The present invention relates to the welding of metallic substrates by laser arc hybrid welding, in particular in the case where at least one of the metallic substrates is a steel substrate locally coated with a welding flux to improve the quality of the weld. It also relates to the corresponding steel substrate and to the method for the manufacture of the steel substrate. It is particularly well suited for construction, shipbuilding, transportation industry (rail and automotive), energy- related structures, oil&gas and offshore industries.

It is known to weld steel substrates by laser arc hybrid welding. This welding technique combines the principles of laser beam welding and arc welding. There are four main types of laser arc hybrid welding process, depending on the setup used: Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) also known as Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA), Gas Metal Arc (GMA), sometimes referred to by its subtypes Metal Inert Gas (MIG) or Metal Active Gas (MAG), Plasma Arc and Submerged Arc (SA).

The combination of the laser process and the arc process results in an increase in both weld penetration depth and welding speed (as compared to each process alone). Nevertheless, despite these improvements, there is still room for limiting the crack occurrence in the welds and improving the process stability and consequently the weld penetration.

There is thus a need for improving the quality of the weld made by laser arc hybrid welding and therefore the mechanical properties of welded steel substrates. There is also a need for increasing the deposition rate and productivity of the laser arc hybrid welding.

To this end, the invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a welded joint comprising the following successive steps:

I. The provision of at least two metallic substrates wherein at least one metallic substrate is a steel substrate having a thickness of at least 8 mm and being delimited by at least one beveled edge, wherein said beveled edge is at least partially coated with a pre-coating comprising a titanate and a nanoparticulate oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, AI2O3, M0O3, CrOs, CeO2, La2Os and mixtures thereof, and II. The welding of the at least two metallic substrates along the at least partially coated beveled edge by laser arc hybrid welding in leading arc configuration.

The method according to the invention may also have the optional features listed below, considered individually or in combination:

- the titanate is chosen from among: Na2TiaO7, NaTiOa, foTiOa, K2Ti20s, MgTiOa, SrTiOa, BaTiOa, CaTiOa, FeTiOa and ZnTiC and mixtures thereof,

- the thickness of the pre-coating is between 10 to 140 pm,

- the percentage of the nanoparticulate oxide in the pre-coating is below or equal to 80 wt.%,

- the percentage of the nanoparticulate oxide in the pre-coating is above or equal to 10 wt.%,

- the nanoparticles have a size comprised between 5 and 60 nm,

- the percentage of titanate in the pre-coating is above or equal to 45 wt.%,

- the diameter of the titanate is between 1 and 40pm,

- the pre-coating further comprises a binder,

- the percentage of binder in the pre-coating is between 1 and 20 wt.%,

- the arc of the laser arc hybrid welding is selected among submerged arc, gas metal arc, gas tungsten arc and plasma arc.

- the precoating further comprises microparticulate compounds selected among microparticulate oxides and/or microparticulate fluorides,

- the precoating further comprises microparticulate compounds selected from the list consisting of CeO2, Na2O, Na2O2, NaBiOa, NaF, CaF2, cryolite (NaaAIFe) and mixtures thereof.

The invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of a pre-coated steel substrate comprising the successive following steps: A. The provision of a steel substrate having a thickness of at least 8 mm and being delimited by at least one beveled edge with a bevel angle comprised between 1 and 10°,

B. The deposition, at least partially on said beveled edge, of a pre-coating solution comprising a titanate and a nanoparticulate oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, AI2O3, M0O3, CrOs, CeO2, La20s and mixtures thereof.

The method for the manufacture of a pre-coated steel substrate according to the invention may also have the optional features listed below, considered individually or in combination:

- the deposition of the pre-coating solution is performed by spin coating, spray coating, dip coating or brush coating,

- in step B), the pre-coating solution further comprises a solvent,

- in step B), the pre-coating solution comprises from 1 to 200 g/L of nanoparticulate oxide,

- in step B), the pre-coating solution comprises from 100 to 500 g/L of titanate,

- in step B), the pre-coating solution further comprises a binder precursor,

- The method further comprises a drying step of the pre-coated steel substrate obtained in step B).

