The present disclosure is generally related to a method of increasing the throughput and/or decreasing the energy usage of a pulping process. The method utilizes a refining composi ^¬ tion that includes a particular lubricating additive.

DESCRI PTION OF THE RELATED ART

As is known in the pu lping industry, lignocellulosic materials, such as woodchips, are chemi- cally and/or mechanically refined in various pulping processes to produce pulp. The lignocel ^¬ lulosic materials used to produce pulp comprise four primary components, cellulose fibers, lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibers together), hemicelluloses (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers), and water. Pulping processes separate the cellu ^¬ lose fibers within lignocellulosic materials, and the separated cellulose fibers are referred to as pulp. Chemical pulping processes utilize various caustic chemicals to break-down the lignin and hemicelluloses and separate the cellu lose fibers within lignocellulosic materials to form pulp. Mechanical pu lping processes mechanically refine, i.e., physically tear apart, the cellu ^¬ lose fibers within lignocellulosic materials to form pulp, which comprises the separated cellu ^¬ lose fibers.

Pulp mills utilize various mechanical pulping processes known in the pulping industry, includ ^¬ ing stone g round wood (SGW), pressurized ground wood (PGW), refiner mechanical pulp (RMP), pressurized RMP (PRMP), thermo-RMP (TRMP), thermo-mechanical pu lp (TMP), ther- mo-chemi-mechanical pulp (TCMP), thermo-mechanical-chemi pulp (TMCP), long fiber chemi-mechanical pulp (LFCMP), and chemically treated long fiber (CTLF) to produce pulp on pulp production lines. Many modern pulp mills utilize capital intensive continuous pulp pro ^¬ duction lines which mechanically refine wood chips by grinding them between ridged metal discs called refiner plates. The throughput of pulp production lines can be limited, and me ^¬ chanical pulping processes require su bstantial amounts of energy. There remains an oppor- tunity to develop an improved mechanical pulping process.

SU MMARY OF THE DISCLOSU RE AND ADVANTAGES

A method of the subject disclosure increases the throughput and/or decreases the energy usage of a pulping process and includes the steps of providing a plu rality of lignocellulosic chips, providing a refining composition, applying the refining composition to the plurality of lig nocellu losic chips, and mechanically refining the plurality of lignocellulosic chips to form pulp. The refining composition includes water and a lubricating additive comprising the reac ^¬ tion product of a sugar and an alcohol. The step of applying the refining composition to the lig nocellu losic chips is conducted less than 5 minutes prior to, or concu rrently with, the step of mechanically refining the wood chips to form pulp. Advantageously, the method efficiently produces pulp having desirable chemical and physical properties such as strength, brightness, opacity, freeness, etc.

BRIEF DESCRI PTION OF THE SEVERAL VI EWS OF TH E DRAWI NGS Other advantages of the present disclosure will be readily appreciated, as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in con ^¬ nection with the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 is a flow chart describing various embodiments of a method of increasing the throughput and/or decreasing the energy usage of a pu lping process of this disclosure.

Figure 2 is a bar graph showing the water u ptake of a plu rality of lignocellulosic chips having the lubricating composition of the subject disclosure applied thereto.

DETAI LED DESCRI PTION OF TH E DISCLOSU RE

This disclosure provides a method of increasing the throughput and/or decreasing the energy usage of a pulping process. As is described in detail herein, the method includes the steps of providing a plurality of lignocellu losic chips, providing a refining composition, applying the refining composition to the plurality of lignocellu losic chips, and mechanically refining the plu ^¬ rality of lig nocellulosic chips to form pu lp. The method of this disclosure can be applied to any mechanical pulping process known in the art. The instant method may include one or more steps of such methods relative to the separation and recovery of cellu lose, but such steps are not required.

The terminology "lignocellulosic chips" is used to describe chips of lignocellulosic material. Lignocellulosic material is not specifically limited to and may be further defined as, or as in ^¬ cluding, consisting essentially of (for example, free of non-lignocellu losic material), or consist ^¬ ing of, materials (or precursors thereof) derived from wood, bagasse, straw, flax residue, nut shells, cereal grain hulls, or any material that includes lignin and cellu lose, and combinations thereof. I n various embodiments, the lig nocellulosic material is prepared from various species of hardwoods and/or softwoods, as understood in the art. The lig nocellulosic material may be derived from a variety of processes, such as by comminuting logs, industrial wood residue, branches, rough pu lpwood, etc. into pieces in the form of sawdust, chips, flakes, wafer, strands, scrim, fibers, sheets, etc. Most typically, the lignocellulosic material is further defined as lignocellulosic chips, woodchips, wood pieces, or wood pulp.

