BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There is an increasing demand for polylactic acid (PLA) resin foams for use in packaging applications, since such polymers are bio-derived and bio-degradable. These foams have good performance and are economic, and are often preferred over petroleum-derived foams such as polystyrene foam, due to increasing environmental awareness and consumer, demands.

Carbon dioxide is a useful blowing agent for PLA foams, being an environmentally friendly blowing agent without any ozone depletion potential. Some processes that use carbon dioxide as a blowing agent involve foaming and moulding, and PLA resin beads impregnated with carbon dioxide may then be used. Such processes generally involve impregnating the beads with gaseous or supercritical C0 ₂ , pre- expanding the impregnated beads, resting and sometimes treating the pre- expanded beads, before re-impregnating them with more C0 ₂ or another blowing agent and further expanding and fusing them in a mould, see e.g. EP 1 378 538. Another known process involving impregnation of PLA resin beads with carbon dioxide is disclosed in WO 2008/093284.

In some packaging applications, in particular in food or medical grade packaging applications, it is important that the packaging foam material does not contain any undesired substances, to avoid any possible transfer of extractives from the packaging foam to the package contents. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a convenient method of providing PLA resin beads useful for foaming and manufacture of clean foam packages, and shock absorbing and insulating materials.

The present invention relates to a method of impregnating and purifying polylactic acid (PLA), in which PLA resin beads are subjected to an a liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment, which involves impregnation and extraction comprising:

at least one impregnation and extraction step, in which the PLA resin beads are brought into contact with 0,01-1000 kg pure liquid C0 ₂ /kg PLA in a reactor for a predetermined time period, at a temperature and pressure that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming, and a portion of the liquid C0 ₂ is drained from the PLA beads after completion of the impregnation and extraction step, at a temperature that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming, and at which the C0 ₂ is in liquid form, while leaving at least 0,01 kg liquid C0 ₂ /kg PLA, preferably 0,01-1 kg liquid C0 ₂ /kg PLA in the reactor containing the PLA resin beads, followed by evacuation of C0 ₂ gas from the reactor so as to decrease the pressure to ambient pressure, whereby the remaining liquid C0 ₂ is evaporated, thereby decreasing the temperature so as to prevent foaming at ambient pressure.

The impregnation and extraction step preferably comprises 2 or more successive steps, wherein the PLA resin beads are brought into contact with pure liquid C0 ₂ in each successive step for a predetermined time period at a temperature and pressure that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming; and wherein at least a portion of the liquid C0 ₂ is drained from the PLA beads at the end of each step, at a temperature that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming, and at which the C0 ₂ is in liquid form. The impregnation and extraction of the PLA resin beads in the liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment, may preferably comprise impregnation and extraction in a continuous process, wherein PLA resin beads are held in a reactor, in which the PLA resin beads are brought into contact with liquid C0 ₂ for a predetermined time period, at a temperature that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming, and at which the C0 ₂ is in liquid form; and pure liquid C0 ₂ is continuously fed at one end of the reactor, and is drained from another end of the reactor; and a portion of the liquid C0 ₂ is drained from the PLA beads upon completion of the impregnation and extraction, at a temperature that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming, and at which the C0 ₂ is in liquid form, while leaving at least 0,01 kg liquid C0 ₂ /kg PLA, preferably 0,01-1 kg liquid C0 ₂ /kg PLA in the reactor containing the PLA resin beads; followed by evacuation of C0 ₂ gas from the reactor so as to decrease the pressure to ambient pressure, whereby the remaining liquid C0 ₂ is evaporated, thereby decreasing the temperature so as to prevent uncontrolled foaming.

The liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment involving impregnation and extraction may be a part of a method of manufacturing PLA foam, wherein C0 ₂ functions as a blowing agent. The impregnation and extraction is performed at a pressure above 1 MPa, more preferably 4,5-8 MPa. The extraction is performed at a temperature above -50 °C, but below the glass transition temperature of PLA at the C0 ₂ pressure used, preferably at -10 - +15 °C. For economical reasons the total amount of liquid C0 ₂ may be in the range of 2-20 kg C0 ₂ / kg PLA.