The invention also relates to a steel substrate having a thickness of at least 8 mm and being delimited by at least one beveled edge with a bevel angle comprised between 1 and 10°, wherein said beveled edge is at least partially coated with a pre-coating comprising a titanate and a nanoparticulate oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, AI2O3, M0O3, CrOs, CeO2, La2Os and mixtures thereof.

The following terms are defined:

- Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm) in size. - Titanate refers to inorganic compounds containing titanium, oxygen and at least one additional element, such as an alkali metal element, alkaline- earth element, transition metal element or metallic element. They can be in the form of their salts.

- “coated” means that the steel substrate is at least locally covered with the pre-coating. The covering can be for example limited to the area where the steel substrate will be welded, “coated” inclusively includes "directly on" (no intermediate materials, elements or space disposed therebetween) and "indirectly on" (intermediate materials, elements or space disposed therebetween). For example, coating the steel substrate can include applying the pre-coating directly on the substrate with no intermediate materials/elements therebetween, as well as applying the pre-coating indirectly on the substrate with one or more intermediate materials/elements therebetween (such as an anticorrosion coating).

Without willing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the pre-coating mainly modifies the melt pool physics during welding. It seems that, in the present invention, not only the nature of the compounds, but also the size of the oxide particles being equal to or below 100nm modifies the arc and melt pool physics.

Indeed, the arc, which is going first, melts and incorporates the pre-coating in the molten metal in the form of dissolved species and in the arc in the form of ionized species. Thanks to the presence of titanate and nanoparticles in the arc, the arc is constricted and the temperature of the molten metal pool increases. Consequently, the keyhole, i.e. a literal hole in the steel substrate caused by its vaporization, is formed more easily by the laser impacting the molten metal pool. This improves the process efficiency.

Moreover, the pre-coating dissolved in the molten metal modifies the Marangoni flow, which is the mass transfer at the liquid-gas interface due to the surface tension gradient. In particular, the components of the pre-coating modify the gradient of surface tension along the interface. This modification of surface tension results in an inversion of the fluid flow towards the center of the weld pool. Without willing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the nanoparticles dissolve at lower temperature than microparticles and therefore more oxygen is dissolved in the melt pool, which activates the reverse Marangoni flow. The latter contributes to the retention of a proper keyhole shape, which, in turn, prevents gas entrapment and thus pores in the weld.

Moreover, the titanate mixed with the nanoparticulate oxide modifies the plasma plume interaction with the laser beam. In particular, the increase in oxygen due to the dissolution of the pre-coating reduces the scattering of the laser beam. Consequently, the laser spot diameter is reduced while the keyhole effect is enhanced. This allows the energy beam to penetrate even more deeply and to be delivered very efficiently into the join. This increases the weld penetration and minimizes the heat affected zone, which in turn limits part distortion.

Moreover, as the components of the pre-coating make the surface tension increase with temperature, the wettability of the weld material increases along the bevel which is colder than the center of the melt pool, which prevents slag entrapment.

Additionally, it has been observed that the nanoparticles improve the homogeneity of the applied pre-coating by filling the gaps between the microparticles and covering the surface of the microparticles. It helps stabilizing the welding arc, thus improving the weld penetration and quality.

The invention will be better understood by reading the following description, which is provided purely for purposes of explanation and is in no way intended to be restrictive with reference to Figure 1 , which illustrates a substrate with a beveled edge in double Y.