The Refining Composition:

The refining composition includes a lubricating additive comprising the reaction product of a sugar and an alcohol, and water.

I. The Lubricating Additive:

The lubricating additive is produced by reacting a monosaccharide, or a compound hydrolys- able to a monosaccharide, with an alcohol such as a fatty alcohol in an acid medium. The sugar has the formula: [C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ ] _n+ i, wherein n is an average value of zero or greater. I n various embodiments, n is an average value of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. I n various embodi ^¬ ments, n is an average value from 0 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 3, 1 to 2, 2 to 6, 3 to 5, or 4 to 5. I n vari ^¬ ous embodiments, n+1 has a value of from 1 to 3, 1 to 2.5, 1 to 2, 1.5 to 3, 1.5 to 2.5, 1.5 to 2, 1.2 to 2.5, 1.1 to 1.9, 1.2 to 1.8, 1.3 to 1.7, 1.4 to 1.6, 1.4 to 1.8, or 1.5. I n other embodiments, n+1 is an average value of 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2.

Any sugar having the aforementioned formula or any isomer thereof may be utilized. For example, the sugar may be an aldohexose, or a ketohexose. I n various embodiments, the sugar is chosen from allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose, and combinations thereof. I n other embodiments, the sugar is chosen from fructose, psicose, sor ^¬ bose, tagatose, and combinations thereof. I n even further embodiments, the sugar is chosen from g lucose, fructose and galactose. I n further embodiments, the sugar is glucose, or fruc- tose, or galactose. The sugar may be any one or more of the aforementioned sugars, each having the formula, C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ . Moreover, the sugar may be any one or more complexes of the aforementioned sugars when n is greater than zero. These complexes may be alternatively described as carbohydrates. Typically, the lubricating additive is formed from glucose, i.e., includes g lucose as its building block. It is contemplated that any known isomer or anomer of g lucose may be used. For example, g lucose has four optic centers, such that glucose can have 15 optical stereoisomers, any of which may be utilized. The alkyi alcohol has the formula: ROH, wherein R is an alkyi g roup having from 1 to 20 car ^¬ bon atoms. The alkyi grou p may have any number of carbon atoms from 1 to 20 or any value or range of values therebetween. I n various embodiments, R is an alkyi g roup having 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 carbon atoms. I n other embodiments, R is an alkyi group having 8 to 12 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, R is an alkyi group having 8 to 14 carbon atoms. I n still further embodiments, R is an alkyi group having 8 to 16 carbon atoms. The alkyi grou p may be linear, branched, or cyclic. I n various embodiments, the alkyi g roup is further defined as an alkenyl g roup having one or more C=C double bonds. The one or more C= C double bonds may be present at any point in the alkenyl group. I n one particular embodiment, the alkyi alcohol is fu rther defined as comprising a first alkyi alcohol having the formula: ROH wherein R is an alkyi group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and a second, different alkyi alcohol having the formula: R' OH, wherein R' is independently an alkyi group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Each of R and R' may be any value described above. In various embodiments, R and/or R' is each independently 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16. In other embodiments, R and/or R' is each independently 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17. Moreover, all val ^¬ ues and ranges of values including and between those described above are hereby expressly contemplated for use in non-limiting embodiments.

The alkyi alcohol and the sugar are combined to form a lubricating additive having the for ^¬ mula: [C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ ] [C6H ₁₁ 0 ₅ ] _n OR. Each portion of the formula may be any isomer of C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ . In other words, any structure or form of CeHi ₂ 06 may be used in either portion of the aforemen ^¬ tioned formula. The "first" [C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ ] may be a different isomer than the "second" [CeHi ₂ 06] of the aforementioned formula. I n various additional non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values between and including the aforementioned values are hereby expressly contemplated.