The liquid C0 ₂ drained from the impregnation and extraction is preferably transferred to a recovery equipment, in which the C0 ₂ is recovered by separation of extractives from the C0 ₂ by distillation. The recovered C0 ₂ may then be recycled and reused in further impregnation and extraction of PLA resin beads. Further, the liquid C0 ₂ may contain additives chosen from coloring agents, anti-static agents, flame retardants, adhesive, perfume, or pigments are impregnated or coated on to the PLA resin beads during the impregnation and extraction.

DRAWINGS

Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a system, useful for performing impregnation and purification of PLA resin beads.

Figure 2 shows a schematic view of a system, similar to the one of Fig. 1 , and which includes a pump. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The method of impregnating and purifying polylactic acid (PLA) of the present invention allows for manufacture of expandable PLA resin having reduced content of extractives, and is a convenient and simple process that allows the impregnated unfoamed beads to be stored and/or transported, before being processed further.

In the present context the term "extractables" refers to substances that are extracted from PLA during impregnation with carbon dioxide.

The term "extractives" refers to substances that can be extracted from PLA with diethyl ether as extraction medium according to the method of determination of extractives in PLA as described in the description of this patent application.

Additives or coating materials can be added to the PLA resin beads during impregnation and extraction. Accordingly, by means of the present invention various functionalities can effectively be added to the material, since impregnation, extraction and addition of additives can be performed in one process, without any need for additional process steps.

Polylactic acid or PLA is a polymer or copolymer comprising lactic acid monomer units. For the purposes of the present invention references to polylactic acid includes crystalline and amorphous polymers and mixtures thereof. The PLA resin beads may comprise about 50-100 % by weight of PLA. The PLA may comprise amorphous PLA or a blend of amorphous PLA and crystalline PLA. Preferred blends comprise at least about 50 % by weight of amorphous PLA and about 0-50 % by weight of crystalline PLA. The lactic acid in the resin beads may comprise one or more lactic acid isomers including L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid or DL-lactic acid. The lactic acid is preferably L-lactic acid. The PLA may be produced industrially by polymerisation of lactic acid obtained by the bacterial fermentation of biomass such as beet, sugarcane, cornstarch or milk products. Commercially available PLA resin beads can be impregnated without any pre- treatment using liquid C0 ₂ . Amorphous, crystalline, and amorphous-crystalline blends may be used but results with highly crystalline grades are sometimes of lesser quality at the preferred pressure and temperature ranges. Reference to resin "beads" is intended to mean the crude resin material (often in the form of pellets) obtained from manufacturers and the terms beads, granules and pellets may be used interchangeably. The beads may also be in the form of fibres. Beads may be resized by extrusion and pelletizing of the commercially available material using known techniques.

The present invention is based on the use of liquid C0 ₂ for the impregnation of PLA. In liquid C0 ₂ impregnation the PLA beads have little tendency to stick to each other, especially when using sub-cooled liquid C0 ₂ , i.e. liquid C0 ₂ at higher pressure than equilibrium pressure at a given temperature.

Liquid C0 ₂ impregnation requires moderate temperature and pressure. The impregnated beads do not stick together and after releasing the pressure from the impregnation reactor they can be handled as a bulk commodity. In the method of impregnating and purifying polylactic acid (PLA) according to the present invention PLA resin beads are subjected to a liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment, which involves impregnation and extraction. The liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment comprises at least one impregnation and extraction step, in which the PLA resin beads are brought into contact with 0,01-1000 kg pure liquid C0 ₂ /kg PLA in a reactor for a predetermined time period, at a temperature and pressure that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming. During the impregnation and extraction step, C0 ₂ is impregnated into the PLA resin beads, and at the same time extractable substances are dissolved into the liquid C0 ₂ . After completion of the impregnation and extraction step a portion of the liquid C0 ₂ is drained from the PLA beads, at a temperature that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming, and at which the C0 ₂ is in liquid form, while leaving at least 0,01 kg liquid C0 ₂ /kg PLA, preferably 0,01-1 kg liquid C0 ₂ /kg PLA in the reactor containing the PLA resin beads. Thereafter, evacuation of C0 ₂ gas from the reactor is performed so as to decrease the pressure to ambient pressure, whereby the remaining liquid C0 ₂ is evaporated, thereby decreasing the temperature so as to prevent foaming at ambient pressure.

