The present invention relates to a manufacturing method for ceramic products as set forth in any of claims 1 , 27 and 28.

The invention relates also to a machine for manufacturing land development products, such as roads, of ceramic material as set forth in claim 12 or 13. Furthermore the invention relates to a land development product, such as road, as set forth in claim 31.

The use of ceramic products is known as such, since for decades there have been facilities available, wherein a rotating drum is used for heating fine material, e.g. clay, for expanding the same. This results in pellet-like grains, which are lightweight and have a high thermal insulation capacity. The surface of hot pellets expanded in the rotating drum often becomes hard, i.e. the surface sinters into a strength-enhancing crust. The same method has been used to manufacture foam glass or vitreous prod¬ ucts, the raw material comprising e.g. fine clay, fly ash and other finely powdered minerals. The subject matter has been discussed in hundreds of patents, examples of which are the following patent publications FI 50105, FI 54910, FI 56368, FI 56520, FI 65416, FI 55326, US 2,987,411, US 2,948,948, US 2,611,712, US 4,584,280, US 3,170,870, US 3,325,264, US 2,611,712. The expansion is often assist- ed by using various chemical additives, which have been described in the above-cited patent publications.

In this application, the ceramic product refers to ther¬ mally expanded fine material, e.g. clay, fly ash, finely powdered waste, fine sand as well as various combinations thereof.

A drawback with the prior known manufacturing methods for ceramic products is that the ceramic product is generally manufactured far away from the site of using the product. Transportation of expanded products to the site of use claims a lot of space and incurs high costs of transport. The resulting product comprises expanded pellets or grains which are discrete, not bound to each other. Thus, the resulting mass has no tensile strength and even the com¬ pression strength often remains insufficient. The bending strength of the product is also non-existent. Therefore, the available technology requires that tensile strength be increased artificially by means of various strengtheners, e.g. geostiffeners or reinforcement. As a result, using the product will be complicated and expensive. A ceramic product, e.g. haydite, manufactured with existing technol¬ ogy, is also highly fragile during the course of loading and transport.

As a result of the inconveniences and expenses involved in existing technology, several preferred applications for ceramic products remain unexploited.

An object of this invention is to provide a manufacturing method for ceramic products, capable of alleviating the above drawbacks. This is achieved by means of a method of the invention in such a manner that a fine-material heat¬ ing facility is transported to the site of application of the composition or to the proximity thereof.

It is prior known from EP-231998 to use ceramic pellets for manufacturing of elements such that the pellets are fired in a kiln and compacted whilst still hot, soft and sticky. To improve the stickiness the pellets are coated with a glaze outside the kiln by spraying some non-defined material on the pellets. This method does not ensure attaching of the glazing material fast and integrally on

the pellet surface in order to obtain pellets having high compression strength and strong mutual attachment.

The accompanying figures are only intended as examples and to illustrate a way of practicing the invention.

Fig. 1 shows a traditional road structure with its heavy embankments.

Fig. 2 shows the road structure of fig. 1 depressed on poorly supporting subsoil.

Fig. 3 shows a lengthwise section of one mobile ceramic- products manufacturing apparatus of the invention in operation.

Fig. 4 shows a mobile apparatus of the invention in a side view.

Fig. 5 shows one mobile apparatus of the invention with the apparatus moving on top of its own product.

Fig. 6 shows one mobile apparatus of the invention in operation, wherein the end product is created in a plurality of layers.

Fig. 7 shows one possible cross-section of the apparatus of fig. 3.

Fig. 8 shows one mobile apparatus of the invention, wherein the ceramic product is delivered pneumat¬ ically further away from the ceramic-products manufacturing apparatus.

Fig. 9 shows a lengthwise section of one solution of the invention, wherein a railway structure has been

lifted up and the ceramic composition is laid therebelow e.g. as thermal insulation.

Fig. 10 shows a bottom view of one possible solution of the invention, wherein prefabricated elements are produced with a method of the invention.

Fig. 11 shows a cross-section of a prefabricated element after a mobile ceramic-mass spreading apparatus of the invention has passed over element moulds and spread the ceramic mass on top of the moulds while traveling on rails.

Fig. 12 shows one alternative arrangement in the same section as fig. 11 with a concrete layer beneath the ceramic product for the surface of an ele¬ ment.