I n addition, R may be any alkyl group, linear, branched, cyclic, etc. that has from 1 to 20 car- bon atoms. I n other words, R may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, carbon atoms. In various embodiments, R has 2 to 19, 3 to 18, 4 to 17, 5 to 16, 6 to 15, 7 to 14, 8 to 12, 8 to 13, 8 to 14, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 10 to 12, 8 to 12, 8 to 10, 8 to 14, 10 to 14, 10 to 12, 6 to 14, 6, to 12, 6 to 8, 6 to 10, or 6 to 12, carbon atoms. I n one embodiment, R is linear and has 10 carbon atoms. I n other embodiments, R is C8-C10, C10-C12, C12-C14, C8, C10, C12, C14, or C16, or any combination thereof. I n this formula, n is an average value or num ^¬ ber of zero or greater. I n various additional non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values between and including the aforementioned values are hereby expressly contemplat ^¬ ed. I n various embodiments, the lubricating additive can be generally described as having the structure:

wherein n is as described above.

I n other embodiments, n is 1 or greater. In various embodiments, the average of n+1 is the degree of polymerization of the lubricating additive and is from 1.2 to 2.5, 1.3 to 1.7, or 1.5 to 1.7. I n various embodiments, the average of n+1 is 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, or 2.5. I n various additional non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of val ^¬ ues between and including the aforementioned values are hereby expressly contemplated.

I n further embodiments, the lubricating additive has the structure:

wherein R may be any as described above, e.g. C8-C14 or any therebetween.

Suitable examples of commercially available lubricating additives include, but are not limited to, DISPONI L ^® and Glucopon ^® products commercially available from BASF Corp.

From a compatibility perspective, the lubricating additive is soluble in alkaline, sulfite, and cer ^¬ tain acidic solutions. As such, refining compositions can utilize the lubricating additive with a wide range of other components.

Further, the lubricating additive is tolerant to electrolytes like sodium hydroxide and sodium su lfite in solution. As such, refining compositions comprising the lubricating additive are par ^¬ ticu larly stable, and effective in the presence of electrolytes. I n mechanical pulping processes, the lu bricating additive quickly wets out the lignocellulosic chips, and effectively reduces the energy consumption required to refine lignocellulosic chips without negatively impacting products formed with the pulp produced. More specifically, the lubricating additive does not impact key properties of the pulp and the products formed therefrom.

I n various embodiments, the lubricating additive is present in the refining composition in an amount of less than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, wt. % based on the total weight of the plu rality of lignocellulosic chips. I n other embodiments, the lubricating additive is pre ^¬ sent in an amount of from 0.01 to 10, 0.2 to 10, 0.5 to 8, or 1 to 5, wt. % based on the total weight of the plurality of lignocellulosic chips. It is contemplated that one or more of the aforementioned values may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within the aforementioned ranges and/or may vary by + 5%, + 10%, + 15%, + 20%, + 25%, + 30%, etc. I I. Water:

The refining composition also includes water. The water is not particularly limited in type or purity and may include distilled water, well water, tap water, etc. I n addition, the amount of water present in the refining composition is also not particularly limited. I n various embodi ^¬ ments, the water is present in the refining composition in an amount of greater than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99, wt. % based on a total weight of the refining composition. In other embodiments, the water is present in an amount of from 50 to 99.5, 80 to 99.5, 90 to 99, or 95 to 99, wt. % based on a total weight of the refining composition. It is contemplated that one or more of the afore ^¬ mentioned values may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within the aforementioned ranges and/or may vary by + 5%, + 10%, + 15%, + 20%, + 25%, + 30%, etc.

I I I. Additional Additive(s):

I n addition to the lubricating additive and water, the refining composition may include one or more additional additives including, but not limited to, corrosion inhibitors, surfactants, pH adjusters, thickeners, stabilizers, odorants, colorants, and combinations thereof. If included, the additives may be included in the composition in various amou nts. I n some embodiments, the additives included may be non-ionic, anionic, or cationic.