It has been found that liquid C0 ₂ is effective in extracting undesired substances from the PLA. By ensuring that the C0 ₂ is drained from the reactor in liquid form, the substances extracted from the PLA beads are effectively removed. By leaving a small portion of the liquid C0 ₂ in the reactor after draining it can thus be ensured that the temperature of the beads is kept low to prevent foaming when the pressure is decreased to ambient pressure at the end of the process.

The impregnation and extraction step preferably comprises 2 or more successive steps, wherein the PLA resin beads are brought into contact with pure liquid C0 ₂ in each successive step for a predetermined time period at a temperature and pressure that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming. In the first of these impregnation and extraction steps, a part of the total impregnation is obtained. The following steps continue the impregnation and the PLA resin beads are extracted with liquid C0 ₂ , each time further lowering the content of extractable substances in the PLA resin beads. At the end of each successive step at least a portion of the liquid C0 ₂ is drained from the PLA beads, at a temperature that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming, and at which the C0 ₂ is in liquid form. By draining away the liquid C0 ₂ after each successive step, substances extracted into the liquid C0 ₂ are removed from the PLA beads, and pure liquid C0 ₂ is then added so that the next successive impregnation and extraction step can be carried out. Thus, the content of extractable undesired substances is successively reduced until a desired purity has been reached. If desired, the first impregnation and extraction step be continued until the impregnation is completed, and extraction steps are the performed subsequently. The total treatment time will then be longer than necessary from a removal-of extractives point of view, but may be desired for other reasons, such as addition of additives to the PLA.

The liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment, involving impregnation and extraction treatment may be carried out in a batch process or in a continuous process. In a batch process the PLA resin beads are held in a reactor to which an amount of liquid C0 ₂ is added, and after a certain time period the liquid C0 ₂ is drained from the reactor, while substantially maintaining the pressure A new amount of pure liquid C0 ₂ is then added to the reactor. After completion of the last impregnation and extraction step, a portion of the liquid C0 ₂ is drained from the PLA beads, and a smaller amount of liquid C0 ₂ is left in the reactor. As said above, the remaining liquid C0 ₂ is evaporated when C0 ₂ gas is evacuated from the reactor and the temperature is thereby decreased so as to prevent foaming at ambient pressure. The PLA beads may be placed in a rotating drum during the impregnation and extraction step. When gas is evacuated from the drum, the cold liquid C0 ₂ is distributed evenly in the PLA material, which gives a thorough and even cooling of the PLA beads.

When carrying out the liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment in a continuous process the PLA resin beads are held in a reactor, in which the PLA resin beads are brought into contact with liquid C0 ₂ for a predetermined time period, at a temperature that prevents the beads from sticking together and foaming, and at which the C0 ₂ is in liquid form. Pure liquid C0 ₂ is continuously fed at one end of the reactor, and the liquid C0 ₂ is continuously drained from another end of the reactor, so that the liquid C0 ₂ flows through the reactor. The reactor is dimensioned so that the time of contact between the PLA resin beads and the liquid C0 ₂ is sufficient to achieve the desired impregnation and extraction. Upon completion of the impregnation and extraction a portion of the liquid C0 ₂ is drained from the PLA beads, and a smaller amount of liquid C0 ₂ is left in the reactor, and is evaporated during evacuation of C0 ₂ gas from the reactor whereby the temperature is decreased. Also in a continuous process, the PLA beads may be placed in a rotating drum during the impregnation and extraction step. When gas is evacuated from the drum, the cold liquid C0 ₂ is distributed evenly in the PLA material, which gives a thorough and even cooling of the PLA beads. The pressure and temperature during the impregnation and extraction are chosen so as to prevent the PLA resin beads from sticking together and foaming, and to provide the C0 ₂ in liquid phase. The impregnation and extraction may be performed at a pressure above 1 MPa, to ensure that the C0 ₂ can be present in liquid phase in a workable temperature range, and to avoid formation of dry ice. More preferably the pressure during impregnation and extraction is 4,5-8 MPa, so as to provide conditions under which C0 ₂ can be in liquid phase at temperatures around 0 °C, and which leads to reasonable treatment time. The temperature of the impregnation and the extraction is advantageously performed at a above -50 °C to ensure liquid phase C0 ₂ during the treatment, but below the glass transition temperature of PLA at the C0 ₂ pressure used to avoid the PLA beads from sticking together, The temperature of the impregnation and the extraction is more preferably at -10 to +15 °C, in order to achieve reasonable treatment time and ensures that C0 ₂ is liquid at the pressure chosen in the range of 4,5-8 MPa. The total amount of liquid C0 ₂ used in the liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment is advantageously in the range of 2-20 kg C0 ₂ / kg PLA.