Fig. 13 shows one solution of the invention, wherein a mobile apparatus of the invention travels on wheels.

Fig. 14 shows a lengthwise section of one solution of the invention, wherein the ceramic composition is laid on top of a floating pontoon.

Fig. 15 shows a cross-section of the solution of fig. 14, wherein the pontoon unit and the ceramic product can be joined together as a composite structure.

Fig. 16 shows one bridge structure of the invention in a lengthwise section.

Fig. 17 is a sectional view of one ceramic pellet pro- duced according to the invention, wherein the coarser matter is on the surface and the porous, lightweight matter is in the middle.

Fig. 18 shows a mobile apparatus of the invention, wherein a heating chamber is supplied with a coarser material, e.g. fine sand, to the hottest spot in which the coarser material melts.

Fig. 19 is a sectional view of one ceramic pellet pro¬ duced with a method of the invention, wherein the middle portion consists of a porous light¬ weight material and on top of that lies an outer- most layer of melted coarser material, e.g. fine sand.

Fig. 20 shows a plurality of ceramic pellets of fig. 19 conglutinated together for providing a very solid ceramic composition aggregate, which also has a high tensile strength.

Fig. 21 shows a road structure, built according to the invention and in a plurality of layers. The top layer is constructed from a material with a high tensile strength, e.g. as illustrated in fig. 20. The lower placed ceramic layers can be readily penetrated , e.g. for making a culvert conduit 36. The solid top layer may remain e.g. as a culvert cover 35.

Fig. 22 shows one possible solution for supplying a fine¬ ly powdered raw material 2 to an apparatus of the invention by means of a pump 37 submersible in clay.

Fig. 23 shows the condition of fig. 22 after the pump has sucked finely powdered clay from deep, whereby the ground sinks but no major damages are visible on the surface. The top clay layer may remain practically intact.

Fig. 24 shows an axonometric view of a solution, wherein a finely powdered material has been delivered into a grate-floored 41 container 42 for drying the same. Delivery of the finely powdered raw material can be effected e.g. by using the solu¬ tion of fig. 22 and even a long-distance pipe¬ line.

An essential object of this invention is to produce pref- erably even large amounts of ceramic material at or near the site of application. At the same time, an object is to produce a ceramic product which is more solid than those of the prior art. A particular object is to increase the compression strength, but also the tensile and bending strength without separate reinforcements.

The invention can be readily used for implementing even major construction projects in such a manner that the actual composition is not produced until at the site. There is no need to move about heavy elements or other major components. The work can be sufficiently handled by relatively simple equipment.

If desired, the final composition can be composed of various layers for thus providing the product with desired qualities.

The exemplary figures depicting the invention include the following illustrative reference numerals:

