BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 5 This invention is concerned with the electrolytic refining of copper, and more particularly, with a process for constantly maintaining an effective thiourea concentra¬ tion in the electrolyte solution during the electrolytic refining of copper. Traditionally, copper has been purified in a process wherein an electric current is transmitted between cast anodes of impure copper to cathodes which have a substantially pure copper deposit plated thereto, both anodes and cathodes being immersed in a suitable electrolyte. The electrolyte which has found universal acceptance in the art is an aqueous solution of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid. The refining process first dissolves the impure anode copper into the electrolyte solution and then trans- ports the copper ions (Cu 2+) to a nearby cathode, where the copper is plated out as virtually pure metal, Cu ^β . After a period of time a desired thickness of copper is deposited on the cathodes, whereupon they are removed and later melted for casting into several common product shapes. Several problems occur during this operation and have consequently formed the subject of extensive research. As the cost of energy continues to soar, the importance of increasing current efficiency in electrorefining has become a paramount consideration. A change of 1% in the current efficiency of a large modern electrolytic copper refinery can result in a substantial increase in copper capacity, or a decrease in electricity per unit of pro-

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duction. Additionally, it is desired to operate at higher tankhouse current densities without sacrificing current efficiency. Such an improvement would permit a larger and quicker recovery of copper, as well as several de- sirable by-products, e.g., silver, and would also reduce the need for sfcift work, thus lowering the cost of labor.

Various addition agents, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patents 2,660,555 and 3,389,064, have assisted in improving the quality of the copper deposited on the cathodes. In particular, the addition of a combination of glue, Avitone and thiourea; "thiourea" hereafter being understood to represent either pure or commercial grade thiourea, as well as most organic compounds which contain a thiourea group, as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,389,064 has been found to favor the formation of a smooth, dense, uniform cathode copper deposit. Without the use of such additives the copper deposited on the cathodes tends to develop "nodules", which are irregular, tree-like growths that often cause harmful short circuits in the process. Also, large "striations", which are groove-like growths in the cathode can trap impurities present in the electrolyte, and are particularly dangerous when the impurity concentration, and it has been thought, especial¬ ly the thiourea concentration, rise to undesirable levels in the electrolyte.

A problem created by the use of additives has been the need to quickly and accurately determine optimum operating concentrations in the refining tankhouse, and also how to maximize the current efficiency during the plating process. U.S. Patent 3,389,064 does not reveal the chemistry of the disclosed additives in the electro¬ lyte, but rather assumes that the addition agents appear to be used up during the electrolytic refining process. However, in any large commercial process, including tank- house refining, successful operation can depend on a number of variables, and thus it is desired to discover a method of quickly and accurately measuring the critical

parameters in the system in order to keep it constantly running under maximum operating conditions, while not having to resort to old fashioned trial-and-error read¬ justments, and also determining the ranges of additive concentrations in which copper refining should be con¬ ducted.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an advantage of this invention to provide an improved process useful for the electrolytic refining of copper.

It is another advantage of this invention to provide an improved electrolytic copper refining process which increases current efficiency, thus reducing operating costs and labor requirements. It is another advantage of this invention to determine how various concentrations of thiourea in the electrolyte affect the quality of the cathode deposited copper.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These and other advantages of the invention are accomplished by an improved method for the electrolytic refining of copper comprising creating an electrolyte use¬ ful in copper refining including an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and copper sulfate, together with minor amounts by weight of addition agents, one of which is thiourea, the electrolyte residing during plating in a suitable container means, which has both an inlet stream and an outlet stream of electrolyte passing through inlet and outlet flow passage means; adding at least a suffi- cient amount of thiourea to the inlet stream in order to maintain the outlet stream concentration of thiourea at a value at least above trace concentrations, that is, at least a measurable amount, the maximum acceptable concen¬ tration in the outlet stream being a value above which cathode deposited copper contamination becomes signifi¬ cant, that is, above which impurities present in the electrolyte materially affect the quality of the deposited

copper, and at least periodically repeating the above while electrorefining copper in the container means. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 discloses an overview of two alternative electrically parallel arrangements of arranging the anodes and cathodes in an electrolytic cell.