The liquid C0 ₂ drained from the impregnation and extraction may be transferred to a recovery equipment, in which the C0 ₂ is recovered by separation of extractives from the C0 ₂ by distillation. The recovered C0 ₂ may then be recycled and reused in further impregnation and extraction step of PLA resin beads. Accordingly, the C0 ₂ can be recirculated in a closed circuit, which is advantageous from both an environmental and economical point of view.

In the impregnation and extraction step the PLA resin beads are placed the reactor (a pressure vessel) under impregnation pressure and temperature, and liquid C0 ₂ is then added to the reactor until the PLA resin beads are at least partially submerged, or if a rotating drum is used, until the amount of liquid C0 ₂ is sufficient to wet the PLA beads. The PLA resin beads are left in contact with the liquid C0 ₂ for a predetermined time, preferably 10 to 240 minutes, to achieve sufficient C0 ₂ content, and at the same time avoid unnecessary treatment time in order to save costs.

A person skilled in the art will be aware that the absorption percentages, temperatures and pressures can be manipulated relative to each other at the different stages of the method of the invention to achieve substantially the same result with the major limiting factors being the preference for keeping the C0 ₂ weight percentage within or close to the optimum range of percentages, avoiding the excessive formation of dry ice in the pressure vessel, and retaining control of any foaming steps. METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF EXTRACTIVES IN PLA

The material of the present invention is an expanded polylactic acid (PLA) resin which comprises a total amount of extractives of 0-0,035 % by weight. The total amount of extractives is calculated based on the total weight of PLA, said extractives being substances that can be extracted from PLA with diethyl ether as extraction medium.

The total amount of extractives is determined by means of the following method, which accordingly is a method used to describe the quantitative determination of extractable compounds in PLA (polylactic acid). 2.6-diethylnaphtalene (DiEN) is used as internal standard (ISTD). No correction is made to compensate for the individual extractives detector responses in relation to the internal standard. In the determination method standard solutions are prepared, said solutions being an internal standard stock solution (ISTD0) and an internal standard working solution (ISTD1).

Preparation of internal standard solution - stock solution, ISTD 0

The stock solution is prepared by dissolving 0.04 to 0.05 g of DiEN in 50 mL of acetone (99.9%). The concentration of DiEN will be approximately 0.9 g/L. The true concentration is calculated.

Preparation of internal standard solution - working solution, ISTD 1

Dilute 5 mL of stock solution to 25 mL with acetone (99.9%). The concentration of DiEN will be approximately 180 mg/L. Calculate the true concentration.

Sample preparation and extraction of extractives

PLA beads are ground in a centrifugal mill (Retsch ZM 1) under cooling with liquid nitrogen. The sample is ground to a size of 0.5 mm. An amount of approximately 1 g ground sample is put into a round bottom flask for reflux and 100 mL of diethyl ether is added (the true amount of PLA sample is noted). A few anti-bumping granules are put into the round bottom flask. Before starting the reflux, the sample is standing for 5 minutes. The reflux is performed for 1 hour and the diethyl ether is thereafter collected and reduced to 10 mL and 10 of ISTD 1 is added. Analysis of extractives. The extractives were analysed by Thermo Finnigan Trace gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) Instrument parameters and settings

Column: Zebron zb-5MSi, 30 m, id 0.25 mm, thickness 0.25 urn.