The pre-coating comprises a titanate and a nanoparticulate oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, AI2O3, M0O3, CrOs, CeO2, La2Os and mixtures thereof. In other words, the pre-coating comprises a titanate and at least one nanoparticulate oxide, wherein the at least one nanoparticulate oxide is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, AI2O3, M0O3, CrOs, CeO2, La2Os and mixtures thereof. This means that the pre-coating doesn’t comprise any other nanoparticulate oxide that the ones listed. The titanate is selected from the group of titanates consisting of alkali metal titanates, alkaline-earth titanates, transition metal titanates, metal titanates and mixtures thereof. The titanate is more preferably chosen from among: Na2TiaO7, NaTiOa, foTiOa, K2Ti20s, MgTiOa, SrTiOa, BaTiOa, CaTiOa, FeTiOa and ZnTiCk and mixtures thereof. It is believed that these titanates further increase the penetration depth based on the effect of the reverse Marangoni flow. It is the inventors understanding that all titanates behave, in some measure, similarly and increase the penetration depth. All titanates are thus part of the invention. The man skilled in the art will know which one has to be selected depending on the specific case. To do so, he will take into account how easily the titanates melt and dissolve, how much they increase the dissolved oxygen content, how the additional element of the titanate affects the melt pool physics and the microstructure of the final weld. For example, NaTiO? is favored due to the presence of Na that improves the slag formation and detachment.

Preferably, the titanate has a diameter between 1 and 40pm, more preferably between 1 and 20pm and advantageously between 1 and 10pm. It is believed that this titanate diameter further improves the arc constriction and the reverse Marangoni effect. Moreover, having small micrometric titanate particles increases the specific surface area available for the mix with the nanoparticulate oxides and have the latter further adhere to the titanate particles. It also makes the particles easier to spray.

Preferably, the percentage in weight of the titanate in dry weight of precoating is above or equal to 45%, more preferably between 45% and 90% and even more preferably between 45% and 75%.

The nanoparticulate oxide is chosen from TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, AI2O3, M0O3, CrOs, CeO2, La20s and mixtures thereof. These nanoparticles dissolve easily in the melt pool, provide oxygen to the melt pool and, consequently, increase the penetration depth and stabilize the keyhole which prevent defects. Contrary to other oxides, such as CaO, MgO, B2O3, C03O4 or Cr2O3, they do not tend to form brittle phases, they do not have a high refractory effect that would prevent the heat from correctly melting the steel and their metal ions do not tend to recombine with oxygen in the melt pool. Preferably, the nanoparticles are SiO2 and/or TiO2, and more preferably a mixture of SiO2 and TiO2. It is believed that SiO2 mainly increases the penetration depth and eases the slag removal while TiO2 mainly increases the penetration depth and forms Ti-based inclusions which improve the mechanical properties.

Other examples of mixtures of nanoparticulate oxides are:

- Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which is a ceramic in which the cubic crystal structure of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide (Y2O3),

- A 1 :1 :1 combination of La2O3, ZrO2 and Y2O3, which helps adjusting the refractory effect and promote the formation of inclusions.

Preferably, the nanoparticles have a size comprised between 5 and 60 nm. it is believed that this nanoparticles diameter further improves the homogeneous distribution of the coating.

Preferably, the percentage in weight of the nanoparticulate oxide in dry weight of pre-coating is below or equal to 80%, preferably above or equal to 10%, more preferably between 10 and 60%, even more preferably between 20 and 55%. In some cases, the percentage of nanoparticles may have to be limited to avoid a too high refractory effect. The man skilled in the art who knows the refractory effect of each kind of nanoparticles will adapt the percentage case by case.

According to one variant of the invention, once the pre-coating is applied on the steel substrate and dried, it consists of a titanate and a nanoparticulate oxide.

According to another variant of the invention, the pre-coating further comprises at least one binder embedding the titanate and the nanoparticulate oxide and improving the adhesion of the pre-coating on the steel substrate. This improved adhesion further prevents the particles of the pre-coating from being blown away by the flow of the shielding gas when such a gas is used. Preferably, the binder is purely inorganic, notably to avoid fumes that an organic binder could possibly generate during welding. Examples of inorganic binders are sol-gels of organofunctional silanes or siloxanes. Examples of organofunctional silanes are silanes functionalized with groups notably of the families of amines, diamines, alkyls, amino-alkyls, aryls, epoxys, methacryls, fluoroalkyls, alkoxys, vinyls, mercaptos and aryls. Amino-alkyl silanes are particularly preferred as they are greatly promoting the adhesion and have a long shelf life. Preferably, the binder is added in an amount of 1 to 20 wt% of the dried pre-coating.

