactive cutting edge.

A distance from the longitudinal axis A2 of the turning tool 7 to the first cutting edge 19 is shorter than a distance from the longitudinal axis A2 of the turning tool 7 to the second cutting edge 83. Said dis- tances are measured to corresponding points of the first and sec ond cutting edge 19, 83, respectively, i.e. points at equal distances from the nose cutting edge 84.

A recommended cutting depth 5 for the turning tool 7 when machin ing the inner surface from the start position 10 to the end position 1 1 is illustrated as a dotted line 5. The recommended cutting depth can be understood as a distance 6 away from and perpendicular to the inner surface 3. Said distance 6 may or may not be constant in all directions, such as e.g. different distance horizontally compared to vertically.

In a corresponding manner, minimum cutting depth 9 for the turning tool 7 can be illustrated as a dotted line 9, and the minimum cutting depth 9 for the turning tool 7 can be understood as a distance 85 away from and perpendicular to the inner surface 3.

A maximum cutting depth for the turning tool 7 (not shown) may be understood in a corresponding manner.

Reference is now made to Fig. 4, which show the machined object 81 from Fig. 3 machined using the turning tool (not shown) from Fig. 3. The orientation of the turning tool relative to the rotational axis A1 is as in Fig. 3. The machined object 81 is machined from the metal blank 2 showed in Fig. 1. A volume of material 1 , limited by an outer surface 4 and an inner surface 3 is removed through a number of turning passes 52, 51 , 50, 53, 54. A base line 40 is set such that the base line intersect the longest surface 23. Additional lines 41 , 42, 43 within the volume of material 1 are added. Said lines 40-43 are parallel and spaced apart by a distance equal to the recommended cutting depth 5 of the turning tool 7. Said volume of material 1 is devided into sub-portions 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, where said lines 40-43 represent borders between adjacent sub-portions 70-74. Each of said sub-portions 70-74 is removed through one re- spective turning pass 50-54, in the following order: 52, 51 , 50, 53, 54. Passes 50-53 are all at least partly in the same direction, to wards the right hand side, and are at least partly parallel.

The base line 40 and an outer line 41 adjacent to the base line 40, i.e. the line next to the base line and perpendicular to the lingest surface 23, is spaced apart by a distance 14 which distance 14 is greater than a perpendicular distance 15 between the most outer line 42 and the outer surface 4.

A maximum cutting depth 60 for the turning pass 50 associated with the base line 40 is greater than a maximum cutting depth 64 for the first turning pass 52.

When machining the inner surface, i.e. passes 51 , 50, 53, 54, the turning tool (not shown) is commanded to go into cut at the start position 10, i.e. the point of the unmachined inner surface 3 which is most far away from the end position 1 1. The turning tool 7 is in pass 51 commanded to move along the the inner surface 3 towards the end position 1 1. The movement in pass 51 is first longitudinal, towards the right hand side, then radial, downwards in the figure. As the turning tool, or more specifically the nose cutting edge, reaches a predefined position in the form of an intersection between a line 41 and the inner surface 3, the turning tool is commanded to move away from the inner surface. The turning tool is commanded to move along the line 41 , towards the right hand side, until going out of cut.

After pass 51 , pass 50 start at said predefined point where in pass 51 the turning tool stopped the movement thereof along the inner surface. In pass 50, the turning tool is moved along the inner sur- face 3, first downwards in Fig. 4, then towards the right hand side along the base line 40 until going out of cut. The turning tool is moving away from a 90° corner when moving parallel to the rota tional axis A1.

After pass 50, in pass 53 the turning tool moves towards the rota- tional axis, followed by a direction away from a 90° corner and to wards the right hand side, along the inner surface, then away from the inner surface and along line 43. The last pass 54 is aong the inner surface, more specifically along the conical part surface des ignated 26 in Fig. 2. After the two last passes 53, 54, the machining of the inner surface 3 is complete.