Fig. 2 discloses a copper electrolyte circula¬ tion cycle where the tankhouse is comprised of a single section. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It has been estimated that about 95% of all copper produced today is electrolytically refined during its processing from the mined ore state into a finished product. Electrorefining is a process of first electro- chemically dissolving impure copper from an anode and then selectively plating the dissolved copper in virtual¬ ly pure form onto a cathode. Such a process thus serves two purposes; it virtually eliminates impurities which are harmful to the electrical and mechanical properties of copper, and it also separates valuable impurities from the copper, which can be either recovered as by-product metals if economically feasible, or otherwise disposed of.

Electrorefining as practiced in industrial tank- houses today is almost exclusively carried out using the "multiple" or "parallel" system, in which all the anodes and cathodes in each electrolytic cell are interleaved in an electrically parallel arrangement. Viewing Figures 1A and IB, two alternative arrangements of arranging anode- cathode and cell connections are illustrated. In each embodiment all the anodes 2A, 2B in a particular cell are activated at one electrical potential, while all the cathodes 4A, 4B are at a second, lower potential. Each anode 2A, 2B is positioned between two cathodes 4A, 4B in order that all the anodes will dissolve at a substan- tially uniform rate.

All of the individual cells are electrically connected in series to form a section, and each section,

generally made up of about 20-45 cells, constitutes a separate independent part (module) of the refinery tank- house, which can be electrically and chemically isolated from the other sections for such operations as inserting and removing electrodes, cleaning anode residues from the bottom of the cell, and maintenance services.

Since each adjacent cell is connected in series with its adjoining member, all the cathodes in each cell are in direct connection, i.e. the same potential, with the anodes in the adjoining cell.

The electrolyte used for copper refining today is an aqueous solution of about 40-50 g/1 copper and 175-225 g/1 sulfuric acid, along with small amounts of impurities, mainly nickel, arsenic, iron and antimony. Steam heaters keep the solution at a temperature of about 60-65°C. at the refining cell inlet, and as the electro¬ lyte circulates through the cells while processing the copper, its temperature drops to a range of about 55-60°C. at the outlet. The flow rate, or circulation of the electrolyte in and out of the cell causes the typical large industrial cell to recirculate its electrolyte once every 5-6 hours. Such circulation is essential for several reasons, one of which is to transport dis¬ solved impurities out of the cell and to insure uniform copper ion concentrations at the electrode surfaces.

The electrolyte has several "addition agents" which are added to it in an effort to improve performance. If these addition agents were not mixed into the electro¬ lyte the finished plated copper deposits would become either soft or coarsely crystalline deposits. The growth of copper "nodules" on the cathodes, which frequently grow until they touch a nearby anode, thus causing a short circuit, would be promoted, requiring additional manpower for their removal as well as lowering tankhouse current efficiency. Common addition agents found in refinery use today are bone glue, hydrolysed casein, sulphonated wood fibres such as goulac, bindarene and lignone and petroleum

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liquors, particularly the well known "Avitone A". One such additive which has been found to be extremely significant in the optimization of refinery potential is the usage of thio¬ urea in controlled amounts. As used herein, thiourea means any organic compound containing a thiourea nucleus, viz.

NH- S = C'

^ H- and in particular, commercially pure or commercial grade thiourea.

However, due to the small amounts of thiourea involved, usually parts per million of electrolyte, and particularly due to the difficulty in measuring these con¬ centrations in the electrolyte, the behavior of thiourea in copper refining solutions is substantially unknown. In particular, the rate, or rates at which thiourea is con¬ sumed during tankhouse operation, the effect of various concentration levels of thiourea have on the deposited copper cathodes, and the effect of rising levels of impurities in the electrolyte, are matters of great interest. Tradition- ally, the industry has operated very unscientifically in the manner it has regulated the growth of nodules and striations, improving of current efficiency, and the quality of the copper deposited on the cathodes. Consequently, it has been a goal of the industry to design a process of better under- standing and controlling these various phenomena.