1 heating chamber used for expansion

2 finely powdered raw material

3 road structure

4 base 5 fuel

6 fire produced by combustion of fuel

7 transport means, e.g. crawler

8 ceramic product

9 expanded ceramic product or ceramic pellet

10 outlet for combustion gases

11 heat recovery duct 12 heat exchanger

13 axle

14 tipping piston

15 screw feeder

16 ceramic product smoothing skirt 17 heat recovery chamber from ceramic product

18 support wheel

19 railway structure

20 supply of compressed air

21 ceramic product conveying duct 22 element moulds seen from above

23 rail for a transport base

24 concrete bed for pouring ceramic mass thereon

25 wheel for carrying a machine

26 water level 27 pontoon

28 bridge pier

29 finely-powdered expanded matter in the middle of a pellet

30 coarser-grained matter in the surface part of a pellet 31 hottest point

32 supply of fine sand

33 preheating of fine sand

34 melted fine sand

35 solid tensile-resistant ceramic layer 36 culvert conduit

37 pump

38 lifting pipe for raw material, e.g. clay

39 hole in wet finely-powdered raw material, e.g. clay

40 discharging water 41 floor grate

42 container

43 pedestal

44 supply duct for additive or supply duct for raw materi¬ al

In fig. 1, a traditional road embankment 3 requires a lot of aggregates. This generally requires the excavation of a lot of sand, which ruins the nature in some area. Useful aggregate is not available at all in many regions or the price is excessively high. The normally employed filling gravel or sand has no tensile strength to mention. There- fore, the road structure 3 must be given a substantial thickness in order to exploit the compression strength of the material. Especially important, in terms of the dura¬ bility of a road, are top layers, wherein major single loads must be distributed over a more extensive area in the road structure 3. For this purpose, as a so-called base course, the road generally includes crushed coarse¬ grained macadam or rubble, which is expensive. Thus, the loading progresses as compressive forces from one rubble grain to another. The diffusion of pressure within the road bed 3 occurs deficiently as the material has no worth-while bending or tensile strength. Generally, it is only the asphalt topping or concrete pavement which have a little bending strength. If the structural layers could be made of flexurally resistant materials, it would be suffi- cient to use substantially thinner layers. The same ap¬ plies also to airports, harbours, courtyards and like areas, which require a bearing capacity for major loads.

In fig. 2, the embankment 3 is built on a soft subsoil 4 and sinks down. In order to prevent this, it is often necessary to undertake expensive ground reinforcements, e.g. piling, stabilizing etc., as the weight of a tradi¬ tional road embankment is about 1,9...2, 3 tons/m ³ . If the building material for an embankment were more lightweight, it would be possible to eliminate the irregular depres¬ sions of roads and airports and degrading conditions for traffic. For example, a depressed bumpy road causes damag-

es on transport equipment and cargos as well as makes traveling unpleasant in passenger traffic. The bumpiness of roads is currently further increased by frost heaves in winter. This would be precluded if the aggregate were thermally insulating.

In present technology, the site of a road bed must often be cleared of poorly supporting materials, e.g. clay. It is necessary to find suitable landfills for these waste materials and a possible waste tax must be paid therefor. This waste stuff can often be put to sensible use with a method of the invention by converting it into a ceramic product 8.

In present technology, the construction of a road involves an excessive consumption of energy since, for example, every excavating machine and earth carrying vehicle and such pieces of equipment spend a lot of fuel in a variety of actions. An object of the novel approach is to substan- tially simplify the entire road building process and thus to reduce the overall consumption of energy.

In fig. 3, an apparatus of the invention produces ceramic material in large quantities quickly and directly on site. This eliminates the expensive excavations of embankment material as well as transport costs.

A fine raw material 2 is introduced into a heating drum 1 e.g. by means of a screw feeder 15. Being heated by a combustion flame 6, the finely powdered material 2 expands into discrete ceramic pieces 9, which provide the final ceramic composition, e.g. a road bed. This is lightweight and has a high heat-insulating capacity.

In this instance, the apparatus is mobile on crawlers 7. A fuel 5 used for combustion may comprise e.g. coal dust, which is delivered into the drum 1. A supporting flame is

sustained by means of oil. A heat exchange 12 recovers thermal energy from exhaust gases. The required clean air is heated with exhaust gases.

The ceramic product is smoothed or levelled by means of a smoothing skirt or smoothing face 16 to a desired condi¬ tion. In order to conserve energy, the product discharges from the drum 1 or some other heating chamber into a heat recovery chamber 17. In the illustrated case, the appara- tus travels to the right. The distributed ceramic layer 8 may have a thickness which generally varies within the range of 5 - 100 cm.

Fig. 4 depicts a piston cylinder 14 intended for tipping the drum 1 and capable of adjusting the tilt angle of the drum in longitudinal direction or regulating the rate of output. The tipping may occur e.g. around an axle 13.

In fig. 5, the smoothing skirt 16 is moved to such a height that the apparatus is able to travel on top of its own product.

Due to the hot mass, the crawlers 7 must be durable. If necessary, the crawler tracks can be overlaid with a heat- resistant smoothing mat or plate elements in order not to leave track impressions on the surface being produced.

It can be noted from fig. 6 that, by spreading ceramic layers on top of each other, the invention can be used for producing large quantities of materials e.g. for applica¬ tions of information technology, airports, harbour areas, courtyards etc.

Fig. 7 illustrates rotation of the drum 1 and the posi- tioning of a ceramic product 9 or, in this case, discrete grains or pellets.

Fig. 8 depicts how the discrete ceramic grains 9 can also be carried by means of pneumatic delivery 21 further away from the apparatus even along long-distance ducts 21.

Fig. 9 shows that, by hoisting up a track 19, it is possi¬ ble to lay therebelow a ceramic layer 8, e.g. by means of pneumatic delivery as shown in fig. 8. The apparatus itself can be placed above the track slightly aside there¬ of. After setting the track down, the ceramic mass can also be poured into the spaces between concrete blocks and damaged blocks can be repaired by means of the ceramic mass by turning the mass and the blocks into a composite structure.