According to another variant of the invention, the pre-coating further comprises microparticulate compounds, such as microparticulate oxides and/or microparticulate fluorides, such as, for example, CeO2, Na2O, Na2O2, NaBiOa, NaF, CaF2, cryolite (NaaAIFe). Moving from nanoparticles to microparticles for some of the nanoparticulate oxides listed above alleviate the health and safety concerns related to the use of some of these oxides. Na2O, Na2O2, NaBiOa, NaF, CaF2, cryolite can be added to improve the slag formation so that slag entrapment is further prevented. They also help forming an easily detachable slag. The pre-coating can comprise from 0.1 to 5 wt%, in dry weight of pre-coating, of Na2O, Na2O2, NaBiOa, NaF, CaF2, cryolite or mixtures thereof.

Preferably the thickness of the pre-coating is between 10 to 140 pm, more preferably between 30 to 100 pm.

The pre-coating covers at least partially one beveled edge of a steel substrate. The latter can have any shape compatible with the laser arc hybrid welding. For the purpose of the invention, it is simply defined by a thickness of at least 8 mm, so that it is compatible with laser arc hybrid welding, and by a beveled edge to be at least partially welded to another metallic substrate. The bevel can have the shape of a single Y or a double Y, depending on the thickness of the sample. The bevel angle is preferably comprised between 1 and 10°. Lower angles may promote the lack of edge fusion and higher angles would require more welding passes to fill the material. When the bevel has the shape of a double Y, the bevel angle refers to the angle of each Y.

Preferably, the beveled edge is milled so that the roughness Rz is higher than 4 pm, more preferably comprised between 4 and 16 pm. Such roughness improves the adhesion of the pre-coating on the beveled edge.

Preferably, the steel substrate is carbon steel.

The steel substrate can be optionally coated on at least part of one of its sides by an anti-corrosion coating. Preferably, the anti-corrosion coating comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, aluminium, copper, silicon, iron, magnesium, titanium, nickel, chromium, manganese and their alloys. In a preferred embodiment, the anti-corrosion coating is an aluminium-based coating comprising less than 15 wt.% Si, less than 5.0 wt.% Fe, optionally 0.1 to 8.0 wt.% Mg and optionally 0.1 to 30.0 wt.% Zn, the remainder being Al and the unavoidable impurities resulting from the manufacturing process. In another preferred embodiment, the anti-corrosion coating is a zinc-based coating comprising 0.01 -8.0 wt.% Al, optionally 0.2-8.0 wt.% Mg, the remainder being Zn and the unavoidable impurities resulting from the manufacturing process.

The anti-corrosion coating is preferably applied on both sides of the steel substrate.

In term of process, once a steel substrate has been provided, a pre-coating solution is applied at least partially on the substrate beveled edge so as to form the pre-coating.

The pre-coating solution comprises a titanate and a nanoparticulate oxide, as described above for the pre-coating. In particular, it comprises from 100 to 500 g/L of titanate, more preferably between 175 and 250 g.L’ ¹ . In particular, it comprises from 1 to 200 g.L ^-1 of nanoparticulate oxide, more preferably between 5 and 80 g.L’ ¹ . Thanks to these concentrations in titanate and nanoparticulate oxide, the quality of the weld obtained with the help of the corresponding pre-coating is further improved.

Advantageously, the pre-coating solution further comprises a solvent. It allows for a well dispersed pre-coating. Preferably, the solvent is volatile at ambient temperature. For example, the solvent is chosen from among: water, volatile organic solvents such as acetone, methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether and non-volatile organic solvents such as ethylene glycol.