I n some embodiments, the refining composition may include a corrosion inhibitor. The corro- sion inhibitor may be defined, in general terms, as a substance that, when added, reduces the corrosion rate of a metal exposed to the various materials of the ethanol process. To this end, the corrosion inhibitor is useful for inhibiting corrosion of the surface of the equipment used in the process. The process can include any corrosion inhibitor known in the art. Of course, the refining composition can include more than one corrosion inhibitor, i.e., a combi- nation of different corrosion inhibitors. I n one embodiment, the corrosion inhibitor includes an amphoteric surfactant. As such, the corrosion inhibitor may be the amphoteric surfactant or may include one or more additional components, such as water. If the corrosion inhibitor includes water, the amphoteric surfactant can be provided in various concentrations. Suitable amphoteric surfactants, for purposes of the present disclosure, include betaines, imidazolines, and propionates. Further examples of suitable amphoteric surfactants include su ltaines, am- phopropionates, amphodipropionates, aminopropionates, aminodipropionates, amphoace- tates, amphodiacetates, and amphohydroxypropylsu lfonates. I n certain embodiments, the amphoteric surfactant is at least one of a propionate or an amphodiacetate. Further specific examples of suitable amphoteric su rfactants include N-acylamino acids such as N- alkylaminoacetates and disodium cocoamphodiacetate, and amine oxides such as stearamine oxide. I n one embodiment, the amphoteric surfactant includes disodium cocoamphodiace ^¬ tate.

I n some embodiments, the refining composition may include a surfactant. The su rfactant is typically selected from the group of nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and ionic surfac ^¬ tants. Suitable amphoteric surfactants, for purposes of the present disclosure, include poly- alkyleneoxide, alkylpolyalkyleneoxide, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, alkylpolyg luco- sides, anionic derivatives of alkylpolyg lucosides, fatty alcohols, anionic derivatives of fatty al ^¬ cohols, and phosphate esters.

However, in other embodiments, the refining composition consists of, or consists essentially of, the lubricating additive and the water. Embodiments where the refining composition con ^¬ sists essentially of the lubricating additive and the water are free of any additional additives or other components which wou ld materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention.

I n some embodiments, the composition is free of additives, including but not limited, to sur- factants, corrosion inhibitors, chelating agents, polymers, acrylic polymers, acids, bases, alco ^¬ hols, and/or polyols. I n yet other embodiments, the refining composition is free of surfac ^¬ tants, corrosion inhibitors, chelating agents, polymers, acrylic polymers, acids, bases, alcohols, and/or polyols. The term "free of" as used herein with respect to a component which can be included in the refining composition can be defined as including less than 0.5, or less than 0.1, or less than 0.01, or including 0, wt. % of the component based on a total weight of the refining composition.

IV. Properties of the Refining Composition:

The refining composition is effective at a neutral pH and is thus not caustic in nature. I n many embodiments, the refining composition has a pH of from 1.5 to 12, 4 to 10, 5 to 9, 6 to 8, or 6.5 to 7.5. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values between the aforementioned values are hereby expressly contemplated.

I n some embodiments, the refining composition has a Draves Wetting Time of less than 100 seconds determined using ASTM D2281. I n various embodiments, the refining composition has a Draves Wetting Time of less than 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5, seconds, as determined using ASTM D2281, or any range or ranges thereof, including any and all fractional values and ranges of fractional values within those described above. I n other embodiments, the refining composition has a Draves Wetting Time of from 1 to 20, 2 to 18, 3 to 17, 4 to 16, 5 to 15, 6 to 14, 7 to 13, 8 to 12, 9 to 11, or 10 to 11, seconds, as determined using ASTM D2281. The Draves Wetting Time of less than 100 seconds indicates that the branched digestion additive effectively wets the lignocellulosic material such that the water and the refining composition can interact with, and penetrate, the lignocellulosic mate ^¬ rial. In various embodiments, it is expressly contemplated that the refining composition may have any Draves wetting time, or ranges of times, both whole and fractional, from 0 up to 100 seconds.

The Method:

The method of this disclosure increases the throughput and/or decreases the energy usage of a pulping process. I n the pulping process, the lignocellulosic chips are mechanically refined to produce pulp. The lignocellu losic chips include four primary components, cellulose fibers, lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibers together), hemicelluloses (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers), and water. The pu lping process refines, i.e., phys ^¬ ically tears apart, the cellu lose fibers within lig nocellulosic chips to form pulp, which includes the separated cellu lose fibers.

As set forth above, the method of this disclosure includes the step of providing the lignocellu ^¬ losic chips. The step of providing is not particularly limited and may include delivering, sup ^¬ plying, etc. I n various embodiments, the step of providing may be further defined as supply- ing the lignocellulosic chips in one or more forms as described above by grinding, chipping, pulverizing, comminuting, shredding, and cutting the lig nocellu losic material or a precursor thereof. I n one embodiment, lig nocellulosic material includes, consists essentially of, or con ^¬ sists of lignocellulosic chips, e.g. wood chips.