Reference is now made to Fig. 5, which is identical to Fig. 4 except that the turning passes are slightly different because the volume of material is different compared to Fig. 4. In other words, the shape of metal blank 81 is different compared to Fig. 4, and as a result, the machining sequence or the tool paths differ. As in Fig. 4, first a por tion of the volume of material 1 is removed by means of the turning tool through a first turning pass 52, which turning pass 52 is, as in Fig. 4, linear and parallel to the longestest part surface 23 of the inner surface 3. As in Fig. 4, said pass 52 is along a line 42. Said lines 40, 41 , 42, 43 are spaced apart in a corresponding manner as in Fig. 4, i.e. by a distance equal to the recommended cutting depth 5 of the turning tool 7. The maximum cutting depth 62 during the first turning pass 52 is smaller than a maximum cutting depth, equal to the recommended cutting depth 5 for the turning tool, for a sub sequent turning pass 53. Following the first pass 52, in the subsequent turning pass 50 the turning tool starts at the start point 10 and moves along the inner surface 3 until a cutting depth 8 is greater than the recommended cutting depth 5 of the turning tool, and until the turning tool reaches a prefined position in the form of an intersection between a line 40 and the inner surface 3. The turning tool is then commanded to move away from the inner surface 3, along along the baseline 40, towards the right hand side, until going out of cut. The last two passes 53, 54 are carried out as in Fig. 4.

Reference is now made to Fig. 6, which show a metal blank 2 from which a machined object 81 is formed, through removal of a volume of material 1 , followed by a removal of an additional volume of ma terial 90. The first mentioned volume of material 1 is removed by a turning tool (not shown), which turning tool preferably has a longi tudinal axis thereof oriented parallel to the axis of rotation A1 of the machined object 81. The inner surface 3 of the volume of material 1 comprises two part surfaces 21 , 22, where the flat part surface 21 is the longest. The flat part surface 21 is as can be seen in Fig. 6 lo- cated in a plane perpendicular to the rotational axis A1. A base line 40 is drawn such that the base line intersects the longest part sur face 21. Additional lines 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45 are drawn within the vol ume 1 of material, parallel to the base line 40, and such that adja cent lines are spaced apart by a distance equal to the recommend- ed cutting depth 5 of the turning tool. Said lines 40-45 divide said volume 1 into subportions 70-75. In other words, said lines 40-45 represent borders between adjacent subportions 70-75. The first pass 52 is linear and parallel to the base line 40, wherein a maxi mum cutting depth 62 of the first pass 52 is smaller than the rec- ommended cutting depth 5 of the turning tool. The subsequent pass 51 is likewise linear and parallel to the base line 40, but the cutting depth is equal to the recommended cutting depth 5 of the turning tool. In the next and final pass 50, the turning tool is commanded to start at the start point 10 and move along the inner surface 3 until the end point 1 1 . During the final pass 50, the cutting depth equal to or less than the recommended cutting depth of the turning tool. Reference is now made to Fig. 7, which show a metal blank 2 from which a machined object 81 is formed, through removal of a volume of material 1 by means of a turning tool (not shown). The turning tool may preferably be the turning tool shown in Fig. 3, and the turning tool may preferably be oriented as the turning tool in Fig. 3, i.e. having a longitudinal axis thereof oriented perpendicular to the axis of rotation A1 of the machined object 81 . The inner surface 3 comprises one flat part surface 22 and one conical part surface 21. The flat part surface 22 is located in a plane perpendicular to the rotational axis A1. The length 31 of the conical part surface 21 is greater than thelength 32 of the flat part surface 22. A base line 40 is drawn along the conical part surface 21. Additional lines 41 -45 are arranged inside the volume of material 1 , parallel to the base line 40, and such that adjacent lines are spaced apart by a distance equal to the recommended cutting depth 5 of the turning tool. Said lines 41-45 represent borders between adjacent sub-portions of said volume of material 1. Each of said sub-portion is removed through a respective turning pass 50-55. Said turning passes 50-55 are at least partly partly parallel and at least partly in the same di- rection, more specifically in a direction away from the flat part sur face 22. A maximum cutting depth 65 for the first pass 55 is greater than the maximum cutting depth for all subsequent passes 50-54. Lines 41 -43 intersect the inner surface at points which represent predefined positions. During passes 51-53, as the turning tool reaches such a predefined position, the turning tool is commanded to move away from the inner surface and away from said predefined position, along the respective line 41 -43.

Attention is now drawn to Fig. 8, which show a metal blank 2 from which a machined object 81 is formed, through removal of a volume of material 1 by means of a turning tool (not shown). Fig. 8 differs from Fig. 7 in that the shape of metal blank 81 is different, and as a result, the machining sequence or the tool paths, i.e. the sum of the passes differ.