According to one variant of the invention, the pre-coating solution further comprises a binder precursor to embed the titanate and the nanoparticulate oxide and to improve the adhesion of the pre-coating on the steel substrate. Preferably, the binder precursor is a sol of at least one organofunctional silane. Examples of organofunctional silanes are silanes functionalized with groups notably of the families of amines, diamines, alkyls, amino-alkyls, aryls, epoxys, methacryls, fluoroalkyls, alkoxys, vinyls, mercaptos and aryls. Preferably, the binder precursor is added in an amount of 40 to 400 g.L’ ¹ of the pre-coating solution.

The pre-coating solution can be obtained by first mixing titanate and nanoparticulate oxide. It can be done either in wet conditions with a solvent such as acetone or in dry conditions for example in a 3D powder shaker mixer. The mixing favors the aggregation of the nanoparticles on the titanate particles which prevents the unintentional release of nanoparticles in the air, which would be a health and safety issue.

The deposition of the pre-coating solution can be notably done by spin coating, spray coating, dip coating or brush coating.

Preferably, the pre-coating solution is deposited locally only. In particular, the pre-coating solution is applied in the area of the beveled edge where the steel substrate will be welded.

Once the pre-coating solution has been applied on the steel substrate, it can optionally be dried. The drying can be performed by blowing air or inert gases at ambient or hot temperature. When the pre-coating comprises a binder, the drying step is preferably also a curing step during which the binder is cured. The curing can be performed by Infra-Red (IR), Near Infra-Red (NIR), conventional oven.

Preferably, the drying step is not performed when the organic solvent is volatile at ambient temperature. In that case, the organic solvent evaporates leading to a dried pre-coating on the metallic substrate.

Once the pre-coating has been formed on a part of the beveled edge of the steel substrate, this part can be welded to another metallic substrate by laser arc hybrid welding.

The arc of the laser arc hybrid welding can be selected among submerged arc, gas metal arc, gas tungsten arc and plasma arc. All these arcs can benefit from the present invention.

The average electric current is preferably between 40 and 1000A. The voltage is preferably between 1 and 40V. The laser of the laser arc hybrid welding can be selected among solid state lasers, such as Nd:YAG, Nd:glass, Ruby, Nd:YLF, Yb:YAG, Yb:fibre, Tksapphire. Preferably, it is a Nd:YAG laser whose most common emission wavelength is 1064 nm or an Yb:YAG laser (at 1030 nm).

Any combination of arc and laser can benefit from the present invention since the pre-coating has similar effects on the different arcs and different lasers.

The welding is operated in leading arc configuration. This means that the arc is ahead of the laser beam. The arc hits first the steel substrate and melts it so as to form a molten pool. The laser then impacts the molten pool.

The other metallic substrate can be a steel substrate of the same composition or of a different composition than the pre-coated steel substrate. It can also be made of another metal, such as for example, aluminium. More preferably, the other metallic substrate is a pre-coated steel substrate according to the present invention. The other metallic substrate is positioned along the pre-coated beveled edge of the steel substrate. The two substrates are then welded by laser arc hybrid welding.

Depending on the welding technique, there can be a consumable electrode in the form of a wire (SAW, GMAW) or, if the electrode is not consumable, a material to fill the joint can be fed from the side in the form of a wire (GTAW, Plasma). In both cases, the wire is for example made of Fe, Si, C, Mn, Mo and/or Ni.

Depending on the welding technique, the beveled edge can be at least locally covered by a shielding flux. The shielding flux protects the welded zone from oxidation during welding.

With the method according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a welded joint of at least a first metallic substrate in the form of a steel substrate and a second metallic substrate, the first and second metallic substrates being at least partially welded together by laser arc hybrid welding wherein the welded zone comprises a dissolved and/or precipitated pre-coating comprising a titanate and a nanoparticulate oxide.