Fig. 10 shows that the invention can be used for making rapidly and effectively e.g. prefabricated elements by placing moulds 22 on some base, e.g. on the ground. The apparatus of the invention may advance over the moulds 22 and fill the same with a ceramic mass. Figs. 11 and 12 illustrate rails 23 for maneuvering the apparatus over the moulds, and fig. 13 shows how the apparatus is movable on wheels 25. In fig. 12, the ceramic mass 8 is spread on top of a concrete slab 24 as a composite structure with the concrete.

Figs. 14-16 depict a ceramic porous slab 8 as a composite structure on top of a floating pontoon 27 to provide a bridge deck, the bridge structure is hoisted up and sup¬ ported with piers as necessary.

Fig. 16 illustrates in principle a way of constructing even a major bridge upon piers 28.

Fig. 17 shows what is the result when two different types of clay have been mixed together prior to making a ceramic product, often even in a wet condition. The coarser parti¬ cles find their way to the outer surface in a pellet

during firing to build a solid and hard outer crust 30. The finer expanding matter provides a lightweight core layer 29. By raising the oven temperature the ceramic product can be extracted as conglutinated pellets or a foam-like mass. The oven temperature is typically within the range of 800 - 1300°C.

In fig. 18, the drum 1 is supplied with fine sand (princi¬ pal grain size < 0,02 mm) 32 or some other material coarser than clay delivered to a hottest drum point 31 , wherein the coarser matter 32 melts.

Fig. 19 depicts a small ceramic grain or pellet 9, on whose surface is melted a vitreous material 34 from sand or some other coarser material.

The pellets according to figures 17 and 19 have particular advantages when used as an aggregate in betong instead of stone aggregate. The cement is not impregnated in the pellets through the hard or vitreous surface. The com¬ pression strength of the pellets is much better than with any prior known pellets. The result is durable but light betong.

According to fig. 20, discrete grains 9, 30, 29 adhere to each other through the action of the melted sand 34. After the heat has decreased, the composition is extremely solid and resistant to tension and bending. Thus, the ceramic composition is foamy or spongy and the pore surfaces or partitions are glazed by fine sand melted by the flame. By virtue of this, the strength will be enhanced even fur¬ ther. If desired, the above-described compositions need not be provided with conventional reinforcements. Water is not able to penetrate into a solid cellular structure and, thus, there is no freezing hazard.

Despite its strength the ceramic product usually weighs no more than 0,15 - 1,8 tn/m ³ . Especially in road construc¬ tion, the light weight provides a major benefit as the product does not burden the subsoil by its own weight, whereby the ground reinforcements can be eliminated even completely. In the road surface layer and or in the underlying layers the ceramic slab is reinforced by vitre¬ ous material which is integral with the expanded porous ceramic material. At the site of road construction, the clearing of even a thin natural soil layer is sufficient to compensate for the total weight of a road.

In figs. 22 and 23, a pump 37 is buried in the finer clay material 2 and a supply duct 38 is passed through the coarser clay layer 30.

Fig. 24 illustrates an arrangement for presetting the clay prior to introducing it into the oven. The clay contained in a container 42 is provided with water draining passages 39 by blowing compressed air through a duct 20 or by designing the passages in such a manner that the mass is laid around rods and the rods are extracted from the mass after a given period of setting. The container 42 is placed on pedestals 43 and water 40 drains through a grate floor 41. The clay can be supplied with necessary addi¬ tives (duct 44), e.g. iron oxide, salts, metals or other prior known additives, which are discussed in the above- cited patent publications.

If setting of the mass needs to be decelerated, the mass emerging from the oven can be supplied with chemicals (e.g. various salts), which lower the melting temperature. Hence, even after the spreading, the mass surface can be rolled, for example, or dug to form e.g. cable passages.

In an embodiment of the invention one or more ceramic layers, having its or their specific weight less than

1,0 tn/m ³ , form a floating road. Due to vitreous reinforcement material within the porous mass, high strength is combined with light weight. Typically the specific weight of the floating road slab or different layers of the slab may vary between 0,2 - 0,9 tn/m ³ .