The method of this disclosure also includes the step of providing the refining composition. The refining composition is just as described above. The step of providing is not particularly limited and may include delivering, supplying, etc. I n various embodiments, the step of providing may be further defined as supplying the refining composition in one or more forms, e.g. as a concentrate to be diluted.

I n some embodiments, the lubricating additive is provided neat and is then diluted with a sol ^¬ vent, e.g. water, to form the lubricating composition prior to the step of applying the refining composition to the lignocellulosic chips.

It is also contemplated herein that the refining composition can be supplied in two or more discreet components, which can be blended together prior to use. For example, the refining composition can be supplied in a two component system, with one component comprising the lubricating additive, and the other component comprising water and other additives. I n this example, the two components can be provided separately and blended together on site at the location of use just prior to use and, if desired, diluted with water.

The method of this disclosure includes the step of applying the refining composition to the plurality of lignocellulosic chips. In some embodiments, the refining composition is applied to the plurality of lignocellulosic chips at a temperature of from 5 to 99, 5 to 85, 5 to 45, or 15 to 35, °C. I n various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values between the aforementioned values are hereby expressly contemplated.

The refining composition is applied to the plurality of lignocellulosic chips. I n some embodi- ments, the refining composition is applied in an amount of from 0.5 to 125, 5 to 100, or 10 to 80, wt. % based on the total weight of the plurality of lignocellulosic chips. Alternatively, the refining composition is applied in an amount such that the lubricating additive is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 10, 0.01 to 5, 0.01 to 2.0, 0.01 to 1.0, 0.1 to 0.7, or 0.1 to 0.5, wt. % based on a total weight of a plurality of lignocellulosic chips being refined. I n various non- limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values between the aforementioned values are hereby expressly contemplated.

The method of this disclosure includes the step of mechanically refining the plurality of ligno ^¬ cellu losic chips to form pulp. During the step of mechanically refining the plurality of lignocel- lulosic chips the cellulose fibers within lignocellulosic chips are torn apart to form pulp, which includes the separated cellulose fibers. I n a typical embodiment, the step of mechanically refining the plurality of lignocellulosic chips is conducted in a refiner which mechanically re ^¬ fines the cellulosic chips by g rinding them between ridged metal discs called refiner plates. I n various embodiments, the step of mechanically refining the plu rality of lignocellulosic chips to form pulp is conducted on one or more refiners, e.g. any com bination of a primary, sec ^¬ ondary, and a tertiary refiner. I n one example an embodiment of the method includes the single step of mechanically refining the plurality of lig nocellulosic chips to form pulp on a re- finer. I n another example, an embodiment of the method includes the steps of mechanically refining the plurality of lignocellulosic chips on a primary refiner, and then further mechanical ^¬ ly refining the plurality of lignocellulosic chips on a secondary refiner. I n yet another example, an embodiment of the method includes the steps of mechanically refining the plurality of lig ^¬ nocellulosic chips on a primary refiner, fu rther mechanically refining the plurality of lig nocellu- losic chips on a secondary refiner, and furthermore mechanically refining the plurality of lig ^¬ nocellulosic chips on a tertiary refiner. Figure 1 is a flow chart describing various embodi ^¬ ments of a method of increasing the throughput and/or decreasing the energy usage of a pulping process of this disclosure which utilizes a primary, secondary, and tertiary refiner. The refining composition increases the throughput and/or decreases the energy usage during the step of mechanically refining the plurality of lig nocellulosic chips to form pulp. Advanta ^¬ geously, the lignocellulosic chips do not need to be soaked in the refining composition. The refining composition decreases the amount of energy required du ring refining with very little dwell time on the lignocellulosic chips. To this end, in the method of this disclosure, the step of applying the refining composition to the lignocellulosic chips is conducted less than 5 minutes prior to, or concurrently with, the step of mechanically refining the wood chips to form pulp. I n some embodiments, the step of applying the refining composition to the plu ^¬ rality of lignocellu losic chips is conducted no g reater than 4, no greater than 3, no g reater than 2, and no greater than 1, minute(s) prior to the step of mechanically refining the wood chips to form pulp.

I n many embodiments, the step of applying the refining composition to the plurality of ligno ^¬ cellu losic chips is conducted simu ltaneous with the step of mechanically refining the wood chips to form pulp.