The titanate is selected from the group of titanates consisting of alkali metal titanates, alkaline-earth titanates, transition metal titanates, metal titanates and mixtures thereof. The titanate is more preferably chosen from among: Na2Ti3O?, NaTiOs, K2TiO3, K2Ti20s MgTiOs, SrTiOs, BaTiOs, CaTiOs, FeTiOa and ZnTiC and mixtures thereof.

The nanoparticulate oxide is chosen from TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, AI2O3, M0O3, CrOs, CeO2, La20s and mixtures thereof.

By “dissolved and/or precipitated pre-coating”, it is meant that components of the pre-coating can be dragged towards the center of the liquid-gas interface of the melt pool because of the reverse Marangoni flow and can be even dragged inside the molten metal. Some components dissolve in the melt pool which leads to an enrichment in the corresponding elements in the weld. Other components precipitate and are part of the complex oxides forming precipitates in the weld.

In particular, when the Al amount of the steel substrate is above 50ppm, the welded zone comprises inclusions comprising notably Al-Ti oxides or Si-AI-Ti oxides or other oxides depending on the nature of the added nanoparticles. These precipitates of mixed elements are smaller than 5 pm. Consequently, they do not compromise the toughness of the welded zone. The inclusions can be observed by Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA). Without willing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the nanoparticulate oxides promote the formation of inclusions of limited size so that the toughness of the welded zone is not compromised.

Finally, the invention relates to the use of a welded joint according to the present invention for the manufacture of components for oil&gas and offshore industries, shipbuilding, construction and transportation (rail and automotive).

Examples

The steel substrate having the chemical composition in weight percent disclosed in Table 1 was selected:

The steel substrate was 25 mm thick. It had a tensile strength of 485-620 MPa and a yield strength of 260 MPa.

Example 1 : As illustrated on Figure 1 , samples 1 of 100x150mm were prepared with beveled edges in double Y, each bevel being tilted at an angle a of 4° and the upper and lower bevel being separated by a gap 2 of 5mm. The beveled edges were milled so that the bevel has a roughness Rz of 5-8pm and the 5mm gap has a roughness Rz of 6-15pm. The beveled edge to be welded was cleaned from oil and dirt with acetone.

Sample 1 was not coated with a pre-coating.

For sample 2, an acetone solution comprising MgTiOa (diameter: 2pm), SiO2 (diameter: 10nm) and TiO2 (diameter: 50nm) was prepared by mixing acetone with said elements. In the acetone solution, the concentration of MgTiOa was of 175 g.L’ ¹ . The concentration of SiO2 was of 25g. L’ ¹ . The concentration of TiC^ was of 50 g.L ¹ . Then, the cleaned sidewall of sample 2 was coated with the acetone solution by spraying. The acetone evaporated. The percentage of MgTiOa in the dried precoating was of 70wt.%, the percentage of SiO2 was of 10wt.% and the percentage of TiO2 was of 20wt.%. The pre-coating was 50pm thick.

Samples 1 and 2 were each positioned side by side with a bare sample of the selected steel substrate spaced by a 0.3 mm gap and welded by laser arc hybrid welding in leading arc configuration without preheating by conducting weld passes until the bevel was filled and the joint was complete. The laser was a 16kW Yb:YAG laser with a 0.3mm spot. The arc equipment was a gas metal arc welding torch with an Argon/C02 80/20 shielding gas. The feeding wire comprised maximum 0.06wt% C, 0.8wt% Si et 1 .5wt% Mn. The welding parameters are in the following Table 2:

*: according to the invention As it is apparent from Table 2, Sample 1 needed two welding passes to be fully welded while Sample 2 needed only one welding pass with the same welding parameters. This first result already shows that the pre-coating according to the invention increases the penetration depth and productivity of the laser arc hybrid welding in leading arc configuration.

After welding, the weld of both welded assemblies was inspected visually and by X-ray imaging and a cross-section was analyzed micrographically.