Column temperature: 80°C for 1 min and then 10°C/min until 350°C is reached and finaly, 350°C for 8 min

Carrier gas: 0.7 mL/min of helium at a constant flow

Inlet temperature: 250°C

Splittless injection for 1 minute, where the whole sample is let onto to the column. Transfer temperature (temperature between GC and MS): 320°C

Temperature in ion source: 200°C

MS mode: Total ion current (TIC)

Calculations

The concentration of extractives (Ci) in sample extract is calculated Ci (mg/L) = Cis * (A i/A is)

Cis = concentration of ISTD in sample extract (mg/L)

Ai = peak area of extractives

Ais = peak area of ISTD Amount of extractives in PLA (Cp) is calculated

Cp (mg/kg) = Ci * V / m

V = volume of sample extract (L)

m = dry content of PLA (kg) EXAMPLES

The invention will now be illustrated in non-limiting ways by reference to the following examples of impregnation of PLA resin beads. In the examples below PLA beads were used without additional treatment, i.e. as commercially available.

Example 1 (Analysis of reference sample)

PLA Ingeo 4060D™ (NatureWorks LLC, USA) as commercially available was extracted with diethyl ether according to the above described procedure for determining extractives in PLA, and analysed with GC-MS on extractable low molecular compounds. Among detected extractives, lactide was dominating followed by other lactic acid oligomers. The result is shown in Table 1.

Example 2 - liquid C0 ₂ drained off

The aim of Example 2 was to determine extractable substances extracted from the PLA, which may not have been detected by the extraction with diethylether.

PLA Ingeo 4060D™ (NatureWorks LLC, USA) as commercially available was placed in an autoclave which was filled with liquid carbon dioxide and pressurised to 60 bars at 0-2 °C. The ratio by weight between PLA and carbon dioxide was 1/10. After four hours, liquid C0 ₂ was drained off and C0 ₂ was collected in a gas-tight bag (1 L, Tedlar, SKC). The gas-tight bag was carefully cleaned and checked for background before sample collection. The C0 ₂ liquid level was allowed to decrease until the ratio by weigh between PLA and C02 was 1/2. The remaining liquid C0 ₂ was evaporated during the evacuation of C0 ₂ , thereby decreasing the temperature below Tg for C0 ₂ impregnated PLA.

Extractable substances in the gas phase was analysed according to the procedure below. Lactide was dominating followed by other lactic acid oligomers.

The followed procedure was applied for gas analysis. 5-hexen-1-ol was used as internal standard, and a working solution was prepared by dissolving approximately 1 gram of 5-hexen-1-ol in 250 mL methanol. The true concentration was calculated. From the working solution 2 was injected into the gas-tight bag. The bag was conditioned in room temperature for 1 hour before analysis. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) supplied with Carboxen 0,75 μηι absorption phase was inserted into the gas-tight bag. After the SPME phase has been exposed to the sampled gas for 30 minutes it was transferred to the GC-MS for analysis.

Instrument parameters and settings

Column: Zebron zb-624, 30 m, id 0.25 mm, film thickness 1.40 urn

Column temperature: 40°C for 4 min and then 10°C/min until 250°C followed by 250°C for 6 min

Carrier gas: 1 mL/min of helium at a constant flow

Inlet temperature: 240°C

Splittless injection for 1 minute

Transfer temperature (temperature between GC and MS): 240°C

Temperature in ion source: 200°C

MS mode: Total ion current (TIC)

Example 3 - liquid phase C0 ₂ removed by evaporation

The aim of Example 3 was to determine substances extracted from the PLA, which may not have been detected by the extraction with diethyl ether, by a method different to the one used in Example 2.

PLA Ingeo 4060D™ (NatureWorks LLC, USA) as commercially available was placed in an autoclave which was filled with liquid carbon dioxide (PLA/C0 ₂ ; 1/10 by weight) and pressurised to 50 bars at 0 °C. After 80 minutes, the liquid phase C0 ₂ was removed by evaporation and the pressure released. Substances released from PLA during impregnation were collected from the reactor chamber by extraction it with acetone, and analysed with GC-MS.

Among detected extractable substances, lactide was dominating followed by other lactic acid oligomers.