I n many embodiments, the step of applying the refining composition to the plurality of ligno ^¬ cellulosic chips includes one or more sub-steps, or applications of the refining composition. For example, in one embodiment of the method, 5 to 100, or 25 to 100, wt. % of the total amount of refining composition is applied to the plurality of lignocellulosic chips in the prima- ry refiner during the step of mechanically refining the plurality of lig nocellulosic chips. I n some embodiments, all or a portion of the refining composition is applied to the plurality of lig nocellu losic chips in the primary, secondary, and/or tertiary refiners. I n various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values between the aforementioned values are hereby expressly contemplated, e.g. portions of the application of the refining composition applied in the primary, secondary, and tertiary refiners.

I n some embodiments, the method is further defined as a continuous process wherein the step of mechanically refining the plurality of lignocellu losic chips to form pu lp is conducted at a rate of from 1 kg/hr to 1000 ton/hr, 50 kg/hr to 700 ton/hr, 500 kg/hr to 500 ton/hr, or 1 ton/hr to 300 ton/hr. I n various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values between the aforementioned values are hereby expressly contemplated.

I n many embodiments of the method, an energy usage during the step of refining is at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, percent less than a comparable energy usage during the step of refining of a comparable method which does not utilize the claimed lubricating addi ^¬ tive. Alternatively, in some embodiments of the method, an energy usage during the step of refining is from 1 to 50, 5 to 50, 5 to 40, 5 to 30, 5 to 20, 10 to 20, or 8 to 16, percent less than a comparable energy usage during the step of refining of a comparable method which does not utilize the claimed lubricating additive during the step of refining.

I n many embodiments of the method, an energy usage during the step of refining is at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, or at least 45, percent less than a comparable energy usage during the step of refining of a comparable method which does not utilize any surfactant or lubricating additive. Alternatively, in some embodiments of the method, an energy usage during the step of refining is from 1 to 50, 5 to 50, 5 to 40, 5 to 30, 5 to 20, 10 to 20, or 8 to 16, percent less than a comparable energy usage during the step of refining of a comparable method which does not utilize any su rfactant or lubricating additive during the step of refining.

I n many embodiments of the method, a throughput is at least 1, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20, percent more than a comparative throughput of a comparable method which does not utilize the claimed lubricating additive, when an energy usage during the step of refining is equal to or less than the comparable en ^¬ ergy usage during the step of refining of the comparable method which does not utilize the claimed lubricating additive during the step of refining. Alternatively, in some embodiments of the method, a throughput is from 1 to 20, 5 to 20, 10 to 20, or 8 to 16, percent more than a comparative throughput of a comparable method which does not utilize the claimed lubricat ^¬ ing additive, when an energy usage during the step of refining is equal to or less than the comparable energy usage during the step of refining of the comparable method which does not utilize the claimed lubricating additive during the step of refining.

I n many embodiments of the method, a throughput is at least 1, least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20, percent more than a comparative through- put of a comparable method which does not utilize a surfactant or lu bricating additive, when an energy usage during the step of refining is equal to or less than the comparable energy usage during the step of refining of the comparable method which does not utilize any sur ^¬ factant or lubricating additive du ring the step of refining. Alternatively, in some embodiments of the method, a throughput is from 1 to 20, 5 to 20, 10 to 20, or 8 to 16, percent more than a comparative throughput of a comparable method which does not utilize any surfactant or lubricating additive, when an energy usage during the step of refining is equal to or less than the comparable energy usage during the step of refining of the comparable method which does not utilize any surfactant or claimed lubricating additive during the step of refining.

As is set forth above, pulp mills utilize mechanical pulping processes which are, problematical ^¬ ly, energy intensive. As such, there is a need for solutions, such as the subject method, which either increase throughput of the mechanical pulping without increasing the energy usage, or reduce energy usage of such mechanical pulping processes at a standard throughput. Of course, such solutions should not compromise pulp quality. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the lubricating additive lowers the surface tension of the water of the refin ^¬ ing composition and allows the water to better penetrate the plurality of lignocellulosic chips resulting in greater water uptake which "swells" and softens the plurality of lignocellulosic chips allowing for refining with reduced energy, which does not impact pulp quality (or the quality of the paper formed from the pulp).