Such a process has been discovered and is best il¬ lustrated in its broadest embodiment by viewing Fig. 2, which is a schematic flowsheet of a copper refining process in which the tankhouse refinery is comprised of a single section. Mixer tank 2 functions as a source of thiourea for the refining process, as well as the source of several other addition

agents and salt additives. Thiourea can be added either continually, or periodically, into the electrolyte, depend¬ ing on the particular type of system used. The thiourea in tank 2 passes through tube or other suitable flow means 4 and goes past flow regulator 6 whereupon it joins the main electrolyte circulation in tube 8. By regulating the amount of thiourea added in this manner, the inlet concentration of thiourea in tube 8 is typically kept between about 800-2500 ppb, or most typically, about 1500-2000 ppb. However, the inlet concentration should vary so that the outlet concen¬ tration of thiourea from each tankhouse section is present in at least trace concentrations, that is, at least a measur¬ able amount, and preferably at least about 100 ppb. Surpris ingly, it has been found that higher levels of thiourea than believed feasible can be used in the inlet without causing harmful results. In particular, thiourea concentrations of the order of 5000 ppb have been used in the inlet, with satisfactory results. This is most unexpected, since at these high levels of thiourea it has been thought that con- tamination, particularly from the sulfur present in the thiourea, would damage the deposited copper cathodes. Howeve no economic or other benefit is derived from operating at these high levels.

Returning to Fig. 2, the electrolyte then enters into section or module 10, which is divided into many cells 12, each cell being constructed in the manner as seen in Fig. 1. However, any suitable cell or tankhouse design can be used in the process of this invention, and this parti¬ cular tankhouse design, employing but a single section, is used in order to simplify the analysis. After circulating in section 10 and participating in the electrorefining of the impure anodes into pure copper cathodes, the electro¬ lyte solution leaves through outlet tube 14. The outlet concentration of thiourea in the electrolyte is sampled at orifice 16, the sample then measured by measuring means 18, the location of which is not important, so long as the correct outlet concentrations can be quickly and accurately

measured so that system changes can be promptly made.

It is preferred to determine the thiourea con¬ centration of the electrolyte by an analytical technique known as differential pulse polarography (DPP) . By using an analytical device known as a polarograph, such as the EG&G-Princeton Applied Research Model #384, which is cur¬ rently sold by Princeton Applied Research Corporation, Princeton, N.J., and the operation of which is disclosed by the publication, EG&G Princeton Applied Research, Analystical Instrument Division Application Note P-2, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference, and modifying the instrument by inserting a different refer¬ ence electrode, that is, instead of using their recommend¬ ed Ag-AgCl electrode, using a KN0_ reference electrode instead, concentrations of thiourea of the order of 100 ppb can be registered. The tankhouse electrolyte solution is diluted to one-tenth strength and analyzed. The reason for the electrolyte dilution is to eliminate any inter¬ ference in the analysis by other impurities present, parti- cularly chlorine. The polarograph is preferably set at a slow scan rate, about 2-5 mV/sec, and a 25 mV pulse height setting, in order to best display the polarograph readings. This technique gives accurate concentration readings down to about 100 ppb, which could not be done by the recommend- ed method of operating the machine, despite the manufactur¬ ers' claims to the contrary. However, any suitable polaro¬ graph can be quickly adapted for use in the process of this invention, and any other measuring means that can quickly and accurately generate thiourea concentrations of this order of magnitude is also perfectly suitable for the process of this invention, although none are believed currently available.

Surprisingly, it has been found that the effluent concentration of thiourea is an important parameter in optimizing tankhouse efficiency. More particularly, a thiourea effluent concentration at a value at least above trace concentrations, that is, at least a measurable amount.