Example 4 - liquid C0 ₂ drained off (1 impregnation and extraction step)

PLA Ingeo 4060D™ (NatureWorks LLC, USA) as commercially available was placed in an autoclave and treated with liquid carbon dioxide (PLA/C0 ₂ , 1/100) at 53 bars at -5-0°C for 90 minutes. The liquid phase was drained off until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/20) and the remaining liquid C0 ₂ was evaporated during evacuation of C0 ₂ gas in order to lower the temperature below Tg for C0 ₂ impregnated PLA. The remaining low molecular substances in the purified PLA was determined by extraction with diethyl ether according to the above described method and analysed with GC-MS. Detected substances was lactide and other lactic acid oligomers. The result is shown in Table 1. Example 5 - liquid C0 ₂ drained off (2 impregnation and extraction steps)

PLA Ingeo 4060D™ (NatureWorks LLC, USA) as commercially available was placed in an autoclave and treated with liquid carbon dioxide (PLA/C0 ₂ ; 1/100 by weight) at 53 bars at -5-0 °C for 90 minutes. The liquid phase was drained off until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/20) . A second treatment in which pure liquid C0 ₂ was added at 53 bars was done at 53 bars, -5-0 °C for 90 minutes. The liquid phase was drained off until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/20) and the remaining liquid C0 ₂ was evaporated during evacuation of C0 ₂ gas in order to lower the temperature below Tg for C0 ₂ impregnated PLA. . The remaining low molecular substances in the purified PLA were determined by extraction with diethyl ether according to the described method and analysed with GC-MS. Detected substances was lactide and other lactic acid oligomers. The result is shown in Table 1. Example 6 - liquid C0 ₂ drained off (3 impregnation and extraction steps)

PLA Ingeo 4060D™ (NatureWorks LLC, USA) as commercially available was placed in an autoclave. PLA was treated with liquid carbon dioxide (PLA/C02, 1/100) at 53 bars, -5-0 °C for 90 minutes. The liquid phase was drained off until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/20). The procedure was repeated with pure liquid C0 ₂ two more times. The liquid phase was drained off until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/20) and the remaining liquid C0 ₂ was evaporated during evacuation of C0 ₂ gas in order to lower the temperature below Tg for C0 ₂ impregnated PLA. The result is shown in Table 1. The remaining low molecular substances in the purified PLA were determined by extraction with diethyl ether according to the described method and analysed with GC-MS. Detected substances was lactide and other lactic acid oligomers. Example 7 - liquid C0 ₂ drained off (4 impregnation and extraction steps)

PLA Ingeo 4060D™ (NatureWorks LLC, USA) as commercially available was placed in an autoclave. PLA was treated with liquid carbon dioxide (PLA/C02, 1/100) at 53 bars, -5-0 °C for 90 minutes. The liquid phase was drained off until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/20) The procedure was repeated with pure liquid C0 ₂ three times. The liquid phase was drained off until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/20) and the remaining liquid C0 ₂ was evaporated during evacuation of C0 ₂ gas in order to lower the temperature below Tg for C0 ₂ impregnated PLA. The result is shown in Table 1. The remaining low molecular substances in the purified PLA were determined by extraction with diethyl ether according to the described method and analysed with GC-MS. Detected substances was lactide and other lactic acid oligomers.

The remaining extractives in PLA beads after impregnation and extraction in Examples 1 and 4-7 are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

* dominating substances were lactic acid oligomers.

The results shown in Table 1 indicate that draining off the liquid C0 ₂ in liquid phase after the impregnating and extraction step, is very effective to remove extractable substances, and that repeated impregnating and extraction steps further enhances this effect.

The results in Table 1 shows that three impregnation and extraction steps may be sufficient to decrease the amount of extractives to a reasonable level, which is considerably lower than the initial levels in the PLA material.

Example 8 (Dying)

PLA Nature Works Ingeo 4060D, re-extruded to 1 ,5 x1 ,5 mm, was placed in an autoclave together with a cotton bag containing, the colouring agent 1 ,4-diamino anthraquinone (Sigma-Aldrich) 0,4% by weight PLA . Liquid C0 ₂ was added at 47 bars and 0-1 °C until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/10 . After 90 minutes treatment liquid C0 ₂ was drained off until the ratio by weight between PLA and C0 ₂ was 1/2, and the remaining liquid C0 ₂ was evaporated during evacuation of C0 ₂ gas in order to lower the temperature below Tg for C0 ₂ impregnated PLA. Purple PLA pellets were collected from the reactor.

EXEMPLIFYING EMBODIMENTS Fig 1 shows a schematic view of a system for performing a process including the method of impregnating and purifying PLA resin.