I n many embodiments of the method, the pu lp produced with the method of this disclosu re has a degree of fibrillation as measured according to Canadian Standard Freeness ( "CSF" ) of from 50 to 800, 75 to 600, or 100 to 300. Alternatively, the pu lp produced with the method of this disclosure has a CSF of about ± 5, of about ±10, of about ±15, of about ±20, of about ±25% of the degree of fibrillation of pulp produced via a comparable method which does not utilize the claimed lubricating additive. In additional non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values within and including the aforementioned range end points are hereby ex ^¬ pressly contemplated.

CSF is an empirical test procedure that measures the rate at which 3 grams of a fibrous pu lp material in 1 liter of water may be drained. CSF measurements are conducted in accordance with the TAPPI T227 test procedure. I n making CSF measurements, it is noted that a more fibrillated fibrous pulp material will have a lower water drainage rate and, thus, a lower "ml CSF" value, and that a less fibrillated fibrous pulp material will have a higher "ml CSF" val ^¬ ue.

I n many embodiments of the method, the pu lp produced with the method of this disclosu re has a wet tensile strength of from 100 to 8,000, 600 to 6,000, or 1,200 to 4,000, N/m when tested in accordance with TAPPI T494.

The following examples, illustrating the composition and method of the present disclosure, are intended to illustrate and not to limit the disclosure. EXAMPLES

Example 1: Water U ptake

A series of refining compositions comprising the lubricating additive of Example 1 are formed in accordance with this disclosure. Two series of comparative refining compositions are also formed but do not represent this disclosure. A 1-500 g sample of spruce cu bes (lignocellu losic chips) are submerged in each of the refining compositions to form a mixture, and the mixture is agitated for 30 minutes at 90°C. Each sample of spruce cubes is separated from the refining compositions and reweighed. A weig ht percent increase in the sample of spruce cubes is measured and recorded in the bar chart of Figure 2. The details regarding the refining compositions of Example 1 and Comparative Ex ^¬ amples 1 and 2 are set forth immediately below.

Referring now to Figure 2, a refining composition comprising water, a refining composition comprising water with a neutral pH (7), a refining composition comprising water with an alka ^¬ line pH (12), a refining composition comprising water with an acidic pH (1.5), and a refining composition comprising a sulfite solution, are formed with the lubricating additive of Example 1 and shown in black. The lubricating additive of Example 1 includes the reaction product of a sugar having the formula: [CeH^Od n ₊ i, wherein n is an average value of between 1 and 2 and an alkyl alcohol having the formula: ROH, wherein R is an alkyl grou p having 8 to 10 carbon atoms.

Still referring to Figure 2, a series of comparative refining compositions without any surfactant or lubricating additive are formed comprising water (pH 7), water with an alkaline pH (12), water with an acidic pH (1.5), and sulfite solution are formed and referred to as Comparative Example 1 and shown in white. These refining compositions are essentially control composi ^¬ tions which do not include any surfactant or lubricating additive.

Still referring to Figu re 2, a refining composition in water, a refining composition in water with a neutral pH (7), a refining composition in water with an alkaline pH (12), a refining composi ^¬ tion with an acidic pH (1.5), and a refining composition in a sulfite solution, are formed with the alcohol ethoxylate surfactant of Comparative Example 2 and shown in grey.

The refining compositions of Example 1 accelerate the water uptake of the samples of spruce cubes as is shown in Figure 2 in comparison to Comparative Examples 1 and 2. Further, the lubricating additive of Example 1 performs well over a wide range of conditions, e.g. acidic, basic, neutral, etc. The lubricating additive of Example 1 lowers the surface tension of the wa ^¬ ter of the refining compositions and allows the water to better penetrate the plurality of spruce cubes, resulting in greater water uptake which swells and softens the spruce cubes.

Example 2: I ncreased Throughput and/or Decreased Energy Usage

A refining compositions comprising water and a lubricating additive is utilized in the method of Example 2. The method of Example 2 is in accordance with the subject disclosure. The lubricating additive of the method of Example 1 includes the reaction product of a sugar hav- ing the formula: [CeH^Od n ₊ i, wherein n is an average value of between 1 and 2 and an alkyl alcohol having the formula: ROH, wherein R is an alkyl g rou p having 8 to 10 carbon atoms.