Table 3 below details the micrographic analysis of each weld:

*: according to the invention

The pre-coating improved the arc penetration by 10% and the laser penetration by 50%.

The X-ray imaging analysis revealed cracks along the weldment of Sample 1 and the cross-section analysis revealed cracks in Sample 1 . These results show that the pre-coating improves the wettability.

Tensile tests, Charpy-V tests and hardness characterization also confirmed that the pre-coating on the beveled edge of the steel substrate improves the laser arc hybrid welding in leading arc configuration without degrading the mechanical properties of the joint.

Example 2:

Sample 3 was prepared as Sample 2 (with pre-coating).

It was then welded with an increased travel speed (25mm/s, i.e. an increase of 56%) and a reduced gap (0.2mm), with and without preheating the samples at 320°C before welding, all other conditions being the same as in Example 1 .

The results obtained confirmed that, thanks to the pre-coating, it is possible to increase the travel speed and thus the productivity of the laser arc hybrid welding. Moreover, this productivity improvements comes without degradation of the mechanical properties of the joint and even with improvement of some mechanical properties of the joint as shown in Table 4, where the results obtained with preheated Sample 3 are compared to the ones obtained with pre-heated Sample 1 (detailed in Example 1 ):

*: according to the invention

Charpy V-test was done according to ISO 9016:2012 at T= -20 ^s C.

“OK” in column “Fracture in base material” means that the fracture of the sample at the end of the tensile test was on the base metal, which is sought for welded samples.

“OK” in column “hardness” means that the hardness of the tested sample complies with the ISO 15614-1 :2017 standard.

Example 3:

The effect of different pre-coatings on the welding of steel substrates was assessed by Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. In the simulations, the precoatings comprise nanoparticulate oxides having a diameter of 10-50 nm and optionally MgTiOa (diameter: 2pm). The thickness of the coating was of 40pm. Arc welding was simulated with each pre-coating and the results are in the following Table 5:

*: according to the present invention

Results show that the pre-coatings according to the present invention improve the penetration and the quality of the welds compared to comparative examples. Example 4:

For sample 17, a water solution comprising the following components was prepared: 363 g.L’ ¹ of MgTiOa (diameter: 2pm), 77.8 g.L’ ¹ of SiO2 (diameter range: 12-23nm), 77.8 g.L ¹ of TiC (diameter range: 36-55nm) and 238 g.L’ ¹ of 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Dynasylan® AMEO produced by Evonik®). The solution was applied on the beveled edge of the steel substrate and dried by 1 ) IR and 2) NIR. The dried pre-coating was 40pm thick and contained 62 wt% of MgTiOa, 13 wt% of SiO2, 13 wt% of TiO2 and 12 wt% of the binder obtained from 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane.

For sample 18, a water solution comprising the following components was prepared: 330 g.L’ ¹ of MgTiOa (diameter: 2pm), 70.8 g.L’ ¹ of SiO2 (diameter range: 12-23nm), 70.8 g.L’ ¹ of TiO2 (diameter range: 36-55nm), 216 g.L’ ¹ of 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Dynasylan® AMEO produced by Evonik®) and 104.5 g.L’ ¹ of a composition of organofunctional silanes and functionalized nanoscale SiO2 particles (Dynasylan® Sivo 1 10 produced by Evonik). The solution was applied on the beveled edge of the steel substrate and dried by 1 ) IR and 2) NIR. The dried pre-coating was 40pm thick and contained 59.5 wt% of MgTiOa, 13.46 wt% of SiO2, 12.8 wt% of TiO2 and 14.24 wt% of the binder obtained from 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane and the organofunctional silanes.

In all cases, the adhesion of the pre-coating on the beveled edge was greatly improved.

The benefic effects of the invention have been illustrated in the case of the laser arc hybrid welding in leading arc configuration with a MAG arc and a Yb:YAG laser. They are nevertheless extendable to other arcs and lasers since all these techniques use beveled edges coatable with the pre-coating so that the arc and melt pool physics are modified.