In the start-up phase of the process an extraction chamber 1 is loaded with PLA resin beads through an inlet 2. The extraction chamber may be a reactor in the form of an autoclave or any other vessel that may be pressurised. Air present in the extraction chamber 1 is evacuated by means of a vacuum pump. During start-up of the process, C0 ₂ gas is supplied to the extraction chamber 1 from a C0 ₂ storage tank 3, so as to pressurize the extraction chamber 1 to approximately 6 MPa with C02 gas. Sensors in the system monitor the level of C0 ₂ in the storage tank 3, and additional C0 ₂ is added to the extraction chamber 1 storage tank 3_from an external source (not shown) if necessary.

In the impregnation and extraction phase, the pressures between the extraction chamber 1 and the storage tank 3 are balanced to a pressure P0. Liquid C0 ₂ is added from the storage tank 3 to the extraction chamber 1 at a pressure in the same range as P0, and the temperature TO, by means of a compressor, which sucks gas from extraction chamber 1 and pushes out liquid C0 ₂ from the bottom of the storage tank 3 by adding it to the top. If desired additives for coating or impregnating into the PLA material can be added to the liquid C0 ₂ . The temperature in the extraction chamber 1 is decreased by evaporation of liquid C0 ₂ to a pressure P1 and temperature T1. C0 ₂ gas is taken from the storage tank 3 by the compressor and is supplied at the top of the extraction chamber 1 to a pressure P2 at a temperature T1 , thereby achieving a subcooling of the liquid C0 ₂ , thus preventing the PLA resin beads from sticking together. The temperature T1 should be below the glass transition temperature Tg of PLA for the actual C0 ₂ pressure. Evaporation and addition of C0 ₂ gas so as to achieve subcooling of the liquid C0 ₂ is repeated as often as necessary to maintain the desired conditions in the extraction chamber 1. After a predetermined treatment time period, the pressures between the extraction chamber 1 and the distiller tank 4 are balanced, and liquid C0 ₂ is drained off from the extraction chamber to the distiller tank 4. The liquid C02 in the distiller tank 4 is distilled and transferred back to the storage tank 3. The impregnation and extraction phase may be repeated several times, as desired. When the impregnation and extraction treatment in the liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment of the PLA resin beads is completed a last draining of the liquid C0 ₂ is carried out, in which the liquid C0 ₂ is partially drained off from the extraction chamber to the distiller tank 4. The remaining liquid C0 ₂ is evaporated and is transferred via a compressor via a heat exchanger/cooler to the storage tank 3. Thereby, the impregnated PLA resin beads are cooled an undesired expansion is prevented, while the pressure in the extraction chamber is lowered to atmospheric pressure. Rotation of the PLA beads during this step is preferred in order to get a uniform cooling of PLA. The impregnated PLA resin beads can then be taken out from the extraction chamber and be transferred to further processing.

Liquid C0 ₂ received in the distiller tank 4 comprises extractable substances originating from the PLA resin beads. The C0 ₂ is separated from these extractable substances by distillation, and the pure C0 ₂ thereby obtained is recycled to the storage tank 1. The extractable substances remain at the bottom of the distiller tank 4, and can be removed as a concentrate.

Alternatively, in the start-up phase of the process an extraction chamber 1 is loaded with PLA resin beads through an inlet 2. The extraction chamber may be a reactor in the form of an autoclave or any other vessel that may be pressurised. Air present in the extraction chamber 1 is evacuated by means of a vacuum pump. During start-up of the process, C0 ₂ gas is supplied to the extraction chamber 1 from a C0 ₂ storage tank 3, so as to pressurize the extraction chamber 1 to approximately 1 MPa with C02 gas. Sensors in the system monitor the level of C0 ₂ in the storage tank 3, and additional C0 ₂ is added to the extraction chamber 1 storage tank 3_from an external source (not shown) if necessary.

In the impregnation and extraction phase, the pressures between the extraction chamber 1 and the storage tank 3 are balanced to a pressure P0. Liquid C0 ₂ is added from the storage tank 3 to the extraction chamber 1 at a pressure in the same range as P0, and the temperature TO, by means of a compressor, which sucks gas from extraction chamber 1 and pushes out liquid C0 ₂ from the bottom of the storage tank 3 by adding it to the top. A rotating drum in the extraction chamber 1 is rotating the PLA bead in the liquid C02.