The refining composition of Example 1 is introduced to a continuous mechanical refining pro ^¬ cess having a primary, secondary, and tertiary refiner. The refining composition is added to the primary refiner in an amount such that 0.4 wt. % of the lubricating additive is added based on a total weig ht of the lignocellulosic chips being refined. The results of the experi ^¬ ment are set forth in Table 1 below. TABLE 1

Tensile

Refiner Freeness Brightness Bond

Energy, Strength

Sample # Time Energy, (TAPPI (TAPPI (TAPPI

% (TAPPI

KW/hr. T227 ) T452) T569)

T494)

1 Primary

Control - refiner: 100% 28 before addi ^¬ 2200 KW

7:00

tion of Re ^¬ 237 59.8 1645

AM Secondary

fining Com ^¬ refiner: 100%

position of

2300 KW

Example 2

Start addition of Refining Composition of Example 2 @ 0.4% based on a total weig ht of a plu rality of lignocellulosic chips.

Decrease energy to 79% and 74%

8:30 1738 KW 79% -

2 310 - - AM 1702 KW 74%

1 hour later

9:30 1738 KW 79% 22

3 312 59.2 1180

AM 1702 KW 74%

2.5 hours later

11:00 1782 KW 81% 25

4 274 60.2 1535

AM 1909 KW 83%

3.5 hour later

1782 KW 81% -

5 NOON 275 - -

1909 KW 83%

5 hou rs later

Decrease energy to 84% and 85%

1:30 1848 KW 84%

6 255

PM 1955 KW 85%

6.5 hours later

3:00 1848 KW 84% -

7 247 - - PM 1955 KW 85%

8.5 hours later

5:00 1848 KW 84% 21

8 245 60.1 1630

PM 1955 KW 85% Referring now to Table 1 above, the method of Example 2, which utilizes a refining composi ^¬ tion comprising the lubricating additive and water, yields pulp of comparable quality to the pulp yielded by the control method, and utilizes 15% less energy in KW/hour than the control method.

It is to be u nderstood that one or more of the values described above may vary by + 5%, + 10%, + 15%, + 20%, + 25%, + 30%, etc., so long as the variance remains within the scope of the disclosu re. Moreover, all values and ranges of values, both whole and fractional, within or between each of the aforementioned values are expressly contemplated in various non- limiting embodiments. It is also to be understood that the appended claims are not limited to express any particular compounds, compositions, or methods described in the detailed de ^¬ scription, which may vary between particular embodiments which fall within the scope of the appended claims. With respect to any Markush groups relied upon herein for describing par ^¬ ticular features or aspects of various embodiments, it is to be appreciated that different, spe ^¬ cial, and/or unexpected results may be obtained from each member of the respective Markush group independent from all other Markush members. Each member of a Markush group may be relied upon individually and or in combination and provides adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.

It is also to be understood that any ranges and subranges relied upon in describing various embodiments of the present disclosure independently and collectively fall within the scope of the appended claims, and are understood to describe and contemplate all ranges including whole and/or fractional values therein, even if such values are not expressly written herein. One of skill in the art readily recognizes that the enumerated ranges and subranges sufficient ^¬ ly describe and enable various embodiments of the present disclosure, and such ranges and subranges may be further delineated into relevant halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, and so on. As just one example, a range "of from 0.1 to 0.9" may be further delineated into a lower third, i.e., from 0.1 to 0.3, a middle third, i.e., from 0.4 to 0.6, and an upper third, i.e., from 0.7 to 0.9, which individually and collectively are within the scope of the appended claims, and may be relied upon individually and/or collectively and provide adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims. I n addition, with respect to the lan ^¬ guage which defines or modifies a range, such as "at least," "g reater than," "less than," "no more than," and the like, it is to be understood that such language includes subranges and/or an upper or lower limit. As another example, a range of "at least 10" inherently includes a subrange of from at least 10 to 35, a subrange of from at least 10 to 25, a subrange of from 25 to 35, and so on, and each subrange may be relied u pon individually and/or collectively and provides adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims. Finally, an individual number within a disclosed range may be relied upon and provides adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the ap ^¬ pended claims. For example, a range "of from 1 to 9" includes various individual integers, such as 3, as well as individual numbers including a decimal point (or fraction), such as 4.1, which may be relied upon and provide adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims. The subject matter of all combinations of independent and dependent claims, both singly and multiply dependent, is herein expressly contemplated but is not described in detail for the sake of brevity. The disclosure has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology which has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation. Many modifications and variations of the pre ^¬ sent disclosure are possible in lig ht of the above teachings, and the disclosure may be prac ^¬ ticed otherwise than as specifically described.