A base line 40 and lines 41-44 are drawn within the volume of mate rial 1 to be removed in a corresponding manner as for Fig. 7. The turning tool is in pass 51 commanded to go into cut at the start position 10 and move along the inner surface 3. Between lines 43 and line 42, the cutting depth is above the recommended cutting depth, but below a maximum cutting depth of the turning tool. As the turning tool reaches the intersection between line 42 and the inner surface 3, the turning tool is commanded to move away from said intersection along the line 42, thereby going out of cut. In the next pass 50, the turning tool is commanded to go inte cut where the turning tool was commanded to move away from the inner sur- face during the first pass 51 , i.e. at the intersection between line 42 and the inner surface 3. The turning tool is commanded to move along the inner surface 3 towards the end point or end position 1 1. During pass 50, the cutting depth is never equal to or greater than the recommended cutting depth 5 of the turning tool.

Reference is now made to Fig. 9, which show a machined object 81 in a side view or in a cross section, as well as the turning tool 7 from Fig. 3. The turning tool is connected to a CNC-lathe (not shown) through a machine interface 85. The turning tool 7 comprise a tool body 81 and a turning insert 82 mounted in an insert seat of the tool body 81. The turning insert 82 comprises a main cutting edge 19, a secondary cutting edge 83, and a convex nose cutting edge 84 connecting the first and second cutting edges 19, 83. In a top view of the turning tool 7, as shown in Fig. 9, the turning insert 82 is symmetrical or substantially symmetrical relative to a bisector

(not shown) extending between the first and second cutting edges 19, 83. The nose cutting edge 84 generates the inner surface 3 of the machined object 81. The turning tool 7 comprises a front end and a rear end, whereby a longitudinal axis A2, i.e. a center axis, extends from the front end to the rear end. During a turning pass, i.e. when removing material from the metal blank, an entering angle 17 is defined as an angle between a direction of feed 18, i.e. a movement of the turning tool 7, and a main cutting edge 19 of the turning tool 7. The first cutting edge 19 is arranged or orientated to be active at an entering angle 17 of 10-45°, preferably 20-40° when maching in a direction of feed 18 parallel to the base line (not shown). Provided that the angle between the longitudinal axis A2 of the turn ing tool 7 and the rotational axis A1 is constant, changing the direc tion of feed 18 will lead to a change in entering angle 17. For ex ample, in Fig. 9, when changing the direction of feed 18 from paral- lei to the rotational axis A1 to to inclined relative to the rotational axis, i.e. the conical portion, the feed rate should be reduced be cause the entering angle is increased.

Preferably, a chip thickness value is selected for the turning tool 7, and the feed rate is selected such that the feed rate is equal to the chip thickness value divided by the sinus function of the entering angle 17.

Prior to going out of cut, preferably at a distance of 1 - 20 mm, even more preferably 3 - 10 mm, before going out of cut, the feed rate is reduced, preferably by 20 - 80 %, even more preferably 40 - 70 %. In other words, the turning tool is commanded to move in a slower pace prior to going out of cut.

Reference is now made to Fig. 10, which show a machined object 81 in a side view or in a cross section, as well as the turning tool 7 from e.g. Fig. 3 and 9. The turning tool is connected to a CNC-lathe (not shown) through a machine interface 85. The turning tool 7 comprise a tool body 81 and a turning insert 82 mounted in an in sert seat of the tool body 81 . The direction of feed may be in differ ent directions such as shown 18, 18’, 18”, 18’”. Therefor, if the ori- entation of the longitudinal axis A2 is not changed, the entering an gle may be different in depending of the direction of feed 18, 18’,

18”, 18”’. The recommended cutting depth 5, 5’, 5”, 5”’ for the turn ing tool 7 may be different depending of the 18, 18’, 18”, 18”’. Pref erably, the recommended cutting depth 5, 5’, 5”, 5”’ for the turning tool 7 for the turning tool is selected to correspond to a point 90, 91 along the first or second cutting edge, respectively. Preferably, a minimum cutting depth for the turning tool and a maximum cutting depth for the turning tool, respectively, is selected in a correspond ing manner.