After a predetermined treatment time period, the pressures between the extraction chamber 1 and the distiller tank 4 are balanced, and liquid C0 ₂ is drained off from the extraction chamber to the distiller tank 4. The liquid C02 in the distiller tank 4 is distilled and transferred back to the storage tank 3. The impregnation and extraction phase may be repeated several times, as desired by adding new liquid C02 from the storage tank 3 to the extraction chamber 1.lf desired additives for coating or impregnating into the PLA material can be pumped in to the extraction chamber during the process.

When the impregnation and extraction treatment in the liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment of the PLA resin beads is completed a last draining of the liquid C0 ₂ is carried out, in which the liquid C0 ₂ is partially d rained off from the extraction chamber to the distiller tank 4. The remaining liquid C0 ₂ is evaporated and is transferred via a compressor via a heat exchanger/cooler to the storage tank 3. Thereby, the impregnated PLA resin beads are cooled an undesired expansion is prevented, while the pressure in the extraction chamber is lowered to atmospheric pressure. Rotation of the PLA beads during this step is preferred in order to get a uniform cooling of PLA. The impregnated PLA resin beads can then be taken out from the extraction chamber and be transferred to further processing.

Liquid C0 ₂ received in the distiller tank 4 comprises extractable substances originating from the PLA resin beads. The C0 ₂ is separated from these extractable substances by distillation, and the pure C0 ₂ thereby obtained is recycled to the storage tank 1. The extractable substances remain at the bottom of the distiller tank

4, and can be removed as a concentrate.

The above system relates to a batch process. However, the process may as well be performed continuously, and the system is then adapted thereto.

Fig 2 shows a schematic view of a system for performing a process including the method of impregnating and purifying PLA resin. In the start-up phase of the process an extraction chamber 1 is loaded with PLA resin beads through an inlet 2. The extraction chamber may be a reactor in the form of an autoclave or any other vessel that may be pressurised. Air present in the extraction chamber 1 is evacuated by means of a vacuum pump. During start-up of the process, C0 ₂ gas is supplied to the extraction chamber 1 from a C0 ₂ storage tank 3, so as to pressurize the extraction chamber 1 to approximately 6 MPa with C0 ₂ gas. Sensors in the system monitor the level of C0 ₂ in the storage tank 3, and additional C0 ₂ is added to the extraction chamber 1 from an external source if necessary.

In the impregnation and extraction phase, the pressures between the extraction chamber 1 and the storage tank 3 are balanced to a pressure P0. Liquid C0 ₂ is added from the storage tank 3 to the extraction chamber 1 using a liquid C0 ₂ pump

5. The setpoint temperature is maintained using cooling unit. The pump is used to maintain the setpoint pressure in the extraction chamber during the extraction/impregnation. The PLA particles are rotated in a drum in the extraction chamber 1. The C0 ₂ in the extraction chamber 1 is drained to the distiller tank 4 after a predetermined time. New C0 ₂ is added from the storage tank 3 to the extraction chamber 1 while C0 ₂ in the distiller tank 4 is distilled and transported to storage tank 3 while extraction/impregnation of PLA occurs in the extraction chamber 1 in the same way as in the first bath. The number of C0 ₂ baths can vary depending on purity level of the PLA. In any of the baths an additive can be added to the extraction chamber 1 to modify the properties of the PLA.

When the liquid C0 ₂ ^" treatment, which involves impregnation and extraction of the PLA resin beads is completed a last draining of the liquid C0 ₂ is carried out, in which the liquid C0 ₂ is partially drained off from the extraction chamber to the distiller tank 4. The remaining liquid C0 ₂ is evaporated and is transferred via a compressor via a heat exchanger/cooler to the storage tank 3. Thereby, the impregnated PLA resin beads are cooled an undesired expansion is prevented, while the pressure in the extraction chamber is lowered to atmospheric pressure. Rotation of the PLA beads during this step is preferred in order to get a uniform cooling of PLA. The impregnated PLA resin beads can then be taken out from the extraction chamber and be transferred to further processing.