and preferably above abo _^ ut 100 ppb will lead to increased current efficiency, smoother cathodes, fewer short circuits between anode and cathode, and a lower impurity concentra¬ tion in the cathodes. After circulating electrolyte solution is sampled at 16, it flows through tube 20 and enters tank 22, which functions as a source of fresh electrolyte, i.e. CuS0 ₄ and H-SO.. Upon exiting tank 22 the fresh electrolyte solution passes through tube 24 and pumping means 26, until entering heat exchanger 30 nd tube 28, which raises the temperature of the electrolyte to about 65°C, whereupon the fluid exits through tube 32 into and out of head tank 34. The electro¬ lyte is next fortified by thiourea and other addition agents before the entry into section 10, as the cycle is continued indefinitely. It is to be emphasized in the practice of this process that many other recycling schemes and accompany¬ ing apparatus fall within the scope of the invention, for the manner of processing the electrolyte after it has been measured for thiourea content in the effluent stream until it is fortified with a desired amount of thiourea in the inlet stream does not form a critical part of the process. The invention in its preferred form consists of a novel improved process of electrolytic copper refining which occurs in a tankhouse or other suitable container means wherein the improvement comprises measuring the con¬ centration of thiourea in the electrolyte outlet with a suitable measuring means, preferably by differential pulse polarography, readjusting the thiourea concentration by adding an effective amount of thiourea to the inlet stream so that the outlet concentration stays within a desired range, the range having a maximum value above which impuri¬ ties develop in the copper cathodes and a minimum concen¬ tration being at least a measurable, amount and preferably about 100 ppb, below which nodule formation accelerates; and periodically repeating the above procedure so that the measured outlet thiourea concentration stays between these upper and lower values, preferably about 100-2500 ppb for

the typical electrorefining tankhouse.

Although applicants do not wish to be bound by theory, the utilization of DPP to measure the concentra¬ tion of thiourea at various points in the tankhouse appears to have shed light on just how thiourea is consumed. The precise optimum concentration of thiourea varies from sec¬ tion to section and must be determined experimentally for each unit. Thiourea depletes over a period of time, even in the absence of electrolysis, although its rate of con- sumption appears to be proportional to the current density. The most surprising discovery has been the fact that moni¬ toring the thiourea concentration in the manner described by applicants' process has lead to a 3-6% improvement in current efficiency, as well as up to 80% fewer short σir- cuits. Viewing Table 1 on page 12, the current efficiencies (C.E.) and number of short circuits (shorts) in a commercial refinery were tabulated over a 4 month period, the first month using conventional refining techniques, including the addition of thiourea, glue and Avitone to the electrolyte according to accepted practice, while for the last three using applicants' novel process. Initial measurements disclosed the absence of thiourea in the effluent, however, it was found that as thiourea additions to the electrolyte increased to a point where a measurable amount of thiourea was detected in the effluent, in accordance with the teach¬ ings of the invention, the number of short circuits dropped and the average current efficiency in the tankhouse modules increased. In Table II on page 13 is shown the short cir¬ cuits occurring in two tankhouse modules over a nine day span, both before using the process described herein, and after using the process.

The dramatic increase in refinery current effi¬ ciency and decrease in the number of short circuits incur¬ red, as shown in Tables I and II, is a totally unexpected

2 development. Current densities as high as 23 amps/f have

2 been attained, in contrast to more normal 17 amps/ft , with¬ out sacrificing current efficiency. Results will vary, de-

pending on the particular individual characteristics of the tankhouse employed; however, it is clear that a substantial economic savings in a process which has been in operation substantially as is for decades is a most surprising and unexpected result.

Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.

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TABLE I

# OF THIOUREA

MONTH MODULE SHORTS IN EFFLUENT* C.E. % Month I A 679 No 93.18

B 749 No 92.43

C 759 No 90.15

D 465 NO 93.14

E 491 NO 93.42

Month II A 336 Yes 96.32

B 388 Yes 96.11

C ^' 381 No/Yes** 94.79

D 330 NO 94.38

E 322 Yes 94.58

Month III A 327 Yes 96.54

B 371 Yes 96.33

C 270 Yes 95.76

D 149 Yes 96.97

E 174 Yes 96.54

Month IV A 213 Yes 97.80

B 249 Yes 96.83

C 254 Yes 96.26

D 133 Yes 97.51

E 149 Yes 97.33

* Thiourea measurements were made weekly through months I and II up until day 19 of month III, after which they were made daily.

** Section C changed from a zero reading to a posi¬ tive reading of thiourea during the middle of month II.

TABLE II Short Circuits Per Day*

MODULE A MODULE B

Day Before After Before After 1 402 115 415 121 2 433. 134 406 105 3 409 92 399 124 4 485 92 389 129 5 410 134 282 86 6 335 66 346 101 7 439 75 421 114 8 557 58 452 123 9 469 61 389 101

* The readings were taken at ASARC0 Incorporated*s Aniarillo Copper Refinery Tankhouse.

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