Preferably, the turning tool 7 is commanded to move along an arc at the enter or start the cut, i.e. when going into cut, as seen in pass 50. Said arc is preferably tangent to the inner surface 3 and is pref- erably tangent to the direction (horizontally, towards the right hand side) which the turning tool moves away from the inner surface 3. Said arc is a circular arc. Reference is now made to Figs. 1 1 and 12. Here it is shown in cross section a volume of material limited by an inner surface 3 and an outer surface 4. A base line 40, corresponding to the longest part surface of the inner surface 3, is intersecting the inner surface 3. The inner and outer surfaces 3, 4 are spaced apart by a distance 95. In both Fig. 10 and 1 1 , the volume of material is dived into sub portions 70-72, where one or more lines 41 , 42 represetnt borders between adjacent sub-portions 70-72. Said line or lines 41 , 42 are parallel to, and spaced apart from the base line 40. In Fig. 1 1 , the volume of material are divided into three sub-portions 70, 71 , 72. In Fig. 12, the volume of material is divided into two sub-portions 70- 71 . In Fig. 1 1 , the distances 60, 61 are equal to the recommended cutting depth of the turning tool. In Fig. 12, each of the distances 60, 61 are equal to half the distance 95 between the inner and outer surfaces 3, 4. As always, the recommended cutting depth for the turning tool should be understood as the recommended cutting depth of the turning tool with respect to the direction of feed, i.e. the movement of the turning tool.

In Figs. 1 1 and 12, distance 95 is 4.3 mm. The recommended cut ting depth for the turning tool is 2.0 mm. The minimum and maxi- mum cutting depths for the turning tool is 0.5 and 2.5 mm, respec tively. Thus, during the first pass in Fig. 1 1 , when removing the sub portion 72, the cutting depth is 0.3 mm, which is below the minimum cutting depth of the turning tool. Therefore, the Fig. 1 1 illustration of dividing the volume of material and tool paths (passes) can be im- proved, because a cutting depth below the recommended cutting depth of the turning tool may give acceptable results but not optimal results, with respect to e.g. chip breaking.

In Fig. 12 the distances 60, 61 are each 2.15 mm, in other words lower than or equal to the maximum cutting depth of the turning tool and higher than or equal to the minimum cutting depth of the turning tool. Therefore, Fig. 12 is preferred over Fig. 1 1. In Fig. 12, the respective cutting depth according to the following:

If m mod a_p ³ a_p min is true, then a_p actual - a_p If m mod a_p ³ a_p min is false, then if m / floor ( m / a_p ) £ a_p max is true, set a_p actual = m I floor (m / a_p) and if m / floor ( m / a_p ) £ a_p max is false, set

a_p actual = (m - a_p min ) / floor ( m / a_p )

Here, m is the maximum remaing depth perpendicular to the base line 40, i.e. 4.3 mm. a_p is the is the recommended cutting depth for the turning tool, i.e. 2.0 mm. mod is operator that finds the re mainder after division of one number by another. Thus, m mod a_p is 4.3 mod 2.0 = 0.3. Since 0.3 is smaller than a_p min (the mini mum cutting depth for the turning tool), the first statement is false. Therefore, the next step is to calculate m / floor (m / a_p) where floor is a function that takes as input a real number and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to said real number. Thus, floor (m / a_p) is equal to floor (4.3 / 2.0) is equal to floor (2.15) is equal to 2.0, which means that m / floor (m / a_p) is equal to 4.3/2.0=2.15. Since 2.15 is smaller than or equal to 2.5, the expression m / floor (m / a_p ) £ a_p max is true, because a_p max is the maximum cutting depth for the turning tool, which in this example is 2.5 mm. Thus, a_p actual = m I floor ( m / a_p) which means that the cutting depth ( a_p actual) is set to 2.15. In other words, the line 41 in Fig. 12, which together with the outer surface 4 defines the material removed during the pass, is placed 2.15 below the outer surface in Fig. 12. The same formulas are used to calculate the next pass, and the only difference for the next pass in Fig. 12 is that m is 2.15 mm. The methods for generating control command data and for dividing a volume of material described are to be understood as computer implemented. Therefore, objects, movements and other enteties are to be understood as representations, preferably electronical repre- sentations, of such enteties.